Today in many publications singularity big bang(BV) is presented as a kind of physical essence of the initial state of the Universe, the moment of its emergence from an insignificantly small area (point), which has infinitely large values of matter density and temperature.
Such a physical interpretation of the singularity, as the beginning of the origin of the Universe, essentially differs little from the concept of the creation of the world by the Creator from nothing.
True, there are other views on this matter, in particular, about the cyclical development of the Universe, which are not without foundation.
Let's talk about this concept - the singularity of the Big Bang
Let's start with definitions.
The Internet encyclopedia "Wikipedia" says the following (I quote with abbreviations so as not to dive too much into details).
Singularity(from lat. singularis "single, special"). For example, a mathematical singularity (feature) is a point at which a mathematical function tends to infinity or has some other irregular behavior.
Cosmological singularity- the state of the Universe at the initial moment of the Big Bang, characterized by an infinite density and temperature of matter.
The occurrence of this singularity during the continuation backward in time of any solution of the general theory of relativity (GR), describing the dynamics of the expansion of the Universe, was rigorously proven in 1967 by Stephen Hawking. He also wrote - “The results of our observations confirm the assumption that the Universe arose at a certain point in time. However, the very moment of the beginning of creation, the singularity, does not obey any of the known laws of physics.
Singularities are not observed directly and are, at the current level of development of physics, only a theoretical construction. It is believed that the description of space-time near the singularity should give quantum gravity.
From the above definitions it follows that, first:
singularities at the current level of development of physics are only a theoretical construction
and the second, the singularity, does not obey any of the known laws of physics.
From this we can conclude that
COSMOLOGICAL SINGULARITY is a mathematical abstraction that does not have a reliable physical interpretation.
Science does not yet know what happens to matter during its, relatively speaking, unlimited compression, when the density and temperature reach the Planck values, or possibly exceed them.
It is technically impossible to reproduce the conditions of such compression on Earth in order to experimentally study and verify something, even in the foreseeable future.
Such conditions are created only by Nature itself, Her Majesty Gravity, giving rise to super-compressed objects in the Universe, the so-called black holes (BHs).
The physics of the processes occurring with matter inside a black hole remains a mystery to science.
There is no theory, no mathematical description of such processes. Certain hopes are associated with the development of the theory of quantum gravity, but so far it has not been possible to create it.
But it is possible, in the absence scientific theory, put forward hypotheses, build various conjectures and assumptions.
Physical interpretation of BV singularity – Assumption
Given the above, why not assume that
The Big Bang was the result of the transition of the substance of a supermassive (“ripened”) black hole to a different phase state.
Is there any basis for such an assumption? Judge for yourself.
First- the matter of the Universe evolves between, relatively speaking, two poles: from the most rarefied "empty" space to the extremely compressed state of a black hole, depending on the conditions in one or another intermediate stage, somehow gaseous, liquid, solid state.
Second- in black holes, these gravitational vacuum cleaners of the Universe, huge masses of matter are concentrated.
According to Wikipedia: the mass of the heaviest supermassive black hole, discovered in the galaxy NGC 4889, is about 21 billion solar masses, the black hole in the OJ 287 quasar has a mass of 18 billion, and the black hole in the center of the galaxy NGC 1277 is 17 billion solar masses. These masses are quite comparable with the mass of entire small galaxies.
Another supermassive black hole, Q0906+6930 with a mass of 10 billion solar masses, is located in the constellation Ursa Major at a distance of 12.7 billion light-years from Earth.
Third The age of our universe is estimated at 13.8 billion years. Many scientists wonder how such massive black holes could have appeared at such an early stage in the evolution of the Universe. And if we assume that black holes existed before the Big Bang, which only led to the formation of the Universe as a local fragment of the Universe?
Fourth- it is also significant that black holes continuously increase their mass, both due to their absorption of stars and interstellar matter, and by merging with each other, and no one knows for sure how such a process of increasing the mass of black holes can end.
In order to better imagine what fantastic, according to our ordinary earthly ideas, masses of matter we are talking about, it is worth recalling that the mass of the planet Earth is estimated at approximately 5.98 sextillion tons. Here's what that number looks like:
5,980,000,000,000,000,000,000 tons or 5.98 10 24 kg.
Moreover, every year the Earth becomes heavier: about thirty thousand tons settle on it. space dust in year. The mass of the Sun exceeds the mass of the Earth by almost 333 thousand times, and is approximately 1.99·10 30 kg. The black holes mentioned above are billions, tens of billions of times larger in mass than the Sun.
For clarity, if we take the mass of the Earth as a unit, then in comparison we get:
What then can be said about the mass of the matter of the entire observable Universe, estimated at more than 10 50 tons? It's hard to imagine that all this stuff came from a tiny point - the singularity of the Big Bang.
Fifth- if we move back in time to the starting point of the BV, or, as they say in cinema, rewind the film back, we will get what is called the Big Compression - one of the possible scenarios for the future of the Universe. In this scenario, the expansion of the universe eventually changes to contraction, and the universe collapses, eventually "collapsing into a singularity (from Wikipedia)".
The contracting Universe will break up into separate isolated groups. All matter collapses into black holes, which then coalesce, resulting in a single black hole - the Big Crunch Singularity (from Wikipedia).
And this black hole with the mass of the entire Universe turns into a point tending to zero with an infinite density of matter and temperature? That is, into what is defined above as “collapsing into a singularity”? Impressive, but hardly contributes to the understanding of the physical nature of such a process.
My suggestion:
SINGULARITY OF THE BIG BANG is a mathematically abstract (degenerate) description of the central point of a black hole at the moment when it reaches, under the action of gravitational compression forces, critical values of density and temperature sufficient for the emergence and development of the process of an abrupt transition of matter (substance) of a black hole to another phase state.
