Fedor Fyodorovich Ushakov- This is an outstanding admiral. A man of amazing destiny. He was born into the family of an impoverished nobleman who had only 19 serf souls. Fedor Fedorovich Ushakov is a great Russian naval commander, a patriot of Russia, some of the most high-profile victories of the Russian fleet are associated with his name. His biography can serve as an example of perseverance, perseverance and faith in the victory of Russian weapons. And it all started like the others naval officers that time, from Naval gentry cadet corps, in which the son of an officer-preobrazhenets Fyodor Ushakov entered.

There were ups and downs in his life. He developed and applied maneuver tactics, winning a number of major victories over the Turkish fleet in the Kerch naval battle, at Tendra and Kaliakria. Successfully conducted the Mediterranean campaign of the Russian fleet during the war against France 1798-1800. He achieved everything in his life himself, with his work, his diligence and will. He became an outstanding naval commander, which Russia is proud of.

The history of Sevastopol and the history of the Black Sea Fleet are inextricably linked with the name of F. Ushakov. F. Ushakov was called a genius. He knew how to win when the enemy had twice as many people, ships, weapons. At the same time, the enemy suffered huge losses, and F. Ushakov lost only a few sailors. Not a single sailor F. Ushakov was captured.

Slide 3.

Ushakov led a very strict, almost monastic life. He had no family, no children. His home, his family was the navy, and his children were sailors. They and they called him "our father Fedor Fedorovich". Sailors adored and idolized him. And the officers took an example from him and also tried to be defenders and fathers for their crews. Ushakov was called "Suvorov at sea". Suvorov loved and respected Ushakov, called him his friend. They really had a lot in common. They both created their own science of winning, only Suvorov - on land, and Ushakov - at sea. Both did not lose a single battle. Both treated the soldiers with respect, appreciated ingenuity and initiative. And both were true patriots and thought not about their personal glory, but about the glory of the Fatherland. During the Great Patriotic War the order and medal of F. Ushakov were established. These awards were given to sailors for courage and bravery in battle with an enemy superior in strength. It was considered a great honor for a sailor to receive such an award.

Dynamic moment.

Report on the battle at Cape Tendra was prepared by the Suvorov _____________________________________.

I give them the floor.

Slide 5.

“Peter the Great won the Baltic Sea from the Swedes, and the waters of the Baltic became free for Russian ships to sail. And the Turks continued to run the Black Sea. In 1783, the Crimea was annexed to Russia, but Turkey could not accept the loss of its influence in the Black Sea and began military operations against Russia. The main Russian military base on the Black Sea was Sevastopol. The Sevastopol squadron was commanded by Rear Admiral Fedor Ushakov. He defeated the Turkish fleet in the Kerch Strait and prevented the Turks from landing troops in the Crimea. Since then, the Turks have become afraid of the Russian fleet, because the Russian sailors have shown that they can win.

To gain a foothold in the Crimea, the Russian army had to occupy Turkish fortresses, the largest of which were Ochakov and Izmail. And the fleet was supposed to support our army from the sea. The Russian rowing flotilla headed to the mouth of the Danube. But the Turks concentrated the main forces of their fleet there and did not allow the Russian ships to pass. And then the Sevastopol squadron of Ushakov came to the rescue. In the battle at Cape Tendra, she destroyed the Turkish squadron. And the day when this happened became the Day of Military Glory of Russia. It was a very big victory.

Demonstration of the video "Battle at Cape Tendra".

Fedor Fedorovich boldly broke the usual ideas about the tactics of the sailing fleet in naval battles, fighting in his own way. The Russians, coming as close as possible to the enemy, destroyed his ships with volleys from guns of all calibers. The flagship "Christmas" set a worthy example for everyone.

The Turkish fleet was gradually becoming confused. By sunset, his battle line was broken. The enemy ships again took to flight, but now in disorder. Coming out of the battle, they turned around and left in different directions. At the same time, they fell under especially terrible longitudinal volleys of Russian artillery. The Sultan's fleet left in the dark, without lighting the lights on the ships. To increase speed, the Turks dropped cannons into the water. Ushakov followed them until night fell. The battle lasted an hour and a half, and as a result, the Turkish ships were seriously damaged - some of them were destroyed, including the Kapudaniya, the best Turkish ship. Some of the ships were captured. Among the captured ships was the battleship "Meleki-Bakhri", which was subsequently repaired and put into operation, renaming it "John the Baptist".

The Turks were crushed by the courage of the Russian sailors and the tactics of the admiral, unprecedented for many generations of naval commanders. "Ushak Pasha" - that's what they called Ushakov.

