February 12, 1961 - Flyby of Venus by the automatic interplanetary station "Venera-1"; May 19-20, 1961 (USSR).
April 12, 1961 - The first flight around the Earth of cosmonaut Yu. A. Gagarin on the Vostok satellite ship (USSR).
August 6, 1961 - Daily flight around the Earth of cosmonaut G. S. Titov on the Vostok-2 satellite ship (USSR).
April 23, 1962 - Photographing and reaching the surface of the Moon on April 26, 1962 by the first automatic station of the Ranger series (USA).
August 11 and 12, 1962 - The first group flight of cosmonauts A. G. Nikolaev and P. R. Popovich on satellites "Vostok-3" and "Vostok-4" (USSR).
August 27, 1962 - The flyby of Venus and its exploration by the first automatic interplanetary station "Mariner" December 14, 1962 (USA).
November 1, 1962 - Flight of Mars by the Mars-1 automatic interplanetary station on June 19, 1963 (USSR).
June 16, 1963 - Flight around the Earth of the first female cosmonaut V. V. Tereshkova on the Vostok-6 spacecraft (USSR).
October 12, 1964 - Flight around the Earth of cosmonauts V. M. Komarov, K. P. Feoktistov and B. B. Egorov on the three-seat Voskhod spacecraft (USSR).
November 28, 1964 - Passage of Mars on July 15, 1965 and its study by the Mariner-4 automatic interplanetary station (USA).
March 18, 1965 - Exit of cosmonaut A. A. Leonov from the satellite "Voskhod-2", piloted by P. I. Belyaev, in outer space(USSR).
March 23, 1965 - The first maneuver in orbit of the artificial satellite of the Gemini-3 spacecraft with astronauts V. Griss and J. Young (USA).
April 23, 1965 - The first automatic communication satellite in a synchronous orbit of the Molniya-1 series (USSR).
July 16, 1965 - The first automatic heavy research satellite of the Proton series (USSR).
July 18, 1965 - Repeated photography of the far side of the Moon and transmission of the image to Earth by the automatic interplanetary station "Zond-3" (USSR).
November 16, 1965 Reaching the surface of Venus on March 1, 1966 by the automatic station "Venera-3" (USSR).
December 4 and 15, 1965 - Group flight with close approach of the Gemini-7 and Gemini-6 satellite ships, with cosmonauts F. Borman, J. Lovell and W. Schirra, T. Stafford (USA).
January 31, 1966 - The first soft landing on the Moon on February 3, 1966 of the Luna-9 automatic station and the transmission of a lunar photo panorama to Earth (USSR).
March 16, 1966 - Manual docking of the Gemini-8 satellite, piloted by cosmonauts N. Armstrong and D. Scott, with the Agena rocket (USA).
August 10, 1966 - The launch of the first automatic station of the Lunar Orbiter series into the orbit of an artificial satellite of the Moon.
January 27, 1967 - During tests of the Apollo spacecraft, a fire broke out in the cabin of the spacecraft at launch. Cosmonauts V. Grissom, E. White and R. Chaffee (USA) died.
April 23, 1967 - Flight of the satellite "Soyuz-1" with cosmonaut V. M. Komarov. During the descent to Earth due to the failure of the parachute system, the cosmonaut died (USSR).
June 12, 1967 - Descent and research in the atmosphere of Venus on October 18, 1967 by the automatic station "Venera-4" (USSR).
June 14, 1967 - Flyby of Venus on October 19, 1967 and its exploration by the Mariner-5 automatic station (USA).
September 15, November 10, 1968-Circle of the Moon and return to Earth of the Zond-5 and Zond-6 spacecraft using ballistic and controlled descent (USSR).
December 21, 1968 - Flyby of the Moon with the exit on December 24, 1968 into the orbit of the Moon's satellite and the return to Earth of the Apollo 8 spacecraft with cosmonauts F. Borman, J. Lovell, W. Anders (USA).
5, January 10, 1969-Continuation of the direct study of the atmosphere of Venus by the automatic stations Venera-5 (May 16, 1969) and Venera-6 (May 17, 1969) (USSR).
January 14, 15, 1969 - The first docking in orbit of the Earth's satellite of the manned spacecraft "Soyuz-4" and "Soyuz-5" with cosmonauts V. A. Shatalov and B. V. Volynov, A. S. Eliseev, E. V. Khrunov . The last two cosmonauts went into space and transferred to another ship (USSR).
February 24, March 27, 1969-Continuation of the study of Mars during the passage of its automatic stations "Mariner-6" on July 31, 1969 and "Mariner-7" on August 5, 1969 (USA).
May 18, 1969 - Flight around the Moon by the Apollo 10 spacecraft with cosmonauts T. Stafford, J. Young and Y. Cernan, entering the selenocentric orbit on May 21, 1969, maneuvering on it and returning to Earth (USA).
July 16, 1969 - First landing on the moon by a manned spacecraft, Apollo 11. Cosmonauts N. Armstrong and E. Aldrin spent 21 hours 36 minutes on the Moon in the Sea of Tranquility (July 20-21, 1969). M. Collins was in the command compartment of the ship in a selenocentric orbit. Having completed the flight program, the astronauts returned to Earth (USA).
