Dyachenko S.V.
Jr Researcher
IRA them. V.V. Vinogradov RAS

How to recognize a particle in a sentence

What is a particle? As we know from morphology, a particle is service unit speech, which helps to express different shades of meaning. But how exactly are particles involved in changing the shades of our speech?

Shaping particles help us form new forms of words, for example, the conditional or subjunctive mood of verbs: I would like visit Florence. These forms represent special relationship speaking with the outside world: his wishes and dreams, aspirations, needs, requests and orders, assessments of objects and events.

*Remember that formative particles can also form the imperative mood of verbs and degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs. Find particles in the sentences and explain their role in each case:

1. The concert turned out to be longer than the organizers wanted, as the artists were often called for an encore.

2. May this year bring joy and success to all of us!

3. If I could play the piano, I would play Chopin every evening.

4. It was the most beautiful sunset I have ever seen in my life.

5. The teacher said that my essay about Lermontov turned out to be less interesting than the essay about Pushkin.

6. Long live the sun, let the darkness hide!

7. I would love to show you this letter, but I can't.

8. This time the student was more attentive in preparation and made fewer mistakes in the work.

9. “Tell your father, let him take tickets not to the mezzanine, but to the stalls,” my mother asked.

10. The most terrible thing was that, along with the key, the opportunity to get a brand new travel magazine from the mailbox disappeared.

11. After the business trip, Mr. N began to express himself even more grandiloquently than before.

Of course, in addition to the shaping particles, there are brighter, more understandable particles for us - semantic. They help us express the feelings and emotions that are associated with the subject of the conversation: uncertainty and doubt in someone's words, surprise or indifference. In addition, these particles help organize information: they highlight the subject, point to it, clarify the information or reinforce the meaning. For example, a proposal It will always be summer here we can change with particles so that we get completely different values ​​(think about which ones):

It won't always be summer here.

Let there always be summer here.

And it will always be summer here.

Will it always be summer here?

It will always be summer here..

And it will always be summer here...

So, semantic particles help us to unobtrusively express different feelings and thoughts and, moreover, do not attract attention to themselves - that's why they particles! But besides modest small particles, other parts of speech operate in sentences, designed to form syntactic connections and express emotions. How to distinguish a particle from a conjunction, preposition or interjection?

Union always associated with parts of one whole: it occurs at homogeneous members or with parts complex sentence. That is why the union has its own place in the sentence, and it cannot “run” around the sentence back and forth: If a you write a dictation well, we will watch a movie in the next lesson. We can't move the "if" conditional to the end: * Will you write a dictation well if we watch a movie- sounds comical and incomprehensible, not in Russian, as they say. The particle, unlike the union, does not depend so much on the ratio of the parts, the beginning and the end of the sentence. It can move more freely, like a particle "would", or together with the word to which it is attached: Which- then the boy gave the veteran flowers. - The veteran was given flowers by some then boy.

As you noticed, the connection of a particle with a word often leads to writing with a hyphen or even together - this is how the negative prefixes “not-” and “ni-” appear:

I asked for a small green bag instead of a big bag. I handed her a small green bag.

Pretext associated with cases of nouns and is used only with them. We cannot tear off the preposition from the noun and transfer it to another part of the sentence, just as we cannot designate the emotion or idea that the preposition expresses : During For five years, Oleg has been diligently studying music.

The interjection in its functions is very close to the particle: this part of speech also expresses our emotions, secret movements of the soul and reactions to what is happening. To distinguish between particles and interjections, checking for connection with other members of the sentence will help: usually the particle is connected with the rest of the sentence, and the interjection can be separated into a separate exclamation: Oh, I haven't been to the theater for a long time! – Oh! How long have I not been to the theater!

! Remember: if we come across a one-word sentence expressing doubt or irony, we should be careful:

I got an A for my dictation today. – Really?

We were going to the cinema today. - Is it?

* Think about what part of speech the words are in these sentences really and unless. You will find the answer at the end of the article.

Exercise. Find prepositions, conjunctions, particles and interjections in sentences. Explain the role of these parts of speech.

1. After many years, this story has acquired details and has become more exciting than many modern detective stories.

2. I am talking exclusively about those biologists who prefer fieldwork.

3. And even if I was scared, how can you check me?

4. Alas, time flies too imperceptibly for young people!

5.Away from native land the heart becomes chilly and uncomfortable.

