Degrees (very large). Another one feature: quality adjectives can form with suffixes -e, -o, -i (strict - strictly).
Relative adjectives express attitude towards something. They name the signs of an object according to the material (gold), location (rural), time (evening), action performed (washing) and purpose (news). They can name a person (parent), number (second, fifth), concept (). They do not lend themselves to degrees of comparison and do not form a short form.
Possessive adjectives indicate the ownership of a particular feature (hare's foot) and answer the question whose? whose? whose? whose? They are not in degrees of comparison, but only for them the suffixes -in / yn (mother's cream), -ov / ev (fathers' jacket), ij (bird's beak).
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note
The degrees of comparison of quality adjectives are absent for those adjectives whose qualities cannot be compared (dead, married, blind). There is no short form for adjectives with a relative origin (working, friendly).
There are several types of gas discharges. They differ from each other in current density. To determine which discharge is in front of you, you do not need special devices. It is enough just to look at it.
Instruction
Look at an ordinary fluorescent lamp. The electrodes in it are red-hot, but they are not visible due to the intense glow. The emission is thermionic, as in an arc discharge. The pressure in the flask is below atmospheric. The current density in it is relatively high, but less than in an arc discharge. It occupies an intermediate position between smoldering and arc.
Compare such an intermediate "glow-arc" discharge with an ordinary glow discharge. Although the electrodes are heated in a real glow discharge, they are not so hot that their glow is noticeable. Their heating is clearly insufficient for thermionic emission. The pressure in the flask is below atmospheric, the current density is low, and the discharge channel is in some cases translucent.
If you find a weak, even glow of only one electrode, accompanied by hissing, occurs at atmospheric pressure, conclude that the discharge is corona. This is the only type of discharge that does not have negative dynamic resistance, therefore it does not always require current in order to prevent it from developing into other types of discharges. It creates electromagnetic noise in a very range.
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Relative adjectives, denoting the features of an object by its correlation with other objects, are formed from other parts of speech (nouns, verbs and adverbs) using the suffixes "-n-, -ov-, -in-, -sk-, -l-". For example: “running - running-l-th”, “winter - winter-n-th”, “warehouse - warehouse-sk-oh”.
When comparing 2 items, a comparative degree is used. According to the method of forming forms in the Russian language, a simple and a complex comparative degree are distinguished.
A simple (synthetic) one is formed using the suffixes "-ee-, - she-, -e-". For example: “lighter”, “stricter”, “kinder”.
A complex (analytical) comparative degree is formed using the words "more" or "less". For example: "more biting", "less noisy". It is used when a simple degree is dissonant or the sentence requires agreement with a noun.
The superlative degree of adjectives also has a simple and complex form.
A simple one is formed using the suffixes "-eysh-, -aysh-, -sh-". For example: "strongest", "strongest", "best".
The complex superlative form is formed in 2 ways:
1) Comparative degree with the addition of the words "total" and "all": "largest of all", "most dangerous".
2) The words "most" or "most", "least" with the addition of the initial form: "largest", "least sharp".
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- how names are formed
Qualitative adjectives name such properties of objects that can be manifested to a greater or lesser extent. These are physical and chemical signs or character traits, as well as mental and intellectual characteristics. These meanings of qualitative adjectives are expressed using such grammatical categories like gender, number and case.
What makes a person's speech (even written, even oral) the most understandable? Without what would she be poor and inexpressive? Of course, no adjectives. For example, if you read the word "forest" in the text without definitions, you will never understand which one is meant. After all, it can be coniferous, deciduous or mixed, winter, spring, summer or autumn. The Russian language is great. A qualitative adjective is a direct confirmation of this. In order to vividly and accurately represent any picture, we need this wonderful part of speech.
Meaning and main features
An adjective is a name that indicates a sign of an object, that is, its properties, which contain a characteristic of quality, quantity, belonging. For example, they give a definition by color, taste, smell; denote an assessment of the phenomenon, its nature, etc. Usually, questions are asked to it: what (th, -th)? what is (-a, -o)? whose (-s, -e)? This is a significant (independent) part of speech.
