Can the writer Tvardovsky be called a patriot of the motherland. “The theme of the Motherland in the lyrics of A. Tvardovsky. Organizational moment, motivation

The writing

A. Tvardovsky had a difficult time - the Great Patriotic War, post-war devastation, years of great upheavals, the construction of a new world. But no matter how severe the trials were, he always remained true to the ideals of serving the Motherland. That is why he volunteered for the war, was together with his country in sorrow and joy. The very word "motherland" has a great meaning - something dear, close, dear.

The theme of the Motherland is opened by the poem "About the Motherland" (1946). The author shows the boundless expanses of Russia, its geography, famous places: "the warm sea of Crimea", "the coast of the Caucasus", "a fishing village on the Volga", "the heart of the Urals", new cities of Siberia, the Far East. The picture of the country gives rise to a sense of scale, superiority, and pride. But this love for the big country is closely intertwined with the love for the "small motherland". It is drawn, at first glance, unremarkable. But her modest, simple description is imbued with the sincere love of the lyrical hero. For him, this small, unknown side - the best place on the ground. Here are his roots, his heart:

The side is not rich in anything,

And I already love that

What is there at random once

My soul was born.

He remembers her at war, in foreign countries. Over the years, it becomes more dear and dear. Here he experienced happiness, learned the "mystery of native speech." Through a small homeland, the poet sees a huge country, feels responsible for it. It is with love for a small homeland, a mother, that love for the whole country begins, patriotism is born, which made it possible to win in a difficult war. And wherever life throws, no matter how it changes, a deep feeling for a small native land is alive in his heart:

But only before and now

Dear me my side -

For that one reason only

That life gets one.

It would seem that the poet speaks old familiar words, but they touch the soul with their sincerity, simplicity and sincerity. It is the feeling of love, affection, closeness to native land gives a person strength and moral support. This is not loud pathos, but a simple truth, which A. Tvardovsky defends.

The theme of the Motherland is present in almost every poem by A. Tvardovsky. In the program poem “I was killed near Rzhev”, the image of the mother turns from a concrete into a symbolic one. He personifies the whole of Russia. Naive and close to the heart motives of the Motherland are heard in the poem "Vasily Terkin" (the return of a soldier to the Smolensk region), in the "Country of Ants":

The earth in length and breadth

All around yours.

Sow a single bud

And that one is yours.

The theme of the present and future of Russia becomes the main one in the poem "Beyond the Distance". The poem was completed in the early 60s. The basis of the plot is the journey of the lyrical hero across Russia in the Trans-Siberian Express. The journey lasts ten days. First, the author shows the geography of Russia. At the same time, it receives a historical and philosophical explanation. Therefore, the road acquires a symbolic character. This is a symbol of life in Russia. Along with the endless expanses, the author also draws concrete manifestations of her life. The lyrical hero crosses the "middle of his native land" - the Volga, then the Urals, taiga Siberia, Far East. These geographical images also take on a symbolic connotation. The Volga is traditionally associated with Stepan Razin, barge haulers, and later with construction Volga-Don Canal, which expanded the possibilities of this river. That is why the author affectionately calls her Mother Volga, which absorbs seven thousand rivers. Poetically outlined the Urals - the supporting edge of the state. This is the main forge of the country. During the war years, she provided the troops with equipment. The description of Siberia allows the author to tell about courageous and strong Siberians. They will never let you down, they will never betray.

If the description of the Volga, the Urals, Siberia is given from the train window, then on the Angara lyrical hero becomes a direct participant in the events. He composes a hymn to human labor, compares the conquest of the Angara with a battle on the battlefield. Nature resembles a living being that opposes people. The Angara boils more and more, but the conquest will definitely happen. The author admires the courage of the builders, describes their work as a feat. At the same time, he shows that among the people there are opportunists who went to Siberia for a “big ruble”. The theme reappears in the poem small homeland". The story about Father Ural evokes a picture of childhood in the memory of the lyrical hero. The chapter "Two forges" shows the Urals and Zagorye, without which the lyrical hero cannot imagine his life. If the Urals is the forge of all of Russia, then Zagorye is the forge of the author. Here he touches upon the theme of the historical past. At the Taishet station, the lyrical hero meets a childhood friend. The story of a friend shocks the hero, as he experienced scary times personality cult. Thus, each chapter of the poem is symbolic, it opens the reader one distance after another. The very word "dal" takes on a different meaning - it is not only a natural phenomenon, but also the future of Russia:

Thank you, Motherland, for happiness

Be with you on your journey.

Behind the new difficult pass -

take a breath

Together with you.

... She is mine - your victory,

She is mine - your sorrow ...

A. Tvardovsky never separated himself from the fate of his country. The lines from the song can rightfully be attributed to it: "... be sad with you, my land, and celebrate with you." Indeed, the word "Motherland" should not be abstract concept. She is inseparable from us. It is part of our soul, our strength. It is up to us to preserve its traditions and increase its wealth. The responsibility of each for his own destiny, for his fatherland, ultimately determines our future.

A. Tvardovsky had a hard time - the Great Patriotic War, post-war devastation, years of great upheavals, the construction of a new world. But no matter how severe the trials were, he always remained true to the ideals of serving the Motherland. That is why he volunteered for the war, was together with his country in sorrow and joy. The very word "motherland" has a great meaning - something dear, close, dear.