Such a transition of matter to a different phase state will be accompanied by the release of colossal energy in the form of a bunch of radiation propagating with light (photons) speed.
Followers of the BV model may say that the Big Bang is not at all what is usually understood as a sharp increase in pressure with a sudden release of energy at a certain point or region of space, but an explosion that occurred simultaneously everywhere, filling all space from the very beginning.
But what does EVERYWHERE mean? If the Universe, following the BV model, initially occupied a small volume, and then its sharp (exponentially accelerated) inflationary expansion took place, then it is logical to assume that EVERYWHERE is in a relatively small initial area preceding the subsequent inflationary expansion.
Also for a supergiant black hole that has absorbed all the matter of the Universe (and possibly only a local fragment or the local Universe, or part of the local Universe), the explosion will be EVERYWHERE within the volume occupied by the BH, which can be quite significant.
At the same time, the area of the explosion propagating at the speed of light is radiation with a temperature of thousands of billions of degrees. Why is this not an inflationary expansion?
In the future, as this expanding area of radiation cools down, various elementary particles are born and interact with the subsequent formation of matter, stars, planets, etc. from them, all in accordance with the Big Bang cosmological model.
The given physical interpretation of the initial moment of the BV seems to me not entirely devoid of meaning, and, moreover, more natural for perception than just mathematically. abstract concept singularities.
Scientist's opinion
The well-known cosmologist, famous physicist, Nobel laureate Steven Weinberg in his books “The First Three Minutes”, “Dreams of the Final Theory” explains in detail and intelligibly the physics of the processes that took place starting from one hundredth of a second after the Big Bang, the processes that eventually led to the formation of our current universe. However, an equally clear physical understanding of what happened in an earlier (up to one hundredth of a second) period of time, in his opinion, is difficult for a number of reasons. Here is how S. Weinberg himself writes about this (excerpts from his book The First Three Minutes):
Ignorance of microscopic physics stands like a veil covering the gaze when looking at the very beginning.
However, we can at least imagine a moment in time when the gravitational forces were as strong as the strong nuclear forces... . At ultrahigh temperatures, the particle energy in thermal equilibrium can become so great that the gravitational forces between them become as great as any other forces. It can be estimated that this position will be reached at a temperature of about 100 million million million million million degrees (10 32 K). (A.Ch.: 10 32 K - Planck temperature).
We know too little about the quantum nature of gravity even to make reasonable assumptions about the history of the universe up to this time.
One possibility is that there never really was a state of infinite density. The current expansion of the Universe could have begun at the end of the previous era of contraction, when the density of the Universe reached some very large but finite value.
According to this model, our world appeared about thirteen billion years ago as a result of the Big Bang of a certain superdense state of our Universe - a singularity. What preceded this event, how the singularity arose, where its mass came from, was completely incomprehensible - there is no theory of such a state. The further fate of the expanding Universe was also unclear: whether its expansion would continue forever, or whether it would be replaced by contraction until the next singularity.
The theory of cosmogenesis, developed recently by Russian researchers and first reported in May last year at international conference at the Physics Institute. P. N. Lebedeva Russian Academy Sciences, shows that the singularity is a natural product of the evolution of a massive star that has turned into a black hole. A single black hole can give rise to numerous "offspring" in subsequent universes. And this process goes on continuously, branching, like the Tree of the World from Scandinavian legends. The many-sheeted hyperuniverse is infinite both in space and in time.
World Tree
COSMOLOGICAL MODEL"In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God." Briefly and clearly, but incomprehensibly. Fortunately, in addition to theology, there is also cosmology - the science of the universe. The cosmological picture of the world is, by definition, objective, non-religious in nature and therefore interesting to any person who appreciates the facts.
Until the beginning of the 20th century, cosmology remained a speculative discipline: it was not yet physics based on empirical experience and independent experiment, but natural philosophy based on the views, including religious ones, of the scientist himself. Only with the advent modern theory gravitation, known as GR - the general theory of relativity, cosmology received a theoretical basis. Numerous discoveries in both astronomy and physics gave our heroine observational justification. Numerical experiment became an important aid for theory and observations. Note that, contrary to some assertions, there are no contradictions between general relativity, on the one hand, and observations and experiment, on the other. After all, on the basis of general relativity, they not only calculated the deflection of a light beam in the gravitational field of the Sun, which, frankly, is not fundamentally important for the national economy, but also calculate the orbits of planets and spacecraft, as well as the technical parameters of accelerators, including the Large Hadron Collider. Of course, this does not mean that general relativity is the ultimate truth. However, the search for a new theory of gravity goes in the direction of generalizing the existing one, and not abandoning it.
The definition we have given to cosmology - the science of the universe - is quite broad. As Arthur Eddington rightly remarked, all science is cosmology. Therefore, it is logical to explain with specific examples which tasks and problems are related to cosmological ones.
Building a model of the Universe is, of course, a cosmological task. It is now generally accepted that the universe is homogeneous and isotropic on large scales (greater than 100 megaparsecs). This model is called the Friedman model after its discoverer Alexander Fridman. On a small scale, the matter of the Universe is subject to the process of gravitational twisting due to gravitational instability - the force of attraction acting between bodies tends to bring them together. Ultimately, this leads to the emergence of the structure of the Universe - galaxies, their clusters, etc.
The Universe is non-stationary: it is expanding, and with acceleration (inflationary) due to the presence of dark energy in it - a kind of matter, the pressure of which is negative. The cosmological model is described by several parameters. These are the amount of dark matter, baryons, neutrinos and the number of their varieties, the values of the Hubble constant and spatial curvature, the shape of the spectrum of initial density perturbations (a set of perturbations of different sizes), the amplitude of primary gravitational waves, the redshift and the optical depth of the secondary ionization of hydrogen, as well as others, less important parameters. Each of them deserves a separate discussion, the definition of each is a whole study, and all this relates to the tasks of cosmology. The cosmological parameter is not only a number, but also the physical processes that govern the world in which we live.
