Syntax is a branch of the science of language responsible for the study of syntactic units. Syntactic units are a phrase and a sentence. In the reference book on the Russian language, authored by T. V. Shklyarova, a sentence is defined as "the basic minimum unit of human speech, which is the main means of expressing and communicating thoughts."

In Russian, all statements are classified according to the following principles:

1. In count speech units divided into simple and complex. For example: I came home. - one subject (I) and one predicate (came), a simple sentence. November came, and in the mornings there was a terrible frost. - two subjects (November, frost) and two predicates (came, stood), a complex statement.
2. By the presence or absence of the main members, one-component and two-component units are distinguished. What are you dreaming about? - the subject is absent, one-part syntactic unit. And what are you dreaming about? - there is both a subject and a predicate; two-part unit.
3. By the nature of the relationship to reality. How tired of this job. - affirmative; I don't like this job. - negative.
4. Availability minor members syntactic units are divided into common and non-common. An example of an uncommon saying - Summer has come. An example of a common saying - A hot sunny summer has come.
5. By the presence of all members of the statement. Full (there are both main and secondary members). For example: A thick haze descended sharply on the forest. Incomplete (one of the necessary members of the proposal is missing). For example: How are you? - (both subject and predicate are missing).
6. According to the purpose of the statement, narrative statements are distinguished (Mom is now at home.), Incentive (Come here!) And interrogative statements (What day is it today?).
7. By allocate exclamatory and non-exclamatory units of syntax. Compare: "I have come." and "I'm here!"

Let us consider in more detail the classification of statements according to the fourth type. What is the difference between a common offer and a non-spread one? In the first type of syntactic units, in addition to the subject and the predicate, secondary members can be distinguished. Minor members is a circumstance, a definition and an addition.

Two-part common sentences

Consider the simplest examples from the textbook for the fifth grade.

• "I went" - simple two-part non-common - no definition, addition or circumstance.
• "I went quickly" - a simple two-part common - is a circumstance expressed by the adverb "quickly".
• “I went to school” - this unit is also common, since it contains the circumstance expressed by the noun “school”.

An offer can be shared at the expense of several minor members at once. “I went to a new school” – here there is both the circumstance “school” and the definition “new”.

One-part common sentences

"Darkness" - one-component uncommon; there are no subject and minor members. “It got dark early” - there is no subject in the sentence, however, there is a circumstance of the manner of action, expressed by the adverb “early”.

How to make a common statement out of an uncommon statement

In order to get a common unit of syntax, it is enough to add one of the elements of a common statement to it: addition, circumstance or definition.

So, to the unit "I see." you can add an addition - "I see the river", "I see you."

You can add a definition to the addition - "I see a huge river", "I see a beautiful girl."

And here is an example of how you can expand the statement with the help of a circumstance. There are several types of circumstances:

• Circumstance of place - answers the question "Where?". We returned yesterday home.
• Circumstance of time - answers the question "When?". We returned yesterday at three o'clock in the morning.
• The circumstance of the course of action - answers the question “How? How?". We were going home in a rush.
• Purpose circumstance - answers the question "For what purpose?". To spite the mother she returned home late at night.
• Circumstance measure - answers the question "How many times?". Twice not getting through to the taxi, I realized that I would not return home today.
• Circumstance of degree - answers the question "To what extent? To what extent?" - He was very surprised by my arrival home.

How to determine the type of a syntactic unit

It is easy to determine the type of an utterance by highlighting its grammatical foundations. First, find the subject and the predicate. Next, we turn to the search for secondary terms. To do this, we ask questions from the list above to all elements of the statement. If the sentence has at least one of the minor members, it is common.

Topic: Common and non-common sentences

Target: Give the concept of common and non-common sentences; to form the ability to characterize the proposal by the presence of main and secondary members.

Tasks:

Training: to form the ability to characterize the proposal by the presence of main and secondary members.

Cognitive: introduce students to new concepts: common and non-common sentences.

Developing: develop thinking, analytical skills.

Educational: fostering interest in learning the Russian language.

Lesson type: mixed (combined).

Equipment: textbook, computer, projector, board.

During the classes:

I. Org. moment.

- Hello guys!
- Have a seat!
– Today we are going to the island of "syntax". We learn one more feature about sentences.

II. Vocabulary work.

And let's start the lesson by working on the words. Guys, prepare cards with letters. Look at the screen.(2nd, 3rd slide).

Prom e rzat, beat and vivacious, unkind a zoom, disconnect, wrestler, pity, puffy, rejuvenation, fix, distant, serene.

III. Actualization of basic concepts.

At the beginning of the trip, you must answer my questions.

What does syntax study? (Section of the science of language, which studies the phrase and sentence, the rules for their construction).

What is an offer?

What does the offer consist of?