The theme of the Motherland is opened by the poem "About the Motherland" (1946). The author shows the boundless expanses of Russia, its geography, famous places: "the warm sea of Crimea", "the coast of the Caucasus", "a fishing village on the Volga", "the heart of the Urals", new cities of Siberia, the Far East. The picture of the country gives rise to a sense of scale, superiority, and pride. But this love for the big country is closely intertwined with the love for the "small motherland". It is drawn, at first glance, unremarkable. But her modest, simple description is imbued with the sincere love of the lyrical hero. For him, this small, unknown side is the best place on earth. Here are his roots, his heart:

The side is not rich in anything,

And I already love that

What is there at random once

My soul was born.

But only before and now

Dear me my side -

For that one reason only

That life gets one.

It would seem that the poet speaks old familiar words, but they touch the soul with their sincerity, simplicity and sincerity. It is the feeling of love, affection, closeness to the native land that gives a person strength and moral support. This is not loud pathos, but a simple truth, which A. Tvardovsky defends.

The earth in length and breadth

All around yours.

Sow a single bud

And that one is yours.

The theme of the present and future of Russia becomes the main one in the poem "Beyond the Distance". The poem was completed in the early 60s. The basis of the plot is the journey of the lyrical hero across Russia in the Trans-Siberian Express. The journey lasts ten days. First, the author shows the geography of Russia. At the same time, it receives a historical and philosophical explanation. Therefore, the road acquires a symbolic character. This is a symbol of life in Russia. Along with the endless expanses, the author also draws concrete manifestations of her life. The lyrical hero crosses the "middle of his native land" - the Volga, then the Urals, taiga Siberia, the Far East. These geographical images also take on a symbolic connotation. The Volga is traditionally associated with Stepan Razin, barge haulers, and later with the construction of the Volga-Don Canal, which expanded the possibilities of this river. That is why the author affectionately calls her Mother Volga, which absorbs seven thousand rivers. The Urals, the stronghold of the state, are poetically depicted. This is the main forge of the country. During the war years, she provided the troops with equipment. The description of Siberia allows the author to tell about courageous and strong Siberians. They will never let you down, they will never betray.

If the description of the Volga, the Urals, Siberia is given from the train window, then on the Angara the lyrical hero becomes a direct participant in the events. He composes a hymn to human labor, compares the conquest of the Angara with a battle on the battlefield. Nature resembles a living being that opposes people. The Angara boils more and more, but the conquest will definitely happen. The author admires the courage of the builders, describes their work as a feat. At the same time, he shows that among the people there are opportunists who went to Siberia for a “big ruble”. The theme of the "small motherland" reappears in the poem. The story about Father Ural evokes a picture of childhood in the memory of the lyrical hero. The chapter "Two forges" shows the Urals and Zagorye, without which the lyrical hero cannot imagine his life. If the Urals is the forge of all of Russia, then Zagorye is the forge of the author. Here he touches upon the theme of the historical past. At the Taishet station, the lyrical hero meets a childhood friend. The story of a friend shocks the hero, as he survived the terrible times of the cult of personality. Thus, each chapter of the poem is symbolic, it opens the reader one distance after another. The very word "dal" takes on a different meaning - it is not only a natural phenomenon, but also the future of Russia:

Thank you, Motherland, for happiness

Be with you on your journey.

Behind the new difficult pass -

take a breath

Together with you.

…. She's mine, your victory

She is mine - your sorrow ...

A. Tvardovsky never separated himself from the fate of his country. The lines from the song can rightly be attributed to it: "... be sad with you, my land, and celebrate with you." Indeed, the word "Motherland" should not be an abstract concept. She is inseparable from us. It is part of our soul, our strength. It is up to us to preserve its traditions and increase its wealth. The responsibility of each for his own destiny, for his fatherland, ultimately determines our future.

The theme of the Motherland is opened by the poem "About the Motherland" (1946). The author shows the boundless expanses of Russia, its geography, famous places: "the warm sea of Crimea", "the coast of the Caucasus", "a fishing village on the Volga", "the heart of the Urals", new cities of Siberia, the Far East. The picture of the country gives rise to a sense of scale, superiority, and pride. But this love for the big country is closely intertwined with the love for the "small motherland". It is drawn, at first glance, unremarkable. But her modest, simple description is imbued with the sincere love of the lyrical hero. For him, this small, unknown side is the best place on earth. Here are his roots, his heart:

The side is not rich in anything,

And I already love that

What is there at random once

My soul was born.

But only before and now

Dear me my side -

For that one reason only

That life gets one.

The earth in length and breadth

All around yours.

Sow a single bud

And that one is yours.

