All power in the country was concentrated in the hands of one person - the pharaoh, the living God on earth, as such he was considered by the Egyptians. Ancient Egypt was not an aggressive state, but wars happened often, first internecine, then, after unification, defensive. And when the state gained strength, it began to carry out aggressive campaigns in neighboring territories.

For what purpose did the pharaohs keep a large army?

• The first is, of course, defense. Constant raids from neighboring tribes were cruel and ravaged the lands.
• Secondly, this is the maximum increase in the number of slaves for cultivating land. By raiding Nubia and Syria, the Egyptians drove the inhabitants of these countries into slavery in droves.
• The third goal is to seize the sources of raw materials (metal, wood), so necessary for the development of the slave economy. To obtain the necessary raw materials, repeated sea expeditions were made to Phoenicia and the island of Crete. For the purpose of robbery, campaigns were organized in Palestine and Nubia. That is the purpose of the pharaohs kept a large army. As you can see, it was simply impossible to do without it.

Pharaoh's army in the Old Kingdom

For the first time, a permanent army began to form precisely during this period. For their good service, soldiers received land. The main part was made up of a militia from the nomes of Egypt (regions). A minority were mercenaries (mainly Nubians). The initial equipment of the army was unsophisticated. The main weapon is a bow and arrows. Additional elements include a mace, daggers and spears. The helmet was leather, also covered with this material. There were no divisions - all the soldiers belonged to the infantry. For the first time, fortifications were also built.

Army of the Middle Kingdom

It is characterized by improved equipment. New bows helped to increase the range of the arrow to 180 meters. Chariots appear in equipment for the first time. The organization of the army improved, units with a narrow specialization appeared, for example, archers, spearmen, infantry with swords. Each detachment had a certain number of soldiers - from 4 to 600 people. Each nome recruited volunteers from among young people who, after the service, returned to civilian life. Nubia mercenaries still made up a significant part. Pharaohs in ancient Egypt participated in military campaigns, their chariot always led the army. The pharaoh dressed in special robes, an integral attribute of which was a blue headdress.

in the New Kingdom

At this time, the military become a separate estate and occupy the third place in the hierarchy along with the nobles, after the pharaoh and his viziers. Constant raids from militant neighbors required improved weapons, as a result of which straight and crescent-shaped swords appeared, the body of the soldiers was protected by a leather shell with metal plates sewn on it. A structure appeared, and some differed in ammunition.

All weapons belonged to the state and were stored in peacetime in special warehouses, and warriors bought only chariots at their own expense. Numerous infantry remained the core of the army. Home striking force were chariots - they allowed faster movement, provided greater mobility and mobility. On the chariot, as a rule, there were two people - one controlled it, and the second - shot from a bow. The privilege to go into battle on a chariot was not granted to everyone, but only to people from the nobility, very often it was ruled by young princes, the sons of the pharaoh.

The army of the pharaoh on the campaign moved, divided into separate detachments. With long and exhausting stops, they set up camp. According to the organization of the Egyptian army, chariots began the battle, they also covered the rear, followed by infantry units.

Army and pharaoh

Another answer to the question of why the pharaohs kept a large army is that there was a need for the pharaoh to protect himself. Rulers always rely primarily on the army. This is a means of enslaving and oppressing not only enemies, but often their own people. This is a significant support during uprisings and riots. This was especially true of the Nubians, they were professionals and received money for it. But there is also the other side of the coin. The army is also a significant political force. And very often she not only protected the pharaohs, but also actively contributed to conspiracies and the overthrow of the ruler.

Difficult natural conditions, the need to build irrigation facilities, the cult and, as a result, the grandiose and costly construction of the pyramids, defense against external enemies - all this explains the goals of the pharaohs kept a large army. Slaves had to be taken somewhere, the neighbors of Egypt were best suited for this, and for the capture, of course, a permanent and professional large army was needed.

