Do you know how Hegel and Kant are similar? Few have read both of them,” says Igor Odintsov, director of the State Unitary Enterprise “Cathedral Cathedral”. - Do you know how they differ? Thanks to the Marxist-Leninist theory, people brought up in the USSR know all the errors of Hegel's theory, but do not see a single one in the works of Kant. Although there are certainly mistakes in his work. For example, in one of his monographs, he argued that the sturgeon is a bottom fish that feeds on stones. In the other, dwarf people with small ponytails live near Orenburg.
However, all these amusing absurdities are either forgotten or written off as eccentricity, forgivable for the thinker. Odintsov speaks of the great Koenigsberger with undisguised reverence.
Kant is a genius who wrote down all the norms of human morality,” the historian believes.
Biographers of the philosopher state: Kant was not only a model of morality, but also punctuality. According to him daily walk the Konigsbergers synchronized their watches.
In the fate of a native of a poor family, there were times when he had to earn money by playing cards and playing billiards, in which Kant saw nothing wrong. However, he refused promising marriage unions. There is a rather typical example. In 1847, in search of a job, young Kant, who worked in the field of tutoring, went to the village of Yudshen. The local pastor saw great prospects in the young teacher and began to woo his daughter for him. So active that Kant was forced to quit teaching and return to Königsberg.
When, in adulthood, the philosopher received recognition and reached the appropriate state, he did not dare to captivate the marriage with himself, the old man, local charmers, although there was no end to those who wished. However, the Koenigsberg recluse always admired the female beauty. Being already in old age, during dinner parties, Kant, blind in his left eye, always urged that the most beautiful lady of the evening be seated on his right side.
Kant's attitude to religion is interesting,” continues Igor Odintsov. Nobody could accuse him of atheism. However, being a believer, Kant remained an adherent of science. He declared to his students this way, not being afraid to fall into disgrace: “In the realm of reason, there was and cannot be any evidence of His existence.”
And here is another paradox from the life of the most famous Koenigsberger in the world.
For some reason, few people note that Kant lived and died as a Russian citizen,” says Igor Odintsov. - In time Seven Years' War East Prussia voluntarily became part of the Empire. At the same time, every resident of Königsberg took an oath of allegiance to Empress Elizaveta Petrovna. When the political situation changed, and the province withdrew from Russia, Kant refused a new oath, declaring that oaths and vows are given only once. And this, too, was a manifestation of his Kantian morality.
So he died a subject Russian Empire, who was seen off by the whole of Königsberg on his last journey for several days.
Pastor Daniel's house
In the anniversary year for the philosopher, the Kaliningrad authorities made an attempt to save one of the few objects directly associated with the name of Immanuel Kant. We are talking about the house of pastor Daniel Ernst Anders, the one who wanted to marry his daughter to a promising tutor.
Everyone knows that the philosopher was a homebody, never traveled outside East Prussia, for which, during his lifetime, he was called the Koenigsberg recluse," the governor told Kultura Kaliningrad region Nikolay Tsukanov. - Today in the region, and therefore in the world, there are not many places associated with Kant. The building in the village of Veselovka (former names Yudschen, and later Kanthausen) is just one of these places. Only the plinth and foundation remained from the former building, however, we are sure that this house must be preserved for posterity.
To get ownership of a crumbling private building, the regional authorities had to turn on the administrative resource. Now that the delicate legal issue has been resolved, the regional authorities are planning to turn Veselovka into a real mecca for Kant's admirers and lovers of philosophy in the very near future. The state examination, which ended at the end of March, once again confirmed that the house in Veselovka is directly connected with the name of the genius.
Specialists will be engaged in the restoration of the building,” Vadim Chaly, a well-known Kant specialist, explained to Kultura. - It will be taken apart brick by brick, they will be numbered, then everything will be restored. The necessary surroundings will be created around - a house of creativity with living rooms and a reading room, a summer canteen for students.
It was decided to make a museum of Kant in the pastor's house itself, there will also be a conference hall where it is planned to hold philosophical readings.
