Ekaterina Rakitina
Dr. Dietrich Bonhoeffer Klinikum, Germany
Reading time: 9 minutes
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Article last updated: 03/30/2019
The correctness and purity of the pronunciation of sounds entirely depends on the correct operation of the articulatory apparatus. From infancy, the baby tries to pronounce different sound forms, makes various movements with his mouth, lips and tongue, thereby forming his first speech skill.
In order for speech phonemes to be correct and pronounced sounds to be clear, the organs of speech must be as mobile as possible. Articulation depends on the work of different muscle groups. This includes swallowing, chewing and facial muscles. In order for the speech set of sounds to be completely correct, the child must be able to correctly pronounce numerous sound structures with a huge variety of movements.The voice is formed with the participation of not only the oral cavity, but the entire chest. Therefore, exercises aimed at developing articulatory motor skills should cover not only the facial muscles, but also the shoulder girdle and chest.
The value of the organs of speech in articulation
The most mobile speech organ is the tongue. Its most mobile parts are the lateral parts and the tip. The more mobile they are, the clearer the pronunciation of sounds will be.
The quality of pronunciation is also affected by the mobility of the lips. The most mobile is always the lower lip. Lips can close, form a tube, a mouthpiece, which is very important in the pronunciation of consonants. But in the pronunciation of vowels, the mobility of the lower jaw is important.
The bite also plays an important role. The correct option is when the upper jaw slightly covers the lower. In this case, all teeth should be in contact.
When pronouncing any sound, each speech organ lines up in a certain position. But the speech stream, although it consists of sounds, in the end it lines up into words, so the sounds follow one after another very quickly. And here the mobility of each muscle involved in the creation of a speech structure is very important.
Age periods of mastering sounds by a child
In order for a child's speech to form correctly, it is necessary to achieve a certain level of maturity in the cerebral cortex. All sense organs must be prepared. Often chronic diseases negatively affect the development of the baby's speech.
At the very beginning of life, a child can make only light sounds. These include vowels a, o, e and consonants, m, p, b. Further, the child masters sounds more difficult. But the most complex sounds of articulation requirements such as s, z, ts, sh are mastered by kids over the age of three. Before this period, complex sounds are either absent from the vocabulary, or babies will replace them with simpler ones.
Ideally, by the age of six, the child's speech baggage is already filled with all the sounds. If by this age a number of sounds are still missing, then the intervention of a speech therapist is required, since the face of the violation speech development.
Speech Development Disorders
Most common cause not correct pronunciation sounds serve as violations of the structure of the organs of speech. The most frequent violations:
- Malocclusion;
- disproportionate tongue (it is either too big or vice versa too small);
- shortened bridle;
- Cleft palate and upper lip.
Violations of the organs of speech can be noticed at a very early age, since even simple sounds, substitutes for more complex sound forms, sound unclean and sound disturbances are heard.
In addition to violations in the structure of the oral cavity, weakness of the labial muscles and weakness of the muscles of the tongue can also be the cause of incorrect pronunciation. Such a deviation can be noticed when performing simple movements with the lips and tongue:
- Lips are not stretched with a tube;
- The smile is asymmetrical;
- The language does not expand, but tends to narrow all the time;
- The protruding tongue deviates to one side;
- The protruding tongue falls on the lower lip, and does not hold horizontally;
- The protruding tongue trembles;
- The tongue in the mouth is held in a "lump".
When observing such symptoms, consultation of both a speech therapist and a neurologist will be required.
If the violations are associated with the structure of the speech organs, then these violations should be eliminated as soon as possible. If the cause is muscle weakness, then certain exercises will be required.
It is necessary to correctly understand whether the violation refers to speech pathology or is it a speech deviation. Pathologies are internal and external manifestations. An accurate diagnosis can only be made by a specialist.
Any violations in the speech system can affect completely different aspects of speech: incorrect pronunciation, incorrect vocabulary, incorrect grammatical construction of sentences.
Speech sounds are formed as a result of a complex set of movements of the articulatory organs. Articulation is associated with the work of numerous muscles, including: chewing, swallowing, mimic. The process of voice formation occurs with the participation of the respiratory organs (larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, diaphragm, intercostal muscles). For clear articulation, strong, elastic and mobile organs of speech are needed - tongue, lips, palate. It is possible to achieve a clear pronunciation of sounds, words, phrases only if the organs of the articulatory apparatus are sufficiently mobile, their ability to rebuild and work in a coordinated manner.
Work on the development of the main movements of the organs of the articulatory apparatus is carried out in the form articulatory gymnastics .
Articulation gymnastics - is a collection special exercises aimed at strengthening the muscles of the articulatory apparatus, developing strength, mobility and differentiation of the movements of the organs involved in the speech process.
The purpose of articulation gymnastics - development of full-fledged movements and certain positions of the organs of the articulation apparatus, necessary for the correct pronunciation of sounds.
Articulation gymnastics is the basis for the formation speech sounds- phonemes - and correction of violations of sound pronunciation of any etiology and pathogenesis. It includes exercises for training the mobility of the organs of the articulatory apparatus, working out certain positions of the lips, tongue, soft palate, necessary for the correct pronunciation of both all sounds and each sound of a particular group.
In order to choose the right exercises for articulatory gymnastics, you need to know what movements are characteristic of various organs of the articulatory apparatus.
The most mobile speech organ is language . It consists of:
tongue root- the base by which the tongue is attached to the hyoid bone;
back of the tongue, which distinguishes back, middle and front. Of particular note Tip of the tongue, which ends the front of the tongue, and side edges front and middle parts of the tongue, because the quality of pronunciation of sounds depends on their work.