EARLY UNIVERSE
Perhaps an even more important cosmological problem is the question of the origin of the Universe, of what was in the Beginning.
For centuries, scientists have imagined the universe to be eternal, infinite, and static. The fact that this is not so was discovered in the 20s of the 20th century: the non-stationarity of the solutions of the equations of gravity was theoretically revealed by the already mentioned A. A. Fridman, and the observations (with the correct interpretation) were made almost simultaneously by several astronomers. It is methodically important to emphasize that space itself does not expand anywhere: we are talking about volumetric expansion of a large-scale flow of matter, spreading in all directions. Speaking of the Beginning of the Universe, we have in mind the question of the origin of this cosmological flow, which was given an initial impetus for expansion and given a certain symmetry.
The idea of an eternal and infinite Universe, through the works of many researchers of the 20th century, sometimes contrary to their personal convictions, has lost ground. The discovery of the global expansion of the Universe meant not only that the Universe is non-static, but also that its age is finite. After much debate about what it is, and many important observational discoveries, the number has been established: 13.7 billion years. This is very little. After all, two billion years ago, something was already crawling on the Earth. In addition, the radius of the visible Universe is too large (a few gigaparsecs) for such a small age. Apparently, the huge size of the Universe is associated with another - inflationary - stage of expansion that occurred in the past and was replaced by a stage of slow expansion, controlled by the gravity of radiation and dark matter. Later, another stage of the accelerated expansion of the Universe begins, which is already controlled by dark energy. The GR equations show that with accelerated expansion, the size of the cosmological flow increases very quickly and turns out to be larger than the light horizon.
The age of the Universe is known with an accuracy of 100 million years. But, despite such a "low" accuracy, we (mankind) can confidently trace the processes that proceeded extremely close in time to the "moment of the birth of the Universe" - about 10^-35 seconds. This is possible because the dynamics of physical processes occurring at cosmological distances is connected only with gravity and in this sense is absolutely clear. With the theory (GR) available, we can extrapolate the Cosmological Standard Model in the modern Universe into the past and "see" what it looked like in its youth. And it looked simple: the early Universe was strictly determined and was a laminar flow of matter expanding from superhigh densities.
SINGULARITY
Thirteen billion years is about 10^17 seconds. And the "natural" beginning of the cosmological flow with such an extrapolation coincides with the Planck time - 10^-43 seconds. Total 43 + 17 = 60 orders. It makes no sense to talk about what happened before 10^-43 seconds, since, due to quantum effects, the Planck scale is the minimum interval for which the concept of continuity and extension is applicable. At this point, many researchers gave up. Like, it is impossible to go further, because we have no theory, we do not know quantum gravity, etc.
However, it cannot really be said that the universe was “born” right at this age. It is quite possible that the flow of matter "slipped through" the superdense state in a very short (Planckian) time, that is, something forced it to go through that short-term stage. And then there is no logical impasse with Planck's time and Planck's constant. You just need to understand what could precede the beginning of the cosmological expansion, for what reason and what "dragged" the gravitating matter through the state of superhigh density.
The answer to these questions, in our opinion, lies in the nature of gravity. Quantum effects play a secondary role here, modifying and modifying the concept of superdense matter within a short time interval. Of course, today we do not know all the properties of effective matter [this "matter" is called effective because it also includes parameters that describe possible deviations of gravity from general relativity. Let us recall in this connection that modern science operates with separate physical concepts of matter and space-time (gravity). In extreme conditions near the singularity, such a division is conditional - hence the term "effective matter".] in extreme conditions. But considering short period At this stage, we are able to describe the entire dynamic process, relying only on the known laws of conservation of energy and momentum and assuming that they always hold in the average metric space-time, regardless of what quantum "theory of everything" will be created in the future.
COSMOGENESIS
In the history of cosmology, there have been several attempts to circumvent the singularity problem and replace it, for example, with the concept of the birth of the Universe as a whole. According to the hypothesis of birth from “nothing”, the world arose from a “point”, a singularity, a superdense area with very high symmetry and everything else that you can think of (metastability, instability, quantum sub-barrier transition to Friedmann symmetry, etc.). In this approach, the singularity problem was not solved, and the singularity was postulated in the form of an initial superdense vacuum-like state (see "Science and Life" No. 11, 12, 1996).
There have been other attempts to "get away" from the singularity, but their price has always been high. Instead, it was necessary to postulate obscure constructions of either superdense (sub-Planckian) states of matter, or “bounces” of the Friedmann flow from high density (change from compression to expansion), or other hypothetical recipes for the behavior of high-density matter.
Nobody likes the Singularity. The physical picture of the world assumes a changing, evolving, but constantly existing world. We propose to take a different look at the singularity and proceed from the fact that the highly compressed states that a dynamic gravitationally interacting system (in the simplest case, a star) enters and passes through under certain conditions are objective and natural for gravity. Singular regions as temporary bridges or chains connect more extended domains of our world. If this is so, then we need to understand what causes matter to fall into special singular states and how it gets out of them.
As already mentioned, the cosmological expansion begins with a cosmological singularity - mentally turning back time, we inevitably come to a moment when the density of the Universe turns into infinity. We can consider this proposition as an obvious fact based on QSM and GR. Taking it for granted, let's ask ourselves a simple follow-up question: how does a singularity arise, how does gravitating matter get into a supercompressed state? The answer is surprisingly simple: this is caused by the process of gravitational contraction of a massive system (a star or other compact astrophysical system) at the end of its evolution. As a result of the collapse, a black hole is formed and, as a result, its singularity. That is, the collapse ends with a singularity, and cosmology begins with a singularity. We argue that this is a chain of a single continuous process.