Grammar includes:
- variability by gender (for example, red is masculine, yellow is feminine, green is neuter);
- declension by cases (check: nominative - sandy, genitive - iron, dative - morning; instrumental - evening; prepositional - about night);
- the possibility of a short form and degree of comparison (qualitative adjectives);
- variability by numbers (for example, blue - singular, blue - plural).
Syntactic role
- The most common position for an adjective in a sentence is a definition. It most often depends on the noun and is fully consistent with it. Consider the sentence: There were deep footprints in the snow. Traces (what?) are deep. An adjective is a definition that depends on the subject expressed by the noun. Graphically indicated
- The ability allows the adjective to be the main member of the sentence - the subject. ( For example: The patient was admitted to the hospital in serious condition.)
- Quite often, what adjectives are found in the composition of the predicate in the form of a nominal part? Quality in a nutshell. ( Compare: He was weak from illness. - The boy was weak. In the first case, the main member is the verb, in the second - the adjective in the compound nominal predicate.)
Adjectives: qualitative, relative, possessive
This part of speech has three categories, differing both in form and in meaning. Consider all their features for comparison in the table.
| quality | relative | Possessive |
This feature of the subject has a different degree of manifestation in it. One may be redder or whiter, while the other may be smaller or larger. Only they can compose phrases with such adverbs as "not enough" and "extremely", "very" and "unusually", "too much". Able to have a short form: strong, invincible, glorious. Only qualitative adjectives can form degrees of comparison. Examples: nicer, kindest, tallest. From them can be obtained Difficult words by repeating: cute-cute, blue-blue. | The attribute they designate does not contain a greater or lesser degree, like qualitative adjectives. Examples: one nail cannot be ironer than another, and there is no single clay pot in the world. They indicate the material of which the object is made or consists: a wooden floor, a sandy shore, a golden decoration. Show location or proximity to something: seaside. Evidence of time: February blizzards, evening promenade, the year before last. The quantity is determined: a three-year-old child, a one and a half meter pointer. Reveal the purpose of the item: sewing machine, regular bus, cargo platform. They do not have a short form and degrees of comparison. | Indicate that someone or something belongs to this item. If a fox has a tail, then it is a fox, the hat can be grandmother's or father's. The main distinguishing feature is the question "whose"? |
Quality varies
It is worth dwelling in more detail on the most flexible definitions in use and word formation, which are known as qualitative adjectives. The examples of their meanings are extraordinarily varied. They may indicate:
- on the shape of the object: multifaceted, round, angular;
- its size: tall, wide, huge;
- color: orange, dark green, purple;
- smell: stinking, fragrant, odorous;
- temperature: cold, warm, hot;
- the level and characteristics of the sound: quiet, loud, booming;
- overall assessment: necessary, useful, unimportant.
Additional exclusivity
There are other distinguishing features that you need to know in order not to confuse qualitative, relative and possessive adjectives. So, the first of them have features:
- the formation of new words using the prefix "not": a sad person, an expensive product; or diminutive suffixes: gray - gray - grayish;
- the possibility of selecting synonyms: cheerful - joyful; bright - brilliant; antonyms: cold - hot, evil - kind;
- adverbs in -o, -e originate from quality adjectives: white - white, tender - gently.
More about degrees of comparison
They also have only qualitative adjectives. Simple Education Examples comparative degree: more visible, darker, longer. A compound comparative degree is a phrase: “less” or “more” is added to the adjective: less hard, softer.
The superlative degree is therefore called so, which indicates the predominance of a feature in one object over other similar ones. It can be simple: it is a formation with the help of suffixes -eysh-, -aysh-. For example: the most faithful, the lowest. And compound: the adjective is used in combination with the word "most": the most wonderful, the deepest.
Can adjectives change their rank?
And again, it is worth remembering the broad abilities of the Russian language. Everything is possible in it. Therefore, there is nothing surprising in the fact that qualitative, relative and possessive adjectives in a certain context change their meaning by category.
For example, in the phrase "glass beads" everyone understands that we are talking about beads made of glass. But "glass arguments" - this is already a metaphor, these are completely fragile, fragile arguments. We can conclude: the relative adjective (the first example) turned into a qualitative one (the second).