Tip of the tongue maybe:
drop behind the lower teeth (as in the pronunciation of whistling sounds)
rise by the upper teeth (as when pronouncing sounds [t], [d], [n])
cling to the alveoli (as with the sound [l])
vibrate under the pressure of the exhaled jet (at the sound [R])
rise up without the participation of the tip of the tongue to the alveoli and form a gap with them (as with sounds [s], [s], [c]);
rise to the sky with the tip of the tongue and form a gap with the hard palate (when pronouncing hissing sounds).
Back of the tongue maybe
rise and close with the palate (as with sounds [k], [g]);
form a gap with the palate (as with sounds [X]).
to press against the inner surface of the molars and not let the outgoing air flow into the side (as with sounds [s], [s], [c], [w], [g], [h], [u], [p])
descend and pass a stream of air sideways (as with the sound [l]).
Mobility lips also plays a role in the formation of sounds. Lips can:
stretch out into a tube (as with the sound [y])
round off (as in the sound [about])
expose the front upper and lower incisors (as with sounds [s], [s], [c], [l], etc.)
move slightly forward (as in the sound [w], [w])
to merge with the upper lip (as with sounds [p], [b], [m]);
form a gap, approaching the upper teeth (as with sounds [v], [f]).
Soft sky can go up and down. When the soft palate is lowered, the exhaled stream of air passes through the nose (this is how nasal sounds are formed [m], [m], [n], [n]). If the soft palate is raised. Then it is pressed against the back wall of the pharynx and closes the passage to the nose; the exhaled stream of air goes only through the mouth, and oral sounds are formed (all but [m], [m], [n], [n]).
Thus, when pronouncing various sounds each organ involved in the speech process occupies a certain position
It is necessary to carry out articulation gymnastics daily so that the skills developed in children are consolidated and become stronger. It is better to do the exercises 3-4 times a day for 3-5 minutes. Do not offer children more than 2-3 exercises at a time. Each exercise is performed 5-7 times.
It is better to carry out articulatory gymnastics before general morning exercises or before breakfast (lunch). After eating, speech exercises can cause a gag reflex. Articulation exercises can be included in the sound culture speech. At home, exercises can be done before bed in the evening.
Exercise should not bring the organs of articulation to overwork. The first sign of fatigue is a decrease in the quality of movement, which is an indication for a temporary cessation of this exercise.
When selecting exercises for articulation gymnastics, you must follow a certain sequence, go from simple exercises to more complex ones. It is better to spend them emotionally, in a playful way.
Of the two or three exercises performed, only one can be new, the second and third are given for repetition and consolidation. If the child performs some exercise not well enough, new exercises should not be introduced, it is better to work out the old material. To consolidate it, you can come up with new game techniques.
Articulatory gymnastics is performed while sitting, since in this position the child has a straight back, the body is not tense, the arms and legs are in a calm position. Children can sit at tables or in a semicircle in front of the teacher.
The child must see the adult's face well, as well as his own face, in order to independently control the correctness of the exercises. Therefore, a child and an adult should be in front of a wall mirror during articulation gymnastics. Also, the child can use a small hand mirror (approximately 9x12 cm), but then the adult should be opposite the child facing him. The teacher performs the exercise in front of the mirror together with the child, so an adult must be able to show the correct articulation and feel the positions and movements of the organs of his articulation apparatus without visual control, which requires a certain skill and is achieved through training.
Articulation gymnastics should always begin with practicing the basic movements and positions of the lips, tongue, necessary for a clear, correct pronunciation of all sounds.
In any exercise, all movements of the organs of the articulatory apparatus are carried out sequentially, with pauses before each new movement, so that the adult can control the quality of the performance, and the child can feel, realize, control and remember his actions.
At first, the exercises are performed at a slow pace. The teacher can adjust the pace by tapping with his hand or counting out loud, gradually speeding it up. Then the pace of movements should become arbitrary - fast or slow.
An adult conducting articulatory gymnastics should monitor the quality of the movements performed by the child: accuracy of movement, smoothness, pace of execution, stability, transition from one movement to another. It is also important to ensure that the movements of each organ of articulation are performed symmetrically in relation to the right and left sides of the face. Otherwise, articulatory gymnastics does not achieve its goal.
If the child does not get some kind of movement, help him (with a spatula, a teaspoon handle or just a clean finger).
In order for the child to find the correct position of the tongue, for example, lick the upper lip, spread it with jam, chocolate, or something else that your child loves. Get creative with the exercises.
There are two types articulation exercises:
static exercises - are aimed at ensuring that the child learns to hold the articulatory position for 6-10 seconds.
dynamic exercises - represent a rhythmic repetition of movements 6-8 times and contribute to the development of the mobility of the tongue and lips, their coordination and switchability.
Work on each exercise goes in a certain sequence:
a story about the upcoming exercise using game techniques:
exercise demonstration;
exercise by children in front of a mirror;
checking the correctness of execution, indicating errors;
performing the exercise without a mirror (based on your own kinesthetic sensations).
Regular performance of articulatory gymnastics will help:
improve the blood supply to the articulatory organs and their innervation (nerve conduction);
improve the mobility of articulatory organs;
strengthen the muscular system of the tongue, lips, cheeks;
teach the child to hold a certain articulatory posture;
increase the range of motion;
reduce spasticity (tension) of the articulatory organs;
prepare speech apparatus child to the correct pronunciation of sounds.