August 8, 1969 - Flight around the Moon and return to Earth of the Zond-7 spacecraft using a controlled descent (USSR).
October 11, 12, 13, 1969-Group flight with maneuvering satellites Soyuz-6, Soyuz-7 and Soyuz-8 with cosmonauts G. S. Shonin, V. N. Kubasov; A. V. Filipchenko, V. N. Volkov, V. V. Gorbatko; V. A. Shatalov, A. S. Eliseev (USSR).
October 14, 1969 - The first research satellite of the Interkosmos series with scientific equipment from the socialist countries (USSR).
November 14, 1969 - Landing on the moon in the Ocean of Storms manned spacecraft "Apollo 12". Cosmonauts C. Konrad and A. Bean spent 31 hours and 31 minutes on the Moon (November 19-20, 1969). R. Gordon was in a selenocentric orbit (USA).
April 11, 1970 - Flyby of the Moon with the return to Earth of the Apollo 13 spacecraft with astronauts J. Lovell, J. Swigert, F. Hayes. The planned flight to the moon was canceled due to an accident on a ship (USA).
June 1, 1970 - Flight lasting 425 hours of the Soyuz-9 satellite with cosmonauts A. G. Nikolaev and V. I. Sevastyanov (USSR).
August 17, 1970 - Soft landing on the surface of Venus automatic station "Venera-7" with scientific equipment (USSR).
September 12, 1970 - Automatic station "Luna-16" on September 20, 1970 performed a soft landing on the Moon in the Sea of Plenty, drilled, took samples of lunar rock and delivered them to Earth (USSR).
October 20, 1970 - Flyby of the Moon with return to Earth from the Northern Hemisphere of the Zond-8 spacecraft (USSR).
November 10, 1970 - The automatic station "Luna-17" delivered to the moon a self-propelled apparatus "Lunokhod-1" with scientific equipment, radio-controlled from the Earth. During 11 lunar days, the lunar rover traveled 10.5 km, exploring the region of the Sea of Rains (USSR).
January 31, 1971 - Apollo 14 manned spacecraft landing on the moon near the Fra Mauro crater. Astronauts A. Shepard and E. Mitchell spent 33 hours and 30 minutes on the Moon (February 5-6, 1971). S. Rusa was in a selenocentric orbit (USA).
May 19, 1971 - Reaching the surface of Mars for the first time by the descent vehicle of the automatic station "Mars-2" and its entry into orbit of the first artificial satellite of Mars on November 27, 1971 (USSR).
May 28, 1971 - The first soft landing on the surface of Mars of the descent vehicle of the Mars-3 automatic station and its entry into the orbit of an artificial satellite of Mars on December 2, 1971 (USSR).
May 30, 1971 - First artificial satellite Mars - automatic station "Mariner-9". Launched into satellite orbit on November 13, 1971 (USA).
June 6, 1971 - Flight lasting 570 hours of cosmonauts G. T. Dobrovolsky, V. N. Volkov and V. I. Patsaev on the Soyuz-11 satellite and the Salyut orbital station. During the descent to Earth, as a result of depressurization of the spacecraft cabin, the astronauts died (USSR).
July 26, 1971 - Apollo 15 lunar landing. Cosmonauts D. Scott and J. Irwin spent 66 hours and 55 minutes on the Moon (July 30 - August 2, 1971). A. Warden was in a selenocentric orbit (USA).
October 28, 1971 - The first English satellite "Prospero" launched into orbit by an English launch vehicle.
February 14, 1972 - The Luna-20 automatic station delivered lunar soil to the earth from a section of the mainland adjacent to the Sea of Plenty (USSR).
March 3, 1972 - Flight by the Pioneer-10 automatic station of the asteroid belt (July 1972 - February 1973) and Jupiter (December 4, 1973), followed by going beyond solar system(USA).
March 27, 1972 Soft landing on the surface of Venus automatic station "Venera-8" July 22, 1972. Study of the atmosphere and surface of the planet (USSR).
April 16, 1972 - Apollo 16 lunar landing. Cosmonauts J. Young and C. Duke stayed on the Moon for 71 hours 02 minutes (April 21-24, 1972). T. Mattingly was in a selenocentric orbit (USA).
December 7, 1972 - Apollo 17 landing on the moon. Cosmonauts Y. Cernan and H. Schmitt stayed on the Moon for 75 hours 00 minutes (December 11-15, 1972). R. Evans was in a selenocentric orbit (USA).
January 8, 1973 Automatic station "Luna-21" delivered January 16, 1973 to the Moon "Lunokhod-2". During 5 lunar days, the lunar rover traveled 37 km (USSR).
May 14, 1973 Long-term manned orbital station "Skylab". Cosmonauts C. Conrad, P. Weitz and J. Kerwin have been at the station for 28 days since May 25. On July 28, the crew arrived at the station: A. Bean, O. Garriott, J. Lusma for a two-month work (USA).
