Since the sacrament special shape verb, containing the features of both the verb and the adjective, then one of its features is the ability to form a short form. In the lesson, you will learn about the grammatical, syntactic and stylistic features of short participles.
Theme: Communion
Lesson: Short Participles
Unlike full participles, which are used mainly in book speech, short participles are widely used in everyday speech and are even used in dialects.
Homework
Exercise number 87, 88.Baranova M.T., Ladyzhenskaya T.A. etc. “Russian language. 7th grade". Textbook. 34th ed. - M.: Education, 2012.
Exercise. Read the text of a joke letter that was written by one fairytale hero. Extract from the text short passive participles, highlight the ending, determine the number, gender, indicate the verb from which this participle is formed.
We live very well. The house is always tidied up, the linen is washed and ironed. The room is very cozy: the floor is covered with a carpet, the curtains are starched and sheathed with frills, the walls are decorated with paintings. Flowers are watered and fed on time. The books are stacked on shelves. Toys are scattered, but in the evening they are always collected and hidden in special boxes.
Our children are washed, washed, combed. Their noses are always wiped, bows and laces are tied. The girls are all dressed up and dressed up. The boys are dressed and shod.
Russian language in diagrams and tables. Brief Communions.
Didactic materials. Section "Communion"
3. Online store of the publishing house "Lyceum" ().
Spelling of participles. Exercises.
Literature
1. Razumovskaya M.M., Lvova S.I. etc. “Russian language. 7th grade". Textbook. 13th ed. - M.: Bustard, 2009.
2. Baranova M.T., Ladyzhenskaya T.A. etc. “Russian language. 7th grade". Textbook. 34th ed. - M.: Education, 2012.
3. “Russian language. Practice. 7th grade". Ed. Pimenova S.N. 19th ed. - M.: Bustard, 2012.
4. Lvova S.I., Lvov V.V. "Russian language. 7th grade. At 3 o'clock." 8th ed. - M.: Mnemosyne, 2012.
Participle- part of speech, which is a special form of the verb, which denotes signs of action. Answers questions such as “what?”, “what?”, “what?”, “what?”.
How do the verb form of the participle have such grammatical features:
- Type: perfect and imperfect (for example: evening (what?) slumbering(what to do? - doze off); jumping cat(what to do? - jump off);
- Time: present and past (grandfather (what?) Dozing, cat (what?) Escaped);
- Returnability: returnable and non-refundable.
Morphological and syntactic signs of participles
There are scholars who believe that the sacrament is independent part speech, because it has features that are not characteristic of the verb. In particular, participles have some of the characteristics of adjectives, such as
- object attribute designation
- and agreement with the noun (that is, the same gender, number, and case).
Participles are real and passive, some have full and short forms. short form participles in a sentence plays the role of a nominal part compound predicates. For example: Textbook disclosed on the tenth page.
Participles are able to decline in cases, numbers and gender, like adjectives. Even though participles have verb features, in a sentence they are definitions. For example: The book is lost, the briefcase is lost, the panel is lost.
Participles have an initial form, but only participles that are formed from verbs do not have it. perfect look. Participles real and passive are formed with the help of suffixes.
Types of participles and their examples.
Passive participles.
Passive participles- these are the participles that denote a sign that is created in one object under the action of another. Passive participles are formed only from transitive verbs. For example: A picture (what?) Drawn or drawn by a student.
They are formed from the stems of the verb in the present and past tense with the help of suffixes:
- -om- (-em-) - for verbs of I conjugation
- -im- for verbs of II conjugation
- -nn-, -enn-, -t- – from the stems of verbs in the past tense
Examples: read, carried, kindled, divided, heard, sown, broken, baked. trimmed, beaten, split
Real participles.
Real Communion- this is a participle, which denotes a sign produced by the subject / object itself. For example: Boy painting a picture.
Real participles are formed from verbs in the present and past tense with the help of suffixes
To master the topic "Communion", you need to understand many nuances. For example, you need to know that some of these words can exist in two forms. Let us consider this issue in more detail and find out how short and full participles differ.