All exercises of articulation gymnastics are combined into complexes to develop certain groups of sounds or to work out the basic movements and positions necessary for a clear, correct pronunciation of all sounds.
Lip exercises
Smile- keeping the lips in a smile, the teeth are not visible.
Proboscis (Tube)- stretching the lips forward with a long tube.
small fence- lips in a smile, teeth are closed in a natural bite and are visible.
Bagel (Speaker, Beak)- the teeth are closed, the lips are rounded and slightly extended forward, the upper and lower incisors are visible.
Fence - Bagel. Smile - Proboscis. - alternating positions of the lips.
Rabbit. - the teeth are closed. The upper lip is raised and exposes the upper incisors.
Exercises to develop lip mobility
Biting and scratching first the upper and then the lower lip with the teeth.
Smile - Tube- stretch your lips forward with a tube, then stretch your lips into a smile.
Piglet- move the lips elongated with a tube to the right and left, rotate in a circle.
The fish are talking- clap your lips against each other (a dull sound is pronounced).
Squeeze the upper lip behind the nasolabial fold with the thumb and forefingers of one hand and the lower lip with two fingers of the other hand and stretch them up and down.
Pull your cheeks inward strongly, and then sharply open your mouth. It is necessary to ensure that when performing this exercise, the characteristic sound of a "kiss" is heard.
duck- stretch the lips, squeeze them so that the thumbs are under the lower lip, and all the rest on the upper lip, and pull the lips forward as much as possible, massaging them and trying to depict the beak of a duck.
Disgruntled horse- the flow of exhaled air is easily and actively sent to the lips until they begin to vibrate. It makes a sound similar to the snorting of a horse.
The mouth is wide open, the lips are retracted into the mouth, tightly pressed against the teeth.
inflate your cheeks strongly, holding the air in your mouth with all your might,
holding a pencil (plastic tube) with your lips, draw a circle (square),
hold a gauze napkin with your lips - an adult tries to pull it out.
Exercises for lips and cheeks
Biting, patting and rubbing the cheeks.
Well-fed hamster- inflate both cheeks, then inflate the cheeks alternately.
Hungry hamster- draw in the cheeks.
The mouth is closed. To beat with a fist on inflated cheeks, as a result of which the air comes out with force and noise.
Static exercises for the tongue
Chicks- the mouth is wide open, the tongue lies quietly in the oral cavity.
Spatula- the mouth is open, a wide relaxed tongue lies on the lower lip.
Cup- the mouth is wide open, the anterior and lateral edges of the wide tongue are raised, but do not touch the teeth.
Needle(Arrow. Sting) - the mouth is open, the narrow tense tongue is pushed forward.
Gorka (Pussy is angry)- the mouth is open, the tip of the tongue rests on the lower incisors, the back of the tongue is raised up.
tubule- the mouth is open, the lateral edges of the tongue are bent up.
Fungus- the mouth is open, the tongue is sucked to the palate.
Dynamic tongue exercises .
Clock (Pendulum)- the mouth is slightly open, the lips are stretched into a smile, with the tip of a narrow tongue, alternately stretch under the teacher's account to the corners of the mouth.
snake- the mouth is wide open, the narrow tongue is strongly pushed forward and removed deep into the mouth.
Swing- the mouth is open, with a tense tongue reach for the nose and chin, or for the upper and lower incisors.
Football (Hide the candy)- the mouth is closed, with a tense tongue rest against one or the other cheek.
Teeth cleaning- the mouth is closed, circle the tongue between the lips and teeth in a circular motion.
Coil- the mouth is open, the tip of the tongue rests against the lower incisors, the lateral edges are pressed against the upper molars, the wide tongue rolls forward and retracts deep into the mouth.
horse- stick the tongue to the palate, click the tongue, click slowly and strongly, pull the hyoid ligament.
Harmonic- the mouth is open, stick the tongue to the palate, without lifting the tongue from the palate, strongly pull the lower jaw down.
Painter- the mouth is open, with a wide tip of the tongue, like a brush, we lead from the upper incisors to the soft palate.
delicious jam- mouth open, lick the upper lip with a wide tongue and remove the tongue deep into the mouth.
Lick your lips- mouth ajar, lick first the upper, then the lower lip in a circle.
Exercises for the development of mobility of the lower jaw
cowardly chick- open and close your mouth wide so that the corners of your lips stretch. The jaw drops to about two finger widths. The tongue - "chick" sits in the nest and does not protrude. The exercise is performed rhythmically.
sharks- on the count of "one" the jaw drops, on "two" - the jaw moves to the right (mouth is open), on the count of "three" - the jaw is lowered into place, on "four" - the jaw moves to the left, on "five" - the jaw is lowered, on "six" - the jaw moves forward, on "seven" - the chin is in the usual comfortable position, the lips are closed. You need to do the exercise slowly and carefully, avoiding sudden movements.
Imitation of chewing with closed and open mouth.
A monkey- the jaw goes down with the maximum extension of the tongue to the chin.
angry lion- the jaw goes down with the maximum extension of the tongue to the chin and the mental pronunciation of the sounds a or e on a solid attack, more difficult - with a whisper of pronouncing these sounds.
Strongman- the mouth is open; imagine that a load is hung on the chin, which must be lifted up, while raising the chin and tensing the muscles under it. Gradually close your mouth; to relax.
Put your hands on the table, put your palms on top of each other, rest your chin on your palms. Opening your mouth, press your chin on the resisting palms. To relax.
Lower the jaw down overcoming resistance (an adult holds a hand under the child's jaw).