Explain the meaning of the words:

• Bronze- an alloy of copper and tin.
• Infantryman- Soldier on foot. Leads the battle in the ranks or participates in single fights. The infantryman is armed with melee weapons - a spear, a short sword or a long dagger, an ax. A shield is used for protection.
• war chariot- a large two-wheeled cart that uses both driving force race animals. The crew of the war chariot is a charioteer who drives horses, and a charioteer is a warrior who shoots from a bow and throws spears.
• Drawbar- a thick shaft attached to the front axle of the carriage, wagon, chariot with a pair of horses.
• charioteer- a person driving horses harnessed to a wagon.
• charioteer- a warrior who fires at the enemy from a chariot. The charioteers were armed with bows and light javelins.
• Dart- a throwing weapon, which is a spear, somewhat reduced and lighter in comparison with spears for equestrian or hand-to-hand combat and appropriately balanced for ease of throwing. As a combat and hunting weapon, darts were used by the troops of many peoples and countries of the world, starting from ancient times.
• Mercenary army- an armed unit consisting of hired, professionally trained soldiers. The mercenary army entered into an armed conflict not for ideological, national, political reasons, and did not belong to any ideological group interested in the outcome of the conflict. Mercenaries fought under a contract, their services were paid by the employer. In ancient Egypt, mercenary troops consisting of Nubians were widely used (starting from the late ancient kingdom), Semites from the future Palestine (Middle and New Kingdoms), Sherdans, Libyans, in the Late Period, Phoenicians, Carians and Greeks were involved as mercenaries in the army.

Test yourself

1. What weapons did the Egyptian soldiers use?

In the army of Ancient Egypt, there were several types of troops who fought with different weapons and used different tactics of warfare. There were three types of troops: infantry, chariots and the navy.

Infantrymen fought in formation, their weapons were mainly spears, daggers or axes. A light shield was used for protection. Separate rifle units stood out from the infantry, which used ranged weapons: slings, throwing clubs similar to boomerangs, throwing spears and darts, composite bows with arrows. Chariot troops were mobile units consisting of 10, 50 or 250 chariots. The chariot warriors were armed with bows and javelins. Naval ships were used for battles on the water and transportation of soldiers to the battlefield.

2. How were the chariots arranged? What role did they play in the battles?

The chariot was a fenced platform on two wheels, drawn by a pair of horses. On the platform of the chariot stood a charioteer driving the chariot, and a charioteer - a warrior shooting from a bow or throwing light spears and darts. Chariots were used on flat terrain for reconnaissance, surprise attacks, penetration on foot opponents and pursuit of a fleeing enemy. The light chariot had great maneuverability, which allowed it to carry out quick turns and repeated attacks.

3. For what purposes did the pharaohs keep a large army?

Ancient Egypt itself was not very rich natural resources. But his neighbors had something that could be captured using military force: Nubia in the south was famous for its gold mines, the Libyan tribes in the west for large herds of livestock, in the northeast lay the copper-rich Sinai Peninsula, and behind it the Asian countries - Palestine, Syria, Phoenicia. The pharaohs maintained a large army in order to expand the territory subject to Egypt, increasing its fame and wealth.

4. How did the Egyptians describe the fate of a simple warrior on a campaign?

An ordinary soldier got only the hardships of a camp life. The Egyptians described his fate in this way: he wanders through the mountains and deserts; like a donkey, he carries on his back supplies of drink and stale cakes; suffers hunger and thirst; like cattle, they eat grass and drink rotten water. In battles he receives wounds, and beatings from his commanders. He serves away from his wife and children, returning home sick. His family is in poverty without a breadwinner: the fields are empty, crops are trampled by hippos and destroyed by birds.

5. Were the results of military victories the same for the pharaoh, commanders and ordinary soldiers?

The results of military victories were not the same for the pharaoh, commanders and ordinary warriors. The pharaoh received all the glory and booty, which he divided between commanders and warriors from noble families. Ordinary soldiers did not participate in the division of booty, so they were engaged in robbery of the conquered territories.

Work with the map (see p. 47). Find the territory of the Egyptian kingdom under Pharaoh Thutmose and neighboring countries.

The territory of the Egyptian kingdom under Pharaoh Thutmose (about 1500 BC) is marked in green. The Egyptian army carried out aggressive campaigns in nearby countries. The map shows the following directions:

1. Libyan tribes - rich in livestock;
2. Nubia - rich in gold mines;
3. Sinai - rich in copper mines;
4. Palestine (city of Megiddo);
5. Phenicia (city of Tyre);
6. Syria (City of Kadesh).