The battle at Cape Tendra played an important role in Russia's victory in the Russian-Turkish war of 1787-1791. The Russian Black Sea Fleet won a decisive victory over the Ottomans and made a significant contribution to the overall victory. A significant part of the Black Sea was cleared of the Turkish fleet, which opened up access to the sea for the ships of the Liman flotilla. Ushakov wrote one of its brilliant pages into the maritime chronicle of Russia. The maneuverable and decisive tactics of Ushakov's naval battle fully justified themselves, the Turkish fleet ceased to dominate the Black Sea.

I suggest you take part in a quiz, which is based on the book by F. Konyukhov "How Admiral Ushakov made the Black Sea Russian." I recommend this book for you to read.

Quiz on presentation slides

Peter the Great
Alexander the First
Catherine the Great
Nicholas II

Odessa
Nikolaev
Kherson
Ishmael

What disease did Ushakov save his team from?

flu
plague
malaria
cholera

for fun and relaxation
to cultivate courage
for agility training
for precision exercises

St. Paul
Saint Catherine
Saint Michael
Holy Mary

In accordance with federal law dated March 13, 1995 N 32-FZ "On the days of military glory and anniversaries Russia" (with changes and additions)

September 11 is the Day of Military Glory of Russia - the Day of the victory of the Russian squadron under the command of F.F. Ushakov over the Turkish squadron at Cape Tendra*.

(Painting of the Nikolsky chapel in the Church of the Intercession of St. Nicholas in the city of Klaipeda, Lithuania. Captivity of the Turkish Admiral Siid-Bey by Ushakov)

During the campaign of 1790, the Turkish command ordered the commander of the Turkish fleet, Kabudan Pasha Hussein, to break up the Russian fleet and land troops in the Crimea. The enemy counted on the uprising of the Tatars and hatched a plan to capture and destroy Sevastopol. As a result of all these preparations, at the end of June, the Turkish fleet appeared near the coast of the Crimea. The Russian squadron met the enemy on July 8, 1790." against the mouth of the Yenikal Strait and the Kuban River " (near Kerch Strait), as Rear Admiral F.F. Ushakov designated the place of the naval battle that unfolded here. The battle lasted five hours, ending with the flight of the enemy, who, however, managed to take their damaged ships with them. Russian ships also received damage, but they were all repaired very quickly. The victory in the Yenikalsky Strait eliminated the threat of an amphibious landing in the Crimea and an attack from the sea and land on Sevastopol.

The Turkish fleet, having retreated to its shores, hastily put itself in order after the battle. Not deciding on new meeting with the Russian fleet, Hussein began to adhere to a waiting tactic. His offensive impulse had passed, but the fact that in the recent battle the Turkish fleet was not numerically weakened and continued to significantly outnumber the Russian, gave the idea to try his luck again.

The Turks knew that several ships were being completed in Kherson, designed to reinforce the Sevastopol squadron. Thinking to intercept these ships after they left the estuary, Hussein decided to move to the Ochakov area and wait for their exit near Hajibey. Perhaps he had intentions to destroy the rowing fleet, based on the estuary and having the task of moving to the Danube in the near future for joint operations with the army. In any case, Hussein did not leave the Black Sea after the first, unsuccessful for him, combat meeting with Ushakov. The Turkish fleet was already at Gadzhibey when Ushakov went out on August 25 to look for him.

(scheme of the battle at Cape Tendra)

The Russian squadron of 10 battleships, 6 frigates, 1 bombardment ship and 20 auxiliary ships (about 830 guns), following from Sevastopol to Ochakovo, found a Turkish squadron near Tendra consisting of 14 battleships, 8 frigates and 23 auxiliary ships (about 1400 guns). ) at anchor.

The battle that took place between Gadzhibey and Tendra is a series of clashes that took place at intervals on August 28 and 29, 1790. The Turkish fleet was significantly superior to the Russian. But they did not have Russian sailors and Ushakov.

When the Russian squadron appeared on the horizon, the Turks began to hastily weigh anchors and retreat in disorder at the mouth of the Danube. The Russian squadron followed in three columns. Without rebuilding his squadron from marching order to combat, Ushakov rushed to the rearguard of the Turkish fleet, trying to cut it off from the main forces. This forced the Kabudan Pasha, having lined up the front ships in a line of battle, to turn back to cover the rest of his fleet.

Russian ships also lined up in battle order.
Unexpectedly, Ushakov withdraws three frigates from the line - "John the Warrior", "Jerome" and "Protection of the Virgin". This is an operational reserve that fetters the actions of the enemy. Ushakov has already used such a bold novelty more than once - and every time the Turks did not have time to predict the course of his thought.

The Turks had more firepower: 1400 guns against 830. But Ushakov's students fired with enviable accuracy. And the officers managed to create a concentrated firing in breakthrough areas, which terrified the enemy. The admiral conducted the battle selflessly and calmly. He easily predicted the actions of the Ottomans - and reacted with lightning speed to any move of Hussein and his fighters.