The history of space exploration is the most striking example of the celebration human mind over recalcitrant matter in the shortest possible time. From the moment a man-made object first overcame Earth's gravity and developed enough speed to enter the Earth's orbit, just over fifty years have passed - nothing by the standards of history! Most of the world's population vividly remembers the times when a flight to the moon was considered something out of the realm of fantasy, and those who dreamed of piercing the heavenly heights were considered, at best, not dangerous for society, crazy. Today, spaceships not only “surf the open spaces”, successfully maneuvering in conditions of minimal gravity, but also deliver cargo, astronauts and space tourists to earth orbit. Moreover, the duration of a flight into space can now be an arbitrarily long time: the watch of Russian cosmonauts on the ISS, for example, lasts 6-7 months. And over the past half century, man managed to walk on the moon and photograph it dark side, made Mars, Jupiter, Saturn and Mercury happy with artificial satellites, "recognized by sight" distant nebulae with the help of the Hubble telescope and is seriously thinking about the colonization of Mars. And although it has not yet been possible to make contact with aliens and angels (in any case, officially), let's not despair - after all, everything is just beginning!
Dreams of space and pen trials
For the first time, progressive mankind believed in the reality of flight to distant worlds at the end of the 19th century. It was then that it became clear that if aircraft to give the speed necessary to overcome gravity and maintain it for a sufficient time, he will be able to go beyond earth's atmosphere and gain a foothold in orbit, like the moon, revolving around the earth. The problem was in the engines. The specimens that existed at that time either extremely powerfully, but briefly “spit” with energy emissions, or worked on the principle of “gasp, crackle and go a little.” The first was more suitable for bombs, the second for carts. In addition, it was impossible to regulate the thrust vector and thereby influence the trajectory of the vehicle: a vertical launch inevitably led to its rounding, and the body as a result fell to the ground without reaching space; horizontal, with such a release of energy, threatened to destroy all life around (as if the current ballistic missile was launched flat). Finally, at the beginning of the 20th century, researchers turned their attention to the rocket engine, the principle of which has been known to mankind since the turn of our era: the fuel burns in the rocket body, simultaneously lightening its mass, and the released energy moves the rocket forward. The first rocket capable of taking an object out of bounds gravity, designed by Tsiolkovsky in 1903.
First artificial satellite
Time passed, and although the two world wars greatly slowed down the process of creating rockets for peaceful use, space progress still did not stand still. Key moment post-war period - the adoption of the so-called package layout of rockets, which is used in astronautics to this day. Its essence lies in the simultaneous use of several rockets placed symmetrically with respect to the center of mass of the body that needs to be put into Earth's orbit. This provides a powerful, stable and uniform thrust, sufficient for the object to move at a constant speed of 7.9 km / s, necessary to overcome the earth's gravity. And so, on October 4, 1957, a new, or rather the first, era in space exploration began - the launch of the first artificial satellite of the Earth, as everything ingenious was simply called Sputnik-1, using the R-7 rocket, designed under the leadership of Sergei Korolev. The silhouette of the R-7, the progenitor of all subsequent space rockets, is still recognizable today in the ultra-modern Soyuz launch vehicle, which successfully sends "trucks" and "cars" into orbit with astronauts and tourists on board - the same four "legs" of the package scheme and red nozzles. The first satellite was microscopic, just over half a meter in diameter and weighed only 83 kg. He made a complete revolution around the Earth in 96 minutes. The "star life" of the iron pioneer of astronautics lasted three months, but during this period he traveled a fantastic distance of 60 million km!
The first living beings in orbit
The success of the first launch inspired the designers, and the prospect of sending a living creature into space and returning it safe and sound no longer seemed impossible. Just a month after the launch of Sputnik-1, the first animal, the dog Laika, went into orbit aboard the second artificial Earth satellite. Her goal was honorable, but sad - to check the survival of living beings in the conditions of space flight. Moreover, the return of the dog was not planned ... The launch and launch of the satellite into orbit were successful, but after four orbits around the Earth, due to an error in the calculations, the temperature inside the apparatus rose excessively, and Laika died. The satellite itself rotated in space for another 5 months, and then lost speed and burned up in the dense layers of the atmosphere. The first shaggy-haired cosmonauts, who upon their return greeted their “senders” with joyful barks, were the textbook Belka and Strelka, who set off to conquer the expanses of the sky on the fifth satellite in August 1960. Their flight lasted a little more than a day, and during this time the dogs managed to circle the planet 17 times. All this time they were watched from the monitor screens in the Mission Control Center - by the way, white dogs were chosen precisely because of the contrast - after all, the image was then black and white. As a result of the launch, the spacecraft itself was also finalized and finally approved - in just 8 months, the first person will go into space in a similar apparatus.
In addition to dogs, both before and after 1961, monkeys (macaques, squirrel monkeys and chimpanzees), cats, turtles, as well as every little thing - flies, beetles, etc., visited space.
In the same period, the USSR launched the first artificial satellite of the Sun, the Luna-2 station managed to gently land on the surface of the planet, and the first photographs of the side of the Moon invisible from Earth were obtained.