1. Detachments of foot soldiers. The rulers of Egypt sought to strengthen their power, expand their possessions and increase their wealth. In order to lead the conquests, they needed a standing army - large and well trained. The scribes kept a strict record of the population, and every tenth young man was taken into the army for many years.

Of these, detachments of warriors were formed, skillfully wielding one or another type of weapon. Some were armed with bows, others with spears, battle axes or daggers. Spearheads, hatchets and daggers were made of bronze. - an alloy of copper and tin. Bron-

for harder than copper - bronze weapons gave warriors an advantage over those who had weapons made of copper and stone. However, bronze is not a very hard metal. We had to take care that the dagger did not bend upon impact - it was made short and massive.

The infantrymen defended themselves with small light shields covered with the skins of spotted cows or wild animals - a leopard, lynx, hyena. Sometimes metal plaques were sewn onto the shields. Enemy fortresses were stormed, placing long ladders against the walls.

2nd threshold

Egyptian kingdom.

2. War chariots. In the middle of the second millennium BC. e. The Egyptians began to use horse-drawn war chariots. The chariot had two spoked wheels. A platform was fortified on the axis between the wheels, where two stood - a charioteer, driving

SHIY HORSES, And a chariot fighter who shot from a bow. The site was attached to a long stick - a drawbar, for which two horses were carrying a chariot. The entire chariot, including wheels and spokes, was made of durable wood. Leather-covered boards were made on the platform to protect the legs of both warriors. The chariot was decorated with metal plaques, and multi-colored ostrich feathers fluttered on the heads of the horses.

Detachments on chariots could travel long distances and suddenly attack the enemy.

Major battles usually went like this: when the scouts reported the approach of the enemy, the Egyptian army was preparing for battle. Archers came forward, showering the enemy with arrows from afar. Then came the chariots, bringing disorder into the ranks of the enemy. Then infantrymen armed with spears and axes entered the battle. The enemy, put to flight, was pursued in chariots.

The chariot was very expensive. Therefore, only noble Egyptians could become charioteers. The war for them was a way to further enrich themselves.

3. The army returns with booty. The pharaohs sent their troops to the south, to the west, to the northeast. South of Egypt was the country of Nubia. It was famous for its gold mines. To the west of Egypt lived tribes of Libyans who had large herds of cows, goats, and sheep. In the northeast, in Asia, very close to Egypt, was the Sinai Peninsula. It was rich in deposits of copper ore. Further north were the countries - Palestine, Syria, Phoenicia.

The riches of neighboring countries have long tempted the pharaohs. When did they have a well-trained and armed army with

light war chariots, they began to make campaigns there almost every year. The troops returned with booty to the capital of Egypt, which was then the city of Thebes. They drove cattle, brought valuable wood, gold, silver, woolen fabrics, vessels, jewelry.

The largest conquests were made around 1500 BC. e. pharaoh Tutmbs. Under him, the Egyptians captured Nubia. The campaigns to Asia were also successful - the border of the Egyptian kingdom was pushed back to the Euphrates River. Only a few centuries later, the conquered peoples were able to free themselves from the power of the pharaohs.

4. Captives are enslaved. From the conquered countries, Egyptian soldiers drove crowds of people. The winner had the right to kill the vanquished. If he spared the prisoner, then he became the master of his life and death. Captives could be turned into slaves, branded like cattle, and sold.

At the celebrations in honor of the victory, the people rejoiced, seeing the invincible power of their

Pharaoh's army on the march. Drawing of our time.

masters. The pharaoh divided the booty and gave the captives to commanders and charioteers who distinguished themselves in battle. Many thousands of foreigners had to work the land, enriching the pharaoh and nobles.

5. An ordinary soldier got only the hardships of a camp life. The Egyptians described his fate in this way: he wanders through the mountains and

Pharaoh Thutmose's campaign against the city of Megiddo

The army of Thutmose went on a campaign, the mountains blocked his path. The nobles warned: “You can get to the fortress through the gorge, but this path is too dangerous. It's better to take a detour." But Thutmose said: "I choose the shortest path in order to suddenly attack the enemies." The Egyptian army quickly passed the gorge and fought the enemy on the field near the fortress itself. The pharaoh rode ahead in a chariot that glittered gold in the sun. The opponents could not withstand the onslaught and fled to the city. It was necessary to pursue them until the gates were closed behind the retreating ones. But the Egyptians thought only of plundering the enemy camp. Time was lost - the gates of the fortress slammed shut. Only after seven months of siege, the pharaoh's troops captured Megiddo and returned to Egypt with huge booty.