Open the mouth with the head tilted back overcoming the resistance of the adult's hand lying on the back of the child's head.
teasers- widely, often open your mouth and say: pa-pa-pa.
Silently, lingering (on one exhale), pronounce the vowel sounds:
i-i-i-i-i-i-i-i-i-i-i-i-i(the distance between the teeth in two fingers);
oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh
yo-yo-yo-yo-yo-yo-yo-yo-yo-yo-yo-yo-yo(distance between teeth in one finger);
and-and-and-and-and-and-and-and-and-and-and-and-and(mouth slightly open).
Pronounce vowel sounds with your voice:
i-i-i-i-i-i-i-i-i-i-i-i-i
oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh
yo-yo-yo-yo-yo-yo-yo-yo-yo-yo-yo-yo-yo
and-and-and-and-and-and-and-and-and-and-and-and-and
Pronounce several vowel sounds in one exhalation together and drawlingly:
a-a-a-a-a-e-e-e-e-e
a-a-a-a-a-i-i-i-i-i
i-i-i-i-i-a-a-a-a-a
oh-oh-oh-oh-i-i-i-i-i
a-a-a-a-a-i-i-i-i-i-i-o-o-o-o-o
i-i-i-i-i-e-e-e-e-e-e-a-a-a-a-a
a-a-a-a-a-i-i-i-i-i-e-e-e-e-e-o-o-o-o-o-o etc.
Make sure that when pronouncing sounds, the opening of the mouth is sufficiently full.
Say proverbs, sayings, tongue twisters that are saturated with vowel sounds that require a wide opening of the mouth.
Two of a Kind.
Found a scythe on a stone.
Know the edge, don't fall.
What is the fisherman, such is the fish.
Under the lying stone the water is not flowing.
The snake is stingy, the hedgehog has a hedgehog.
In the process of doing the exercises, make sure that the lower jaw falls freely down, first pronounce vowel sounds a little underlined.
Training the muscles of the pharynx and soft palate
Yawn with open and closed mouth.
Cough voluntarily.
Cough with tongue hanging out.
Simulate gargling with head thrown back.
Swallow water in small portions (20 - 30 sips).
Inflate cheeks with pinched nose.
Slowly pronounce the sounds k, g, t, d.
Imitate:
moan
lowing,
whistling.
Tilt your head back to overcome resistance. The adult holds his hand on the back of the child's head.
Throw back and lower the head with a strong pressure on the fists of both hands with the chin.
Push the tongue to the chin, pull it into the mouth with overcoming resistance. The adult tries to keep the child's tongue out of the mouth.
pronounce vowel sounds a, uh, and, oh, u on a hard attack.
Pronounce while holding the tip of the protruding tongue with your fingers, and-a. Sound [and] separated from the sound [a] pause.
Inflate rubber toys, blow bubbles.
[R]
Whose teeth are cleaner?
Description: Open your mouth wide and use the tip of your tongue to “clean” your upper teeth from the inside, moving your tongue from side to side.
Attention!
lips in a smile, upper and lower teeth are visible.
make sure that the tip of the tongue does not protrude, does not bend inward, but is located at the roots of the upper teeth.
the lower jaw is motionless; only the language works.
Painter
Description: smile, open your mouth and "stroke" the palate with the tip of your tongue, making back and forth movements with your tongue.
Attention!
lips and lower jaw must be motionless.
make sure that the tip of the tongue reaches the inner surface of the upper teeth as it moves forward and does not protrude from the mouth.
Who will hit the ball next?
Description: smile, put the wide front edge of the tongue on the lower lip and, as if pronouncing a long sound [f], blow off the cotton wool on the opposite edge of the table.
Attention!
cheeks cannot be puffed out.
make sure the child makes the sound [f] and not the sound [x], i.e. so that the air stream is narrow, not scattered.
delicious jam
Description:
Attention!
Turkey
Description: bl-bl(like a turkey chattering).
Attention!
make sure that the movements of the tongue are back and forth, and not from side to side.
Drummers
Description: smile, open your mouth and tap the upper alveoli with the tip of your tongue, repeatedly and distinctly pronouncing a sound reminiscent of English sound [e]. Sound first [ d] pronounce slowly, gradually increase the tempo.
Attention!
the mouth should be open all the time, lips in a smile, the lower jaw is motionless; only the language works.
make sure the sound [e] had the character of a clear blow, was not squelching.
the tip of the tongue should not tuck.
sound [e] it is necessary to pronounce so that the exhaled air stream is felt; To do this, you need to bring a piece of cotton wool to your mouth. when performed correctly, the exercise will deviate.
A set of exercises to develop the correct pronunciation of sound [l]
Punish the naughty tongue
Description: pya-pya-pya.... Keep a wide tongue in a calm position, with your mouth open, counting from one to five to ten.
Attention!
delicious jam
Description: slightly open your mouth and lick the upper lip with the wide front edge of the tongue, moving the tongue from top to bottom, but not from side to side.
Attention!
make sure that only the tongue works, and the lower jaw does not help, does not "plant" the tongue up - it must be motionless (you can hold it with your finger).
the tongue should be wide, its lateral edges touching the corners of the mouth.
The steamer is humming
Description: open your mouth and pronounce a sound for a long time [s](as the ship hums).
Attention!
make sure that the tip of the tongue is lowered and is in the depths of the mouth, and the back is raised to the sky.
Turkey
Description: open your mouth, put your tongue on your upper lip and make movements with the wide front edge of the tongue along the upper lip back and forth, trying not to tear your tongue from your lip - as if stroking it. First, make slow movements, then speed up the pace and add voice until you hear bl-bl(like a turkey bolobochet).