April 12, 1961 divided the history of space exploration into two periods - "when man dreamed of the stars" and "since man conquered space."
man in space
April 12, 1961 divided the history of space exploration into two periods - "when man dreamed of the stars" and "since man conquered space." At 09:07 Moscow time, the Vostok-1 spacecraft was launched from launch pad No. 1 of the Baikonur Cosmodrome with the world's first cosmonaut on board, Yuri Gagarin. Having made one revolution around the Earth and having traveled 41,000 km, 90 minutes after the launch, Gagarin landed near Saratov, becoming for many years the most famous, revered and beloved person on the planet. His "let's go!" and "everything is seen very clearly - the space is black - the earth is blue" were included in the list of the most famous phrases of mankind, his open smile, ease and cordiality melted the hearts of people around the world. The first manned flight into space was controlled from Earth, Gagarin himself was more of a passenger, although superbly prepared. It should be noted that the flight conditions were far from those that are now offered to space tourists: Gagarin experienced eight to ten times overload, there was a period when the ship literally tumbled, and behind the windows the skin burned and metal melted. During the flight, there were several failures in various systems of the ship, but fortunately, the astronaut was not injured.
Following Gagarin's flight, significant milestones in the history of space exploration fell one after another: the world's first group space flight was made, then the first female cosmonaut Valentina Tereshkova (1963) went into space, the first multi-seat spacecraft flew, Alexei Leonov became the first a man who made a spacewalk (1965) - and all these grandiose events are entirely the merit of the national cosmonautics. Finally, on July 21, 1969, the first landing of a man on the moon took place: the American Neil Armstrong took the very “small-big step”.
Astronautics - today, tomorrow and always
Today, space travel is taken for granted. Hundreds of satellites and thousands of other necessary and useless objects fly above us, seconds before sunrise from the bedroom window you can see the solar panels of the International Space Station flashing in the rays still invisible from the earth, space tourists with enviable regularity go to “surf the open spaces” (thus translating into reality the arrogant phrase “if you really want to, you can fly into space”) and the era of commercial suborbital flights is about to begin with almost two departures daily. Space exploration by controlled vehicles is completely amazing: here are pictures of long-exploded stars, and HD images of distant galaxies, and strong evidence of the possibility of the existence of life on other planets. Billionaire corporations are already agreeing on plans to build space hotels in Earth's orbit, and colonization projects for our neighboring planets do not seem like an excerpt from Asimov's or Clark's novels for a long time. One thing is clear: once having overcome the earth's gravity, humanity will again and again strive upward, to the endless worlds of stars, galaxies and universes. I would like to wish only that the beauty of the night sky and myriads of twinkling stars never leave us, still alluring, mysterious and beautiful, as in the first days of creation.
And now I suggest you familiarize yourself with the timeline dedicated to the history of space discoveries. (To go to the timeline, click on the picture).
Choose one of the events that seems most interesting to you and prepare a presentation in Google Docs. Leave a link to it in the comments, then we will discuss your work together.
Main dates of astronautics:
January
January 2, 1959 Launch of the space rocket "Dream". Going beyond the limits of the earth's gravity (USSR).
4 January 1959 The Luna-1 station passed at a distance of 6000 kilometers from the surface of the Moon and entered the heliocentric orbit. It became the world's first artificial satellite of the Sun.
January 15 2006. The Stardust station delivered samples of comet Wild 2 to earth.
January 16 1969 The first docking of two manned spacecraft Soyuz-4 and Soyuz-5 was made.
January 20, 1978. The launch of the first automatic cargo transport vehicle Progress (USSR) into orbit.
January 31, 1966 The launch of the Luna-9 spacecraft (USSR), which for the first time in the world carried out a soft landing on the Moon and transmitted an image of the lunar surface to Earth.
February
March
March 1 1966 The Venera-3 station reached the surface of Venus for the first time, delivering a pennant to the USSR. It was the world's first flight of a spacecraft from Earth to another planet.
March 3, 1972 The launch of the spacecraft "Pioneer-10" (USA). On December 4, 1973, the spacecraft flew at a distance of 131 thousand km from Jupiter and conducted the first studies of this planet from a "close" distance. This is the first spacecraft to leave the solar system.
March 17 2011 Mercury MESSENGER station.
March 18 1965 d. The first human spacewalk was made in history. Cosmonaut Alexei Leonov performed a spacewalk from Voskhod 2.
March 30, 1974 Launching into an orbit close to geostationary, an artificial satellite of the Earth "ATS-6" (USA). The first experiments on direct television broadcasting on small-sized antennas.
April
April 12, 1961 Yuri Gagarin on the Vostok spacecraft (USSR) made the world's first flight into space. In 2016, 55 years have passed since the first human flight.
April 12, 1981 Launching into orbit the first reusable transport spacecraft "Space Shuttle" ("Columbia") with J. Young and R. Crippen (USA).
April 19, 1971 The launch of the first orbital laboratory station Salyut (USSR) into orbit.
April 24 1990 Launch of the Hubble telescope into Earth orbit.
June
June 12, 1967 The launch of the spacecraft "Venera-4" to the planet Venus (USSR). The spacecraft, having covered a distance of approximately 350 million km, entered the atmosphere of the planet and for the first time carried out a smooth descent in the atmosphere of another planet.
June 14 - 19, 1963 The flight of V. F. Bykovsky. The duration of this flight was 4 days 23 hours 6 minutes, the flight took place in conjunction with the flight of the Vostok-6 spacecraft, piloted by Valentina Tereshkova.