(From the ancient Egyptian chronicle)

His Majesty is like a god in strength. He is as beautiful as the sun. In archery, he knows no equal. Like a falcon, he exterminates enemies tirelessly. On a brilliant chariot, he alone crushed hundreds of thousands of warriors. He instills fear with his formidable roar in the hearts of the peoples of all countries.

cold; like a donkey, he carries on his back supplies of drink and stale cakes; suffers hunger and thirst; like cattle, they eat grass and drink rotten water. In battles he receives wounds, and beatings from his commanders. He serves away from his wife and children, returning home sick. His family is in poverty without a breadwinner: the fields are empty, crops are trampled by hippos and destroyed by birds.

Pharaohs often distrusted Egyptian warriors. For their protection, they preferred a mercenary army of foreigners. The mercenaries, who received payment from the treasury, seemed to the pharaoh a more reliable support in case of a conspiracy of nobles or indignation of ordinary Egyptians.

Explain the meaning of the words: bronze, infantryman, war chariot, drawbar, driver, charioteer, dart, mercenary army.

Test yourself. 1. What weapons did the Egyptian soldiers use?

2. How were the chariots arranged? What role did they play in the battles?

The TROOP was organized in the form of military settlements located in the center of the country and in the most threatened directions; the main forces were in Lower Egypt, which was often attacked: there were fewer settlements in Upper Egypt, since the neighboring Nubian tribes could not be a serious opponent of the Egyptians due to their fragmentation. Moreover, the conquered Nubian tribes were obliged to give Egypt a certain number of soldiers to carry out the internal "police" service. During large campaigns, the pharaohs strengthened their army at the expense of the conquered neighboring tribes. These warriors cannot be considered mercenaries, since there is no evidence that they received any payment for participating in the campaign. One can only assume that they are entitled to some share in the spoils of war.

The documents of the times of the Old Kingdom mention the "house of weapons" - a kind of military department, which was in charge of the manufacture of weapons, the construction of ships, the supply of troops and the construction of defensive structures. There is no data on the number of Egyptian troops of the period of the Old Kingdom. With regard to the fleet, there is only one mention of a detachment of 40 ships sent for cedars.

The warriors of the Old Kingdom were armed with: a mace with a stone tip, a battle ax made of copper, a spear with a stone tip, a combat dagger made of stone or copper. In the earlier period, the boomerang was widely used. The main weapons were a bow and a battle ax. As a defensive weapon, the warriors had a wooden shield covered with fur.

The army consisted of detachments. Sources that have come down to us say that the soldiers were engaged in combat training, which was in charge of a special head of military training. Already in the period of the Old Kingdom, the Egyptians used the construction in ranks. All warriors in the ranks had uniform weapons.

Egyptian fortress in Semne. Reconstruction

The fortresses of the Old Kingdom period were various shapes(circle, oval or rectangle). Fortress walls sometimes had round towers in the form of a truncated cone with a platform at the top and a parapet. So, the fortress near Abydos was built in the shape of a rectangle; the length of its sides reached 125 and 68 m, the height of the walls - 7-11 m, the thickness in the upper part - 2 m. The fortress had one main and two additional entrances. The fortresses in Semne and Kumme were already complex defensive structures with ledges, walls and a tower.

Image on the walls of the tomb of Inti in Deshasha

During the assault on fortresses, the Egyptians used assault ladders with wooden disk wheels, which facilitated their installation and movement along the fortress wall. A breach in the fortress walls was punched with large crowbars. This is how the technique and methods of storming fortresses were born. The Egyptians were not born sailors, and for a long time their navigation was limited to the Nile and the canals adjacent to it, representing the most convenient means of communication among the mountains and deserts surrounding the country. The absence of forests, with the exception of acacia, a hard and hardly suitable tree for shipbuilding, forced for a long time to build (or, as they called, “knit”) ships from long bundles of papyrus, a reed that grows in abundance in the country. Over time, the Egyptians had to use acacia in shipbuilding.