Ushakov's flagship Nativity"He fought with three ships - and took them out of the battle. The Turks already at the beginning of the battle lost dozens of sailors killed and wounded, and from the rest, hundreds of experienced warriors fell into a panic.

In two hours of intense skirmishing, the Turks lost a squadron. Before Hussein's eyes, the stern of his own ship shattered to pieces. With considerable losses, the Turks organized a hasty retreat to the Danube. Ushakov pursued them until dark.

At dawn on August 29 (September 9), the Turkish fleet was anchored in disarray near the Russian ships, and Ushakov ordered the battle to be resumed. Turkish ships sought to break away from the enemy. During the chase, the admiral's ship was overtaken, set on fire and forced to surrender " captaincy". As soon as the admiral and the headquarters were removed from him, he, engulfed in flames, exploded. Later, Russian ships captured another battleship" Meleki-bahri"and three small ships. The defeated enemy fled in disarray to Constantinople, losing along the way one ship of the line and several small ships sunk from combat damage. The losses of the Turks amounted to more than five and a half thousand people. Hussein's adviser, Admiral Said Bey, was taken prisoner. The Russian fleet had no losses in ships; 21 people died and 25 were injured.

The victory of the Black Sea Fleet at Tendra was complete. She made a significant contribution to the outcome of the war, leaving a bright mark in the combat annals of the Russian fleet. The red line inscribed Tendra in the history of world naval art.

Fedor Fedorovich was not strong in writing, but dictated an order of gratitude to the sailors who fought under his command at Tendra:

« For the battle against Kochabey last August 28 and 29 against the enemy’s fleet during the defeat of another, about undermining the admiral’s and capturing another enemy ship and another different kind of three warships, I have an order to announce his lordship: deigned: for brave deeds and skillful orders, the most grateful his gratitude, which he ordered me to declare to all the companions who are with me in battle, and to assure all of them that his lordship will not leave to fully present these exploits and their service, about which to the gentlemen of the commanders of ships, frigates and other ships, also and to all staff and chief officers and various ranks, in the fleet at this battle with me, to announce.

I also bring my most grateful gratitude and recommend tomorrow to bring to the Almighty for such a happily granted victory a prayer to everyone who is possible from the ships to be in the church of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker, priests from all over the fleet to be in that church at 10 o’clock in the afternoon and after the departure of the thanksgiving service fire from the ship "Nativity of Christ" from 51 guns.

(righteous Theodore Ushakov)

In the battle, the advantage in the training of Russian sailors, and especially gunners, clearly affected. Their skill, amazing stamina and faith in their leader gave an exceptional result. And all this despite the fact that, unlike the European fleets, which had a long history, the Russian fleet, being relatively young, did not yet have practical experience battles on the high seas. Fedor Ushakov, in essence, became the first Russian flagship of the European level, a recognized master of squadron driving, an innovator of naval battle tactics, which was clearly manifested in the battle near Tendra Island.

For the defeat of the Turkish fleet at Tendra, Ushakov was awarded the Order of St. George, 2nd class. For an untitled naval commander who was absent from the court layouts, this is the highest reward. For Ushakov - the most expensive. Other naval officers were also generously awarded.

On March 3, 1944, an order was established, named after the outstanding Russian naval commander Admiral F.F. Ushakov , to reward officers Navy. The Order of Ushakov consisted of two degrees. The Order of Ushakov, I degree, No. 1 was awarded to the commander of the KBF, Vice Admiral V.F. Tributs. In total, about 50 awards were made with the Order of Ushakov of the 1st degree, and about 200 awards with the Order of Ushakov of the 2nd degree. Among those awarded the Order of Ushakov, II degree, there are 12 units of the Navy. At the same time, the Ushakov medal was established. In total, for the courage and courage shown during the Great Patriotic War in battles with the enemies of our Motherland, more than 15,000 awards were made with the Ushakov medal.

(Order of Admiral F.F. Ushakov)

By decree of the President of the Russian Federation of March 2, 1994, the Ushakov medal was established. It is awarded to members of the Navy and marine parts Border Troops Russian Federation for personal courage and courage shown in the defense of the Fatherland and the state interests of the Russian Federation in the maritime theaters of military operations, in the defense of the state maritime border, when performing combat missions by ships and units of the Navy and the Border Troops of the Russian Federation, when performing combat service and combat duty, during exercises and maneuvers, when performing military duty in conditions involving a risk to life, for excellent performance in combat training and maritime education.
(materials used: http://www.rospisatel.ru)

(Medal of Admiral F.F. Ushakov)

Lord, through the prayers of the righteous Theodore Ushakov, do Your Mercy with us, drive away from the shores of our Motherland and from our souls all enemies visible and invisible, strengthen our army and make it invincible!