June 16 1963 The world's first space flight of a female cosmonaut (Valentina Tereshkova) was made on the Vostok-6 spacecraft.
June 24 2000 The NEAR Shoemaker station became the first artificial satellite of an asteroid (433 Eros).
June 30, 1982 Launching into orbit the first satellite - the rescuer "Kosmos-1383" (USSR) of the international system "Cospas-Sarsat". Such satellites allow not only to receive distress signals (SOS), but also to determine the coordinates of those in distress.
30 June 2004 The Cassini station became the first artificial satellite of Saturn.
July
July 16, 1969 The launch of the Apollo 11 spacecraft (USA), which reached the moon on July 21 and made the first landing of people on its surface. These were the Americans Neil Armstrong and Edwin Aldrin.
July 17, 1975 First docking of two manned spacecraft different countries: Soyuz-19 (USSR) with A.A. Leonov and V.N. Kubasov and "Apollo" (USA) with T. Stafford, D. Slayton and V. Brand.
21 July 1969 The first landing of a man on the moon (N. Armstrong) as part of the lunar expedition of the Apollo 11 spacecraft, which delivered to Earth, including the first samples of lunar soil.
July 23, 1972 The launch of the first artificial Earth satellite (Landsat-1, USA) into orbit to study the natural resources of our planet from space.
August
August 6 - 7, 1961 German Titov made a space flight lasting 1 day 1 hour, making 17 revolutions around the Earth, flying more than 700 thousand kilometers. At the time of the flight, German Titov was 25 years and 330 days old, making him the youngest of all cosmonauts who have been in space.
August 11, 1962 The world's first group flight was made by cosmonauts A. G. Nikolaev (ship Vostok-3) and P. R. Popovich (Vostok-4). In addition, for the first time in a spacecraft, a spacesuit was removed. This experiment was carried out by A. Nikolaev.
12th of August 1962 The world's first group space flight was made on the Vostok-3 and Vostok-4 spacecraft. The maximum approach of the ships was about 6.5 km.
August 19 1960 The first ever orbital flight into space of living beings was made with a successful return to Earth. On the Sputnik-5 ship, this flight was made by the dogs Belka and Strelka.
August 19, 1964. The launch of the first communication satellite "Sincom-3" (USA) into a geostationary orbit with a period of revolution of 24 hours, so that the satellite always "hangs" over the same point on the Earth's surface.
August 20, 1975 The Viking-1 spacecraft (USA) was launched, which for the first time made a successful soft landing on the planet Mars on July 20, 1976 and transmitted a television image of the Martian surface to Earth.
September
September 12, 1959 The launch of the Luna-2 spacecraft (USSR), which reached the surface of the moon.
September 14 1959 Station "Luna-2" for the first time in the world reached the surface of the Moon in the region of the Sea of Clarity near the craters Aristillus, Archimedes and Autolycus, delivering a pennant with the coat of arms of the USSR.
September 15th 1968 d. The first return of the spacecraft ("Zond-5") to the Earth after a flyby of the Moon. On board were living creatures: turtles, fruit flies, worms, plants, seeds, bacteria.
September 24 1970 The Luna-16 station took samples of lunar soil and subsequently delivered them to Earth (by the Luna-16 station). It was the first unmanned spacecraft to deliver rock samples to Earth from another cosmic body (that is, in this case, from the moon).
October
The 4th of October 1959 G. The Luna-3 automatic interplanetary station was launched, which for the first time in the world photographed the side of the Moon invisible from Earth. Also during the flight, for the first time in the world, a gravity maneuver was carried out in practice.
October 4, 1957 was launched the first artificial earth satellite. The mass of Sputnik-1 was 83.6 kg. The Eighteenth International Astronautical Congress approved this day as the beginning space age. The first satellite "spoke Russian". The New York Times wrote: “This particular symbol of the future liberation of man from the forces that chain him to the Earth was created and launched by Soviet scientists and technicians. Everyone on Earth should be grateful to them. This is a feat that all mankind can be proud of.”
October 12, 1964 The first multi-seat spacecraft "Voskhod-1" was launched with cosmonauts Vladimir Komarov (ship commander), Konstantin Feoktistov ( Researcher) and Boris Egorov (doctor). Thus, the era of the Voskhods began, which, compared to the Vostoks, had new cockpits that allowed cosmonauts to fly without space suits for the first time, new instrumentation, improved viewing conditions, improved soft landing systems: the landing speed was practically reduced to zero.
22 of October 1975 Station "Venera-9" became the first artificial satellite of Venus.
October 30 1967 The first docking of two unmanned spacecraft "Kosmos-186" and "Kosmos-188" was made. (USSR).
November
November 2, 1978 A very long manned flight in the history of astronautics (140 days) has been successfully completed. Cosmonauts Vladimir Kovalyonok and Alexander Ivanchenkov successfully landed 180 km southeast of the city of Dzhezkazgan. During their work on board the orbital complex "Salyut-6" - "Soyuz" - "Progress" a wide program of scientific, technical and biomedical experiments was carried out, research was carried out natural resources and the study of the natural environment.
the 3rd of November 1957 The second artificial Earth satellite Sputnik-2 was launched, which for the first time launched a living creature into space - the dog Laika.
the 13th of November 1971 Station "Mariner-9" became the first artificial satellite of Mars.