Time will show whether Veselovka will become another tourist center of the region thanks to this project. However, it should be noted that, on the whole, Kant's descendants did not indulge in gratitude. Already six months after the death of the philosopher, the house where he lived was demolished, and in its place a ... hat salon was built. So today, only two places in the region are associated with the most famous native of Königsberg - the building in Veselovka and the actual grave of Kant.
In 1756-1762, Central and Northern Europe became another battlefield. Prussia decided to expand its borders, and its claims also extended to Russian lands. As a result, Saxony, Austria, Sweden, England, France, Russia and, of course, Prussia, led by Frederick II the Invincible, joined the war, called the Seven Years.
Despite the fact that the Russians achieved great success on the territory of Prussia, won a number of victories, occupied Berlin and Königsberg, we did not have to take advantage of the victories. The war began under Elizabeth Petrovna, and ended under Petre III, who was an ardent admirer of Frederick II. In the spring of 1762, the new Russian emperor made peace between Russia and Prussia and voluntarily returned the entire territory of Prussia, which was occupied by Russian troops. Nevertheless, Friedrich did not go to Königsberg until the end of his life - apparently, he was very offended that the city surrendered to the Russian troops.
In the period from January 1758 to July 1762, East Prussia and the city of Königsberg became part of the Russian Empire. And, of course, all the estates of East Prussia swore allegiance Russian crown, and it was in January 1758. The philosopher Immanuel Kant, who lived and worked at that time at Königsberg University, also swore allegiance.
Kant was the most famous citizen of this city in its entire history. Neither the rulers, nor the participants in the wars in these lands, nor the merchants of this Hanseatic city located at the crossroads of important trade routes.
Then the city again became Prussian, but historians have not found evidence that Immanuel Kant renounced Russian citizenship. And today the grave of the philosopher is located on the territory of Russia: in 1945, following the end of the Second World War, this land of East Prussia passed to the Soviet Union. Koenigsberg was renamed Kaliningrad. The world-famous philosopher rests in the center of the city.
"Empire as Russia's Path to Europeanization". With such a report at the seminar of the Russian Christian Humanitarian Academy the well-known historian, philosopher and writer Vladimir Karlovich Kantor spoke. You can watch the video of the performance at the bottom of the post.
Here are the most interesting thoughts of the participants in the discussion.
Soviet Union was not an empire!
European civilization is a mutation of Asian structures.
Despotia was born in Asia.
Despotism - when one rules, but he is not free either (he is a slave of power, like the rest).
The path of Europe is the imperial path.
The empire originated in Greece.
Greece is the first maritime civilization and the answer to the East.
The first response of the eastern despotism was the empire of Alexander the Great.
The empire of Alexander the Great is a system of reconciliation of different cultures.
The classical empire arises in the era of Rome. AT ancient rome there was a combination of three main Aristotelian power structures: 1 monarchy 2 aristocracy 3 polity
Empire is a legal space. In despotism, only the despot has rights, the rest are slaves.
Literacy is the conquest of an empire. Despotism does not like literacy.
The empire unites many peoples, and the task is to bring these peoples into the legal and civilizational space.
The empire is supranational and supra-confessional.
The idea of Rome did not die with the Roman Empire.
Europe is an idea, a strong-willed decision, unlike Asia.
One is when the peoples are equally subordinate to the emperor. Another - one titular people!
Russia became a nation without including the people in the nation. From this, the Russian Empire perished.
In its state building, Russia was guided by the experience of England.
Struve wanted to build Russia on the model of Great Britain.
Stolypin was against the introduction of the patriarchate. "We leave the Synod as a supra-confessional institution."
Nationalists will never create an empire, because they will start to suppress other peoples.
The RSDLP is a Russian party, but not a Russian one.
The Bolsheviks wanted to restore the empire. But by their methods it was impossible, since a legal framework was required. And thus, they built a despotism.
The USSR was not an imperial structure, but a despotism!
Empire is an open system.
Christianity as a supranational religion could arise and spread in the Roman Empire - a supranational structure.
It doesn't matter which monotheistic religion is used to create an empire.
You can’t ask to enter Europe, you can enter Europe “under the roar of cannons and ships under construction,” as Pushkin wrote.
Peter not only built an empire, but created a matrix, including the city of St. Petersburg.
Every city structures the consciousness of the people living in it.