If we compare the expressions “fox hole” and “fox character”, then we can see how the belonging of animal housing turns into the quality of human nature, which means that the possessive adjective has become qualitative.
Take for example two more phrases: “hare footprint” and “hare hat”. The prints of the little animal are not at all like the headdress from it. As you can see, a possessive adjective can turn into a relative one.
Adjective- this is independent part speeches, which indicates the attribute of the subject and answers questions "which?", "whose?" (green, bird, cold, kind).
Adjective points to the following signs of the subject:
- item size: narrow, small, low, wide;
- physical properties subject: hard, cold, liquid, sour;
- the shape and position of the object: top, round, curve;
- abstract properties of an object: smart, cheerful, dreamy, evil;
- spatial characteristics of the subject: southern, Tibetan, Scandinavian;
- temporal characteristics of the subject: early, late, morning, afternoon, winter;
- purpose of the subject: weaving, military, sleeping;
- object material: wood, iron, gold, paper;
- quantitative attribute of an object: double, triple, four-year;
- belonging of the subject: paternal, grandfather, wolf, fish and others item characteristics.
Classification of adjectives.
By value adjectives are divided into three categories:
- quality adjectives;
- relative adjectives;
- possessive adjectives.
Morphological features of adjectives.
Adjectives decline for numbers, genders and cases. The initial form of the adjective is the nominative singular masculine.
Adjective It has degrees of comparison, and also has full and short forms.
Adjective always agrees in gender, number and case with the word being defined.
Classes of adjectives.
As mentioned above, adjectives are divided into three categories: qualitative, relative and possessive.
quality adjective indicates a sign of an object that is available for perception by the human senses (sight, touch, hearing, etc.).
There is a range parameters, by which the adjective indicates the attribute of the subject:
- Item size: big, small, huge, wide;
- Item Shape: round, square, flat, straight;
- Physical properties of the item: liquid, viscous, crumbly;
- Item color: white, yellow, red;
- The taste of the subject: sour, sweet, bitter, salty;
- Item smell: fragrant, odorous, stinking;
- Item weight: heavy, light, weightless, weighty;
- Subject temperature: cold, hot, cool, warm;
- Item sound: ringing, deafening, quiet, loud;
- General assessment of the subject: harmful, useful, important and etc.
Features of qualitative adjectives.
quality adjectives have a whole list of features and characteristics, among which are the following:
- The presence of degrees of comparison:
bright - brighter - brightest - brightest.
- Availability of long and short forms:
Cheerful - cheerful, kind - kind, fat - fat, single - single.
Note. Adjectives are not declined for cases in short form.
- Ability to form adverbs ending in -e, -o:
Cheerful - fun, good - good, bad - bad.
- Ability to form abstract nouns:
Cheerful - fun, kind - good, evil - evil, young - youth.
- Ability to form compound adjectives repeat:
Kind-kind, sleepy-sleepy, sad-sad.
Relative adjectives.
relative adjective indicates a sign that indirectly expresses relation to other parameters:
- Face: student life, children's food.
- Place: underground river, rural road.
- Material: watermelon candy, wood chair, floral aroma.
- Time: winter hike, evening jog.
- Purpose, action, property: sliding sofa, self-propelled apparatus, ironing board.
There are also many other options that relative adjectives indicate relation to other objects.
Features of relative adjectives:
1. They do not form degrees of comparison: a chair cannot be more or less wooden, or a spoon more or less tin.
2. Relative adjectives can be replaced by synonymous phrases: chicken soup - chicken soup, downy featherbed - downy featherbed.
Possessive adjectives.
possessive adjective indicates belonging to someone and answers the question "whose?"(whose? whose? whose?):
Wolf fur, dog tail, mother's skirt, girl's braid.
Declension of adjectives.
Declension of adjectives- this is a change of adjectives in cases, numbers and genders. As we have already said, the adjective is inextricably linked with the noun, the attribute of which indicates, respectively, is controlled by it. This means that the adjective agrees with the given noun in number, gender and case.
This rule does not apply to short form adjectives - they are not declined by cases, only by numbers and genders.