The theme of the present and future of Russia becomes the main one in the poem "Beyond the Distance". The poem was completed in the early 60s. The basis of the plot is the journey of the lyrical hero across Russia in the Trans-Siberian Express. The journey lasts ten days. First, the author shows the geography of Russia. At the same time, it receives a historical and philosophical explanation. Therefore, the road acquires a symbolic character. This is a symbol of life in Russia. Along with the endless expanses, the author also draws concrete manifestations of her life. The lyrical hero crosses the "middle of his native land" - the Volga, then the Urals, taiga Siberia, the Far East. These geographical images also take on a symbolic connotation. The Volga is traditionally associated with Stepan Razin, barge haulers, and later with the construction of the Volga-Don Canal, which expanded the possibilities of this river. That is why the author affectionately calls her Mother Volga, which absorbs seven thousand rivers. The Urals, the stronghold of the state, are poetically depicted. This is the main forge of the country. During the war years, she provided the troops with equipment. The description of Siberia allows the author to tell about courageous and strong Siberians. They will never let you down, they will never betray.

Thank you, Motherland, for happiness

Be with you on your journey.

Behind the new difficult pass -

take a breath

Together with you.

…. She's mine, your victory

She is mine - your sorrow ...

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Classes: 7 , 8

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Smolensk land. Smolensk region is a land so generous with glorious names. To the south of Smolensk is the small town of Pochinok (I visit it several times a year), and 12 km from it, the Zagorye farm is the place where A.T. was born more than 100 years ago. Tvardovsky.

Lesson Objectives:

Tell about the homeland of A.T. Tvardovsky. Based on the facts of the biography, determine the theme of the poet's poems.
Develop the concept of a lyrical hero.
Fix skills:
- compare poems of different authors;
- work with the textbook;
- expressively read, conveying the ideas and feelings of the author.
Activate cognitive activity students to stimulate and develop mental activity.
Cultivate a sense of patriotism, pride in their small homeland.

Equipment: multimedia projector, screen, Microsoft PowerPoint presentation

During the classes

1. Organizational moment.

Announcement of the topic and objectives of the lesson.

2. Actualization of knowledge.

Comparison as a technique of analysis to identify common topics.

Name famous poets, singers native nature and earth. (S. Yesenin, I. Bunin, A. Tolstoy)

What unites these poets and their works? (Love for the native land. Feeling the connection between man and nature, the expression of spiritual moods, human states through a description of nature.)

3. Explanation of new material.(Slide #1)

Introduction by the teacher. The personality of the writer is known through his work, and the fundamental beginning of the personality is the attitude of a person to the places where he was born and raised. A.T. Tvardovsky carried his love for his native land, to his origins throughout his life, not forgetting about him either in the years of joy, or in the time of troubles and separations. The image of a small homeland is visibly present in many of his works. (Slide #2)
Work with the textbook. Students reading excerpts from the "Autobiography" of the poet.

(up to the words “Since that time I have been writing ...” Literature. 7th grade. Textbook reader for general educational institutions. At 2 hours / author-compiler V.Ya. Korovin)

So, the poet was born on the farm Zagorye, Pochinkovsky district Smolensk region On June 21 (8), 1910, in the family of a rural blacksmith, as you know, blacksmiths were always the most needed and respected people in the village. On the father's side, Tvardovsky's ancestors were farmers, blacksmiths, on the mother's side - military people, owned estates, went bankrupt, became single-palace dwellers. Zagorye and Pochinok, the Luchesa River, Borki - these names are the components of Tvardovsky's small homeland. The house in which the poet was born has not survived to this day. Years of repression and war wiped out Zagorye. (Slide No. 3) In the fall of 1943, Tvardovsky, along with units of the 32nd Cavalry Division, found himself near his native farm and was shocked by what he saw: “I didn’t even recognize the ashes of my father’s house. Not a tree, not a garden, not a brick or a pillar from buildings - everything is covered with bad, high, like hemp, grass, which usually grows on the ashes. I did not find at all a single sign of that piece of land, which, closing my eyes, I can imagine to the speck, with which all the best that is in me is connected. (But not everyone knows that the farm did not die during the war, but much earlier, when the Tvardovsky family was evicted from there.) [ 1 ]

Museum "Khutor Zagorie" was opened on June 21, 1988. But first, a lot of work was done to restore it. The memorial stone was the first to appear on the Zagorye farm. The brothers of Tvardovsky - Ivan Trifonovich and Konstantin Trifonovich, his sister Anna Trifonovna, (Slide No. 4) rendered great assistance in the creation of the museum. And then he moved to his homeland, he made all the furniture for the exposition, Ivan Trifonovich was the director and caretaker of the museum until the end of his days. (Ivan Trifonovich Tvardovsky passed away on June 19, 2003. He was buried in the village of Seltso, which is located a kilometer from the farm)

The beginning of a correspondence tour of Zagorye. (Slide number 5)

On the territory of the museum complex there is a house with an attached barnyard. There are no authentic things in the museum, since the poet's family - parents, brothers, sisters - were repressed and exiled to the Trans-Urals. Before you unpretentious life of the family. On the wall there is a clock with a pendulum, a mirror in a carved frame. A stove and a wooden partition separate the bedroom, where there is an iron parent's bed, for the children there is a bed. Opposite the door is a large closet that divides the upper room into two parts. On a table covered with a lace tablecloth is a huge samovar. Next to it is a wooden hard sofa and several Viennese chairs. There is a chest of drawers in the corner. He is wearing a foreign-made sewing machine. The floors are lined with homespun rugs. In another "red" corner of the room, under the "images of saints", there is a corner table with a stack of books.