Some information
All words of the named category, depending on the direction of the expressed action, are divided into two categories. These are real participles, showing that the object is doing something on its own, and passive, denoting the focus of activity on the object. The words of the first group are always complete: walking, lying, washing. And only passive participles can also be short: fed - fed, watered - watered.
Comparison
First of all, each case raises its own questions. “What has been done with the object?”, “what?” set to short participles. Meanwhile, the words used in the full form correspond to the questions “what?” and the like.
Some grammatical features of the participles of both types are the same. Both of them change in numbers ( suggested, suggested- the only thing; glued, glued- plural) and childbirth ( nailed, nailed, nailed– nailed, nailed, nailed). But the difference between short and full participles is that only the latter have a case ( shrouded- nominative shrouded- parental shrouded- dative, etc.).
Another difference between these groups of words is their syntactic meaning. The function of short participles is not diverse. They are assigned the role of a predicate: House erected (what is done?) builders. Full participles most often become a definition: Raised (what?) The builders looked great. They can also represent the nominal part of the predicate: The dress turned out torn.
Consider the difference between short and full participles in terms of spelling. Here we note that if the suffix of the word contains "n", then in short forms it is single, and in full it is double ( sown – sown, embellished - embellished). You should also touch on the spelling of words with a particle NOT. It can be combined or separate when using full participles. For short forms, only the second of these options is correct.
The meaning of the participle, its morphological features and syntactic function
Participle - a special (non-conjugated) form of the verb, which denotes a sign of an object by action, answers the question what? (what?) and combines the features of a verb and an adjective. In a sentence participle can be a definition or a nominal part of a compound nominal predicate: Exhausted by a poisonous night, insomnia and wine, I stand, breathe in front of a brightening window opened into the fog (G. Ivanov); nice started glorious deed ... (A. Akhmatova).(Together with dependent words, participle forms participial, which in school practice is usually considered one member of the sentence: exhausted by the poisonous night; into the fog by a bright window.)
Signs of the verb and adjective in the participle
Verb Features | Adjective signs |
1. View (imperfect and perfect): burning(non-sov.v.) forest(from burn)- burnt(sov.v.) forest(from burn out). | 1. General meaning (like an adjective, participle calls object sign and answer the question which?). |
2. Transitivity / intransitivity: singing(who?/what?) song- running. | 2. Gender, number, case (like an adjective, the participle changes by gender, number and case, and the gender, number and case of the participle depend on the gender, number and case of the noun with which the participle is associated, i.e. participle consistent with a noun): ripened ear, ripened berry, ripened apple, ripened fruits. |
3.Returnability / non-returnability: lifter- rising smoke. | 3. Declension (participles are declined in the same way as adjectives), cf .: evening- burning, evening- burning, evening- burning etc. |
4. Real and passive meaning (collateral): attacking battalion- battalion attacked by the enemy. | 4. syntax function(both participles and adjectives in a sentence are definitions or the nominal part of a compound nominal predicate). |
5. Time (present and past): reading(present tense) - reading(past tense). | 5. Short forms (a participle, like an adjective, can have short forms): built- built, closed- closed. |
Note . The real/passive meaning and time are expressed in participles with the help of special suffixes.
Participle ranks
Communions divided into real and passive.
Valid communion indicate the attribute of an object by the action that the object itself performs: running boy- sign boy by action run, which the boy does.
Passive communion designate a sign of one object by the action that another object performs (i.e., a sign of an object on which an action has been or is being performed): broken (boy) glass- sign glasses by action smash, which commits boy.
And valid, and passive participles can be present and past tense (the participles have no future tense).
Participle formation
1. Communions present tense (both real and passive) are formed only from verbs imperfect form(verbs have no perfect form participles present tense).
2. Passive communion are formed only from transitive verbs (in intransitive verbs no suffering participles).
3. Communions present tense (both real and passive) are formed from the basis of the present tense.
4. Communions the past tense (both real and passive) are formed from the stem of the infinitive.
5. Passionate communion The past tense is predominantly formed from perfective verbs.
Valid communion present time -usch-/-yusch-(from verbs of I conjugation), and -ash-/-box-(from verbs of II conjugation): pi-sh-ut - writing, numaj- ym- reading(from verbs of I conjugation); shouting - screaming, talking - talking(from verbs of II conjugation).