15th of November 1988 The first and only space flight of the MTKK Buran. The Buran reusable orbiter, launched into space by the unique Energia rocket system, completed a two-orbit flight in orbit around the Earth and landed on the runway of the Baikonur Cosmodrome. For the first time in the world, the landing of a reusable spacecraft was carried out in automatic mode.
Henrietta Lacks. The origin of space cell biology.
December 2nd 1971 The first AMS soft landing on Mars: "Mars-3".
December 7 1995 Station "Galileo" became the first artificial satellite of Jupiter.
December 15 1970 The world's first soft landing on the surface of Venus: "Venus-7".
December 18, 1958 The first communication satellite was launched - an active repeater ("Atlas-Scor", USA).
Cosmonautics in Russia largely inherits the space programs of the Soviet Union. The main governing body of the space industry in Russia is the state corporation Roskosmos.
This organization controls a number of enterprises, as well as scientific associations, the vast majority of which were created during the Soviet era. Among them:
- Mission Control Center. Research division of the Institute of Mechanical Engineering (FGUP TsNIIMash). Founded in 1960 and based in the science city called Korolev. The tasks of the MCC include the control and management of spacecraft flights, which can be serviced simultaneously in the amount of up to twenty vehicles. In addition, the MCC conducts calculations and studies aimed at improving the quality of apparatus control and solving some problems in the field of control.
- Star City is a closed urban-type settlement, which was founded in 1961 on the territory of the Shchelkovsky district. However, in 2009, it was separated into a separate district and removed from Shchelkovo. On the territory of 317.8 hectares there are residential buildings for all personnel, employees of Roscosmos and their families, as well as all cosmonauts who are also undergoing space training at the CTC. In 2016, the number of inhabitants of the town is more than 5600.
- Cosmonaut training center named after Yuri Gagarin. Founded in 1960 and located in Star City. Cosmonaut training is provided by a number of simulators, two centrifuges, an aircraft laboratory and a three-story hydro laboratory. The latter makes it possible to create weightlessness conditions similar to those on the ISS. In this case, a full-size layout of the space station is used.
- Baikonur Cosmodrome. It was founded in 1955 on an area of 6717 km² near the city of Kazaly, Kazakhstan. It is currently leased by Russia (until 2050) and is the leader in the number of launches - 18 launch vehicles in 2015, while Cape Canaveral is one launch behind, and the Kourou cosmodrome (ESA, France) has 12 launches per year. The maintenance of the cosmodrome includes two sums: rent - $115 million, maintenance - $1.5 billion.
- The Vostochny cosmodrome began to be created in 2011 in the Amur Region, near the town of Tsiolkovsky. In addition to creating a second Baikonur in Russia, Vostochny is also intended for commercial flights. The spaceport is located near developed railway junctions, highways, and airfields. In addition, due to the successful location of Vostochny, the separated parts of launch vehicles will fall in sparsely populated areas or even in neutral waters. The cost of creating the cosmodrome will be about 300 billion rubles, a third of this amount has been spent in 2016. On April 28, 2016, the first rocket launch took place, which brought three satellites into Earth orbit. The launch of the manned spacecraft is scheduled for 2023.
- Cosmodrome "Plesetsk". Founded in 1957 near the town of Mirny, Arkhangelsk region. It occupies 176,200 hectares. "Plesetsk" is intended for launching strategic defense systems, unmanned space scientific and commercial vehicles. The first launch from the cosmodrome took place on March 17, 1966, when the Vostok-2 launch vehicle was launched, with the Kosmos-112 satellite on board. In 2014, the launch of the newest launch vehicle called Angara took place.
Launch from Baikonur Cosmodrome
Chronology of the development of domestic cosmonautics
The development of domestic cosmonautics dates back to 1946, when Experimental Design Bureau No. 1 was founded, the purpose of which is the development of ballistic missiles, launch vehicles, and satellites. In 1956-1957, the work of the Bureau designed the R-7 intercontinental ballistic missile carrier rocket, with the help of which, on October 4, 1957, the first artificial satellite Sputnik-1 was launched into the Earth's orbit. The launch took place at the Tyura-Tam research site, which was designed specifically for this purpose and which would later be named Baikonur.
On November 3, 1957, a second satellite was launched, this time with a living creature on board - a dog named Laika.
Laika is the first living creature to orbit the earth
Since 1958, launches of interplanetary compact stations began to study, within the framework of the program of the same name. On September 12, 1959, for the first time, a human spacecraft ("Luna-2") reached the surface of another cosmic body - the Moon. Unfortunately, "Luna-2" fell to the surface of the Moon at a speed of 12,000 km / h, as a result of which the structure instantly went into a gaseous state. In 1959, Luna-3 took pictures of the far side of the Moon, which allowed the USSR to name most of its landscape elements.
The first manned spacecraft "Vostok-1" was launched. The development of ships of this type was carried out from 1958 to 1963 by the designer O. G. Ivanovsky under the guidance of the general designer S. P. Korolev. The design feature was the small dimensions of the ship. "Vostok" were single, and the duration of their flight was up to seven days. During the program, 12 launches were performed, of which 10 were successful and 6 were manned.