____________________________________
* in fact, the battle took place on August 28 - 29, 1790, which in terms of the Gregorian calendar (considering the XVIII century) will not be September 11, but September 8 - 9.

In early August 1790, the Russian army launched a major offensive against the Turkish fortresses of Kiliya, Isakchi and Izmail, located on the Danube. To assist the ground forces on the Danube, a rowing flotilla was formed in Kherson, which was supposed to make the transition to the Danube.

In early August 1790, the Russian army launched a major offensive against the Turkish fortresses of Kiliya, Isakchi and Izmail, located on the Danube. To assist the ground forces on the Danube, a rowing flotilla was formed in Kherson, which was supposed to make the transition to the Danube. Meanwhile, in mid-August, the Turkish fleet, which appeared in the northwestern part of the sea, took up a position between Khadzhibey and Tendra and blocked the path of the rowing flotilla. On August 25, a Russian squadron of 10 battleships, 6 frigates, a bombardment ship and 20 auxiliary ships (a total of about 826 guns) under the command of Ushakov left Sevastopol. At 10 o'clock. On August 28, following a three-kilator column, the Russian squadron discovered a Turkish fleet anchored between Tendra and Khadzhibey. It consisted of 14 battleships, 8 frigates and 23 auxiliary ships (1400 guns in total). since the commander of the Turkish fleet, Hussein, did not conduct reconnaissance and did not provide the anchorage of his fleet with patrol, the appearance of the Russian squadron came as a complete surprise to the Turks. they began to hastily cut the anchor ropes and retreat in disorder in a south-westerly direction.

In an effort to make full use of surprise, Ushakov ordered to add sails and launch an attack directly from the marching order. At about 12 o'clock, when the leading Russian ships were close to cutting off and destroying the Turkish rearguard, Hussein, wanting to cover his end ships, turned back. Thus, gaining time and creating a threat to the enemy rearguard, Ushakov forced the Turkish fleet, which was trying to evade the battle, to engage in battle with the Russian squadron.

The turn of the Turkish fleet on the reverse course lasted until 13:00. Taking advantage of this, Ushakov, at 12:30 p.m., rebuilt the squadron into one wake column and, making a U-turn, lay down on a course parallel to the enemy, continuing to maintain a windward position. At about 2 p.m., Ushakov singled out 3 frigates as a tactical reserve, ordered them to stay in the wind of their avant-garde and prevent the head of the Russian squadron from being covered.

At 15 o'clock, Russian ships, having approached the Turkish fleet at a distance of a canister shot, attacked it. The superiority of the Russian gunners had an immediate effect. At 1530 hours, the Turks tried to increase the distance, but the Russian ships again imposed a fight on them. After an hour and a half battle, Turkish ships began to descend into the wind. The Russian squadron pursued the enemy, retreating to Khadzhibey, until 20 o'clock and anchored at nightfall.

The next day, Ushakov resumed the pursuit of the Turkish fleet, which was trying to hide in the Bosphorus. During the pursuit, the Russians captured 1 battleship and sank 2. The losses of the Turks in personnel exceeded 2000 people. The victory of the Russian fleet at the Tendra Spit ensured the escort of the rowing flotilla to the Danube and active participation in joint action with the army of Suvorov during the capture of the Turkish fortress of Izmail on December 11, 1790

The Russian fleet defeated a numerically superior enemy thanks to the high skill of Russian sailors. Ushakov's tactics, successfully used in the Tendra battle, were characterized by forcing the Turkish fleet to fight in unfavorable conditions for it, by quickly rebuilding the fleet from a marching order into a combat order during the battle, by delivering artillery strikes from a short distance, by concentrating fire against enemy flagships, by using tactical reserve, decisive pursuit of the enemy with the provision of full initiative to the commanders of the ships, an important condition that ensured the victory of the Black Sea Fleet was good training and high morale and combat qualities personnel Russian ships.

September 11 marks the next Day of Russia's military glory - the Victory Day of the Russian squadron under the command of Rear Admiral Fedor Fedorovich Ushakov over the Ottoman fleet at Cape Tendra. This Day of Military Glory was established by Federal Law No. 32-FZ of March 13, 1995 "On the Days of Military Glory and Commemorative Dates of Russia."