6. What a strange person our neighbor is!

7. Ah, how beautiful it is to get up on a June morning and go out into the dew-breathing garden!

8. And why didn't I think of calling you!

9. It is thanks to the horizontal extent of Eurasia that ancient people were able to exchange their inventions, plant seeds and domesticated animals.

10. Mother did not even remember the words spoken at dinner.

11. I would gladly drop everything and leave to explore the desert, but I could not break the promise.

Answer(task to determine the part of speech of words really and unless:

These words are semantic particles in these sentences - the sentences are incomplete, therefore the remaining members are omitted.

By meaning in the linguistic literature, no.

Vinogradov V. V. singled out 8 discharges of particles:

1. Reinforcing-restrictive, or excretory particles: only, only, at least.
2. Attaching particles: too, also.
3. Determinative particles: exactly, truly, just.
4. Pointing particles: here, there, this.
5. Indefinite particles: -something, -either, -anything, something.
6. Quantitative particles: almost, exactly, exactly.
7. Negative particles: not and neither.
8. Modal-verbal particles: would, yes, at least, if only.

Shansky N. M. and Tikhonov A. N. distinguish four categories of particles according to their meaning: semantic, modal, emotionally expressive, formative.

Sense Particles

Semantic particles express different semantic shades of meanings.

They are divided into several subgroups:

1. Indicative particles. They point to objects and phenomena of the outside world: here, out, this, it, in.

• Here front entrance.
• (N. A. Nekrasov)
• Who this is come?
• It Of course it's easy to say.

2. Defining-clarifying, or defining particles. Clarify individual significant words in the sentence: exactly, exactly, exactly, almost, truly, just.

• to me just here it is necessary.
• it exactly that house?

3. Excretory-restrictive particles. With their help, there is a logical selection of words or phrases: only, only, only, perhaps, although, at least, at least, everything, exclusively, only.

• it only Start.
• You at least call.

To semantic particles, according to Shansky N. M. and Tikhonov A. N., there are more amplifying particles that act as secretions: even, (even and), but, after all, already (already), well, not, yet, then, simply, directly, positively, definitely, decisively.

• All this simply little things maybe...
• (J. Gordon Byron)
• Even do not think!

modal particles

Modal particles express attitude towards the reliability of the statement.

There are several subgroups:

1. Affirmative particles: yes, so, exactly, yeah, yeah, definitely, how.

• to me definitely I like the way he thinks.

2. Negative particles: not, neither, no, not at all, not at all.

• In the sky neither cloud.

3. Interrogative particles: is it, is it really, how, what, or what, but, yes.

• Is is it possible to do so?
• Really all behind?

4. Comparative particles: as if, as if, exactly, as if, like, as if, as if.

• She is like has changed.
• Exactly you didn't know.

5. Particles used to convey someone else's speech: they say (Old Russian child “says” + tell), they say (said), -de, allegedly.

• And when I see de that the penalty is small for him,
• I'll hang all the judges around the table right there.
• (I. A. Krylov)
• Allow me to leave
• Say , case dear,
• Like, because local,
• To the courtyard - a stone's throw.
• (A. T. Tvardovsky)
• So tell me: Arkady, say , Ivanovich Svidrigailov bows.
• (F. M. Dostoevsky)

Emotionally Expressive Particles

Emotionally expressive particles enhance the expressiveness of an emotional statement: what for, well, where there, how, like this, where, where there, what is there, something, here.

• Well what the neck, what the eyes!
• (I. A. Krylov)
• Where you compete with me
• With me, with Balda himself?
• (A. S. Pushkin)

Shaping particles

Shaping particles are used to form surreal(particle would) and: yes, let, let, yes, let's.

• let's compliment each other.
• (B. Okudzhava)
• I wanted would live and die in Paris,
• If a b there was no such land - Moscow.
• (V. V. Mayakovsky)

Babaitseva V.V. and Chesnokova L.D. include here the words most, more and less, which are used to form analytical forms of degrees of comparison of adjectives. In addition, following V.V. Vinogradov, they attribute something, something, something, something to form-building particles.

Particles do not have lexical meanings (and this is how they differ from significant parts of speech) and do not express grammatical relationships between words and sentences (and this is how they differ from service parts of speech).

Particles are:

Amplifying (or, even, then, and, neither, after all, etc.)

Restrictive (only, only, etc.)

Index (here, there, this)

Interrogative (whether, really, really, really, but)

Exclamatory (what for, how, etc.)