The question of the origin of the Universe, after several trials, attempts to pose it and various interpretations, has acquired a solid foundation in the 21st century. scientific basis in the form of QSM and its unambiguous extrapolation to the past along the rails of general relativity. Starting in considering this problem from the only Universe known to us, we should not forget about the general physical principle associated with the name of Nicolaus Copernicus. It was once believed that the Earth is the center of the universe, then it was associated with the Sun, later it turned out that our Galaxy is not the only one, but only one among very many (only visible galaxies are almost a trillion). It is logical to assume that there are a lot of universes. The fact that we do not yet know anything about others is due to big size our Universe - its scale obviously exceeds the horizon of visibility.
Size (scale) of the Universe is the size of the causally connected area, stretched during its expansion. The size of visibility is the distance that light has "traversed" during the existence of the Universe, it can be obtained by multiplying the speed of light and the age of the Universe. The fact that the Universe is isotropic and homogeneous on large scales means that the initial conditions in regions of the Universe remote from each other were similar.
We have already mentioned that this large scale is due to the presence of an inflationary stage of expansion. In the pre-inflationary period of the Big Bang, the expanding flow could be very small and not at all have the features of the Friedman model. But how to turn a small flow into a large one is not a problem of cosmogenesis, but a technical question of the existence of a final intermediate stage of inflation that can expand the flow, just as the surface of an inflated balloon increases. The main problem of cosmogenesis is not in the size of the cosmological flow, but in its appearance. Just as there is good known way formation of contracting matter flows (gravitational collapse), there should be a fairly general and simple physical mechanism for gravitational generation ("ignition") of expanding matter flows.
INTEGRABLE SINGULARITIES
So, how to penetrate "beyond" the singularity? And what's behind it?
It is convenient to study the structure of space-time by mentally launching free trial particles into it and observing how they move. According to our calculations, geodesic trajectories [the shortest distances in space of a certain structure. In Euclidean space these are straight lines, in Riemannian space they are arcs of a circle, etc.] of test particles propagate freely in time through singular regions of a certain class, which we called integrable singularities. (The density or pressure diverges in the singularity, but the volume integral of these quantities is finite: the mass of the integrable singularity tends to zero, since it occupies an insignificant volume.) Having passed the black hole, geodesic trajectories find themselves in the space-time domain (from the French domaine - area , possession) of a white hole that is expanding with all the signs of a cosmological flow. This space-time geometry is unified, and it is logical to define it as a black and white hole. The cosmological domain of the white hole is located in the absolute future in relation to the parent domain of the black hole, that is, the white hole is a natural continuation and product of the black hole.
This new concept was born quite recently. The creators announced its appearance in May 2011 on scientific conference, dedicated to the memory of A. D. Sakharov, held at the flagship of Russian physics - the Physical Institute. P. N. Lebedev of the Russian Academy of Sciences (FIAN).
How is this possible and why was such a mechanism of cosmogenesis not considered earlier? Let's start by answering the first question.
Finding a black hole is not difficult, there are many of them around - several percent of the entire mass of the stars of the Universe is concentrated in black holes. The mechanism of their occurrence is also well known. You can often hear that we live in a graveyard of black holes. But can this be called a graveyard (the end of evolution), or do other zones (domains) of our complex world, other universes begin beyond the event horizons of black holes?
We know that inside a black hole there is a special singular region, into which all the matter caught by it “falls down”, and where the gravitational potential rushes to infinity. However, nature does not tolerate not only emptiness, but also infinity or divergence (although big numbers nobody canceled). We were able to “pass through” the singularity region by requiring that the gravitational (metric) potentials in it, and hence the tidal forces, remain finite.
The divergence of metric potentials can be eliminated by smoothing the singularity with the help of effective matter, which weakens it, but does not eliminate it completely. (Such an integrable singularity can be compared to the behavior of dark matter as it approaches the center of a galaxy. Its density tends to infinity, but the mass contained inside a decreasing radius tends to zero due to the fact that the volume inside this radius decreases faster than the density increases. Such an analogy is not absolute: the galactic cusp, a region of divergent density, is a spatial structure, and a black hole singularity occurs as an event in time.) So while density and pressure diverge, the tidal forces acting on a particle are finite because they depend on the total mass. This allows test particles to freely pass through the singularity: they propagate in continuous space-time, and information about the distribution of density or pressure is not required to describe their motion. And with the help of test particles, you can describe the geometry - build reference systems and measure the spatial and temporal intervals between points and events.
BLACK AND WHITE HOLES
So, you can go through the singularity. And consequently, it is possible to “see” what is behind it, through what kind of space-time our test particles continue to propagate. And they fall into the region of the white hole. The equations show that a kind of oscillation occurs: the flow of energy from the contracting region of the black hole continues into the expanding region of the white hole. The momentum cannot be hidden: the collapse is inverted into an anti-collapse with the total momentum preserved. And this is already a different universe, since a white hole filled with matter has all the properties of a cosmological flow. This means that our Universe, perhaps, is the product of some other world.
The picture following from the received solutions of the equations of gravitation, develops such. The parent star collapses in the parent universe and forms a black hole. As a result of the collapse, destructive tidal gravitational forces arise around the star, which deform and break the vacuum, giving rise to matter in the previously empty space. This matter from the singular region of the black-and-white hole falls into another universe, expanding under the action of a gravitational impulse received during the collapse of the parent star.
The total mass of particles in such a new universe can be arbitrarily large. It can significantly exceed the mass of the parent star. In this case, the mass of the formed (parent) black hole, measured by an observer located in the outer space of the parent universe, is finite and close to the mass of the collapsed star. There is no paradox here, since the mass difference is compensated by the gravitational binding energy, which has a negative sign. We can say that the new universe is in the absolute future in relation to the parent (old) universe. In other words, you can go there, but you can't go back.