Adjectives, masculine singular ending in -oy are declined in the same way as adjectives ending in -y:
Dobr th, factory oh- kind wow, factory wow- kind omu, factory omu etc.
Qualitative and relative adjectives
§ 1295. Qualitative adjectives denote a property inherent in the object itself or discovered in it, often one that can be characterized by varying degrees of intensity: white-whiter,beautiful-more beautiful,lasting-stronger,stubborn-more stubborn,good-better. The core of this category is made up of adjectives, the basis of which denotes a sign not through relation to the subject. This includes words that name such properties and qualities that are directly perceived by the senses: color, spatial, temporal, physical and other qualifying signs, qualities of character and mental make-up: red,blue,light coloured,bright;hot,loud,thick,fragrant,voiced,round,soft,cutting,sweet,warm,quiet,heavy;far,long,long,short,small,close,narrow;barefoot,deaf,healthy,young,blind,old,thick,skinny,frail;proud,kind,greedy,evil,wise,bad,stingy,smart,cunning,good,brave,generous;important,harmful,fit,required,useful,right.
Qualitative adjectives have two series of forms - full (attributive) and short (predicative): white,white,white,white and white,white,white,white;dark,dark,dark,dark and parietal,dark,dark,dark;bitter,bitter,bitter,bitter and bitter,bitter,bitterly,bitter; they form comparative forms. degree (comparative): important-more important,kind-kinder,sweet-sweeter,smooth-smoother,thick-thicker. From qualities. adjectives it is possible to form adverbs on about, e:hot-hot,far-long away,long-for a long time,surplus-unnecessarily,wise-wisely,melodious-melodiously,brave-bravely. Most of the qualities. adjectives are also characterized by a number of derivational features: the ability to form other qualities. adjectives that name shades and degrees of quality ( whitish,huge,hefty), and nouns naming abstract concepts ( depth,courage,emptiness) (see § 607). Qualities. adjectives are replenished at the expense of participles in the adjective meaning. (see § 1579) and at the expense of relative adjectives - provided that the latter acquire a qualitative meaning (see § 1299-1301).
§ 1296. Relative adjectives call a feature through relation to an object or to another feature: the motivating basis denotes the subject or feature through which the given property is represented: wood,steel,summer,bathing,yesterday's. The nature of the expressed relations is very diverse: it can be a designation of a feature according to the material ( wood,metal), according to belonging (possessive adjectives: fathers,fishy,sisters,husband,my), by appointment ( children'sbook,schoolbenefits), by property ( autumnrains,eveningcool). Relates adjectives name a sign that cannot manifest itself with varying degrees of intensity.
Relates adjectives make up the main and continuously replenished mass of Russian adjectives (only groups of ordinal and pronominal adjectives are not replenished). Unlike qualities. adjectives, represented by both unmotivated and motivated words, refers. adjectives are motivated by words of other parts of speech: nouns ( iron,door,fathers,sisters,lamp,Komsomol,spring,upper); verbs ( tannic,swimming,danceable,medical), numerals ( fourth,tenth,fortieth,200th) and adverbs ( near,former,then,yesterday's,present). The exception is ordinal adjectives. the first,second and many pronominal adjectives (see § 1297) which are unmotivated words.
Ordinal adjectives that name a feature through a relation to a number (amount, a place in a row), in their meaning are similar to other relates. adjectives: they denote a relationship. Pronominal adjectives are peculiar in their meaning: they are demonstrative words. Pronominal and ordinal adjectives have a certain similarity: ordinal adj. may indicate a place in a row (see § 1366); thus they behave like demonstratives. The latter applies primarily to adj. the first,second,third. On the other hand, pronominal adj. that,this,another,different can act as ordinal adjectives. A similar interchangeability of some ordinal and pronominal adjectives is observed when listing: andthen,andother,andthird;andthose,andother,andthird.
Demonstrative functions are also characteristic of the countable pronominal adjective one-alone; compare: alonestayed,a otherwentinmovie;springfreezingsensitiveDriedandcheered upgrove.More oneand, otherday,Andunderbarkwake up juice(Tward.). Word one can also be used as an indefinite pronoun some:Whichproducedconsequencethis isarrival,readermaybeto knowfrom oneconversation,which thehappenedbetween alonetwoladies(Gogol); livedon theearthinantiquity alonepeople,impassablethe woodssurroundedWiththreepartiescampstheseof people,aWithfourthwassteppe(Bitter.).