To the left is a hanger with painted towels. Items characterizing the period of 1920-1930s are collected research assistants Smolensk Museum-Reserve during expeditions to the neighboring villages of Zagorye, Pochinkovsky district. (Slide number 7)

(Slide number 8) In the barnyard - a stall for a cow, for a horse, as in an ordinary peasant farm. It was possible to enter here through the cold passage from the house, so as not to walk in the cold and snow in winter.
(Slide No. 9) In front of the house you can see a hay shed and a bathhouse in which the young village correspondent A.T. worked. - this is how Tvardovsky signed his first notes in the Smolenskaya Village newspaper.

(Slide number 10) Behind the house, a little further away, there is a forge. It has a forge with bellows, an anvil, and blacksmith's tools can be seen on the walls.

(Slide number 11) A well, a young spruce forest, an apple orchard are also details of a former life:

A prepared student reads expressively from the textbook "Brothers" (1933).

(the footnote at the end of the poem is explained) The poet wrote about the bitter fate of the Tvardovsky family in his works, for example, in the poem "Brothers" (1933):

How are you brother?
Where are you, brother?
What are you, brother?
Which White Sea Canal?

This is about the elder brother Konstantin, and about all the brothers who, as enemies of the people, were driven to the construction of the White Sea Canal. All the hardships of life in the harsh taiga region fell on the fragile shoulders of Maria Mitrofanovna, because. father was constantly separated from the family, earning his daily bread.

4. Primary application of acquired knowledge.

Questions for the class:

1) So, with what events in the Tvardovsky family is the ending of the poem connected?

2) What do you know about the concept of a lyrical hero?

Reference: A lyrical hero is an image of that hero in a lyrical work whose experiences, thoughts and feelings are reflected in it. It is by no means identical to the image of the author, although it reflects his personal experiences associated with certain events in his life, with his attitude to nature, public life, people. Any personal experience of a poet becomes a fact of art only when it is an artistic expression of feelings and thoughts that are typical for many people. The lyrics are characterized by both generalization and fiction. [ 2 ]

It is known that the basis of a lyrical work is an artistic thought, given in the form of direct experience. But we must not forget that lyrical experiences are closely connected with real life who creates this experience. [ 3 ]

3) What feelings does the lyrical hero experience when remembering his childhood?

5. Checking homework.

Students read the poet’s poems by heart: “The snows darkened blue ...”, “July is the top of summer ...”, “We played through smoky ravines ...”, “At the bottom of my life ...”, “On the day the war ended ...”, “I I know no fault of mine…” and d.r.

Activating the thinking of students .

Questions for the class:

What did the poet write about? What kind life values did he claim with his work?
Do you agree with the words of A.I. Solzhenitsyn, who noted "the Russianness of the warehouse, the peasantry, the earthiness, the inaudible nobility of Tvardovsky's best poems"?
What are the main themes of his poems?
What questions torment the front-line poet?

Conclusion: landscape lyrics Tvardovsky is distinguished by its philosophic and pictorial power (“July is the crown of summer”). The world of childhood and youth on the farm Zagorye sounds in many works of the poet: from the first to the last - in the poem "By the Right of Memory". The theme of the "Small Motherland", the line of "memory" becomes the main one in the poet's work. Turning to the past, to memory allows you to comprehend the highest moments of being. Memory nourishes the poet's lyricism, restores what was true happiness and joy.

Continuation of the excursion.

As you know, all children grow up and sooner or later leave their home. So it happened with Tvardovsky: the beloved land was a deaf place, not giving the opportunity to reveal the talent, in which the poet himself was very sure. But the attitude of Trifon Gordeevich to his son's passion for literature was complex and contradictory: either he was proud of him, or he doubted the well-being of his future fate if he took up the literary business. The father preferred a reliable peasant job to writing "fun", a hobby that, as he believed, his son should pass. Let us turn to the "Autobiography" of the poet.

Work with the textbook. Students read an excerpt from the Autobiography. (Since 1924 ... the cause of significant changes in my life ") (Slide number 12)

In the eighteenth year of his life, Alexander Trifonovich Tvardovsky left his native Zagorye. By this time, he had already been to Smolensk more than once, once visited Moscow, personally met M.V. Isakovsky, and became the author of several dozen published poems. He beckoned Big world. But separation was not easy. After moving to Moscow, A. T. Tvardovsky most acutely felt the connection with his small homeland. (Slide number 13) And the classic unforgettable lines were born:

I'm happy.
I am glad
With the thought of living beloved,
What's in my native country
There is my native land.
And I'm still happy
Let the reason be funny -
What in the world is mine
Pochinok station.

Pochinok station (1936).

(Slide number 15) There is another memorable place in the city of Pochinok. On the central square of the city, next to the House of Culture, on June 21, 2010, on the day of the 100th anniversary of the birth of the poet, a bust of A. T. Tvardovsky, the author of which is the sculptor Andrey Kovalchuk, was solemnly opened.

The inhabitants of the Smolensk region are proud of their famous countryman and sacredly cherish everything connected with his name. After all, the most precious thing that every person has is the place where he was born, a small homeland, and it is always in his heart.

In the poem Vasily Terkin (chapter "About Me"), Tvardovsky wrote:

I left home once
Called the road into the distance.
It was not a small loss
But sadness was light.
And for years with gentle sadness -
Between any other worries -
Father's corner, my old world
I am a shore in my soul.