Saint Petersburg is an imperial city.
The Bolsheviks, breaking the empire, transfer the capital to Moscow. Moscow despotism appeared instead of the Russian empire.
Despotism does not tolerate people who offer something of themselves, but only requires submission.
Modern Russia is not an empire.
Orthodoxy now really holds together the state of Russia.
There is no exact knowledge in history. The philosophy of history is a form of false consciousness.
Russia has imperial qualities.
Today Russia is being created as a nation-state with an ethnic Russian identity and a typical ethnic religion - Orthodoxy. It is an isolating identity, not of an imperial type, that rejects everyone else.
At the end of the twentieth century, the expansion of peoples began. Peoples, cultures began to go beyond state borders. World diasporas began to form, which are not assimilated, but isolated from the local population, forming their own trading posts (“Chinatowns”).
World diasporas associated with the mother country form imperial structures that go beyond national borders. it new type state, based not on the totality of territories, but on the totality of citizens. Citizenship is key. This is a new version of imperial existence.
There is an expansion of diasporas.
In the European Union, 8 million Russians are the largest diaspora.
The critical mass of imperial components is important, when an empire can arise without an emperor, with multi-confessionalism or big mass population.
The democratic state is the idea of mechanical statehood of equal individuals.
The empire belongs to organic statehood, the essence of which is in connection with the transcendent.
The meaning of the existence of an empire is that there is always a certain beginning for which it is worth living without deriving practical benefit from it - something turned into eternity.
I ASKED TWO QUESTIONS:
1 Today we see two empires: the European Union and the United States of America. What is the place of Russia between these two empires - between the "hammer" and the "anvil"?
2 If the city structures consciousness, then how has the power changed with the presence of Petersburgers in it?
MY OPINION ON THIS ISSUE IS THE FOLLOWING:
Immediately after the collapse of the Soviet Union, which was called the "evil empire", the United States became the hegemon in the world, and the attitude towards the concept of empire changed to a positive one.
One can argue whether the Soviet Union was an empire or not, but it is important that the peoples lived in peace, there was no xenophobia. And in this sense, the USSR for common man was a prosperous country.
What does empire mean to ordinary people? This is the absence of borders and customs, single space dissemination of information and culture, a single labor market, freedom of movement, uniform rules for all.
The national elites ruined the country of the USSR. Now everyone has their own ministry of foreign affairs, their own embassies, their own ambassadors. And all these freeloaders should be fed by a simple person.
Nation states are an invention of national elites to exercise their dominance within their state.
Elites are fighting, and people are dying!
At one time, Lenin was warned that the right of nations to self-determination would lead to the collapse of the country. And so it happened.
To avoid the sad experience of the collapse of the USSR, Russia is being built as a nation state. This is served by the division into seven federal districts, and the United Russia party.
The Roman Empire certainly gave impetus to the development of the conquered peoples. Roman roads still exist, for more than two thousand years.
Roman law served as a catalyst for the development of legal consciousness on the outskirts of the empire.
An important feature The Roman Empire was that it did not suppress national cultures and respected foreign gods, did not fight with national traditions.
Obviously, if there had been no Roman Empire, then Christianity would not have become a world religion.
If there were no Roman law, then Jesus of Nazareth would have been killed without trial or investigation.
All empires were based on religious tolerance. But even in the Roman Empire there was religious enmity. This is well shown in the new film directed by Alejandro Amenabar "Agora".
The world strives for unity. But on what basis is this unity possible? Either on the basis of strength or brotherhood. The idea of personal enrichment will not be able to rally people!
It is impossible to unite by loving yourself more than others. The soul feels the need for sacrificial service, and not for selfish enrichment. Therefore, it is natural that unification is possible only on the basis of a sense of brotherhood as an expression of equality and love.
What will be the global empire of the future?
The idea of globalism is the idea of uniting the world. But on what principles will it be built?
The rejection of the principles of globalization leads to the opposite effect - gloCAlization.
No one will give up his own advantages for the sake of others. Inequality will persist and always will. There will always be servants and there will always be managers, as there will always be those who find it easier to execute than to think and make decisions. And the work of the leader will never cost less than the work of the performer. Hence the inequality. This, however, does not mean that everyone will want to become leaders.