What is a phrase?

What is not a phrase? (grammatical basis).

What is a subject?

What is a predicate?

Name the types of sentences according to the purpose of the statement (narrative, incentive and interrogative).

Name the types of sentences according to emotional coloring (Exclamation, non-exclamation).

IV. Work on understanding and assimilation of new material

We arrived at the next station.

Read the text(4th slide)

Answer the questions:

What is the text about?

What are the benefits of birch?

Now read the text using only the main parts of the sentence.
All clear?(No)
What members of the sentence help us to convey the sentence more accurately, in detail, expressively?(secondary members of the sentence).
Name the secondary members of the sentence (addition, definition, circumstance).

- Read §35, p. 70 on your own (- What new did you learn in the paragraph you read?).

The most important thing you need to learn is the concept of the prevalence of sentences.

(5th slide)

A proposal that consists only of the main members is called non-extended. A sentence in which, in addition to the main members, there are minor ones, is called common. A common sentence conveys information more accurately, in detail, expressively.

- We are a little tired, let's rest!

Physical education minute

• The mouse came out once(walking in place)
• See what time it is(turns left, right).
• One two three four(clapping hands above head).
• The mice pulled the weights(arms down, squat).
• Suddenly there was a terrible sound(clapping in front of you).
• The mice ran away(running in place).

V. Work on the development of skills and abilities to apply knowledge in practice.

- Have a rest? Let's move on with renewed vigor.

Open your notebooks, write down the number, Classwork, the topic of the lesson.

Next stage:

1. "Brainstorming" (work at the blackboard).

The game "Who is more?"

Game progress . There are two uncommon sentences written on the board. Students prove that they are not common. The class is then divided into two teams. The children are invited to spread the sentences by adding one word at a time. Students take turns going to the blackboard and writing the words. The winning team will be the one that will have more secondary members in the proposal that are interconnected in meaning.

Example:

The sun came out.

The yellow sun came out.

The yellow sun peeked out from behind the clouds.

A yellow sun peeked out from behind the blue clouds.

2. Follow parsing suggestions.

In autumn, birds fly south in large flocks. (Narrative, non-exclamation, r.o. - 1-simple, dist., not complicated).
The birds are flying away.

(Reserve task - a test to consolidate the acquired knowledge). Mutual verification.

(8th slide).

1 - subject

2 - predicate

3 - definition

4 - addition

5 - circumstance

Lived in the world frog frog. She sat in the swamp, caught mosquitoes, croaked loudly in the spring ...

One day she was sitting on a bitch semi-flooded snags and enjoyed the warm fine rain. According to V. Garshin

1 - subject

2 - predicate

3 - definition

4 - addition

5 - circumstance

1. Behind black (3, def.) the stars glittered in the trees.

2. They hung over the road rocks (4, additional).

3. There was a (2, predicate) cloud of fog in the gorge.

4. Suddenly (5, circumstance)

to a girl (4) with blue hair.

A. Tolstoy

1 - common

2 - uncommon

1 . 2. They lived together 1 . 3. The bear fell asleep 2 ; goat and ram doze 2 1 . 4. And he sees 2 : seven wolves are coming 2 2 , sparks from the eyes fell 1 1 .

K. Ushinsky

VI. Summing up the lesson.

- Here we have reached the last stage. Now you will draw out leaflets with questions and you need to answer the questions.

(9th slide)

What is the main means of expression of thought?(sentence)

Name the types of sentences according to the purpose of the statement.(narrative, incentive, interrogative)

That is grammatical basis suggestions.(subject and predicate)

Name the secondary members of the sentence(circumstance, definition addition)

A sentence consists of words and ...(phrases)

A sentence that consists of only main members is called(uncommon).

A sentence in which, in addition to the main members, there are minor ones, is called ...(common).

Well, we got to the island. Look what it is... You've been left with a message, but it's encrypted, you'll need a key to decrypt it.

"Decipher the record."

(10th slide)

14 16 13 16 5 6 24!

You are really great!

VII. Homework ( 11th slide).

Open your diaries, write homework.
§ 35, ex. 173.

VIII. Grading.

1. Indicate the members of the sentence in numbers.

1 - subject

2 - predicate

3 - definition

4 - addition

5 - circumstance

Once upon a time there lived a frog frog. She sat in the swamp, caught mosquitoes, croaked loudly in the spring ...

One day she was sitting on a twig of half-flooded driftwood and enjoying the warm fine rain.