§ 1297. Pronominal adjectives are divided into six groups: 1) possessive (so-called possessive pronouns): a) personal, indicating belonging to the first person ( my,our), to the second person ( your,your) or a third party (indeclinable adj. his,her,them); b) returnable, indicating belonging to any of the three persons: mine; 2) index: that,this,such,sort of(colloquial), such is,next, as well as the words that then,such then, see section "Derivation", § 1039; 3) defining: any,all kinds,each,any,the whole,whole,different,another,myself,most; 4) interrogative: which,which the,whose,what; 5) indefinite: which then,some,some; 6) negative: no,nobody's.
Note. Colloquial words also belong to the category of pronominal adjectives. such, theirs, ours, Vashenskiy. These words are reflected in the language of fiction.
All pronominal adjectives except postfixal and prefixal (see § 1036–1039) and simple. such,theirs,ours,Vashenskiy, are unmotivated words.
Relates from everyone. adjectives pronominal adjectives differ in the nature of the lexical meaning; they denote such signs that arise on the basis of the speaker's attitude to persons, objects and phenomena. Yes, the words my,your,his,mine indicate possessive relationships established by the speaker: (referring to me, to you, to yourself, etc.); the words this,such on behalf of the speaker, they point to a sign ((one that the speaker definitely points to, which he characterizes)); similar meanings of words which then,some,some((the one to which the speaker points vaguely)). Pronominal adjectives can indicate any sign; their content is determined in speech.
Pronominal adjectives also have other features of lexical meanings that are characteristic of demonstrative words. Yes, the words my,your,our,your,mine can have abstract typing meanings peculiar to personal pronouns and nouns (see § 1277). For example, in statements of a generalizing nature, in proverbs, these adjectives denote belonging to any generally conceivable person: MyhutWithedge;Notyourssadnessstrangerschildrensway; Itsshirtnearertobody.
demonstrative pronouns such and that in addition to the pointer value itself ( A handful ofland,similaron theanother,Howinherloveandsuperstition!O suchandon theskyyearn,Andin suchbeforegravesbelieve. Ehrenb.) amplifying value is characteristic. At the same time, the word such emphasizes the degree of manifestation of the feature (a), and that also highlights the carrier of the feature called the noun (b): a) rangmusicingarden So inexpressiblegrief(Ahm.); Hedeliriousinraysvotes|and« fairy taleViennathe woods», | andcaressBryanskforests, |Andhow then so cornflower bluem, |to whom|thousandsyears(Invalid); b) Craneatdilapidatedwell,Abovehim,howboil,clouds,ATfieldscreakygate,Andsmellof bread,andyearning,And those dim spaces,Whereevenvoicewindweak(Ahm.); There isinLeningradtougheyesandthat,Forof the pastenigmatic, mutea, Thatbitterlycompressed rot, those hoopson theheart,What,maybeto be,alonerescuedhisfromof death(Ehrenb.).
§ 1298. The semantic boundary between qualitative and relative adjectives is conditional and inconstant: relates. adjectives can develop qualitative meanings. At the same time, the meaning of the objective relation in the adjective is combined with the meaning of the qualitative characteristic of this relation. Yes, the word iron how it relates. adjective means (containing iron) or (made of iron) ( ironore,ironnail); the same adjective also has a number of figurative, qualitative meanings: (strong, strong) ( ironhealth), (hard, inflexible) ( ironwill,irondiscipline). Adjective children's as a relative means (belonging to, peculiar to children, intended for children) ( children'stoys,children'sbook,children'shouse); as qualities. adjective this word takes on a figurative meaning: (not characteristic of an adult, immature) ( children'sreasoning,children'sbehavior). Similarly: goldcharacter,goldenrye,wolfhunger,caninecold,cock-likeenthusiasm;Usopens[Door] MitrofanStepanovichZverev, very at hometh,indressing gown(M. Aliger); Soonsanatorium silencepublishing housesviolates tractor bolt shoesKhamlovsky(gas.).