Spaceship "Vostok"
The next stage of the manned program was the Voskhod spacecraft, which was multi-seat. During the first flight of a ship of this type (October 12, 1964). During the flight of the spacecraft "Voskhod-2" (March 18, 1965), the first manned spacewalk was carried out.
The most important stage in the development of domestic and Russian cosmonautics was the creation of the Soyuz spacecraft. The development of the ship took a lot of time (1965-1968), in addition, the first launch (April 23, 1967) turned out to be tragically unsuccessful - an explosion occurred during the landing and cosmonaut Vladimir Komarov died. As a result of this accident, the flight of three cosmonauts on the same type of spacecraft, scheduled for the next day, was canceled. In 1968, Soyuz-type ships were launched into space, where two ships made their first docking, in 1969, a group docking of three ships.
Soyuz spacecraft
On April 19, 1971, the world's first launch of an orbital station called Salyut-1 took place, which worked for 175 days, of which 22 days with a crew on board. Unfortunately, the first astronauts who visited the orbital station died during the return to Earth due to depressurization of the descent vehicle. Despite this, seven more Salyut stations were launched, the latter received a new name - Mir. Soon various research and technological modules were docked to the station. The operation of the station lasted until March 23, 2001.
By 1977, at the end of the Luna program, the last apparatus of the same name delivered more samples of lunar soil. In the same year, the first launch of the Soviet transport spacecraft TKS-1 took place, the return vehicle of which returned a month later, and the functional cargo unit worked in orbit for another six months.
By 1991, the Russian cosmonautics had a number of major discoveries and several completed programs:
- - Launch of a number of interplanetary stations to Venus, some of which successfully landed on the surface of the planet, where they took photographs of the surface and analyzed the soil.
- - launch of two interplanetary stations to Venus and Halley's comet, which took photographs space bodies. Compounds have been found organic molecules.
- - launch of several stations of the same name to Mars to study it. Among the many data scientific results: measurement chemical composition atmosphere, as well as photographs of the surface.
- Salyut series of orbital stations.
- Two series of spacecraft "Vostok" and "Voskhod".
Development of cosmonautics in Russia
Several significant space programs became the legacy of the Soviet Union for Russia.
Orbital stations "Mir" and "ISS"
First of all, the Mir orbital complex functioned until 2001. Until 1991, three modules were introduced into its structure, and after that, two more, which were used to study the atmosphere and surface of the Earth, as well as its natural resources.
In 1992, a joint space program United States and Russia under the name "Mir - Shuttle", according to which the American shuttles included Russian cosmonauts in their crew, and the crews of the Russian Soyuz consisted of Russian cosmonauts and US astronauts. The crews of both types of ships visited the Mir station. This collaboration resulted in the idea of an international space station, which would be developed jointly by several national space agencies. On November 20, 1998, Russia launched the first station module into orbit.
In 2016, the ISS design includes 14 modules, including 5 Russian ones.
Unmanned spacecraft
On January 20, 1978, the first unmanned aircraft entered the Earth's orbit. cargo Ship"Progress". After the collapse of the Soviet Union, Russia continued to develop this project, and after 1991, four more ship modifications were created. The latest version is Progress MS capable of delivering about 2.4 tons of cargo to the ISS.
manned spacecraft
Another important legacy of the Soviet Union is the Soyuz series of ships, which includes a number of modifications. The last of the modifications developed in the USSR is Soyuz-TM, which first launched in 1986. In 2002, the Russian space program put into operation a new modification - Soyuz-TMA, and in 2010 - Soyuz TMA-M.
It is worth noting that 127 launches of Soyuz spacecraft were made, of which two ended in disaster and two in accidents without casualties. Only the American Space Shuttle program can boast of such statistics, which, however, was terminated in 2011. For this reason, from 2011 until the time this article was written (2016), only Russian Soyuz spacecraft have been transporting cosmonauts and astronauts to the ISS.
In 2015, a new and probably the latest version of the Soyuz MS spacecraft was tested, which will be put into operation in the near future. It is noteworthy that the design of the ship contains GLONASS / GPS sensors that transmit the coordinates of the descent vehicle during landing.
In the same year, the Luna-2015 experiment was conducted, within which a flight to the moon was simulated.
Today, a new generation of spacecraft is being developed to replace the Soviet Soyuz, which symbolizes new era space exploration by Russia and are called "Federation". Interestingly, the name was chosen based on the results of a vote by Russians. The tasks assigned to the "Federation" are the transportation of astronauts and cargo to the orbital stations of the Earth, as well as the flight and landing on the Moon. Among the features of the ship: the presence of a bathroom, the ability to deliver six people to the space station and four to the Moon (or an asteroid), the ability to deliver cargo weighing 2 tons to the ISS. The new manned ship will also replace the transport ships of the Progress series.
Federation spacecraft
Russian space program
In addition to developing and testing the already described new Federation spacecraft and supporting the activities of the ISS, the Russian space program includes the following tasks:
- Expansion of the composition of the orbital satellite constellation, which for 2016 consists of the 141st spacecraft. Among them are seven remote sensing satellites (RSS), five scientific satellites (Spektr-R, MiR, Aist No. 1 / No. 2, Mozhaets), 29 navigation (GLONASS) and more than 60 communication satellites . In addition, at least 60 military and reconnaissance satellites.