Attention!
make sure that the tongue is wide and not narrowed.
so that the movements of the tongue are back and forth, and not from side to side.
the tongue should "lick" the upper lip, and not be thrown forward.
Swing
Description: smile, show teeth, open your mouth, put a wide tongue behind the lower teeth (on the inside) and hold in this position for a count of one to five. So alternately change the position of the tongue 4-6 times.
Attention!
make sure that only the tongue works, and the lower jaw and lips remain motionless.
horse
Description: smile, show teeth, open your mouth and click the tip of your tongue (like a horse clattering its hooves).
Attention!
the exercise is first performed at a slow pace, then faster.
the lower jaw should not move; only the language works.
make sure that the tip of the tongue does not turn inward, i.e. so that the child clicks his tongue, not smack.
The horse rides quietly
Description: the child should make the same movements with the tongue as in the previous exercise, only silently.
Attention!
make sure that the lower jaw and lips are motionless: only the tongue performs the exercise.
the tip of the tongue should not curl inward.
the tip of the tongue rests on the palate behind the upper teeth, and does not protrude from the mouth.
The breeze is blowing
Description: smile, open your mouth, bite the tip of your tongue with your front teeth and blow. Check the presence and direction of the air jet with a cotton swab.
Attention!
make sure that the air does not come out in the middle, but from the corners of the mouth.
A set of exercises to develop the correct pronunciation
hissing sounds ([w], [g], [u], [h])
Punish the naughty tongue
Description: slightly open your mouth, calmly put your tongue on your lower lip and, slapping it with your lips, make sounds pya-pya-pya... Keep a wide tongue in a calm position, with your mouth open, counting from one to five to ten.
Attention!
the lower lip should not be tucked up and pulled over the lower teeth.
the tongue should be wide, its edges touching the corners of the mouth.
you need to pat your tongue with your lips several times on one exhale; make sure that the child does not retain the exhaled air.
Make the language wide
Description: smile, open your mouth, put the wide front edge of the tongue on the lower lip. Hold it in this position for a count of one to five to ten.
Attention!
do not stretch your lips into a strong smile so that there is no tension.
make sure that the lower lip does not tuck.
do not stick out the tongue far, it should only cover the lower lip.
the lateral edges of the tongue should touch the corners of the mouth.
Glue the candy
Description: put the wide tip of the tongue on the lower lip. Put a thin piece of toffee on the very edge of the tongue, glue a piece of candy to the palate behind the upper teeth.
Attention!
make sure that only the tongue works, the lower jaw must be motionless.
open the mouth no wider than 1.5-2 cm.
if the lower jaw is involved in the movement, you can put the child’s clean index finger on the side between the molars (then he will not close his mouth).
The exercise must be done at a slow pace.
Fungus
Description: smile, show teeth, open your mouth slightly and, pressing your wide tongue with the whole plane against the palate, open your mouth wide. (The tongue will resemble a thin mushroom cap, and the stretched hyoid ligament will resemble its stem.)
Attention!
make sure that the lips are in the position of a smile.
the lateral edges of the tongue should be pressed equally tightly - not a single half should fall.
when repeating the exercise, you need to open your mouth wider.
Who will hit the ball further?
Description: smile, put the wide front edge of the tongue on the lower lip and, as if pronouncing the sound [f] for a long time, blow off the cotton wool to the opposite edge of the table.
Attention!
the lower lip should not stretch over the lower teeth.
cheeks cannot be puffed out.
make sure that the child pronounces the sound [f] and not the sound [x], i.e. so that the air stream is narrow, not scattered.
delicious jam
Description: slightly open your mouth and lick the upper lip with the wide front edge of the tongue, moving the tongue from top to bottom, but not from side to side.
Attention!
make sure that only the tongue works, and the lower jaw does not help, does not "plant" the tongue up - it must be motionless (you can hold it with your finger).
the tongue should be wide, its lateral edges touching the corners of the mouth.
if the exercise fails, you need to return to the exercise "punish the naughty tongue"; as soon as the tongue becomes flattened, you need to lift it up and wrap it on the upper lip.
Harmonic
Description: smile, open your mouth, stick your tongue to the sky and, without lowering your tongue, close and open your mouth (as the accordion furs stretch, so the hyoid frenulum stretches). The lips are in a smile position. When repeating the exercise, you should try to open your mouth wider and longer and keep your tongue in the upper position.
Attention!
make sure that when opening the mouth, the lips are motionless.
open and close the mouth, holding it in each position for a count of three to ten.
make sure that when opening the mouth, one of the sides of the tongue does not sag.
Focus
Description: smile, open your mouth, put the wide front edge of the tongue on the upper lip so that its lateral edges are pressed, and there is a groove in the middle of the tongue, and blow off the cotton wool placed on the tip of the nose. At the same time, the air should go in the middle of the tongue, then the fleece will fly up.
Attention!
make sure that the lower jaw is motionless.
the lateral edges of the tongue should be pressed against the upper lip; a gap is formed in the middle into which the air stream goes; if this does not work, you can slightly hold your tongue.
The lower lip should not tuck in and pull over the lower teeth.
article
Development of articulatory motor skills in children with OHP II-III levels
through complex speech therapy gymnastics.