7. Reflection and summing up the lesson

Questions to the class: What did we learn today? Could you now distinguish Tvardovsky's poems from those of other poets? Has your perception of previously learned poems changed? What tasks did you like best?

Conclusion:

Without a doubt, the Smolensk region was a moral and aesthetic support in the work of A.T. Tvardovsky. She nourished with her life-giving juices the enormous talent of the great Russian poet, who deeply reflected in her best poems and poems.

Putting marks.

Homework: read the memoirs about Tvardovsky in the textbook, use them when preparing a story about the poet.

Bibliography:

Farm "Zagorye" - museum-estate of A.T. Tvardovsky http://kultura.admin-smolensk.ru/476/museums/sagorie/ ;
Literature: Ref. Materials: Book. for students / L64 S.V. Turaev, L.I. Timofeev, K.D. Vishnevsky and others - M .: Education, 1989. P. 80 - 81 .;
Skvoznikov V.D. Lyrics // Theory of Literature: Fundamentals. prob. in ist. lighting. - M., 1964. - Book 2: Types and genres of literature. - P.175 .;
Romanova R.M. Alexander Tvardovsky: Pages of life and work: Book. for students Art. classes cf. school - M.: Enlightenment, 1989. - 60s.;
Tvardovsky A.T. Poems. Poems. – M.: Artist. lit., 1984. - 559p. (Classics and contemporaries. Poetic library);
"Small motherland" in the poetry of A. T. Tvardovsky: reading lyrical lines ... http://www.rodichenkov.ru/biblioteka/;
In the homeland of Tvardovsky http://lit.1september.ru/article.php?ID=200401210 ;
Museum-estate of A.T. Tvardovsky - 15 years http://www.museum.ru/N13689 .

I. Introduction……………………………………………………………3

II. Understanding and describing the Great Patriotic War in the work of A.T. Tvardovsky.………………………5

1. Biographical information…………………………………..5

2. The theme of war in the poetic works of A.T. Tvardovsky………………………………………………7

3. "Vasily Terkin" - a poem about a soldier………………………13

III. Conclusion ……………………………………………………….14

IV. List of used literature………………………… 17

I. In any turbulent time in Russia, poets and writers sensitively reacted to the hardships of historical time. So the Great Patriotic War could not but stir up creative people. They sympathized with the defenders of the Fatherland, trying to inspire them to new feats of arms, sang heroes. The war left a significant layer of military essays, sketches and reports, that is, a journalistic genre flourished during this period. But poetry at any war time played an important role, since poetry could set up a fighter, raise his morale. Writers and poets were present at the front, so they could get the most vivid impression of the military life of people. I must say that the traditions of describing military operations in Russian classics were quite powerful. Many writers tried to comprehend the war as a social and universal phenomenon. Of course, the first thing that comes to mind on this occasion is Tolstoy's detailed reflections on the pages of War and Peace and Sevastopol Tales. The writer noted the inhumanity of this phenomenon in general, but pointed to the justice of the Patriotic War.

"Each Soviet writer I am ready to devote all my strength, all my experience and talent, all my blood, if necessary, to the cause of the holy people's war against the enemies of our Motherland! - these words were heard at a rally on the first day of the war and were justified by deeds and life.

The Great Patriotic War is an ordeal that befell the Russian people. The literature of that time could not remain aloof from this event.

Total number front-line writers reached more than two thousand. It is impossible to find any historical analogy to such a massive participation of writers in direct literary combat work, which was developed by Soviet masters of the word in the days of the struggle against Hitlerism.

More than three hundred writers did not return from the battlefields, among them - E. Petrov, Yu. Krymov, A. Gaidar, V. Stavsky, M. Jalil ... Fascism raised its hand to the future of Soviet literature, tearing out dozens of young writers, people from its ranks talented, bright - V. Kubanev, M. Kulchitsky, N. Mayorov, G. Suvorov, P. Kogan, N. Otrada, V. Shulchev and many others.

And, what is especially important, the Great Patriotic War, despite the immeasurable sacrifices, became for the Soviet people a school of spiritual and moral growth. The Patriotic War raised to the crest all the most truly beautiful that was brought up in the Soviet man.

The importance and effectiveness of the words of writers during the war is also evidenced by the fact that works of prose, poetry and drama took a prominent place in the newspapers. Along with the primary political material, reports of the Soviet Information Bureau and other reports of national importance, on the pages of Pravda, Izvestia, Krasnaya Zvezda, Krasny Fleet, Komsomolskaya Pravda, we see not only songs, poems, journalistic articles, but and short stories, novellas, poems, plays.

In those days, M. Sholokhov,
A. Fadeev. A. Platonov, K. Simonov, B. Gorbatov, V. Grossman,
B. Polevoy, E. Petrov, L. Sobolev. P. Pavlenko, I. Ehrenburg, S. Mikhalkov, A. Zharov, A. Kalinin and many others. Literature was openly agitational in nature, giving "the people a monstrous charge of hatred for the enemy."