The ships of the Egyptians were rowing, but they had sails. Each ship had a permanent team with a chief at the head. The detachment of ships was headed by the chief of the fleet. The construction of ships was in charge of the so-called ship builder. "Two large fleets" were created: one in Upper Egypt, the other in Lower Egypt.

Naval ships made raids in the Mediterranean.

Organization of the Egyptian army in the era of the Middle Kingdom

The territory of Egypt during the Middle Kingdom was approximately 35 thousand square meters. km. Its population, according to ancient authors and modern estimates, was approximately 7 million people. Judging by the available data on the recruitment in one of the nomes (one warrior from a hundred men), the Egyptian army could consist of several tens of thousands of soldiers. Several thousand warriors usually marched on a campaign. The pharaoh had with him "people of the retinue" who made up his personal guard, and "companions of the ruler" - a group of noble warriors devoted to him, from which military leaders were appointed: "chief of the army", "chief of recruits", "military commander of Middle Egypt" and others ruling persons.

The armament of the Egyptian warriors of the period of the Middle Kingdom improved somewhat compared to the previous period, as metal processing became more perfect. Spears and arrows now had bronze tips. Weapon impact action remained the same: a battle ax, a spear up to 2 m long, a mace and a dagger.

As a throwing weapon, a spear for throwing, a boomerang, a sling for throwing stones, and a bow were used. A reinforced bow appeared, which increased the range of the arrow and the accuracy of its hit.

Arrows had tips of various shapes and plumage; their length ranged from 55 to 100 cm. Ordinary arrows with a leaf-shaped tip, originally flint, and then copper and bronze, which were common in the ancient East, were less effective weapons than arrows with a faceted tip - bone or bronze, introduced by the Scythians in the second quarter of the 1st millennium. The fur-lined shield, half the height of a man, continued to be the only protective equipment.

During the Middle Kingdom, the organization of the army was improved. Units now had a certain number of 6, 40, 60, 100, 400, 600 soldiers. The detachments numbered 2, 3, 10 thousand soldiers. Units of uniformly armed warriors appeared - spearmen and archers, who had a formation order for movement; moved in a column in four rows along the front and ten lines deep.

For their merits, warriors were promoted, received land, cattle, slaves, or were awarded "gold of praise" (like an order) and decorated military weapons.

From the west and east, access to Egypt was reliably protected by the Libyan and Arabian deserts.

To protect the southern border, three lines of fortresses were built in the area of ​​​​the first and second thresholds of the Nile. The fortresses became more perfect: they now had battlements that covered the defending warriors; protruding towers for shelling the approaches to the wall; a moat that made it difficult to approach the wall. The fortress gates were protected by towers. For sorties, small exits were arranged. Much attention was paid to supplying the fortress garrison with water, wells or hidden exits to the river were arranged.

Of the surviving remains of the ancient Egyptian fortresses of that period, the most characteristic is the fortress in Mirgiss, built in the shape of a rectangle.

This fortress has an inner wall 10 m high with protruding towers located at a distance of 30 m from one another on the face opposite from the river, and a moat 8 m wide. An outer wall was built 25 m from the inner wall, which covers the fortress from three sides; on the fourth side, a rock breaks steeply to the river. The outer wall is surrounded by a moat 36 m wide. In addition, walls pushed forward were built on rocky ledges, adjoining the corners of the fortress and making it possible to flank the approaches from the river. Other walls protected the main entrance to the fortress. The fortress in Mirgiss was already a complex defensive structure, which was based on the requirement to flank the approaches. This was a step forward in the development of fortification - one of the branches of military art.

The most vulnerable place in the defense of the country was the north - the lower reaches at the confluence of the Nile into the Mediterranean Sea were open to the conquerors. When the power of the pharaohs in the country was strong, it was here that the Egyptians kept the bulk of their fleet and land army. But during the uprisings against the royal power, the defense northern borders weakened sharply, and nomadic Asians could freely enter Egypt.

The pharaohs and their commanders tried to fight quickly in order to return the troops home in a few months. Often the Egyptian army returned home after a three- or four-month campaign, capturing only one or two small fortresses. Major battles were rare - the generals took care of the soldiers, whom they called "the herd of God."