Speech therapist Rogova A.Yu., MBDOU Kindergarten No. 112 Cheboksary Today in the region special education There are a number of problems, one of which is the problem of finding the most effective conditions for remedial education. Unfortunately, we have to state that the basis for speech therapy work with middle-aged children suffering from general underdevelopment of speech (levels I-III) is poorly developed. It is known that with the same pathology (a form of speech disorder), the language system can suffer in different ways. Conversely, the same symptomatology can be observed in forms of speech disorders that differ in their mechanisms. So, for example, a general underdevelopment of speech can be observed with an erased form of dysarthria, rhinolalia, and stuttering. In the process of speech therapy work, it is important to take into account both the level of unformed speech, impaired components of speech, and the mechanisms, forms speech disorders. Speech is the most complex physiological, psychological, mental, linguistic, sensorimotor process, in which both more elementary (sensory-motor, gnostic-practical) and highly organized levels (semantic, linguistic) are intertwined. In this regard, correctional and speech therapy work in the conditions of a speech group is multifaceted, but it sets itself one goal - to help the child. I would like to dwell on the practical side of the development of articulatory motor skills in speech pathologist children middle group. By implementing systemic differentiated approach to this problem, you can get better and more stable results in the correction of speech disorders, reduce relapses. The work on this problem is an attempt, based on existing methodological recommendations and our own experience, to show the importance and organization of work on the development of articulatory motor skills for the formation of the correct sound production in children with speech pathology. Articulatory gymnastics should become an integral and mandatory part of the correctional education of children with speech disorders caused by defects in the structure, function of the articulatory apparatus (dysarthria, rhinolalia) and delayed speech development (alalia, delay in the rate of speech development). For the effectiveness of the work, I have expanded the scope of articulation gymnastics, which, in terms of the amount of material included, is a complex speech therapy gymnastics and includes: it is through it that the development of articulatory motility occurs to the greatest extent. These exercises serve as a setting for the articulatory apparatus. Development of fine motor skills of hands (finger games). The temporary limitations of speech therapy classes do not always make it possible to pay due attention to such training, so finger games are
term of speech therapy gymnastics, tk. fine motor skills are associated with speech function. In practice corrective work the stimulating effect of the function of the hand on the development of the mental functions of speech was noted. The experience of speech therapy work has shown that kinesthetic impulses coming from the fingers during gymnastics evoke positive emotions in children and are a rhythmic respite. Breathing exercises. The energy basis of our speech is breathing. For normal speech, it is necessary to achieve a long, economical exhalation, which presents a certain difficulty for a speech pathologist child. Breathing is an internal trainer, necessary for the child, therefore, special breathing exercises for staging physiological and speech breathing are included in the outline of complex gymnastics. Voice exercises with elements of phonorhythmics. They represent spontaneous pronunciation of sounds and are used to form speech breathing, speech tempo, and intonation expressiveness, overcoming speech disorders. In speech therapy gymnastics I include massage and self-massage of the facial muscles, organs of articulation. it normalizes muscle tone. In my opinion, such complex gymnastics, based on speech therapy techniques, combined with the development of hand function, breathing, blitz massage, etc., contributes to a faster and more stable formation of articulation skills in children with ONR. At the heart of speech therapy assistance, gaming techniques are a priority for me. The complexes of speech therapy gymnastics developed by me on the plots of fairy tales "Gingerbread Man", "Fly-Tsokotuha", "Turnip", "Cat's House", "Teremok" represent "play therapy".
When planning special gymnastics, I try to proceed from:
from the variability of the material of each component; thematic integrity, which ensures a smooth transition of each part; the presence of game motivation, an abundance of game techniques, which makes it possible to make the process of performing corrective exercises comfortable for children. Selection game exercises(finger, respiratory, articulatory, facial muscles) have significantly improved the mobility of the articulatory apparatus in middle-aged children. The system of game exercises increased the effectiveness of children's control of their speech organs. As a result of the work done, a favorable prerequisite was created for the formation of the correct pronunciation, which accelerated the production of sounds among the pupils of the group. The game form and outline of complex speech therapy gymnastics creates a motivational mood in the child, increases interest and desire to work with a speech therapist.
Exercises for the development of articulatory motor skills.
Exercises for the development of physiological breathing and the formation of an air jet.
1. "Drive the ball into the goal."
Stretch your lips forward with a tube and blow on a cotton ball for a long time, trying to make it fly between two cubes.
I will play football
And I'll score a goal.
A very difficult task
Drive the ball into the goal.
Smile, put the wide front edge of the tongue on the lower lip. Blow for a long time so that the air stream goes in the middle of the tongue, and blow off the cotton wool to the opposite edge of the table.
3. "Focus", "Parachutik".
Open your mouth, push your tongue forward and lift it up, gently exhale on the cotton wool lying on the tip of the nose, or on the bangs.
4. "The hunter goes through the swamps."
Stretch your lips in a smile, place the tongue between your teeth. When exhaling, slap your palms on your cheeks: a squelching sound is obtained.
5. "Bean Races".
The candy box is equipped as a track for bean runners, and they start their run with the help of a “wind” from cocktail tubes. The winner is the one who quickly catches up with his "runner" to the finish line.
On the tables are figures of birds, butterflies, flowers, etc. cut out of thin paper. Each child sits opposite his figure. The figure should be advanced only on one exhalation, it is impossible to blow several times in a row. On a signal, the children begin to blow on the figures.
7. "Soap bubbles."
It is necessary to blow out the largest bubble or the most bubbles from the ringlet. Blow exactly into the ring, otherwise there will be no bubbles.
8. "New Year's pipe jokes."
Lip exercises.
1. "Chick", "Window".
The mouth is wide open, the tongue lies quietly in the oral cavity.
2. "Smile".
Lips are held in a smile. Teeth are not visible.
Pull lips straight to ears
Frogs like it very much.