In the lyrics of Tvardovsky, the military theme occupies one of the main places. As already mentioned, many poets wanted to show their attitude and the attitude of the people to the ongoing tragedy. Tvardovsky was no exception to the general rule. He wrote a short poem that fully reveals the author's thoughts about such a phenomenon as war:

War - there is no crueler word.
War - there is no sadder word.
War - there is no holier word
In the anguish and glory of these years.

II. Alexander Trifonovich Tvardovsky was born on June 8 (21 n.s.) in the village of Zagorye, Smolensk province, in the family of a blacksmith, a literate and even well-read man, in whose house a book was not uncommon. The first acquaintance with Pushkin, Gogol, Lermontov, Nekrasov took place at home, when these books were read aloud on winter evenings. Poems began to write very early. He studied at a rural school. At the age of fourteen, the future poet began to send small notes to the Smolensk newspapers, some of them were printed. Then he ventured to send poetry as well. Isakovsky, who worked in the editorial office of the Rabochy Put newspaper, accepted the young poet, helped him not only to be published, but also to form as a poet, and influenced him with his poetry.

After graduating from a rural school, the young poet came to Smolensk, but could not get a job, not only to study, but also to work, because he had no specialty. I had to exist "on a penny literary earnings and beat the thresholds of editorial offices." When Svetlov published Tvardovsky's poems in the Moscow magazine Oktyabr, he came to Moscow, but "it turned out about the same as with Smolensk."

In the winter of 1930, he again returned to Smolensk, where he spent six years. “It is to these years that I owe my poetic birth,” Tvardovsky later said. At this time, he entered the Pedagogical Institute, but left the third year and completed his studies at the Moscow Institute of History, Philosophy and Literature (MIFLI), where he entered in the fall of 1936.

Tvardovsky's works were published in 1931 - 1933, but he himself believed that only with the poem about collectivization "Country Ant" (1936) did he begin as a writer. The poem was a success with readers and critics. The release of this book changed the life of the poet: he moved to Moscow, graduated from MIFLI in 1939, and published a book of poems, Rural Chronicle.

During the Great Patriotic War, the poem "Vasily Terkin" (1941 - 45) was created - a vivid embodiment of the Russian character and the nationwide patriotic feeling. According to Tvardovsky, "Terkin was ... my lyrics, my journalism, a song and a lesson, an anecdote and a saying, a heart-to-heart talk and a remark to the occasion."

Almost simultaneously with "Terkin" and the poems of the "Frontline Chronicle", the poet began the poem "House by the Road" (1946), completed after the war.

In 1950 - 60, the poem "For the distance - the distance" was written, and in 1967 - 1969 - the poem "By the Right of Memory", which tells the truth about the fate of the poet's father, who became a victim of collectivization, prohibited by censorship, published only in 1987.

Along with poetry, Tvardovsky always wrote prose. In 1947 a book about the past war was published under the general title Motherland and Abroad.

He also showed himself as a deep, insightful critic: the books Articles and Notes on Literature (1961), Poetry of Mikhail Isakovsky (1969), articles on the work of S. Marshak, I. Bunin (1965).

For many years Tvardovsky was the editor-in-chief of the magazine " New world”, courageously defending the right to publish every talented work that came to the editorial office. His help and support affected creative biographies such writers as Abramov, Bykov, Aitmatov, Zalygin, Troepolsktsy, Molsaev, Solzhenitsyn and others.

In 1939 the poet was drafted into the Red Army and participated in the liberation of Western Belarus. With the beginning of the war with Finland, already in the rank of officer, he was in the position of a special correspondent for a military newspaper.

Since June 1941, Alexander Tvardovsky begins work in the editorial office of the newspaper Southwestern Front"Red Army". He writes poetry, essays, feuilletons, articles, songs, notes. Unfortunately, the notebook with Tvardovsky's notes about the first months of work was lost. But there were lines that captured the first days of the war - the most terrible and sorrowful period of the Great Patriotic War.

That was a great sadness
As we wandered to the east.
Went thin, walked barefoot
To unknown lands
What is where it is, Russia,
What is your own line?

Many other than Tvardovsky spoke about the sanctity of the Patriotic War. But what is it (holiness) for the people? The fact is that the people were aware of their great duty to future generations, felt themselves involved in the historical process that was taking place at that time in Russia, and tried to turn it to the benefit of their country.

Each person, fighting for the freedom of his homeland, also fought for that small piece of land on which he himself grew up. In the lyrics of Tvardovsky there is an image of his small homeland, "native side" - the Smolensk region, which was captured by the enemy:

The wind, or something, blew
From those sad fields, -
What's wrong with her, I think
By my side!

General anxiety gives rise to specific plots and appeals, for example, Tvardovsky has a poem “To the Partisans of the Smolensk Region”, which calls for punishing a formidable enemy who has come. The poet raises the fighting spirit of the fighters, declaring: “No, your enemy will not boast of rear silence!” There are no specific images of partisans in the poems, they are all generalized, called "jolly people" and even "sharp revenge". The poet is convinced that victory is close, which he speaks about in the finale. But not only partisans will bring victory to Russia. In the lyrics of Tvardovsky there is an image of a tank, which means much more to the poet than just a tracked vehicle. His poem is known, which is called “Tank”:

And, as if a pioneer
Opening up behind you
Dressed in steel and shod,
The tank goes into battle with the original.