Organization of the Egyptian army in the era of the New Kingdom

The EGYPTIAN army during the period of the New Kingdom was a military caste, which was divided by age or duration of service into two groups, distinguished by the clothes they wore. The first group, according to Herodotus, numbered up to 160 thousand people, the second - up to 250 thousand. It must be assumed that these figures give the number of the entire military caste, including the elderly and children, and possibly women. So, at best, only tens of thousands of warriors could go on a campaign.

Most of the warriors of the New Kingdom were armed with swords, a bow played a significant role in the battle. Defensive weapons improved: in addition to the shield, the warrior also had a helmet and a leather shell with attached bronze plates. War chariots were an important part of the army. The chariot was a wooden platform (1x0.5 m) on two wheels, to which a drawbar was tightly attached. The front and sides of the chariot were sheathed in leather, which protected the legs of the combat crew, which consisted of a charioteer and one fighter, from arrows. Two horses were harnessed to the chariot.

The main force of the Egyptian army was the infantry, which, after the introduction of monotonous weapons, consisted of archers, slingers, spearmen, warriors with swords. The presence of equally armed infantry raised the question of the order of its formation.

If in more early time the Egyptians fought in deep, close formations in the form of columns, then later, as a result of the improvement of weapons and the acquisition of combat experience, the depth of the formation decreases, and the front lengthens, this was caused by the need to use more soldiers and weapons with simultaneous action. The combat formation of the heavy infantry of the Egyptians consisted of one closed line of 10 or more ranks in depth. War chariots were the mobile force of the Egyptian battle order. Closely closed formation of 10 or more ranks in depth (phalanx) was introduced for the first time not in Ancient Greece, and in the countries of the Ancient East.

The tactics of the Egyptians were reduced mainly to a frontal attack.

The battle before the advent of war chariots was started by foot soldiers - archers and javelin throwers, then the opponents approached and decided its outcome in hand-to-hand combat. With the advent of chariots, the battle became more complicated - chariots, for example, under Ramesses II, were built in one open line and were located in front, on the flanks and behind the infantry. The attack of the chariots was intended to disrupt the ranks of the enemy with the first blow. The success of the battle depended on a combination of war chariots and infantry.

War chariots, moreover, were a powerful means of pursuing the enemy. During the campaign, the Egyptian army was divided into several detachments, which moved in columns. Reconnaissance must be sent ahead. At stops, the Egyptians set up a fortified camp of shields. When storming cities, they used a formation called a "turtle" (a canopy of shields that covered the soldiers from above), a battering ram, a wine (a low canopy of vines covered with turf - to protect soldiers during siege work) and an assault ladder.

A special body was in charge of supplying the troops. Products were issued from warehouses according to certain standards. There were special workshops for the manufacture and repair of weapons.

During the New Kingdom period, the Egyptians had a strong navy. The ships were equipped with sails and a large number of oars.

According to some reports, the bow of the ship was adapted for ramming an enemy ship.

Summary of a history lesson for grade 5 "Military campaigns of the pharaohs"

Mamaev Oleg Vladimirovich, teacher of history and social studies, MKOU "Batkovskaya basic school", Ryazan region, Sasovsky district, Batki village

Description and purpose:
The material is a detailed summary of the lesson on the history of Ancient Egypt and is intended for teachers working on the textbook A. A. Vigasin, G. I. Goder, I. S. Sventsitskaya "History of the Ancient World, Grade 5" (any edition). The lesson is distinguished by the defining role of the teacher, balanced by the active feedback with students. Thanks to the verbatim presentation of the material, the outline is very simple and easy to use, allowing the teacher to control the course of the lesson and the activities of students.
Target:
To form an idea among students about the structure of the Egyptian army, the conquests of the pharaohs and the size of the ancient Egyptian state.
Tasks:
1. Jointly formulate the topic of the lesson and draw up its plan;
2. Jointly study the issue of "Composition and armament of the troops";
3. Jointly study the issue of "Campaigns of the pharaohs";
4. Jointly perform a schematic drawing of "Ancient Egypt";
5. Jointly generalize knowledge, summarize the results of the lesson.
Used fonts:
Normal: The teacher's text spoken in class.
Italics: author's comments on the text and student responses.
Underlined: material intended for student writing.