According to V. Garshin

2. Indicate which member of the sentence is the highlighted word.

1 - subject

2 - predicate

3 - definition

4 - addition

5 - circumstance

1. Behind black the stars glittered in the trees.

2. They hung over the road rocks.

3. A cloud of fog lay in the gorge.

4. Suddenly in front of Pinocchio, a gray lump jumped up and down.

5. Pinocchio did not want to return to the girl with blue hair.

A. Tolstoy

3. Indicate the type of offer in numbers.

1 - common

2 - uncommon

1. Once upon a time there was a cat, a goat and a ram in the same yard. 2. They lived together. 3. The bear fell asleep; goat and ram doze; one purr does not sleep and sees everything. 4. And he sees : seven wolves are coming. 5. A goat and a ram collided, sparks from the eyes fell. 6. A goat and a ram bleated here with fear.

K. Ushinsky

A simple sentence is a sentence that consists of one or more grammatically combined words that express a complete thought. It is the basic grammatical unit of syntax. A simple sentence should have only one grammatical stem (predicative center).

• Father is washing the car.
• Children play on the lawn.
• Twilight.
• Grandma is resting.

A simple sentence is the main structural type of sentences in Russian, which serves to build complex sentences.

• Spring has come + The snow has melted = Spring has come, the snow has melted.

Grammatical structure

Distinguish between major and minor members simple sentence. The main ones - the subject (answers the questions "who? what?") and the predicate (answers the questions "what is he doing? what did he do? what will he do?") - call the object that is the subject of the action (subject) and the action itself performed by the subject (predicate). The subject and predicate are interconnected and form the predicative center.

Secondary - addition, definition, circumstance - explain the predicate and / or subject or other secondary members and syntactically depend on them.

• The old tram slowly drove along the red-hot rails.

In this sentence, the subject is "tram", the predicate is "driving". The definition of "old" depends on the subject "tram". The predicate "traveled", which is related to the subject "tram", leads the object "on rails" and has the dependent circumstance "slowly". The addition, in turn, also has a minor dependent member of the sentence - the definition of "hot". The whole sentence is divided into a subject group ("an old tram") and a predicate group ("slowly drove along hot rails"). The information below will help you parse a sentence quickly and easily.

What are the types of simple sentences?

There are the following types of simple sentences:

• non-exclamatory and exclamatory (regarding intonation);
• narrative, interrogative, incentive (regarding the purpose of the statement);
• two-part and one-part (relative to the composition of the grammatical basis);
• complete and incomplete (regarding the presence / absence of the necessary members of the proposal);
• widespread and non-common (regarding the presence / absence of secondary members of the proposal);
• complicated and uncomplicated.

Exclamatory and non-exclamatory

As for this type, the defining moment is the presence / absence of an exclamation mark.

• Spring came. Spring came!

Declarative, interrogative, motivating

The second type indicates the purpose for which this maxim is pronounced: to tell about something (the Danube flows into the Black Sea), to ask about something (When will you finally get married?) or to induce to something (Buy a loaf for dinner).

One piece and two piece

What simple sentences can be called one-part sentences? Those in which the predicative (grammatical) stem consists only of the subject or only of the predicate.

• Thaw.
• Beautiful girl.
• It's getting light.

If of the main members in the sentence there is only a subject, then such grammatical units are called nominative, or nominative.

• The beauty is incredible!
• Evening Kyiv with many lights.

If there is only a predicate, then there are several types of such single-component sentences:

• definitely personal (the action is performed by a certain object or person and is expressed by a verb in the form of the 1st and 2nd person singular or plural present or future tense);
• indefinitely personal (the predicate is expressed by the verb in the 3rd person plural);
• generalized personal (the verb is expressed in the form of the 2nd person singular of the present or future tense and the 3rd person of the plural, but attention is focused on the action itself);
• impersonal ( actor not grammatical).

A sentence whose predicative center consists of two members is called a two-part sentence.

• It's raining.

Complete and incomplete

A simple sentence can be complete or incomplete.

A sentence is considered complete if it contains all the main and secondary members necessary for the construction and completeness of the value expression.

• I look at the moon.
• The train passes the bridge.

In incomplete, the main or minor member of the sentence is omitted, but it is clear from the context or situation of speech.

• She greeted the teacher. He is with her.

The word "greeted" is missing here, but it is clear to the listener based on the context.

Common and non-common

A simple sentence can be common (there are secondary members that serve to explain the main ones) and non-common (it consists only of a predicative center, there are no secondary members). Examples of common offers:

• The July sun shines brightly.
• Finally cleared up.
• Beautiful slender girl.

Examples of uncommon offers:

• The sun is shining.
• It cleared up.
• Young woman.

Simple sentences can be complicated:

• the homogeneity of the different members of the sentence (He loved quivering sunrises, and colorful sunsets, and moonlit nights);
• isolated definitions that come after the word that explains (The road leading to the waterfall began to wag rapidly);
• applications (Near the forest there was a hut - the dwelling of the forester);
• separate additions (I really liked the film, with the exception of some scenes);
• isolated circumstances (Having prepared dinner, the mother sat in the kitchen for a long time);
• appeals and introductory constructions (Oh youth, how quickly you pass! Spring seems to be late);
• specifying sentences by members (the accident happened at four in the morning, that is, at dawn).