Negative (not, not at all, far from, not at all)

Formative particles that serve to form word forms and new words occupy an intermediate position between function words and prefixes and suffixes:

1) particles would, let, let, yes, -ka, it was, serving to express moods or shades of moods in verbs;

2) undefined particles: something, something, something, something;

3) negative particle "not" serves not only to express negation, but also to form words with the opposite meaning. In this case, it acts as a prefix:

friend - foe, cheerful - sad, smart - stupid.

Separate writing of particles

1) Particles would (b), same (g), whether (l) written separately:

I would read it if, here, what kind, however, however, hardly, hardly.

The rule does not apply when specified particles included in the word: to, also, too, really, or and etc.

2) Particles after all, out, here, even, they say written separately:

so after all, over there, like this, even he; brought, they say.

Hyphenating Particles

1) Particles are written through a hyphen -de, -ka, something- (koi-), (-kas - dial.), -either, -something, -s, -tka, -tko, -that:

you-de, she-de, na-ka, nate-ka, look, someone, something, someone, some, from somewhere, yes, sir, well, look- tko, somewhere, sometime, something.

Particle -de(colloquial) is used when transmitting someone else's speech, as well as in the meaning of the verb says (they say) and in the meaning of the particles "say", "say":

And if I see, de, that the execution is small for him, I will immediately hang all the judges around the table.

My countryman turned to the commander at a halt: so and so, - allow me to leave, they say, the case is expensive, they say, since a local resident, it’s within easy reach of the yard.

2) Particle say(colloquial) was formed by the merger of two words: de and say.

3) Particle -With(derived from the word sir) gives a shade of servility, obsequiousness:

Chatsky. Caught honors and nobility?

Molchalin. No, sir, everyone has their own talent ...

Chatsky. You?

Molchalin. Two-sir: moderation and accuracy.

If a between the particle koe- (koi-) and the pronoun there is a preposition, then the whole combination is written separately:

from someone, on something, someone with someone, something with someone.

4) Particle still("still", "however", "nevertheless", "indeed", "in the end") is written with a hyphen:

after verbs - persuaded, nevertheless, appeared;

after adverbs - true, long, again, again;

after the particles - after all, quite, really, downright.

In other cases, the particle is still written separately:

The secretary, although he felt his slight dissatisfaction, nevertheless rejoiced at the presence of such old women among the district's assets.

But although the temptation was great, I still managed to overcome myself.

5) Particle -then is added with a hyphen to pronouns and adverbs both to express uncertainty and to give the statement an emotional coloring:

Why is your heart broken?

Note 1. Separately, the combination is written like that ("namely") before listing homogeneous members:

In mixed forests there are various trees, such as: birch, aspen, cedar, pine.

Note 2. If the particle "-then" is inside compound word, written with a hyphen, then the hyphen is placed before the particle, and after it is omitted:

Bandage something crosswise (compare: crosswise);

Exactly exactly, but that's not the point (compare: exactly the same).

Note 3. If a particle that is written with a hyphen comes after another particle, then the hyphen is not written:

all the same, somewhere; with whom, they say, this does not happen (compare: after all, with someone, they say, this does not happen).

Exception: before the particle -с, the hyphen is preserved: Do you have a bite-s?

Particles "not" and "neither" - in the next post.

What is a particle in Russian? Previously, particles meant all service parts of speech. In the 19th century representative of Kharkov linguistic school A. V. Dobiash began to separate particles into a separate category, which was the beginning of a narrow approach to the issue of particles. V. V. Vinogradov also devoted his work to their study.

Indicative particles in Russian are included in the category To learn how to correctly identify examples of indicative particles in a sentence, it is not enough to learn this list, it is necessary to correctly determine the semantic relationships within a phrase or sentence.

Particle as a separate part of speech

In modern morphology, a particle is a service part of speech that carries an additional semantic, evaluative or emotional meaning of a word, phrase or sentence, and can also serve to form some forms of a word.

The particles themselves do not express lexical meaning, but they may be homonymous with some significant words.

Compare:

1. She has not yet arrived (yet - adverb). When else will she arrive? (also a particle)
2. The summer was cold (it was a verb). She went, but returned (it was - a particle).

The main difference between particles and prepositions and conjunctions is their inability to express grammatical relations. They are related to the rest of the service words by immutability and absence syntactic role(that is, they are not members of sentences). However, it is worth noting that the word "yes" as an affirmative particle, and the word "no" as a negative, no can become independent inseparable sentences. But at the same time, one should not confuse the particle "no" and the negative word "no", which is used in impersonal sentences. For example: "No, you just listen to how she sings!" (no - particle). "I don't have time" (no is a negative word). During parsing the particle may be distinguished together with the main word on which it depends, or not distinguished at all.