The battle itself at Cape Tendra took place on August 28-29 (September 8-9), 1790, the battle took place at Cape Tendra. Dates of most battles that took place before the introduction in Russia Gregorian calendar in 1918, in this law were obtained by adding 13 days to the "old" date, that is, the difference between the new and old calendar dates, which they currently have. However, the difference between the old and the new style of 13 days accumulated only by the 20th century. Thus, in the 17th century the difference was 10 days, in the 18th century it was 11 days. Therefore, other dates of these events are accepted in historical science than in this law.

background

During the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774. The Crimean Khanate became independent, and then the Crimean Peninsula became part of Russia. The Russian Empire was actively developing the northern Black Sea region - Novorossia, and was beginning to create the Black Sea Fleet and the corresponding coastal infrastructure. In 1783, on the shores of the Akhtiar Bay, the construction of a city and a port began, which became the main base of the Russian fleet on the Black Sea. The new port was named Sevastopol. The ships of the Azov Flotilla, built on the Don, became the basis for the creation of a new fleet. Soon the fleet began to replenish with ships built at the shipyards of Kherson, a new city founded near the mouth of the Dnieper. Kherson became the main shipbuilding center in the south of the empire. In 1784, the first battleship of the Black Sea Fleet was launched in Kherson. The Black Sea Admiralty was also established here.

Petersburg tried to accelerate the formation of the Black Sea Fleet at the expense of part Baltic Fleet. However, Istanbul refused to let Russian ships pass from the Mediterranean to the Black Sea. The port yearned for revenge, and sought to prevent the strengthening of the Russians in the Black Sea region and, planning to return the lost territories. First of all, the Ottomans wanted to return the Crimea, and then the Northern Black Sea region. To throw Russia back from the sea and restore the situation that existed on the southern Russian borders for centuries. In this case, Turkey was supported by France and England, who were interested in weakening Russia.

The diplomatic struggle between the Ottoman Empire and Russia, which did not subside after the conclusion of the Kyuchuk-Kaynarji peace, escalated every year. The revanchist aspirations of the Porte were actively fueled by Western European diplomacy. The British and French exerted strong pressure on Istanbul, urging "to prevent the Russian navy from entering the Black Sea." In August 1787, an ultimatum was presented to the Russian ambassador in Constantinople, in which the Ottomans demanded the return of the Crimea and the revision of previously concluded agreements between Russia and Turkey. Petersburg rejected these impudent demands. In early September 1787, the Turkish authorities, without an official declaration of war, arrested the Russian ambassador Ya. A new Russian-Turkish war began.

War

By the beginning of the war, the Russian fleet was much weaker than the Ottoman one. Naval bases and the shipbuilding industry were in the process of being established. There was a shortage of the necessary supplies and materials for the construction, armament, equipment and repair of ships. The Black Sea was still poorly studied. The vast territories of the Black Sea region were at that time one of the distant outskirts of the empire, which was in the process of development. The Russian fleet was much inferior to the Turkish fleet in the number of ships: by the start of hostilities, the Black Sea Fleet had only 4 battleships, and the Turks - about 20. In terms of the number of corvettes, brigs, transports, the Turks had a superiority of about 3-4 times. Only in terms of frigates, the Russian and Turkish fleets were approximately equal. The Russian battleships were also inferior in terms of quality: in speed, artillery weapons. In addition, the Russian fleet was divided into two parts. The core of the Black Sea Fleet, mainly large sailing ships, was based in Sevastopol, while rowing ships and a small part of the sailing fleet were located in the Dnieper-Bug Estuary (Liman Flotilla). The main task of the fleet was the task of protecting the Black Sea coast in order to prevent the invasion of enemy landing forces.

Thus, if on land Turkey did not have an advantage over the Russian army, then on the sea the Ottomans had an overwhelming superiority. In addition, the Russian fleet had a weak command. Admirals such as N. S. Mordvinov and M. I. Voinovich, although they had the full support of the court and many necessary connections for career development, were not warriors. These admirals were indecisive, inept and lack of initiative, they were afraid of battle. They believed that it was impossible to engage in open battle with an enemy with a visible superiority and adhered to linear tactics. That is, they believed that if the enemy has more ships, people and guns, then defeat is inevitable.

The Russian fleet was lucky that at that time among the senior officers of the fleet was Fedor Fedorovich Ushakov, decisive and possessing outstanding military organizational skills. Ushakov had no connections at court, was not a well-born aristocrat, and achieved everything with his talent and hard work, devoting his whole life to the fleet. It should be noted that the Commander-in-Chief of the land and sea forces in the south of the empire, Field Marshal Prince G. A. Potemkin, saw Ushakov's talent and supported him.

As a result, the Russian Black Sea Fleet, despite its weakness, was able to successfully resist a strong enemy. In 1787-1788. The Liman flotilla successfully repulsed all enemy attacks, the Turkish command lost many ships. The Turks could not use their superiority in large sailing ships with powerful artillery weapons, since a situation developed on the Liman that resembled the situation in the Baltic skerries during Northern war when the mobile rowing ships of Tsar Peter successfully fought the Swedish fleet.