- Conducting flight tests of a new family of launch vehicles "Angara" together with a manned transport ship of the new ship - the prototype of the "Federation". The Vostochny cosmodrome is responsible for providing launches.
- Development of a natural gas rocket engine, probably methane.
- As part of a project called "Resonance" - the study of the Earth's magnetosphere and the impact of electromagnetic waves on it.
- Exploration of the Moon through the launch of several spacecraft.
Results
Russian cosmonautics inherited a number of significant developments of the USSR in the field of space technology, and today it is quite coping with the support of domestic standards, financing the development of technologies in the field of space exploration. However, the public is rather poorly informed about the successes of the Russian cosmonautics, and probably expects from Roscosmos the same "big" discoveries as those that were made Soviet Union. Unfortunately, or fortunately, humanity has reached those limits of space exploration, when one power is not able to take a significant step in this direction. Therefore, the space program of various powers is increasingly intertwined and sets common goals. According to statements by ESA, NASA and Roscosms, their priority goal is a manned flight to Mars - an event that all of humanity expects to observe already in this century.
Space exploration is the study and use of outer space by man for industrial, practical, scientific, and educational purposes.
Mankind turned its gaze on the cosmos in ancient times. At first, people simply watched the sky, noticing patterns in the movement of stars and heavenly bodies. Then the first simplest optical instruments appeared - in 1608 (400 years ago). They made it possible to see celestial bodies not visible to the naked eye. So, for example, Galileo Galilei discovered 4 moons of Jupiter. Over time, scientists invented more and more powerful telescopes, which made it possible to see more and more.
Theoretical studies did not stand still - they helped astronomers understand how and why the planets they observed move, what they consist of, how they arose. Further scientific progress gave people super-complex means of space exploration - radio telescopes, spacecraft, electronic computers that perform complex calculations. The opening of the space age began with the flight of the Soviet Sputnik in 1957 and the first human flight in 1961 opened up new, incredible opportunities in space exploration.
Shortly thereafter, long-term space stations where people can stay for a year or more. They carry out scientific and industrial activities. Ultra-pure metals, medicines, composite materials are produced in space. The space industry works on Earth to create spacecraft. It consists of factories that produce launch vehicles, spacesuits, spacecraft and equipment for them. Research institutes are engaged in the development of these means of space exploration. Cosmonauts are trained in special training centers. Space exploration is widely represented in culture: books, films, music, computer games. It makes people dream of conquering outer space, flying to distant stars, meeting aliens.
To date, scientific probes have visited all the planets of the solar system, and some have gone beyond it. These are Voyager 1 and Voyager 2, launched by the United States in 1977. And in 1969, people first set foot on the surface of the moon. Artificial satellites are widely used as navigation and communication satellites. Satellites-space telescopes made it possible to look into the far corners of the universe. Space exploration is rapidly developing, and will soon bring new, previously unseen discoveries and opportunities.
Option 2
For many years, people have tried to understand the secrets of the heavenly bodies and planets, the structure of the universe and outer space in the sky above. But only in the last century, since the beginning of the development of the space industry, mankind was able to take small, timid steps in the process of getting to know the cosmos.
Research and attempts to arrange life processes in space using manned and automatic spacecraft, the use of space, planets and satellites for industrial and research purposes - these are the main directions of space exploration.
In 1957, the USSR became the first country in the world to launch an artificial satellite into space, revolving around globe and marked the beginning of a whole era of space exploration.
It is difficult to enumerate all the milestones in the advancement of this difficult and dangerous business. We must not forget all heroically dead cosmonauts who gave their lives in this unknown and noble cause. But their feat of life was not in vain, taking into account all the mistakes of tragic flights, the Soviet space branch of science began to develop very rapidly.
The first manned flight into space on April 12, 1961 on the Vostok-1 spacecraft performed Soviet pilot-cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin. This humble and kind person, with a charming smile, forever became the idol of millions of people around the world.
As early as 1962, two spaceship, making a unique approach of 6 kilometers.
The world's first female cosmonaut Valentina Tereshkova in 1963 showed a heroic example of the possibility of flights not only for men.
In 1964, for the first time, the Voskhod spacecraft with three cosmonauts on board was launched into Earth orbit for the first time.
And already in 1965, a risky and dangerous human spacewalk was made. The hero of this event was cosmonaut Alexei Leonov, who forever left a mark on the history of the development of astronautics and became a national hero.
Artificial satellites, automatic research stations on planetary surfaces, space probes for studying soil and soil composition celestial bodies, rovers, lunar and orbital stations, to name a few modern methods and devices for studying intergalactic space.
But even more discoveries and miracles await humanity ahead, and each person, if desired, can make an important contribution to the exploration of space.
4th, 5th, 10th grade. Physics
Mica is one of the common minerals. But despite this, in the upper layers earth's crust it contains no more than 4 percent.
The seahorse is a representative of the class of ray-finned fish belonging to the needle family. The genus includes about 54 species, the sizes of seahorses vary from 2 to 30 cm.