During the classes

Motivational-target stage
Guys! We continue to study the big topic "Ancient Egypt". In the last lesson, we got acquainted with the location and natural conditions Egypt, they learned when a state arose in the Nile Valley, and what was its structure. In addition, we examined the lifestyle and position of various groups ancient Egyptian society. Let's remember what social groups we have already met?
Students response:
We got acquainted with the life of ordinary Egyptians - peasants and artisans, as well as with the life of those who commanded them - scribes, nobles and pharaohs.
Correctly. And now, guys, think about what part of the Egyptian society we have said almost nothing about and, accordingly, try to formulate the topic of our today's lesson.
Students response:
We didn't talk about warriors! Accordingly, the topic of the lesson can be called as follows (answer options): “Egyptian army”, “Warriors in the service of the pharaoh”, “Life of Egyptian soldiers”.
So, today we will talk about the Egyptian army and the wars. I propose to stop at the title that titles the corresponding paragraph of the textbook and write it down as the topic of the lesson. (You can also take one of the options proposed by students as the title of the topic).
Notebook entry:
Military campaigns of the pharaohs.
Let's plan our lesson. Think carefully, guys, what kind of information about the life of the Egyptian army do we need to know in order to make a complete and comprehensive impression of it? When planning, keep in mind that military service has a special character, and the work of warriors is not at all like the work of peasants or artisans.
As practice shows, the options for student plans are not very diverse. Basically, the lesson plan, independently compiled by students, consists of approximately three links:
1) Weapons of warriors;
2) The way of life of warriors;
3) Warriors on the march.
This plan almost coincides with the corresponding paragraphs of the paragraph, therefore, after some literary processing, it is quite possible to take it as the basis of the lesson by inviting students to write down the jointly developed plan in notebooks.
Notebook entry:
Lesson plan:
1) The composition and armament of the troops;
2) Campaigns of the pharaohs;
3) The position of ordinary and noble warriors.
Together we made a lesson plan, and now our task is to consider all the questions posed in it. Begin.
The stage of learning new material
1. The composition and armament of the troops
A large, powerful and permanent army was the subject of special care and pride of all Egyptian pharaohs. Well-armed and trained warriors were needed by the rulers of Egypt to capture new lands, strengthen their power, and also to suppress peasant uprisings in the country. What was the Egyptian army? What weapons did Egyptian soldiers use?
Immediately, we note that the Egyptian army was divided into two parts: infantry and war chariots.
Notebook entry:
The composition of the Egyptian army:
1) Infantry;
2) War chariots.
Foot soldiers, that is, foot soldiers, were recruited from the peasants and represented the main military force. What were they armed with? Open the paragraph of textbook number 9 and find the following image in it.