§ 1299. The shade of quality may be present in all relates. adjectives, but to varying degrees. To a greater extent, the development of qualitative meanings is characteristic of relative adjectives proper and, to a lesser extent, of possessive, ordinal and pronominal adjectives.
Among possessive adjectives, the ability to acquire a qualitative meaning is distinguished primarily by adjectives with the suffix uy. Adjectives with this suffix have a meaning. (peculiar (less often - belonging) to the one who is named by the motivating word): fishy,feline,canine,veal,human. In context, such adjectives easily acquire qualitative meanings. In combinations fishytemperament,felinegait,caninedevotion,vealtenderness relates. adjectives act as qualitative: Inotwant,toyouatealmscompassionand caninedevotion(Cupr.); BUTjumpperthunder,perfourElijahProphet,underjets-My vealwouldenthusiasm, Vealbtendernessyour(Pastern.).
Note. In cases where relative adjectives are motivated by the same noun, but are formed with different suffixes ( cockerel and cock-like, shepherd and pastoral, human and human), non-possessive adjectives acquire qualitative meaning more easily: cock-like enthusiasm, shepherd's idyll, human attitude.
A possessive adjective formed with suf. ov, in, nin(fathers,grandfathers,maternal,sisters,brother), the development of qualitative values is not typical. This is explained, firstly, by the fact that such adjectives denote a specific singular belonging (see § 781, paragraph 1), and secondly, by the fact that they are generally limited in use: the relations of belonging in modern language are more often indicated by the form gender. n. n. ( fathershouse-housefather).
Note. App. damn along with the possessive meaning, it is widely used to denote an expressive negative attitude towards the object being defined: damn undertaking; damn abyss cases; And introduced that I wear damn I in second floor(Nekr.).
Both internal and external qualities of animate and inanimate objects can be described by adjectives, which are usually called qualitative. To learn how to define a quality adjective, you need to know the rules that are described in detail in this article.
What adjectives are quality?
Quality adjectives In russian language- this is a lexical and grammatical category of adjectives that denote the external signs of animate and inanimate objects (color, suit, shape, taste, sound character, age, size and other qualities), as well as the internal properties of animate objects.
Examples of quality adjectives: blue, round, bitter, quiet, fragrant, young, big, kind, silent.
How to define a quality adjective?
From possessive and relative adjectives, qualitative differ in special value, as well as a number of morphological features. To grammatical features quality adjectives include:
- Short and long form (cold - cold, kind - kind, brave - brave).
- Degrees of comparison (cold - colder - coldest, kind - kinder - kindest, brave - more brave - the bravest).
- The ability to combine with adverbs of degree and measure - extremely, very, enough, unusually, too, etc. (very cold, too kind, extraordinarily brave).
- The presence of antonyms and synonyms (cold - warm, kind - evil, brave - bold).
- Ability to form adjectives with diminutive suffixes (cold, kind), as well as forms with the prefix not- (cold, unkind).
- Ability to form adverbs -o, -e (cold - cold, brave - brave).
Relative and possessive adjective these grammatical features are not inherent.
Full and short qualitative adjectives
Most quality adjectives have short and long forms:
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- adjectives in full form change by gender, number and case (white, simple, interesting, impetuous). In a sentence, they can be a definition or part of a compound predicate.
- Short qualitative adjectives change by gender and number, (white, simple, interesting, swift). In a sentence, as a rule, they act as a nominal predicate.
Exceptions. Qualitative adjectives denoting the color of animals do not have a short form (black, piebald), some color names (purple, pink), as well as a number of adjectives with suffixes -l-, -sk-, -esk-, -ov- (tired, fraternal, hostile, businesslike). Only short form adjectives are used - necessary, must, much, glad.
Degrees of comparison of qualitative adjectives
There are three degrees of comparison of qualitative adjectives:
- positive degree- denotes an uncomparable, original feature (funny, stable, durable);
- comparative- expresses a sign in its greater (smaller) manifestation, has a simple and compound form (funnier, funnier, more stable, more stable, stronger, less durable).