Some epic motifs are heard in these lines: the heroes in Russia also possessed such great power that they could lay a “first path” with one finger, and the words “dressed” and “shod” also clearly indicate the similarity of a tank with a hero. Thus, the tank is a symbol of the imminent victory of Russia in the war.

And yet, not all of Tvardovsky's military lyrics consist of generalized images and lengthy reflections. The poet also wrote several front-line sketches in which specific people talk about their military life. Such poems include, for example, "Tankman's Tale". In the center of this poem is the figure of a boy who helped to discover the disguised artillery crew of the enemy. This work tells about the front-line childhood, and, most importantly, emphasizes the need for the participation of everyone and everyone in the military everyday life of the country. The reader's mind is presented with the following picture:

Well, the fight doesn't wait. -
Get in here, buddy! -
There is a boy - mines, bullets whistle,
And only a shirt with a bubble ...

This picture is imprinted in the memory of the tanker forever, and although he does not know the name of the boy, he is sure that he will recognize him among thousands of faces. The cohesion of the people is emphasized by the poet - everyone remembers well his comrade-in-arms, with whom they fought together against a common enemy. And, in fact, all people themselves want to help the fighters in military everyday life. What has been said above can be characterized as follows: a strong connection between the front and the rear. In fact, this theme permeates the poet's entire military lyrics like a red thread. There are among his poems an appeal to a distant bride (“Song”), a message to Ukraine with its “golden land” and memories of a “fragile foal”, a humorous story from the words of an old woman about a rooster that was not given into the hands of the enemy.
The war ended, but nevertheless, Tvardovsky's military lyrics found their continuation in the post-war period.

A person who went through the war and came out of it alive inevitably feels guilty before the fallen. The poem "Cruel Memory" is about this. Memory is the inability to forget and get rid of the great pain that the war brought to people. Its cruelty lies precisely in the fact that it is impossible to live and enjoy life in the same way as before the war, feeling guilty: "But with the joy of the former I do not dare to look at the fields and meadows."

The war left deep, noticeable traces in people's lives. The poet has a sketch on this subject:

Full, full, people in the aisle
Stands sideways with knapsacks.
And about the dashing marines
A drunk invalid sings.

And even in the later lyrics of the poet, the theme of war sounds as sharp as before. The poem “I know, no fault of mine ...” again touches on the theme of guilt before those who did not return from the battlefield, but with even more drama.

I know it's not my fault
The fact that others did not come from the war,
The fact that they are - who is older, who is younger -
Stayed there, and it's not about the same thing,
That I could, but could not save, -
It's not about that, but still, still, still ...

The final words mean inconsistency. Although Tvardovsky understands that objectively there is no guilt (indeed, he fully fulfilled his duty, having gone through the entire war as a war correspondent), he nevertheless feels it. This guilt expresses the idea of an unpaid debt to the dead defenders of Russia.

The feeling of obligation of the living to the fallen, the impossibility of forgetting everything that happened - the main motives of A. Tvardovsky's military lyrics. “I am alive, I came from the war alive and well. But how many I miss ... how many people managed to read me and, maybe, fall in love, but they are not alive. It was a part of me,” wrote the poet.
“I was killed near Rzhev” is a poem written in the first person. This form seemed to Tvardovsky the most appropriate to the idea of the poem - the unity of the living and the fallen. The dead soldier sees himself as only a "particle of the people's whole", and he is worried, like everyone whose "eyes have grown dim", everything that happened later, after him. The timid hope that “the word of the holy oath will be fulfilled” grows into a strong faith: the “fortress of the enemy land” has finally been trampled, the long-awaited Victory Day has come.

He was awarded from shoulder to shoulder,
But is there such a reward
What did he serve, went out, did he suffer? -
Probably not. And it is not necessary!

"I was killed near Rzhev ..." - this is the brightest of the poems, a real masterpiece of the poet's work. The unusual form of the work is a monologue of a dead soldier. Tragedy is felt in his words, the desire to live and see peacetime:

I am where the roots are blind
Looking for food in the dark.
I am where with a cloud of dust
There is rye on the hill.

But not only sad about himself dead soldier. He is worried about what will happen to the new generation, whether it will be able to save all the great gains of wartime. Despite his own death, he says: "I bequeath you to be happy in that life."

The poem “I know, no fault of mine ...” is concise and piercing. It is constructed as a lyrical monologue, where the mood fluctuates between two feelings: on the one hand, the author convinces himself of his complete innocence in front of the fallen on the fields of the Great Patriotic War, on the other hand, in the last line, that penitent feeling of his guilt, which is characteristic of all conscientious people, breaks through in the last line. people. The threefold repetition of the particle “yet”, expressing doubt, brings to the surface a far-hidden feeling of pain that does not subside with time. “I” - alive and “others” - dead - this is the main conflict of the poem, which was not resolved in the finale. The ellipsis also means that the internal monologue has not stopped, that more than once the lyrical hero will have this painful conversation with himself. The poem is distinguished by lexical simplicity, the absence of any visual effects.

The poem “Vasily Terkin” in terms of genre is a free narrative-chronicle (“A book about a fighter, without beginning, without end ...”), which covers the entire history of the war - from the tragic retreat to the Victory. The chapters of the poem are connected with various events of the war: “On a halt”, “Before the battle”, “Crossing”, “Accordion”, “On the offensive”, “On the Dnieper”.