ASTROGENIC COSMOLOGY, OR A MULTIPLE UNIVERSE
Such complex world resembles the Tree of Life (family tree, if you like). If in the process of evolution black holes appear in the Universe, then through them particles can get into other branches (domains) of the universe - and so on along the temporary garlands of black and white holes. If black holes are not formed for one reason or another (for example, stars are not born), a dead end arises - the genesis (creation) of new universes in this direction is interrupted. But under favorable circumstances, the flow of "life" can resume and blossom even from one black hole - for this it is necessary to create conditions for the production of new generations of black holes in subsequent universes.
How can “favorable circumstances” arise and what do they depend on? In our model, this is due to the properties of effective matter, which is born under the action of extreme gravity near the singularities of black and white holes. In fact, we are talking about nonlinear phase transitions in a quantum-gravitational material system, which have the character of fluctuations and, therefore, are subject to random (bifurcation) changes. Going against catchphrase Einstein, we can say that “God throws the dice”, and then these bones (initial conditions) can form into deterministic domains of new universes, or they can remain undeveloped “embryos” of cosmogenesis. Here, as in life, there are laws natural selection. But this is the subject of further research and future work.
HOW TO AVOID THE SINGULARITY
At one time, the concept of an oscillating, or cyclic, Universe was proposed, based on the “bounce” hypothesis. According to her, the Universe exists in the form of an infinite number of cycles. Its expansion is replaced by contraction almost to a singularity, followed by expansion again, and a number of such cycles go into the past and the future. Not a very clear concept, because, firstly, there is no observational evidence that one day the expansion of our world will be replaced by contraction, and secondly, the physical mechanism that causes the Universe to make such oscillatory movements.
Another approach to the origin of the world is associated with the hypothesis of a self-healing Universe, proposed for many years by the Russian scientist A.D. Linde, who has been living in the USA. According to this hypothesis, the world can be represented as a boiling cauldron. Globally, the Universe is a hot soup with a high energy density. Bubbles appear in it, which either collapse or expand, and, under certain initial conditions, for a long time. It is assumed that the characteristics (anything you can think of, including a set of fundamental constants) bubbles of emerging worlds have a certain spectrum and a wide range. Many questions arise here: where did such a “broth” come from, who brewed it and what maintains it, how often the initial conditions are realized, leading to the appearance of universes of our type, etc.
HOW INTEGRABLE SINGULARITIES CAN FORM
As we approach the singularity, the growing tidal forces act on the vacuum of physical fields, deform and break it. There is, as they say, the polarization of the vacuum and the birth of particles of matter from the vacuum - its breakdown.
Such a reaction of the physical vacuum to the external intense impact of a rapidly changing gravitational field well known. This is, in fact, the effect of quantum gravity - gravitational tensions are transformed into material fields, there is a redistribution of physical degrees of freedom. Today, such effects can be calculated in the weak field approximation (the so-called semiclassical limit). In our case, we are talking about powerful nonlinear quantum-gravitational processes, where it is necessary to take into account the inverse gravitational influence of the born effective matter on the evolution of the average metric that determines the properties of the four-dimensional space-time (when quantum effects in gravity become strong, the metric becomes “trembling” and we can only talk about it in the middle sense).
This direction, of course, requires further research. However, it can already be assumed that, according to Le Chatelier's principle, the reverse influence will lead to such a rearrangement of the metric space that the growth of tidal forces, which causes the unlimited birth of effective matter, will be stopped and, consequently, the metric potentials will cease to diverge and remain finite and continuous.
Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences Vladimir Lukash,
Candidate of Physical and Mathematical Sciences Elena Mikheeva,
Candidate of Physical and Mathematical Sciences Vladimir Strokov (Astrospace Center of FIAN),
Alexander Sergeevich Suvorov (Alexander Suvory)
WORLD CREATION.
Part 6. COSMOLOGICAL SINGULARITY.
So, what do we have in the beginning-beginnings according to the Bible?
God, darkness over the abyss, and the Spirit of God who hovered over the waters. At the same time, in the beginning, God created the heavens and the earth, which were formless and empty. (The author, for the convenience of writing the text, omits the numerous quotes given earlier in the quotes).
However, these data indicate that it was before God began to create the world until the first day of creation...
What was and what happened in the beginning, began according to the scientific model of the emergence of the physical, that is, our modern material Universe, that exists today?
Before or at the initial moment of the "scientific" emergence, birth or "Big Bang of the Universe" there was a state of "cosmological singularity", that is, a "state of infinite density and temperature" of some initial substance (matter).
Such a “singular” state of matter (matter) comes from the “general theory of relativity”, which describes the “dynamics of the expanding physical Universe”, which “modern science objectively, experimentally and theoretically investigates and studies and studies in all ways accessible to mankind.”
According to the general theory of relativity, the Universe “came into being at a certain moment” and this event took place. It originated in one place, from one place, from one point of the material space-time-matter.
In order for such an unthinkable universal Big Bang to occur, this material space-time-matter had to be "infinitely dense and infinitely hot" (with infinite temperature).
In the currently existing material or material Universe, any substance-matter with infinite density and temperature cannot simultaneously exist, because “with infinite density, the measure of chaos of substance-matter tends to zero”, to absolute hardness, massiveness. At the same time, the infinite temperature heats up the substance-matter so much that it tends to infinite chaos, that is, to absolute disappearance - annihilation.
For example, the hardest and densest steel or basalt becomes liquid when heated, the dense substance of small meteorites completely evaporates during the fiery passage through the Earth's atmosphere, superdense filling nuclear bombs instantly almost annihilates at atomic explosion, splitting into elementary particles and radiation energy.