Based on the image, describe the weapons of the Egyptian infantry.
Students response:
In the picture we see foot soldiers armed with bows, long spears, swords. Warriors used shields for defense.
Pay attention, guys, that the piercing and slashing parts of the weapon are made of metal. What metal do you think?
Student response options:
Copper, iron.
Wrong. The Egyptians did not yet know iron, and copper was too soft a metal for this purpose. Open the item "1. Detachments of foot soldiers ”and find in it the name of the new metal that the Egyptians mastered.
Students response:
Bronze is an alloy of copper and tin.
Right. And now we will write down in notebooks everything that we have learned about the Egyptian infantry.
Notebook entry:
Infantry - detachments of foot soldiers recruited from peasants. Infantry weapons: bow, long spear, axe, sword, shield. Spearheads, blades and blades were made of bronze - an alloy of copper and tin.
Another part of the Egyptian army was made up of war chariots. Unlike the foot soldiers, they did not move on foot, but in special carts, which you can see in the image you already know. What were the war chariots?
Students response:
Egyptian chariots were two-wheeled carts pulled by horses. There were two people in the wagon, one of whom was driving the horses, and the other was shooting from a bow.
All right. In addition to arrows, chariot warriors also used darts - short spears for throwing. What do you guys think, who owned the war chariots? Could ordinary peasants become charioteers?
Students response:
It is unlikely that ordinary peasants could become charioteers, because a chariot, along with horses, cost a lot of money. Most likely, rich and noble people were charioteers.
Quite right. Chariot service was a privilege of the wealthy classes. They were most interested in military campaigns, which allowed them to enrich themselves. We come to the second question of our plan - "Campaigns of the Pharaohs", but before that we will write down what we learned about the charioteers.
Notebook entry:
War chariots are two-wheeled carts pulled by horses. One charioteer controlled the horses, the other shot from a bow or threw darts. The rich and noble Egyptians were charioteers.
2. Campaigns of the pharaohs
During the period of their power, the Egyptian pharaohs made campaigns to the south (where the country of Nubia was located), to the west (where Libya was located) and to the northeast (the Sinai Peninsula and above - Palestine, Syria, Phoenicia). The riches of these countries were very attractive to the pharaohs and Egyptian nobles, and what kind of riches these were - you will read about this in paragraph “3. The army is returning home.
Students read the first three paragraphs of the third paragraph, after which they name the wealth of these countries: Nubia - gold, Libya - cattle, Sinai Peninsula - copper.
Around 1500 BC, Pharaoh Thutmose made the biggest conquest in the history of Egypt, turning it into a great world power, stretching from north to south for 3500 kilometers. The personality of Thutmose is interesting. His name literally translates as "He (the god of wisdom) begat him." He ruled for almost 54 years, made many military campaigns and at the same time did not lose a single battle. This was greatest general ancient world and the first historical figure that we must remember.
A map is included in the textbook. aggressive campaigns Thutmose. Our task is to depict this map in the form of a schematic drawing. But before that, let's make an explanatory note in notebooks.
Notebook entry:
1500 BC - Conquest of Pharaoh Thutmose.
Map "Egypt in 1500 BC"
Now, guys, step back a couple of lines and draw a square with a side of 10 centimeters in notebooks.
(The teacher shows the algorithm for completing the drawing on the blackboard)

Next, carefully perform a schematic drawing according to the sample.

We make inscriptions in the respective territories and mark the arrows of conquest campaigns.

The map is ready. If possible, the territory of Egypt can be painted over in green.

Guys! Drawing a map in notebooks took a lot of time and, nevertheless, this is a justified step: you still do not know geography well enough, and without it it is difficult to remember the location of individual countries, their territories and new names for you. By the next lesson, you should be able to show on the map the territory of Egypt, dependent countries, the directions of conquests. After studying the whole topic "Ancient Egypt" you will also complete tasks in contour maps.
We still have one unanswered question - "The situation of simple and noble warriors." The question is poorly covered in the textbook and gives enough scope for the manifestation of your own imagination. So I think it won't be a mistake if you take it on independent study by completing a special task, which will be discussed at the end of the lesson. In the meantime, let's summarize what we learned today in the lesson.
Stage of generalization of knowledge
front poll.
- Into what two parts or, to put it modern language What two clans was the Egyptian army divided into?
- The Egyptian army was divided into infantry and war chariots.
What does the word "infantry" mean?
- Infantry is an army consisting of detachments of foot soldiers.
- What weapons did the foot soldiers have, and what classes of Egyptian society did they come from?
- Infantrymen were recruited from peasants and were armed with bows, swords, spears and axes. The metal parts of the weapons were made of bronze.
- What is bronze?
- An alloy of copper and tin.
What were war chariots?
- War chariots were two-wheeled carts pulled by horses. There were two people in the chariot: the manager and the shooter.
What weapon did the shooter use?
- Bow with arrows and short spears - darts.
- Who could serve as charioteers?
- Rich and famous people.
- Who led the Egyptian army?
- Pharaoh.
- What was the name of the pharaoh who made the biggest conquests and when did it happen?
- Around 1500 BC, Pharaoh Thutmose made the biggest conquests.
The stage of generalization of knowledge ends with a call to the board of individual students who show on the map the territory of Egypt, the directions of conquest campaigns and the conquered countries.
Five minutes before the end of the lesson, the teacher summarizes its results by marking the most active students and selectively checking the quality of the maps drawn in the notebooks.
Homework: § 9 - retelling, learn the notes in a notebook, complete the written task “A story on behalf of an Egyptian infantryman (or charioteer) about a campaign in a foreign country” (in this case, the results of the campaign for an infantryman (charioteer) should be reflected in the story.