While fierce battles were going on in the Dnieper-Bug estuary, the main part of the Black Sea Fleet - the Sevastopol squadron was inactive, being at its base. Rear Admiral Voinovich was afraid of a battle with superior Ottoman forces. The cowardly admiral constantly found reasons not to put ships out to sea. Being late with the withdrawal of the fleet to the sea, he set the ships under a strong storm (September 1787). For more than six months, the squadron was being repaired and put out of action. Only in the spring of 1788 was combat capability restored. However, Voinovich was again in no hurry to go to sea. Knowing the size of the powerful Ottoman fleet of Gassan Pasha, he was afraid of meeting with the Turks and came up with various pretexts to postpone the squadron's entry into the sea. Only after the decisive demands of Potemkin, Voinovich's squadron went to sea.

On June 18, 1788, the ships left Sevastopol. On the way, the squadron was delayed by a headwind and only 10 days later reached the island of Tendra. The Ottoman fleet moved towards. Admiral Hassan Pasha had a huge superiority in strength: against 2 Russian battleships there were 17 Turkish battleships (in other ships there was approximate equality: 10 Russian frigates and 20 auxiliary ships against 8 Turkish frigates, 3 bombardment ships and 21 auxiliary ships). The Turks had a great advantage in artillery: more than 1,500 guns against 550 Russian guns. Voinovich was confused and could not lead the Russian ships into battle. In the moment of a decisive meeting with the enemy, he withdrew from the leadership of the Russian squadron, giving the initiative to the commander of the avant-garde, the commander of the battleship Pavel, captain of the brigadier rank F.F. Ushakov. For three days, Russian and Turkish ships maneuvered, trying to take a more convenient position for battle.

By July 3 (14), both fleets were against the mouth of the Danube, near the island of Fidonisi. On this day, the first naval battle of the Russian-Turkish war of 1787-1791 took place. between the fleets of Russia and the Ottoman Empire (battle of Fidonisi). The Ottomans were able to maintain a windward position, which gave a number of advantages to the ships. However, the Russians defeated the vastly superior enemy forces. This was the first baptism of fire of the Sevastopol squadron - the main combat nucleus of the Black Sea Fleet.

This battle had important consequences. Until now, the Ottoman fleet has dominated the Black Sea, preventing Russian ships from making long voyages. Flights of Russian ships were limited to coastal areas. After this battle, when the Turks for the first time retreated before the Russian squadron on the high seas, the situation changed. If, before the battle of Fidonisi, many Turkish commanders considered Russian sailors inexperienced and incapable of fighting on the high seas, now it has become clear that a new formidable force has appeared on the Black Sea.

In March 1790, Fyodor Ushakov was appointed commander of the Black Sea Fleet. He had to do a lot of work to improve the combat capability of the fleet. Much attention was paid to the training of personnel and educational work. Ushakov took ships out to sea in any weather and conducted sailing, artillery, boarding and other exercises. The Russian naval commander relied on the tactics of maneuvering combat and the training of his commanders and sailors. He gave a big role useful occasion", when the indecision of the enemy, his hesitation and mistakes, allowed a more proactive and strong-willed commander to win. This made it possible to compensate for the higher size of the Ottoman fleet and best quality enemy ships.

The Ottoman fleet, after the battle at Fidonisi, did not take active actions in the Black Sea for about two years. The Turks built new ships and prepared for new battles. During this period, a difficult situation developed in the Baltic. The British actively incited Sweden to oppose Russia. The Swedish elite considered that the situation was very favorable for starting a war with Russia, in order to restore a number of positions in the Baltic that Sweden had lost during previous Russian-Turkish wars. At this time, Petersburg planned to open fighting against Turkey in the Mediterranean, sending a squadron from the Baltic. The Mediterranean squadron was already in Copenhagen when it had to be urgently returned to Kronstadt. Russia had to wage war on two fronts - in the south and in the northwest. The Russian-Swedish war (1788-1790) went on for two years. Russians armed forces with honor came out of this war. The Swedes were forced to abandon their demands. But this conflict greatly depleted military and economic resources. Russian Empire, which led to the prolongation of the war with the Porte.

Tendra

The Turkish command planned in 1790 to land troops on the Caucasian coast of the Black Sea, in the Crimea and recapture the peninsula. Admiral Hussein Pasha commanded the enemy fleet. The threat was serious, since there were few Russian troops in the Crimea, the main forces were in the Danube theater. The Turkish landing, planted on ships in Sinop, Samsun and other ports, could be transferred and landed in the Crimea in less than two days. Turkish troops had a bridgehead in the Caucasus that could be used against the Crimea. The stronghold of the Ottomans was the powerful fortress of Anapa. From here to Kerch to Feodosia, it took only a few hours of travel. In addition, the Ottomans could count on the "fifth column" - the uprising Crimean Tatars.