So everything revolves around individual differences who were, are and always will be.
The only question is how to make this system fair so that it does not lead to conflicts and wars. So that everyone gets what they deserve and does not consider themselves offended. Although, I dare to assume, offended will always be.
Economically, the world may be united, but spiritually it is unlikely. And this is good. Because diversity is the source of development.
A new paradigm is needed as an alternative to the consumer economy; altruistic consumption as opposed to "simulative" consumption.
In fact, we are talking about the future fair structure of the world based on fair social communities.
The question is who will propose a social model that is more just and satisfies as many different strata of society as possible and has the greatest potential for development. A model in which global goals would be linked to individual goals and the meanings of existence, taking into account religious and ethnic characteristics.
Or is this another utopia, and the war for the dominance of one over the other will divide humanity into ethnic "corners"?
Either the model of domination-submission, leading to inevitable self-destruction; or a model of solidarity and cooperation.
Of course, the future lies in cooperation. But the thirst for domination and submission is in human nature, and this cannot be ignored.
Solidarity can only be based on justice.
Patriotism is love for one's own, and nationalism is hatred for strangers.
You need to love all people, not selectively Russians or Americans.
Remaining a citizen of one's country, one must be a citizen of the world in one's soul.
I am a Russian citizen of the world!
In 1758 Königsberg, native city Immanuel Kant, was occupied by Russian troops. The inhabitants of the city took an oath of allegiance to Elizaveta Petrovna. The philosopher sent a request to the empress for admission to the post of ordinary professor at Königsber University:
“With the death of the blessed memory of the doctor and professor Kipke, the post of ordinary professor of logic and metaphysics of the Königsberg Academy, which he held, was vacated. These sciences have always been the preferred subject of my research.
Since I became an assistant professor at the university, I have given private lectures on these sciences every semester. I publicly defended 2 dissertations in these sciences, in addition, 4 articles in the Koenigsberg scientific notes, 3 programs and 3 other philosophical treatises give some idea of my studies.
It is a flattering hope that I have proved my suitability for the academic service of these sciences, but most of all, Your Imperial Majesty's most gracious disposition to provide the sciences with the highest patronage and benevolent patronage prompts me to most faithfully ask your Imperial Majesty deign to graciously appoint me to the vacant post of ordinary professor, hoping that the academic senate, in arguing that I have the necessary abilities for this, will accompany my most loyal request with favorable evidence.
At that time, Immanuel Kant did not receive the desired position. He remained a Russian subject until July 1762. A circle of Russian officers formed around the philosopher, and Grigory Orlov was among his guests. The views of Immanuel Kant then became the subject of discussion. Here are some of his sayings about life and morality:
“Enlightenment is a person’s way out of the state of his minority, in which he is through his own fault”
“Suffering is a stimulus for our activity, and, above all, in it we feel our life; without it there would be a state of lifelessness"
"War is bad because it creates more evil people than it takes away"
“It is in our nature to gravitate toward deliberately empty desires”
“A person rarely thinks about darkness in the light, about trouble in happiness, about suffering in contentment, and, on the contrary, always thinks about light in darkness, about happiness in trouble, and about prosperity in poverty”
“To appeal to courage is already half the same as to inspire it”
“Women even make the male sex more refined”
“Being refuted is nothing to be afraid of; one should be afraid of another - to be misunderstood "
"Happiness is not an ideal of the mind, but of the imagination"
“Of all the forces subject to state power, the power of money is perhaps the most reliable, and therefore states will be forced (of course, not on moral grounds) to promote a noble world”
"Don't accept favors that you can do without"
“The longest people live when they least care about prolonging life”
"The more habits, the less freedom"
“Act in such a way that the maxim of your action may become the basis of universal legislation”
"There is as much truth in every natural science as there are mathematicians in it"
“Treat a person always as an end and never as a means”
“Whoever gets rid of excesses gets rid of deprivations”
"Work - The best way Enjoying life"
“From the very day when a person first pronounces “I”, he everywhere, where necessary, pushes his beloved self and his egoism irresistibly strives forward”
“Everything that is called decency is nothing more than a beautiful appearance”