But a simple complicated sentence is easy to confuse with a complex one. Therefore, one must be careful and focus on the number of predicative centers.

Making sentence parsing simple. You can write a hint diagram for yourself.

The syntactic system of the Russian language is quite complex. All simple sentences in it are divided into common and non-common. This topic is studied in the Russian language lesson in the 5th grade, and it is very important to understand it.

Common and non-common sentences: what does it mean

Such a classification of syntactic units is based on a simple principle: whether there are secondary members in the sentence or not. So, an uncommon sentence is one in which there is only a subject and a predicate, that is, a basis. "I'm going."- the simplest example of a non-common sentence, in which there are only main members.

If the sentence consists of only one main member - no matter the subject or predicate, then it also belongs to the category of uncommon: Rain. It got cold. That is, one-part sentences without secondary members are always uncommon.

As for common sentences, these are those in which, in addition to the main members of the sentence, there are also secondary ones (namely, addition, definition and circumstance).

For example: It was raining heavily in the forest.

How to distinguish a common proposal from a non-common one?

Everything is quite easy. First of all, you need to find a grammatical basis in the sentence - it can be both a subject and a predicate, or it can be only one of the main members. If, after its underlining, there are no other significant words left in the sentence (prepositions, conjunctions and interjections are not considered), then it is definitely not common. If others meaningful words, to which you can ask questions from the basis, there is, then the syntactic unit in question belongs to the category of common sentences.

The easiest way to explain this is with examples of a common and non-common sentence.

So, in a syntactic unit "The forest was on fire" there is a subject "forest" and predicate "burned". There are no other words, so this is an uncommon sentence.

And here is another example: "The spring forest was filled with smells." Having disassembled it, it is possible, in addition to the base "the forest is full" find another definition "spring" and addition "smells". The presence of these members of the sentence, which are classified as secondary, indicates that the syntactic unit is common.

If in the sentence, in addition to the grammatical basis, there are also introductory words or phrases, then it is still not common. This simple rule is based on the fact that introductory words (and also phrases) are not any members of the sentence, and therefore cannot extend it.

Sentences can have exactly the same grammatical basis, but the presence or absence of secondary members immediately separates them into different categories.

What have we learned?

In Russian, there is a classification of sentences depending on whether they have secondary members or not. Uncommon are those that have only a grammatical basis (moreover, it can consist of both two main members, and only one). Common ones, on the contrary, also include minor members - all three, that is, addition, circumstance and definition, or only some. One-part sentences (those in which only one main member is included in the grammatical basis) can be common if they have minor members related to the main one or to each other. Sentences with a grammatical basis and introductory words, but without minor members, are uncommon.

Uncommon proposal

A proposal that does not contain minor members in its composition. It's been a hundred years(Pushkin). She didn't answer and turned away(Lermontov). How good, how fresh were the roses(Turgenev).

Dictionary-reference linguistic terms. Ed. 2nd. - M.: Enlightenment. Rosenthal D. E., Telenkova M. A.. 1976 .

See what "uncommon sentence" is in other dictionaries:

One-part sentence, the main member of which, denoting the presence, existence of an object or phenomenon in the present or out of time, is expressed by a noun, a personal pronoun, a substantiated part of speech, having the form ... ...

TABLE OF CONTENTS- SPELLING I. Spelling of vowels in the root § 1. Checked unstressed vowels § 2. Unchecked unstressed vowels § 3. Alternating vowels § 4. Vowels after hissing § 5. Vowels after q § 6. Letters e e § 7. Letter y II. Spelling consonants ... ...

simple sentence parsing scheme- 1) structural diagram and predicative basis of a simple sentence; 2) structural features of a simple sentence: a) by the nature of the segmentation / non-segmentation of the sentence; b) according to the composition of the main members (two-part / one-part); if the offer...

- (analysis by parts of speech). If the object of analysis is a sentence, then its morphological composition is clarified, followed by a description of individual words belonging to one or another part of speech. First, permanent morphological ... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms

homogeneous members of a sentence Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

homogeneous members of a sentence- Members included in a combination of words in which none of them is the main one. According to P.A. Lekanta, O.ch.p. any simple sentence can be complicated: 1) common and 2) non-common. O.ch.p. syntactically equivalent in ... ... Syntax: Dictionary

PUNCTUATION- @ Punctuation marks at the end of a sentence and at a break in speech XX. Punctuation marks at the end of a sentence and at a break in speech § 75. Period § 76. Question mark § 77. Exclamation mark § 78 ... A guide to spelling and style