Types of particles depending on their composition

According to their composition, the particles are divided into simple and composite. Simple ones consist of one word (if, whether, same), and compound ones consist of two (rarely more) words (that would be, nevertheless, hardly). Compounds, in turn, can be dissected, when it is possible to divide the particle in a sentence in other words.

1. Here to go to Moscow.
2. I would like to go to Moscow.

And inseparable, when the separation of the particle in other words is impossible. Phraseological particles, those combinations of functional words, the semantic connection between which has now lost its original meaning, are also inseparable.

Particle Functions

in oral and writing particles perform the following expression functions:

• motivation, subjunctiveness, conventions, desirability;
• subjective-modal characteristics and assessments;
• goals, questions, affirmations or denials;
• action or state depending on its course in time, its completeness or incompleteness, the result of its implementation.

Particle Discharges

In accordance with the functions performed, all particles are divided into categories:

1. Form-building (let, yes, let's, and so on). Used to form the imperative and conditional mood (let him run, he would run).
2. Negative (no water, no bread; does not bring, not at all funny).
3. Expressing a sign (action, state) depending on its course in time, its completeness or incompleteness, the result of its implementation.
4. modal particles. They carry additional semantic shades or express feelings.

Types of Modal Particles

The group of modal particles is quite extensive and can be divided into several types:

1. Indicative particles (here, out).
2. Interrogative particles (is it, is it, is it really).
3. Clarifying particles (exactly, exactly).
4. Excretory-restrictive particles (only, simply, if only).
5. Reinforcing particles (even, after all, after all).
6. Exclamation particles (like, what the, well, right).
7. Particles expressing doubt (hardly, hardly).
8. Affirmative particles (exactly, so, yes).
9. Particles expressing softening to the requirement (-ka).

pointing particles

The discharge of a particular particle can only be determined in context, since many of them are homonymous. Therefore, it is necessary to know what values ​​the particles of each discharge have. Indicative particles are those that point to objects, actions and phenomena of the surrounding reality, as well as link and demonstratively emphasize words. The most common examples of this type are: this, here, out, it, colloquial - in, some others. According to some studies, a postpositive particle also adjoins the indicative particles - also in combinations of the type: then, there, the same, in the same place, where it is combined with pronouns by the agglutination method. Examples of pointing particles: "Here is my house", "There is my garden", "What is this song playing?".

Some features of pointer particles

The specifics of the use of indicative particles can be considered on the example of an indicative particle - out. The fact is that in the process of using this particle in various contexts, there is a shift in emphasis from it. For example, in the sentences: "There he goes" and "There it is," the intonational difference is clearly traced.

More clearly, one can trace the relationship of the remaining particle digits with the index ones in the table.

Modal (express semantic shades and feelings)	index	this, out, here, here
	clarifying	exactly, exactly, almost
	interrogative	whether, really, really
	exclamatory	just what the, well, straight
	excretory-restrictive	only, at least (would), only, only, just, just
	amplifying	after all, only, after all, even
	affirmative	yes yes exactly
	express doubt	hardly, hardly
	express mitigation	Ka (come on)
Form-building	form an imperative mood	yes, let's, let's, let, let Let there be light!
	form a conditional mood	I would like to ride.
Negative
	complete negation when used before the predicate	Mom didn't come.
	partial negation when used before the rest of the sentence	Mom didn't come.
	for approval in exclamatory and interrogative sentences	Whom I have not met!
	inside stable combinations	almost, not at all, almost
	with double negative
	for amplification in negation	There are no songs or poems. Neither fish nor meat, neither.
	to strengthen the statement in subordinate clauses with a concessive connotation	Wherever you go, remember home.

Particles are often used both in oral and written speech, therefore, for their competent use, you need to be able to determine their meaning and category. To practice this skill, you can look for examples of pointing particles or other digits in works of art with daily reading.

General properties of particles

In the class of particles, immutable non-significant (functional) words are combined, which

• express a wide variety of subjective-modal characteristics: motivation, subjunctiveness, conventionality, desirability, as well as evaluation of the message or its individual parts;
• participate in the expression of the purpose of the message (interrogation), as well as in the expression of affirmation or negation;
• characterize an action or state by its course in time, by completeness or incompleteness, effectiveness or ineffectiveness of its implementation.