The poem is based on the image of the protagonist - private Vasily Terkin. real prototype he doesn't have. This is a collective image that combines the typical features of the spiritual appearance and character of an ordinary Russian soldier.

Terkin - who is he?
Let's be frank:
Just a guy himself
He is ordinary.
However, the guy at least where,
Guy like that
In each company there is always
Yes, and in every platoon.

The image of Terkin has folklore roots, it is “a hero, a fathom in his shoulders”, “a merry fellow”, “an experienced person”. Behind the illusion of rusticity, jokes, mischief, there is a moral sensitivity and a sense of filial duty to the Motherland, the ability to accomplish a feat at any moment without a phrase and posture.

The feat of a soldier in the war is shown by Tvardovsky as everyday and hard military labor and battle, and moving to new positions, and spending the night in a trench or right on the ground, “shielding black only with his own back from death ...”. And the hero who accomplishes this feat is an ordinary, simple soldier:

A man of simple leaven,
That in battle is no stranger to fear ...
Serious, funny
... He goes - a saint and a sinner ...

In the image of Terkin, Tvardovsky depicts best features Russian character - courage, perseverance, resourcefulness, optimism and great devotion to their native land.

Our mother earth is ours,
In days of trouble and in days of victory
You are not brighter and more beautiful,
And there is no more desirable heart ...

It is in the defense of the Motherland, life on earth that the justice of the people's Patriotic War lies: "The battle is holy and right, a mortal battle is not for the sake of glory - for the sake of life on earth."

And the last thing that can be said: all Tvardovsky's poetry is service to a high duty, which includes eternal service military theme.

III. As critics have repeatedly noted, Tvardovsky was the first of the poets to touch upon the theme of the responsibility of the living to the fallen, that high responsibility, without which life loses its meaning, for what is it like for a person to endure all the hardships of life if you know that descendants will in no way appreciate what he and his generation have done and not only will they be consigned to oblivion, but they can even trample on all their conquests, as, alas, this has happened more than once in the centuries-old history of mankind ... No, the dying person should at least a moment before death see, even mentally, those “who from the hands of our banner I picked it up on the run,” as the poet put it back in 1946 (“I was killed near Rzhev”). "Otherwise, even the dead - how?"

Years passed, the war moved further and further into the past, but the pain from the feeling of loss did not go away. The more beautiful life became, the more acutely the poet felt the need to remind of those who paid for it with their blood. Significant dates and events often served as an excuse for Tvardovsky to once again make the reader remember those who died defending the future of their people. In 1957 the country celebrated the fortieth anniversary of the Great October Revolution. Among the many works that appeared on the occasion of the anniversary, Tvardovsky's poem "That blood that was shed for good reason" stands apart. The blood of millions, shed in "this forty-year period", rises before his gaze like a fiery dawn,

Knocks on the hearts, owns us,

Not letting go for an hour

So that our victims are sacred

She didn't leave us on the way.

So that we, listening to praise,

And on the holiday of present victories

Don't forget that this blood

Our yesterday's trail is smoking.

The "holy" memory of the dead is constantly knocking on the heart of the poet. And even Gagarin's flight into space evoked special and rather unexpected associations in Tvardovsky. In the February book of the "New World" for 1962, his poem "To the Cosmonaut" was published, the essence of which is this: no matter how you, Gagarin, are a hero of heroes, do not forget about those guys who died in their "plywood clunkers" in 1941 year "near Yelnya, Vyazma and Moscow itself" and know:

They are proud, they are involved in their

Special glory obtained in battle,

And that one, harsh and mute,

Wouldn't trade for yours.

Of course, the poet did not even have in his thoughts to somehow belittle the feat of the “scout of the universe” with these words - on the contrary, putting him next to those who, at the cost of their lives, saved their native country from fascism, the author renders him the greatest honor:

... one blood, and you are brothers,

And not indebted to the older younger brother.

Those front-line soldiers, both dead and surviving, were a great many; the names of most of them are known only to a narrow circle of fellow soldiers and relatives.

Celebrating Victory Day, we must not forget "what that suffering has become for us", forget "what and how many sons we missed, sobbing to the thunder of victorious batteries." It was on that very evening that Tvardovsky thought and wrote about the dead:

How many of them are not in the world,

That they read you, poet ...

List of used literature

1. Shansky N. M. “About the lyrics of A. T. Tvardovsky”, RYASH No. 3, 1980

2. Paperny Z. " poetic word at Tvardovsky's, Questions of Literature No. 7, 1979

3. Kondratovich A. "Lessons of Tvardovsky", Young Guard No. 2, 1979

4. Tvardovsky A.T. Collection of works, Detgiz, 1978

5. History of Russian Soviet literature. Publishing house "Enlightenment", Moscow - 1983, corrected.

6. Soviet literature: Reference materials. Moscow "Enlightenment", 1989

Presentation for the lesson

During the classes

1. Organizational moment.

2. Actualization of knowledge.

3. Explanation of new material.(Slide #1)

4. Primary application of acquired knowledge.

5. Checking homework.

7. Reflection and summing up the lesson

Bibliography:

So that our victims are sacred

List of used literature

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