Today, science cannot in any way provide a convincing explanation for the existence of a "cosmological singularity" and states: "The moment of the beginning of creation, the singularity, does not obey any of the known laws of physics."
However, we theoretically “know” what happened immediately after the beginning of the Big Bang of the Universe – a gravitational singularity or curvature of the gravitational field, or the transformation of matter into energy and the simultaneous transformation of energy into matter, or the transformation of antimatter into matter.
In fact, the Anti-Universe of antimatter rapidly "collapsed", "shrank", "shrank", annihilated, "collapsed", "collapsed" into a superdense point of the cosmological singularity and at the same time also rapidly "exploded", "opened", "reborn", " resurrected" in the form of space-time-matter of our modern physical Universe.
Algorithms of "coups" or "revolutions", "change of magnetic poles", the emergence of superdense "black holes", rapidly "sucking" the entire surrounding world, all the nearest space-time with monstrous gravity, as well as explosions of superdense supernovae, exist and relatively often take place in our universe.
Almost all elementary particles and atoms of all substances from which all material bodies of our Universe, including our Sun, planets, Earth, atmosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, as well as all living organisms and our human bodies, were created as a result of such simultaneous collapses-compressions-collapses of "black holes" and explosions of supernovas.
These are already evidence-based facts, confirmed by relevant experiments and objective facts. scientific discoveries, not dependent on anyone's will, even divine.
“In the beginning God created” gravity, gravitational field, gravitational singularity, moment and point of gravitational separation of the superdense state of space-time-matter and the superactive state of energy, “up” and “down”, “above” and “under”, which are expressed in symbolic structures-images-words-concepts "heaven" (top, energy) and "earth (bottom, matter).
Thus, in the first part of the first verse of the first book of Moses "Genesis" Old Testament not just the preamble of the event of “creation of the world by God” is presented, but the primary event is precisely expressed and the division of the previous state of “primary matter” into gravitational components - top and bottom, energy and matter, “sky” and “earth” is indicated.
That is why in the next stanza of this verse it is indicated that "earth", that is, physical matter of the “created world”, at the moment and at the point of the gravitational or cosmological singularity, “was formless and empty”, that is, it did not emit a single quantum of light and did not yet have a modern physical material or material incarnation.
At the same time, "darkness", that is, an incalculable amount of dark matter and dark energy (this is an expression of the symbolic structure-image-word-concept "darkness"), was already "above the abyss", that is, from above (around) an infinite, unlimited, superdense point of gravitational or cosmological singularity, the place of existence of "primary matter", the place of gravitational collapse of "antimatter" - the previous state of the previous or parent Anti-Universe.
It is noteworthy that "dark matter" is a symbolic female or maternal incarnation of the previous or parent Anti-Universe, and "dark energy" is male or paternal. At the same time, the place or point of the gravitational or cosmological singularity is the place, the point of "origin" of our modern physical Universe.
At the moment and in the place-point of the gravitational or cosmological singularity “above the water”, which in this case is probably a symbolic expression of fluidity, changeability, transparency and at the same time the presence of primary matter, “the Spirit of God hovered”.
At the same time, the “Spirit of God” or the energy and image of God, that is, a certain subject that “dwells” in all systems of mythologies of the peoples of the world is always “above”, rushed about, rushed about, trembled, jumped, moved chaotically, etc.
The “Spirit of God” is a structure-image-symbol and the embodiment of the “original cause”, “creative power”, “energy of creation”, “parental embryo”, “genetic parental model”, in the image and likeness of which the surrounding world is created - modern physical Universe.
"Spirit of God", "Holy Spirit" or Ruach ha-Kadesh - "breath", "wind", "invisible driving force”, “the power of God”, “the life-giving property of God”, “mind, honor, conscience, reason, intellect of God”, “creative thinking of God”, “personal consciousness of God”, “image and likeness of God”, “spark of God”, "the incarnation of God", "the embryo of God" - this is the third hypostasis of the one God - the "Holy Trinity".
This is how it is naturally arranged in any "life" of any structure-system - everything and any "parents" must disappear, dissolve in the environment, giving rise to a new life that includes parental genes, qualities, parameters, images, spirit, memory ...
Even God the Father through his Spirit of God and some space-time matter or environment the habitation of God the Father gives birth to his Son God…
Thus, a comparative system analysis of the “creation of the world” according to the Bible and according to the generally accepted cosmological theoretical model of the “Big Bang” shows their identity or integrity, identity, systemic unity.
Is there any physical and theoretical scientific evidence for this identity or the identity of the biblical and physical "creation of the world"?
Reviews
Dear Alexander Sergeevich!
By and large, you raise questions that cannot be unambiguously answered.
Building physical models without mathematics in Prose is not serious. But I take my hat off - you did a great job.
A couple of conspicuous errors. I quote: "For example, the hardest and densest steel or basalt becomes liquid when heated, the dense substance of small meteorites completely evaporates during the fiery passage through the Earth's atmosphere, the superdense filling of nuclear bombs instantly almost annihilates during an atomic explosion, breaking up into elementary particles and radiation energy."
There is no clear relationship between density and hardness. The density of steels and pure iron are close. The density of mercury is 13.5 g / ml, steels are approximately 7.86, and the hardness of steel and mercury can not be compared, and so everything is clear. The density of diamond is 3.5, and its hardness exceeds the hardness of the hardest hardened steel by almost two. Melting points with hardness and density also do not have a clear relationship.
So that the words about hardness, even inserted for clarity, look strange.
The filling of nuclear bombs, of course, is far from superdense. It's weird to hear that. And of course, annihilation does not occur during an explosion (there is no antimatter). An extremely small mass of matter is converted into energy (mass defect).