Sevastopol closely followed the situation. Ushakov actively prepared the ships for the campaign. When most of the ships of the Sevastopol squadron were ready for a long voyage, Ushakov went on a campaign in order to reconnoiter the enemy forces and disrupt his communications in the southeastern part of the sea. The Russian squadron crossed the sea, went to Sinop and from it went along the Turkish coast to Samsun, then to Anapa and returned to Sevastopol. Russian sailors captured more than a dozen enemy ships. Then Ushakov again took his ships to sea and on July 8 (July 19), 1790, defeated the Turkish squadron near the Kerch Strait. In terms of battleships, both squadrons were equal, but the Ottomans had twice as many other ships - bombardment ships, brigantines, corvettes, etc. As a result, the Turks had more than 1100 guns against 850 Russians. However, Admiral Hussein Pasha was unable to take advantage of superior forces. Turkish sailors faltered under Russian attack and took to their heels. Best driving performance Turkish ships allowed them to escape. This battle disrupted the landing of enemy troops in the Crimea.

After this battle, Hussein Pasha's fleet fled to their bases, where the Turks carried out intensive work to restore damaged ships. The Turkish naval commander hid the fact of defeat from the Sultan, announced victory - the sinking of several Russian ships. To support Hussein, the Sultan sent an experienced junior flagship - Seid Bey. The Turkish command was still preparing a landing operation.

On the morning of August 21, the bulk of the Ottoman fleet was concentrated between Hadji Bey (Odessa) and Cape Tendra. Under the command of Hussein Pasha there was a significant power of 45 ships: 14 battleships, 8 frigates and 23 auxiliary ships, with 1400 guns. The presence of the Turkish fleet restrained the activity of the Liman flotilla, which was supposed to support the Russian offensive ground forces.

On August 25, Fyodor Ushakov took the Sevastopol squadron to sea, it included: 10 battleships, 6 frigates, 1 bombardment ship and 16 auxiliary ships, with 836 guns. On the morning of August 28, the Russian fleet appeared at Tendra. The Russians discovered the enemy, and Admiral Ushakov gave the order to move closer. It was a complete surprise for the Ottomans, they believed that the Russian fleet had not yet recovered from the Kerch battle and was standing in Sevastopol. Seeing the Russian ships, the Turks hastily rushed to cut off the anchors, set sails and moved in disorder to the mouth of the Danube.

Russian ships pursued the enemy. The Turkish avant-garde, led by the flagship of Hussein Pasha, taking advantage of the course, pulled ahead. Fearing that the lagging ships would be overtaken by Ushakov, pinned to the shore and destroyed, the Turkish admiral was forced to make a turn. While the Turks were rebuilding, the Russian ships, at the signal of Ushakov, lined up from three columns in a battle line; three frigates remained in reserve. At 3 pm both fleets went parallel to each other. Ushakov began to reduce the distance, and gave the order to open fire on the enemy. The Russian naval commander used his favorite tactic - he approached the enemy and concentrated his fire on the enemy's flagships. Ushakov wrote: "Our fleet drove the enemy under full sail and beat him incessantly." The Turkish flagships, on which the fire of Russian ships was concentrated, suffered the most.

The chase went on for several hours. In the evening, the Turkish fleet "during the darkness of the night closed out of sight." Hussein Pasha hoped that he would be able to get away from the chase at night, as was already the case during the Kerch battle. Therefore, the Turks went without lights and changed courses in order to shoot down their pursuers. However, this time the Ottomans were not so lucky.

At dawn the next day, the Turkish fleet was found on Russian ships, which was "scattered all over in different places." The Turkish command, seeing that the Russian squadron was located nearby, gave a signal to connect and withdraw. The Turks took a course to the southeast. However, the damaged ships noticeably slowed down and fell behind. The Admiral's 80-gun ship Kapitaniya brought up the rear. At 10 o'clock in the morning, the Russian ship "Andrey" was the first to approach the main ship of the Turkish fleet and opened fire. Behind him came the ships "George" and "Transfiguration". The enemy ship was surrounded and subjected to severe fire. However, the Ottomans stubbornly resisted. Then Ushakov's ship approached the Kapitania. He stood at a distance of a pistol shot - 60 meters and "in slightest time dealt him a severe defeat." The ship was on fire and lost all the masts. The Turks could not stand the powerful shelling and began to ask for mercy. The fire was stopped. They managed to capture Admiral Seyid Bey, the captain of the ship Mehmet and 17 staff officers. A few minutes after the fire, the Turkish flagship took off into the air. Other ships of the Russian squadron overtook the Turkish 66-gun battleship Meleki-Bagari, surrounded it and forced it to capitulate. Later it was repaired and put into operation under the name "John the Baptist". The rest of the Turkish ships were able to escape.