Smiling, laughing,
And their eyes are like saucers.
3. "Fence".
The teeth are closed. Lips in a smile. The upper and lower incisors are visible.
I hurried to my yard,
To fix the fence.
He got down to business quickly.
And work began to boil.
4. "Speaker".
about. The upper and lower incisors are visible.
5. "Tube".
The teeth are closed. The lips are rounded and slightly extended forward, as in the sound y.
Oh, doo-doo, doo-doo, doo-doo.
The shepherd lost his pipe.
And I found a pipe
I gave the shepherd.
6. "Fence" - "Speaker", "Smile" - "Tube".
Alternate the position of the lips.
7. "Comb".
“Comb” the lower lip with the upper teeth, like a comb, and vice versa, “comb” the upper lip with the lower teeth.
Language exercises.
1. "Punish a naughty tongue."
Open your mouth, put your tongue on your lower lip and, slapping it with your lips, say: "five-five-five ...".
2. "Shovel", "Pancake", "Pancake".
Open your mouth, put a wide, relaxed tongue on your lower lip.
Put your tongue wide
And keep calm.
3. "Swing".
Mouth open. With a tense tongue, reach for the nose and chin, or for the upper and lower incisors.
On the swings I swing
Up - down, up - down.
4. "Let's brush our teeth."
Mouth close. In a circular motion of the tongue, draw between the lips and teeth.
Brush your teeth, brush your teeth
Both outside and inside
They don't get sick.
5. "Needle", "Arrow", "Sting".
Mouth open. Push a narrow tense tongue forward.
I am small,
Thin and sharp.
I'm looking for a way with my nose,
I drag my tail behind me.
6. "Coil".
Mouth open. Rest the tip of the tongue against the lower incisors, press the lateral edges against the upper molars. Wide tongue "roll out" forward and put deep into the mouth.
7. "Cup", "Bowl".
Mouth open wide. Raise the anterior and lateral edges of the wide tongue without touching the teeth.
Put your tongue wide
And lift up the edges.
Got a cup
Round cup.
We'll put a cup in our mouth
We will press her sides to the teeth.
8. "Malyar".
Mouth open. With a wide tip of the tongue, like a brush, lead from the upper incisors to the soft palate.
The painters came together
Updated old house
Was shabby, boring, naked,
Became smart and cheerful.
9. "Let's lick our lips."
Open mouth. Lick first the upper, then the lower lip in a circle.
10. "Glue the candy."
Put a wide tongue on the lower lip. Put a thin piece of toffee on the tip of the tongue, glue the candy to the sky behind the upper incisors.
11. "Football".
Close your lips. With a tense tongue, rest against one or the other cheek.
12. "Watch", "Pendulum".
Open mouth. Stretch your lips into a smile. With the tip of a narrow tongue, alternately stretch under the teacher's account to the corners of the mouth.
13. "Delicious jam."
Mouth open. Lick the upper lip with a wide tongue and remove the tongue.
14. "Gorka".
Mouth open. Rest the tip of the tongue against the lower incisors, bend the back of the tongue.
15. "Fungus".
Mouth open. Stick your tongue to the sky.
fungus, fungus,
oil side,
silver leg,
Jump into the basket!
16. "Accordion".
Exercise "Fungus". Without lifting the tongue from the palate, strongly pull down the lower jaw.
I play the harmonica
I open my mouth wide
I will press my tongue to the sky,
Below the jaw will take.
17. "Automatic", "Machine gun".
Smile, open your mouth and tap with a tense tip of your tongue on the tubercles behind your upper teeth, repeatedly and clearly pronouncing the sound t-t-t - Slowly at first, then gradually pick up the pace.
18. "Drummer", "Woodpecker".
Like the previous exercise, but pronounce the sound d-d-d.
Knocking all the time
Trees are hollowed out
But they are not crippled
But only heals.
We beat the drum hard
And together we sing:
"Yes, yes, yes, yes!"
19. "Turkey".
Open your mouth, move the wide front edge of the tongue along the upper lip back and forth, trying not to tear the tongue from the lip, add a voice until you hear: “bl-bl-bl ...” (like a turkey chatters).
20. "The plane is flying."
Open mouth. Stretch lips. At prolonged pronunciation sound [s] push the tip of the tongue between the upper and lower incisors, holding it in this position. Heard [l].
21. "Bumblebee".
Mouth open. Raise the tongue in the form of a cup, press the lateral edges to the molars. The leading edge must be free. In the middle of the tongue, start an air stream, connect your voice, pronouncing with force: “zzzz”, “jzhzh”.
22. "Language-strongman."
Smile slightly, open your mouth, lower the tip of your tongue to the lower front teeth and rest your tongue against your teeth.
23. "Tongue on the balcony."
Open your mouth, with the wide end of the tongue “hug” the upper lip.
24. "The tongue dries the tail."
Relax the tongue, hang it on the edge of a clean spoon and blow with force on its tip.
Purpose of the event:
To increase the effectiveness of correctional work by actively involving parents in the process of overcoming speech disorders in children.
Tasks:
- to increase the level of pedagogical competence of parents in matters of
speech development of children;
- introduce the concept of articulatory motor skills, gymnastics;
- inform parents that the production of sounds in children during
largely depends on the correct implementation of certain complexes
articulatory gymnastics;
- teach to perform special exercises for articulation
apparatus necessary for the pronunciation of hissing sounds;
- to teach playing techniques for performing articulatory gymnastics.