Such "visibility" only harms the publication.
Characterized by infinite density and temperature of matter. The cosmological singularity is one example of gravitational singularities that are predicted by general relativity (GR) and some other theories of gravity.
The occurrence of this singularity during the continuation backward in time of any GR solution describing the dynamics of the expansion of the Universe was rigorously proved in 1967 by Stephen Hawking. He also wrote:
“The results of our observations confirm the assumption that the universe originated at a certain point in time. However, the very moment of the beginning of creation, the singularity, does not obey any of the known laws of physics.
For example, density and temperature cannot be both infinite at the same time, since at infinite density the measure of chaos tends to zero, which cannot be combined with infinite temperature. The problem of the existence of a cosmological singularity is one of the most serious problems physical cosmology. The fact is that none our knowledge of what happened after the Big Bang cannot give us no information about what happened before.
Attempts to solve the problem of the existence of this singularity go in several directions: firstly, it is believed that quantum gravity will give a description of the dynamics of a gravitational field free from singularities, and secondly, there is an opinion that taking into account quantum effects in nongravitational fields can violate the energy dominance condition, on on which Hawking's proof is based, thirdly, such modified theories of gravity are proposed in which the singularity does not arise, since the extremely compressed matter begins to be pushed apart by gravitational forces (the so-called gravitational repulsion), and not attracted to each other.
Notes
Wikimedia Foundation. 2010 .
- Clark, John D.
- Richard Tyler
See what the "Cosmological Singularity" is in other dictionaries:
Singularity- Wiktionary has an entry for "singularity" Singularity from lat. ... Wikipedia
COSMOLOGICAL SINGULARITY- (from lat. singularis separate ... Physical Encyclopedia
SINGULARITY- cosmological (from lat. singularis separate, special), the state of the Universe at a certain point in time in the past, when dense. the energy of matter and the curvature of space-time were very high (physical S.) or even infinite (Math. S.). It… … Natural science. encyclopedic Dictionary
Gravitational Singularity- This term has other meanings, see Singularity. A gravitational singularity (sometimes a singularity of space-time) is a point (or subset) in space-time through which it is impossible to smoothly continue entering ... Wikipedia
Cosmological models- Cosmology Studied objects and processes ... Wikipedia
Big Bang- according to modern concepts, the state of the expanding Universe in the past (about 13 billion years ago), when the average density of the Universe was a huge number of times higher than the modern one. Due to the expansion, the average density of the Universe decreases with the flow ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary
Model of the Universe- modern The main qualitative conclusions following from the analysis of the Friedmann model (see Models of the Universe): the Universe is non-stationary (it expands), the energy density of matter and radiation monotonically fall over time; in the past… … Concepts modern natural science. Glossary of basic terms
BIG BANG Modern Encyclopedia
BIG BANG- according to modern concepts, the state of the expanding Universe in the past (about 13 billion years ago), when the average density of the Universe was a huge number of times higher than the modern one. Due to the expansion, the average density of the Universe decreases with the flow ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
Big Bang- BIG BANG, according to modern concepts, the state of the expanding Universe in the past (about 13 billion years ago), when its average density was a huge number of times higher than the current one. Due to expansion, the average density of the universe decreases with ... ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary
Looks like someone saw it...
After such intensive preliminary preparation, it is finally possible to outline the whole process in sequence. Although fragmentary, it is already partially represented by the text above. And now, for those who are interested, sequentially, about everything in order. The following figure will help us in the "trial":
All the spheres shown in the figure show the Universe at different stages of its development. The central part of the figure, for clarity, is presented on an unimaginably larger scale than the peripheral. In fact, they differ in size by about 50 orders of magnitude (!)
Episodic manifestations quantum properties false vacuums of different scales took an unimaginably long time (and why not?) at various points of the entire gigantic volume of the world (which can now be called the Megaverse). Including in central region our future Universe, conditionally depicted in the figure as a black ball of the smallest size. But the energy accumulated here, practically at one point, (and by pure coincidence of events) at the same time, was not enough for any serious consequences.
This is precisely the answer (and the author of the work is sure that the answer is correct) to the question, which, it would seem, is generally impossible to answer: what was before the Big Bang. Talk about the "meaninglessness" of the very posing of such a question, about the "impossibility of any before" is about to go to the dustbin of the history of science.
Consequences surely did not arise until the amount of energy (and incorporeal, having no rest mass, elementary particles) did not reach the limit conventionally indicated in the figure by the volume of the white central sphere with radius r e .
It should not be forgotten that in inextricable connection with the elements of matter (elementary particles and energies), all forces (interactions) inherent in nature arose and were present in the volume under consideration: gravitational, electromagnetic, weak and strong nuclear. Some authors interpret them as a single force then.
In those rare cases when there was a little more energy (but only for an extremely short time), the system came into an unstable energy state. And when once it has reached the critical value, conditionally shown by the inner sphere with radius r about(dark orange), the state of this energy clot instantly became singular. And he immediately, as they say, exploded. This became the "zero" starting point, only starting from which practically all researchers are engaged in cosmology.
In fact, as shown above, a lot of things happened before, up to the natural-historical infinity. Talk about the lack of time "in that era" should also go to the dump. It did not exist only in our, then not even born, frame of reference.
Here it is still worthwhile to figure out whether it (time) is not located in the Metagalaxy by itself, everywhere and directly. Not only as a somewhat formal 4th space coordinate. Away from any masses - in a "pure" form, through which the worlds (in particular, our Universe) rush through. Which just introduces into it (by the fact of its existence and movement) local distortions. And is it not yet another manifestation (or even integral part) vacuum. |
The second "actually" refers to the fact that with all the horrendous amounts of energy concentrated in a singular bunch, no explosion during its expansion, in fact, and did not have. None shock waves(neither acoustic nor light), no discharge, no destruction of anything. What kind of explosion is this? There was just an instantaneous expansion of the original singular bundle of energy/matter to unimaginable sizes.