Results

Naval battle ended with the complete victory of the Russian fleet. In a two-day battle, the Ottomans were defeated, put to flight and completely demoralized, losing two ships of the line and several smaller ships. On the way to the Bosphorus, another 74-gun ship of the line and several small ships sank due to damage. In total, more than 700 people were captured. According to Turkish reports, the fleet lost up to 5.5 thousand people killed and wounded. Turkish ships, as usual, were overcrowded with people, due to regular desertions, they recruited excess crews, plus landing forces. Russian losses were insignificant - 46 people were killed and wounded, which indicates the high military skill of Ushakov's squadron.

The Black Sea Fleet won a decisive victory over the Ottomans and made a significant contribution to the overall victory. A significant part of the Black Sea was cleared of the Turkish fleet, which opened up access to the sea for the ships of the Liman flotilla. With the assistance of the ships of the Liman flotilla, the Russian army took the fortresses of Kiliya, Tulcha, Isakchi and, then, Izmail. Ushakov wrote one of its brilliant pages into the maritime chronicle of Russia. Ushakov's maneuverable and decisive naval battle tactics fully justified themselves, the Turkish fleet ceased to dominate the Black Sea.

Congratulating the Russian sailors on the victory at Tendra, the Commander-in-Chief of the Russian troops Potemkin wrote: “The famous victory won by Black Sea forces under the leadership of Rear Admiral Ushakov on the 29th day of last August over the Turkish fleet ... serves to the special honor and glory of the Black Sea fleet. May this memorable incident be included in the journals of the Black Sea Admiralty Board to the everlasting memory of the brave fleet of the Black Sea exploits ... ". For the victory at Tendra, F.F. Ushakov was awarded the order St. George 2nd degree.

Fyodor Fyodorovich Ushakov

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Ottoman Empire during the war of 1787-1791, she expected to return the territories that had passed to Russia as a result of the previous conflict - Kerch, Azov, Yenikale, Kinburn. In 1783 Crimea was annexed to the Russian Empire.

The highest one read: “The revolt that has arisen, whose true origins are not hidden from us, forced us again to fully arm and to a new detachment of our troops in the Crimea and the Kuban side, which still remain there: for without them peace, silence could not exist and a device among the Tatars, when the test that has been active for many years already proves in every possible way that just as their former submission to the Porte was a reason for coldness and strife between the two powers, so their transformation into a free region, with their inability to taste the fruits of such freedom, serves to eternal for us, anxiety, loss and trouble of our troops.

Fedor Fedorovich Ushakov. (wikipedia.org)

The 1790 campaign of the year began well for the Turks: the Austrians were defeated near Zhurzha. In the battle at Cape Tendra, the Turkish forces were commanded by Kapudan Pasha Hussein, who had many victories on his account. At his disposal at Cape Tendra were 17 battleships; the Russians have 10 battleships. In addition, the Turks had 1,500 guns at their disposal, while the enemy only had 550.

Storm of Ishmael. (wikipedia.org)

The battle at Cape Tendra began at 3 p.m. on 28 August. Fedor Fedorovich Ushakov, who headed the Black Sea Fleet in the spring of 1790, decided to be the first to act. There were three frigates in reserve. The main attack was carried out on the flagships of the Turks. Already 2 hours after the start of the battle, it became clear that the advantage was on the side of the Russians - Turkish ships began to fail.

At the command of Ushakov, the attack was carried out from the shortest distance. The chase did not stop for several hours. Hussein's ships changed course several times to break away from pursuit. Chased the enemy and the 80-gun ship "Christmas", which had previously participated in the battle near the Kerch Strait. In the morning it turned out that the ship "Ambrose of Milan" was in the ranks of the enemy. Fortunately, they had not yet managed to raise the flag, and the Turks did not notice the Ambrose. Unnoticed, the ship returned to the Russians. As a result of this battle, Grigory Potemkin noted: “May this memorable incident be entered in the journals of the Black Sea Admiralty Board to the everlasting memory of the brave fleet of the Black Sea exploits.” The Ottoman Empire lost 3 ships of the line and 3 auxiliary ships.

The success of the battle at Cape Tendra weakened the Turkish fleet. In December, Suvorov took . During the assault on this fortress, the Turks lost 26 thousand people, 9 thousand were captured, of which two thousand died of wounds. The Russian army got more than 260 guns, 3 thousand pounds of gunpowder, many other ammunition, 400 banners, 12 ferries and 22 light ships. In addition, the city had a lot of rich production for 10 million piastres. Suvorov lost 64 officers and 1816 privates, about 3 thousand people were wounded. In total, 4582 people died during the assault. In July 1791, Fyodor Ushakov participated in the battle of Kaliakria, which ended in the defeat of the Turkish fleet.

The war ended with the signing of the Treaty of Jassy in December 1791; Russia crossed, among other things, the territory between the Dniester and the Southern Bug. For Ushakov, the triumph at Cape Tendra was one of 43 victories.