Valid communion past tense formed with suffixes -vsh-, -sh-: write- writing, screaming- shouting, carrying - carrying.
Passive communion present time formed with suffixes -em-, -om-(from verbs of I conjugation) and -them-(from verbs of II conjugation): chita jut- readable (chitae] my), ved-ut- driven, love - beloved.
Some transitive imperfective passive verbs participles present tense do not form: wait, prick, take, crush, rub, dig, wash, pour, write, build, chop and etc.
Passive communion past tense formed with suffixes -nn-, -enn-, -t-: read- read, build - built, open- open.
Suffix -enn- joins stems into a consonant (P rines ti- brought) or on -and (note - noticed).
Participle Verbs | Valid | Passive |
||
Present tense | past tense | Present tense | past tense |
|
-usch (-yusch) from verbs of I conjugation; ash (box) from verbs II conjugation | -vsh ■sh | -om, -em from verbs of I conjugation; -them from verbs II conjugation | -nn, -enn, -t |
|
Transitional imperfective form | reading | + reading | Readable | + read |
Transitional perfect type | Reader | read |
||
Intransitive imperfective form | Sitting | sat | - | |
Intransitive perfective | blossomed | |||
Note. Most transitive imperfective verbs do not have a passive form participles past tense.
Short form participles
Passive participles can have short form: I am not loved by anyone! (G. Ivanov)
AT short form participles (like short adjectives) change only by numbers and in the singular by gender (by cases, short forms do not change).
Short form participles, like the short form of adjectives, is formed from the basis of the full participle forms with the help of endings: zero - the masculine form, a- female, o - average, s- plural: solve, solve, solve, solve; built, built, built, built.
In a sentence short form of participle is the nominal part of the compound nominal predicate: And the sailing boat is lit by copper-red sunset (G. Ivanov).Brief Communion can sometimes play the role of a definition, but only isolated and only related to the subject: Pale as a shadow, dressed in the morning , Tatyana is waiting: when is the answer? (A. Pushkin)
Participles and verbal adjectives
Communions differ from adjectives not only in the presence of morphological features of the verb, but also in their meaning. Adjectives denote permanent signs items, and communion- signs that develop over time. Wed, for example: red- blushing, flushed; old- aging, older.
Communions may lose the meaning and signs of the verb and turn into adjectives. In this case participle denotes an already permanent sign of an object (loses the category of time), loses the ability to have subordinate (dependent) words with it, control nouns: an out-of-tune piano, a defiant look, an aspiring poet, a brilliant answer. Wed: He also liked Tit Nikonych ... everyone's favorite(participle) and loving everyone (I. Goncharov) and When she played the piano my favorite(adjective) plays ... I listened with pleasure (A. Chekhov).
Most easily pass into passive adjectives communion: restrained character, high spirits, strained relations, confused look.
Communions are used mainly in the styles of book speech and are almost never found in colloquial everyday speech.
Morphological analysis of the sacrament includes the allocation of three permanent signs (real or passive, aspect, tense) and four non-permanent (full or short form, gender, number and case). Participles, like the verbs from which they are formed, are characterized by transitivity - intransitivity, reflexivity - irreversibility. These permanent features are not included in the generally accepted scheme of analysis, but can be noted.
Scheme of the morphological analysis of the participle. I. Part of speech (a special form of the verb). II. Morphological features. 1. Initial form (nominative singular masculine). 2. Permanent signs: 1) real or passive; 3. Non-permanent signs: 1) full or short form (for passive participles); 4) case (for participles in full form). Sh. Syntactic function. The secluded monastery, illuminated by the rays of the sun, seemed to float in the air, carried by clouds. (A. Pushkin) | An example of the morphological analysis of the participle. I. illumined(monastery) - participle, a special form of the verb, denotes a sign of an object by action, formed from a verb illuminate. II. Morphological features. 1. Initial form - illuminated - 2. Permanent signs: 1) passive participle; 2) past tense; 3) perfect look. 3. Non-permanent signs: 1) full form; 2) singular; 3) masculine; 4) nominative case. III. syntax function. In the sentence, it is an agreed definition (or: is part of a separate agreed definition, expressed by participial turnover). |