Equipment:
computer, projector, multimedia presentations PowerPoint: "The formation of articulatory motor skills on speech therapy classes"," Walk for the tongue "; badges for parents, individual mirrors, cotton wool, discs with articulation tales.
logo training program.
Teacher speech therapist: Good evening dear parents!
Today we will talk about the importance of articulatory gymnastics in correcting sound pronunciation. Let's learn some special exercises aimed at strengthening the muscles of the articulatory apparatus, developing strength, mobility and differentiation of the movements of the organs involved in the speech process. In addition, I will demonstrate to you some of the techniques for the formation of articulatory motor skills in speech therapy classes.
The message is accompanied by a demonstration of the presentation "Formation of articulatory motility in speech therapy classes."
Teacher speech therapist: Pronunciation of speech sounds is a complex motor skill that needs to be purposefully taught to children.
Correction of sound pronunciation is carried out according to the following scheme:
- Preparatory stage, aimed at the formation of the correct articulation mode in the process of performing articulation exercises; stage of sound production; stage of sound automation in various phonetic conditions of pronunciation and differentiation of sounds similar in acoustic and articulatory properties.
- Accuracy, strength and differentiation of fine articulatory movements develop gradually in a child. For clear articulation, strong, elastic and mobile speech organs are needed - tongue, lips, soft palate. Articulation is associated with the work of numerous muscles, including chewing, swallowing, mimic. The process of voice formation occurs with the participation of the respiratory organs (larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, diaphragm, intercostal muscles). Thus, speaking of special speech therapy gymnastics, one should keep in mind the exercises of numerous organs and muscles of the face, mouth, neck, shoulder girdle, and chest. The method of educating sound pronunciation through specific gymnastics is recognized by a number of well-known theorists and practitioners specializing in speech disorders (M.E. Khvattsev, O.V. Pravdina, M.V. Fomicheva, etc.).
- Articulatory motor skills, gymnastics - this is a set of special exercises aimed at strengthening the muscles of the articulatory apparatus, developing strength, mobility and differentiation of the movements of the organs involved in the speech process.
- The purpose of articulation gymnastics development of full-fledged movements and certain positions of the organs of the articulatory apparatus, the ability to combine simple movements into complex ones.
The principle of selection of articulation exercises is the nature of the pronunciation defect. For each child, I compose a set of exercises individually, based on the task, to achieve the correct articulation of sound, taking into account its specific violation in the child. It is not enough just to select the movements that need correction, it is important to teach each child to correctly apply the appropriate movements. That is, to develop accuracy, purity, smoothness, strength, pace, stability of the transition from one movement to another. Let's expand on these concepts.
- The accuracy of the movement of the speech organ determined by the correctness of the final result, which can be assessed by the final location and shape of this organ.
- Smoothness and ease of movement involve movements without jerks, twitches, tremors of the organ (muscle tension always disrupts the smoothness and softness of movement); the movement must be made without auxiliary or accompanying movements in other organs.
- Pace is the speed of movement. At first, the movement is made somewhat slowly, the speech therapist adjusts the pace by tapping with his hand or counting out loud, gradually speeding it up. Then the pace of movement should become arbitrary - fast or slow.
- Sustainability of the end result means that the resulting position of the organ is held unchanged for an arbitrarily long time.
Transition (switching) to another movement and position should be done smoothly and quickly enough.
First, the exercises are performed at a slow pace in front of a mirror, i.e. to achieve the final result, visual self-control is used.
After the children learned to perform the movements, the mirror was removed, the control functions were taken over by the child's own kinesthetic sensations (sensations of movement and position of the organs of the articulatory apparatus).
Any exercise should not bring the body to overwork.
Performing articulatory gymnastics exercises requires a child to spend a lot of energy, a certain amount of effort and patience. So that the child does not lose interest in the work performed, articulatory gymnastics should not be carried out according to a template, boring.
A prerequisite for success is the creation of favorable conditions. I try to involve children in an active process, create an appropriate emotional mood, arouse keen interest, a positive attitude towards classes, and the desire to do the exercises correctly.
For this, in addition to the game, as the main activity of children, and classes, I use computer technology 2 times a week. The electronic manual helps to significantly increase interest in the correctional process.
Thus, in the formation of correct articulatory structures in children, new stable pronunciation conditionally associative connections are activated, which contribute to the development of reverse afferentation and the motor link of the speech system as a whole.
In addition, for the formation of articulatory motor skills, I use sets of exercises that help prepare the organs of articulation for sound production.
For example, I will give a set of exercises for hissing sounds.
For each exercise, a picture-image was selected. The picture serves as a model for the child to imitate any object or its movements when performing articulatory gymnastics exercises. (Exercises: pancake, knead dough, cup, delicious jam, parachute, horse, house painter)
Another interesting presentation of articulation gymnastics is a fairy tale.
So, I suggest you visit the fairy tale with your children.
Viewing a computer presentation "Tongue Walk" and performing appropriate exercises in front of individual mirrors with the children.
Parents sit at tables on which are mirrors, aids for breathing exercises. Speech therapist showing copyright through a projectorfairy tale - the presentation "Walk for the tongue" demonstrates the correct implementation of articulation exercises. Parents together with their children, taking mirrors in their hands, follow all the instructions of the speech therapist, ask questions if something is not clear. 
At the end of the logo training, parents share their impressions.
Teacher speech therapist: Dear parents! Thank you for your cooperation. As a memento of our meeting, we are handing you a disk with articulation tales, for classes with children at home. On this positive note, our logo training ends. I wish you success and joy in communicating with your children.
MBDOU Center for Child Development - kindergarten"Spring"
Tommot, Aldan district, Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)