The listed particle functions are grouped:

• in the function of shaping
• as a function of various communicative characteristics of the message.

Common to all these functions is that in all cases they contain

• relationship value,
• relation (relatedness) of an action, a state or a whole message to reality,
• the relationship of the speaker to the reported,

moreover, both these types of relations are very often combined in the meaning of one particle.

The meaning of a particle as a separate word is the relation that it expresses in a sentence.

Particle Discharges

In accordance with the above functions, the following main categories of particles are distinguished:

1. shaping particles(let, let, let's, yes, let's, would, b, happened):
   • formative forms of words;
   • forming degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs;
2. negative particles(not, not at all, far from, not at all);
3. particles that characterize the trait(action or state) according to its course in time, according to completeness or incompleteness, effectiveness or not effectiveness of implementation;
4. modal particles:
   • interrogative particles(whether, really, unless);
   • pointer particles(here, out);
   • clarifying particles(precisely, just,);
   • excretory and restrictive particles(only, only, exclusively, almost, only);
   • exclamation particles(what for, how);
   • amplifying particles(even, not, same, after all, really, after all);
   • mitigation(-ka bring it on, pour it on)-then (milk runs out); worders -s are also used for this purpose (surcharge-s), derived from the abbreviated treatment " sir";
   • doubt(hardly, hardly);
   • incentive particles(let).

It is essential that modal (evaluative, expressive) meanings in one form or another are also present in particles of negative, interrogative, characterizing the action by its course or effectiveness, in replica particles.

Classification of particles by origin

antiderivatives

The primitives include the simplest (with a few exceptions) monosyllabic particles, in modern language NOT having live word-building connections and formal relationships with words of other classes.

non-primitives

All other particles are non-primitive.

Classification of particles by composition

Simple

Simple particles are particles that consist of one word. Simple particles include all primitive particles, as well as particles that, to varying degrees, reveal living connections with conjunctions, pronominal words, adverbs, verbs or prepositions. In addition to primitive particles, simple particles include: union (part of speech) | a, good, more, more, literally, it happens, it used to be, as if, after all, in (simple), at all, out, that's, like, everything , everything, where, look, yes (not as part of the imperative incl.), come on (those), even, give (those), really, only, if, still, know, and, or, exactly, how, what , where, okay, is it (particle) | is it better, nothing (simple, questions), nothing, nothing, however, finally, it, go (simple), positive, simple, straight, let, let, maybe , resolutely, exactly, the very thing, to yourself, rather, as if, completely, thanks (meaning good), so, there, to you, too, just, exactly, at least, of which, purely (simple), what, in order to , ek, it is. (but, contrary to popular belief, it is not included in their composition!) not a negative particle is not true, unacceptable, misfortune, impossible

As already mentioned, all these particles have close external and internal connections with other classes of words: they contain elements of meanings to varying degrees.

• adverbs (literally, good, in (simple), at all, out, here, where, really, only, still, exactly, how, where, okay, nothing, nothing, finally, positively, simply, directly, decisively, completely, quite, so, there, well)
• pronominal words (everything, everything, what, it, the most, itself, you, what, this),
• verbs (it happens, it happened, it was, come on (those), give (those), look (those), know),
• unions (but, good, as if, after all, yes, even, if, and, or, whether, but, however, let, let, perhaps, exactly, as if, too, only, exactly, at least, that, so that, to),
• comparatives (more, more, better, sooner: Rather die than agree; Rather, vacation!),
• prepositions (like: It seems someone is calling?),
• interjections (ek, thanks: They, what a heat! You won’t find a place. Thank you, I slept a little in the cellar. N. Uspensky).

Sometimes in the same word the proximity and interweaving of the meanings of particle and conjunction, particle and adverb, particle and verb, particles and pronouns, particles and interjections are so close that the opposition to each other of such meanings as belonging to words of different classes turns out to be illegal, and the word must qualify as "particle-conjunction", "particle-adverb", "particle-pronoun", etc.;

Composite

Particles formed from two (less often - more) words:

• two particles
• particles and union,
• particles and prepositions,
• particle and a verb form or adverb isolated from its class.

Compound particles can be inseparable - their components in a sentence cannot be separated by other words, or separable: their components in a sentence can be separated by other words. Phraseologism particles are distinguished within the compound particles: these are several service words (or service words and adverbs isolated from their classes, forms of pronominal words or verbs) that have merged together), there are no living relations between them in the modern language; such particles may also be separable or non-separable.