The practically instantaneous expansion just mentioned is the main phenomenon and highlight of the whole new theory. It is inflationary(in the terminology of the authors of the idea), but in fact - revealing(antilogarithmic), with very a high degree bases (2 = +100%).
Due to such a progressive "devouring" of distances, our Universe (and everything that we have been talking about so far was its, darling, foundation) in microscopic fractions of a second has reached those same universal scales (the word is not accidental!), in which we are accustomed to perceive it. More precisely, those in which it was 13.75 billion years ago (after all, it was then that it arose).
Taking the opportunity (moreover, the occasion - literally!) matter found an opportunity to instantly spread to almost limitless distances. (But only almost).
It's believed that physical basis such speed, except energy glut, was a complete break bosons gravity (particles responsible for the presence of this very gravity in the material world) from the rest of the rapidly expanding singular content, which further accelerated the rate of distribution. (The gravitational influence is the weakest, although the most far-reaching among all natural forces).
Only here is the question: how and WHEN were the gravitational bosons able "later" to fill the entire volume of the Universe? With its current real size, they would have to move at speeds several times the speed of light.
It turns out that all of our former the idea that the Universe "rapidly, almost at the speed of light" spread for several minutes, and then naturally (due to gravity) "began to gradually slow down", is fundamentally wrong and wrong . If everything happened according to such a scenario, the Universe would be several times smaller than it actually exists.
So, the whole Universe in an insignificant fraction of a second has reached the size limited in the figure by the radius Ri.
In the subsequent period of time, inflation, according to some researchers, stopped, and according to others, it entered its second, less rapid stage.
The second point of view, according to the author of the site, has no serious grounds. Not physical causes for a "slower" course of inflationary expansion. No special physical processes have been discovered with a new "characteristic doubling time" of something (and it is necessary - namely, quarks, i.e., fragments of elementary particles). And there is no need (to explain what is happening) in them. And even if they were, hyperinflation would still pass so rapidly that no one would notice this "new stage".
And as soon as the energy of the hyperinflationary process was released elementary particles having mass rest, separate concepts of space and time were formed. And even the speed of light became impossible for all particles. And this automatically means the end of the hyperinflation of the universe.
Such a sharp change in state can also be interpreted by the fact that the gravitational force (bosons) has caught up with everything that it previously released for a short time.
Since everywhere in the hypothetical fireball was equally hot (and he himself was almost half the size of the current universe), it must be recognized that the "explosion" occurred everywhere and at the same time , throughout the volume, without a pronounced center. Unless somewhere it was a little stronger or a little weaker (due to the uneven movement of particles).
But still whole 3 minutes(an eternity, compared with micro-parts in the first second) in the Universe expanding further almost at the speed of light, nothing significant happened in it. In addition to its expansion and the associated cooling.
When the temperature of the hot mixture of particles and interactions "dropped" to 555 billion degrees (!) (this just happened about the end of the third minute), nuclei of atoms appeared in an expanding fiery cloud hydrogen(protons) and individual, purely spontaneous helium atoms.
This process continued almost unchanged 380 thousand current Earth years(!) And this time milestone is noticeable only by the fact that light (photons) finally began to really outpace the propagation front of the explosion itself (if it can be called by that word) and became visible to an abstract outside observer.
And only towards the end first billion years, the following news appeared - from the accumulated in huge quantities of hydrogen, which by that time had already cooled down, the first gas stars and galaxies.
Further new model The universe is almost no different from the previous one, with a "clean" explosion propagating from a single point. In both models, the universe was expanding and continues to expand . Another thing is how and for what reasons. (See this section).
And here is the latest news from the world of cosmology, which directly reflects the nature of the expansion of the Universe. With the help of the American Space X-ray Telescope " Chandra"It is well established that first 7 - 8 For billions of years, the Universe has been expanding, but the rate of this expansion has slowed down. And in the last 6 billion years, it has only been expanding rapidly. So, there were forces, stronger own forces gravity. (This will be discussed further below).
During the lifetime of the Universe, already on a cosmic scale, its real size (according to data for 2013) has become about five times larger than the original one, in which hyperinflation started. (Very doubtful, from the point of view of the author of the site, data). Apparently, during this period it passed into its qualitatively different phase, which allows the most ardent supporters of the theory of inflation to assume that a new inflation (?) of the Universe continues even in our time (and will continue almost indefinitely). She, they say, "turns on the heat" to the Big Bang, until the internal energy of the false vacuum that gave birth to all this fireworks is completely exhausted ...
This already looks like neo-dogmatism. Or blind faith. They would bother to at least present an appropriate model for the development of the Universe!
The main time of the Big Bang in the new understanding of this term is spent not on covering large distances, but on the joint decay of a false vacuum that gave rise to a singularity, the "burning" of products formed during a simultaneous ubiquitous explosion and their gradual cooling.
In practice, this is the usual cooling of the relict heat of the Universe, only in such an unusual interpretation.
And once again we will clarify that the coverage of huge distances in insignificant fractions of a second during the inflation of the Universe does not contradict Einstein's postulates, since at the considered stage of its development there are no space-time forms of matter yet (they are just beginning to arise). Naturally, there is no concept of speed.
The largest radius R in the figure shown above conditionally shows current the size of the universe. In the same place, unsaturated shades of brown color conditionally show space (and the substance distributed in it) with its three dimensions, and shades of blue - time (again, conditionally).
P.S. The inconsistency of many intermediate conclusions in this chapter is explained by the inconsistency, and, most importantly, by the insufficiency of the initial data. But it is an excellent occasion for independent reflection.