Dissected

Their components in a sentence can be separated by other words. Dissected particles:

If only (If only it would rain!; If only it would rain!); here and (Here's a friend for you!; Here's the result for you!; Did you believe him? So believe people after that!); like this (That's the order!); this is so orders!; Here we have a garden, so a garden!; That made me feel so good!); almost (almost late; almost broke his head); almost (Almost for the first time in his life he lied); how not (How not to understand!; How can I not know the way!); no matter how (No matter how it rains); If only (If only there would be no rain!); not enough (simple) (He began to ring the bell, didn’t stop it a little. Dot.; From fear, he didn’t even fall to the ground a little. Lesk.); let (Let yourself sing!); rather (Hurry up spring!; Spring would be sooner!); so (it breathes with peace; so he did not recognize me); if only (Just don’t be late!) only and (Only talking about the trip; Only about the trip and talking); at least (Though I wouldn’t grumble!); almost (was) not (almost broke a leg); almost (He almost became a big boss now).

Particles are always dismembered

Isn't it (Shouldn't we have a rest?), isn't it (Don't spend the night here!).

Phraseological particles:

No, no, and (yes, and) (No, no, yes, and he will come to visit; No, no grandfather and remember); what kind of (What kind of news is this?; What kind of character do you have!); what of (of what) (What of his promises to me!; now what of the fact that he returned?).

It is necessary to distinguish from composite particles various, easily arising and easily disintegrating complexes grouped around a simple particle, which are characteristic primarily of modal particles; for example:

already- already and, well, so, so, so ... well; how- yes, how, how, how, how, how, how; like- like, like, like, like, like, like;

Not dissected

their components in a sentence cannot be separated by other words.

And then (- Aren't you afraid? - Otherwise I'm afraid !; Will they let you spend the night? - Otherwise they won't let you in); without that (He is already a silent man, but here he completely closed himself. Polev .; There is no time to wait, without that we are already late); it would be (simple.) (It would be for me not to stay, but to go home!); hardly; only (Time is only an hour); yet; look and (colloquial) (waited, waited, looked and fell asleep); far from (far from sure of success; far from being a beauty); Divi would (simple) (Divi would know the matter, otherwise he’s an ignoramus!); to what (How good the forest is! How tired you are!); would be good; if (If not for the war!); still (They don’t touch you. - You still would touch!; Good catch! - Still not good!); and there is (simple) (- Didn’t recognize it, you see? - He didn’t recognize it. Bazhov; - Look, guys, Pika! - Pika is. Fad.); and so (Don't be angry, I repent anyway; Why does he need money, he has a lot anyway); and then (They don’t let them go to the skating rink; I saw it for a long time, and then briefly; Talk to him. - And then I’ll talk); as is (simple) (Everything as it is, you said correctly. Bazhov; - Frozen? - As is, frozen); how; just (I came just in time; I'm afraid of the service: you'll just fall under responsibility. Turg.); how so (- Goodbye. - How so goodbye?); somehow; where as (Where how fun!); okay; on what (What is cunning, but even then he made a mistake); no way; unlikely; by no means (by no means a beauty); simply (He simply laughs at us); so (so he didn’t show up?); so (- I have all the tobacco. - Is that all?); either not (or not life!); something (Something glad !; That's what I look at, he calmed down); there (There, from the laughing ones: I said something: he began to laugh. Mushroom .; The boy, but he argues there too); already (You did it yourself. - Already yourself?; This is a disease. - Already a disease!); grab and (While they were going, grab and it started to rain); well (- Let's go? - Well, let's go; I agree, well); or something (Call, or what ?; Help or something !; Are you deaf?);

Phraseological particles (phraseological particles)

Merged together several service words (or service words and adverbs isolated from their classes, forms of pronominal words or verbs), there are no living relations between which in the modern language; such particles may also be separable or non-separable.

Not otherwise - not otherwise than - (Not otherwise than a thunderstorm will gather in the evening, not to - not to - (What kind of fur coat have they rotted! No, to think: somewhere is the master's fur coat? Nekr.); whether it's a matter (Ivan Ilyich ordered stupidly; whether we are with you. L. Tolstoy); that - that and - look (that and look will die; that look will be forgotten), that - that and wait - (simple.) (The stove of that and wait will fall. P. Bazhov) ; that - that and look - (that and look what) (After all, there are too many lynxes; that and look what will break your neck! N. Gogol); exactly the same; whatever it is - whatever it is (simple. ) (This is his favorite song).

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