Facts known and not so, about the planets, about the structure of space, about the human body and deep space. Each fact is accompanied by a large and colorful illustration.
1. The mass of the Sun is 99.86% of the mass of the entire solar system, the remaining 0.14% are planets and asteroids.
2. Jupiter's magnetic field is so powerful that it enriches our planet's magnetic field with billions of watts every day.
3. Most large swimming pool solar system, formed as a result of a collision with space object, located on Mercury. This is "Caloris" (Caloris Basin), whose diameter is 1,550 km. The impact was so strong that shock wave passed all over the planet, radically changing its appearance.
4. Solar substance the size of a pinhead, placed in the atmosphere of our planet, will begin to absorb oxygen at an incredible speed and in a split second will destroy all life within a radius of 160 kilometers.
5. 1 Plutonian year is 248 Earth years. This means that while Pluto makes only one complete revolution around the Sun, the Earth manages to make 248.
6. Things are even more interesting with Venus, 1 day on which lasts 243 Earth days, and the year is only 225.
7. Martian volcano "Olympus" (Olympus Mons) is the largest in the solar system. Its length is more than 600 km, and its height is 27 km, while the height of the high point on our planet, the peak of Mount Everest, reaches only 8.5 km.
8. An explosion (flash) of a supernova is accompanied by the release of a gigantic amount of energy. In the first 10 seconds, an exploding supernova produces more energy than the Sun in 10 billion years, and in a short period of time produces more energy than all objects in the galaxy combined (excluding other exploding supernovae). The brightness of such stars easily outshines the luminosity of the galaxies in which they flared up.
9. Tiny neutron stars, whose diameter does not exceed 10 km, weigh as much as the Sun (recall fact No. 1). The force of gravity on these astronomical objects is extremely high and if, hypothetically, an astronaut lands on it, then his body weight will increase by about one million tons.
10. On February 5, 1843, astronomers discovered a comet, which was given the name "Great" (aka the March comet, C / 1843 D1 and 1843 I). Flying near the Earth in March of the same year, she 'lined' the sky in two with her tail, the length of which reached 800 million kilometers. Earthlings watched the tail trailing the Great Comet for more than a month, until, on April 19, 1983, it completely disappeared from the sky.
11. The energy of the sun's rays that warms us now originated in the core of the Sun more than 30 million years ago - most of this time it took her to overcome the dense shell heavenly body and only 8 minutes to reach the surface of our planet.
12. Most of the heavy elements in your body (such as calcium, iron, and carbon) are by-products of the supernova explosion that started the formation of the solar system.
13. Researchers from Harvard University found that 0.67% of all rocks on Earth are of Martian origin.
14. The density of 5.6846 x 1026 kg Saturn is so low that if we could put it in water, it would float on the very surface.
15. Saturn's moon Io has ~400 active volcanoes. The rate of emissions of sulfur and sulfur dioxide during the eruption can exceed 1 km / s, and the height of the streams can reach 500 km.
16. Contrary to popular belief, space is not a complete vacuum, but close enough to it, because. There is at least 1 atom per 88 gallons of cosmic matter (and as we know, there are no atoms or molecules in a vacuum).
17. Venus is the only planet in the solar system that rotates counterclockwise. There are several theoretical foundations. Some astronomers believe that this is the fate of all planets with a dense atmosphere, which first slows down and then twists. heavenly body in the opposite direction from the initial circulation, others suggest that the reason was the fall of a group of large asteroids on the surface of Venus.
18. Since the beginning of 1957 (the year the first artificial satellite"Sputnik-1"), humanity managed to literally seed the orbit of our planet with a variety of satellites, but only one of them was lucky enough to repeat the "fate of the Titanic". In 1993, the satellite "Olympus" (Olympus), owned by the European Space Agency (European Space Agency), was destroyed in a collision with an asteroid.
19. The largest meteorite that has fallen to Earth is considered to be the 2.7 meter Hoba discovered in Namibia. The meteorite weighs 60 tons and is 86% iron, making it the largest piece of naturally occurring iron on Earth.
20. Tiny Pluto is considered the coldest planet (planetoid) of the solar system. Its surface is covered with a thick crust of ice, and the temperature drops to -200 0C. Ice on Pluto has a completely different structure than on Earth and is several times stronger than steel.
21. Official scientific theory says that a person can survive in open space without a space suit for 90 seconds, if you immediately exhale all the air from the lungs. If a small amount of gases remains in the lungs, they will begin to expand with the subsequent formation of air bubbles, which, if released into the blood, will lead to embolism and inevitable death. If the lungs are filled with gases, then they will simply burst. After 10-15 seconds of being in outer space, the water in the human body will turn into steam, and the moisture in the mouth and before the eyes will begin to boil. As a result of this, soft tissues and muscles will swell, which will lead to complete immobilization. This will be followed by loss of vision, glaciation of the nasal cavity and larynx, blueness of the skin, which, in addition, will suffer from the strongest sunburn. The most interesting thing is that the next 90 seconds the brain will still live and the heart will beat. In theory, if during the first 90 seconds an unsuccessful cosmonaut who has been tormented in outer space is placed in a pressure chamber, then he will get off with only superficial injuries and a slight fright.
22. The weight of our planet is a variable value. Scientists have found that every year the Earth recovers by ~40,160 tons and dumps ~96,600 tons, thus losing 56,440 tons.
23. Earth's gravity compresses the human spine, so when an astronaut goes into space, he grows about 5.08 cm. At the same time, his heart contracts, decreasing in volume, and begins to pump less blood. This is the body's response to an increase in blood volume that requires less pressure to circulate properly.
24. In space, tightly compressed metal parts spontaneously weld. This occurs as a result of the absence of oxides on their surfaces, the enrichment of which occurs only in an oxygen-containing environment (a good example of such an environment is earth atmosphere). For this reason, NASA professionals The National Aeronautics and Space Administration is an agency owned by the US federal government, reporting directly to the Vice President of the United States and funded 100% from the state budget, responsible for civil space program countries. All images and videos obtained by NASA and its affiliates, including those from numerous telescopes and interferometers, are published in the public domain and may be freely copied. treat all metal parts of spacecraft with oxidizing materials.
25. Between the planet and its satellite, the effect of tidal acceleration occurs, which is characterized by a slowdown in the rotation of the planet around its own axis and a change in the orbit of the satellite. Thus, every century the rotation of the Earth slows down by 0.002 seconds, as a result of which the duration of the day on the planet increases by ~15 microseconds per year, and the Moon annually moves away from us by 3.8 centimeters.
26. ‘Cosmic whirlpool’ called a neutron star is the fastest spinning object in the Universe, which makes up to 500 thousand revolutions per second around its axis. In addition to this, these space bodies so dense that one tablespoon of their constituent substance will weigh ~10 billion tons.
27. The star Betelgeuse is located at a distance of 640 light years from the Earth and is the closest candidate for a supernova to our planetary system. It is so large that if placed in the place of the Sun, it would fill the diameter of Saturn's orbit. This star has already gained enough mass for the explosion of 20 Suns and, according to some scientists, should explode in the next 2-3 thousand years. At the peak of its explosion, which will last at least two months, the luminosity of Betelgeuse will be 1,050 times greater than that of the sun, making it possible to observe its death from Earth even with the naked eye.
28. The nearest galaxy to us, Andromeda, is at a distance of 2.52 million years. The Milky Way and Andromeda are moving towards each other at tremendous speeds (Andromeda's speed is 300 km / s, and milky way 552 km / s) and most likely will collide in 2.5-3 billion years.
29. In 2011, astronomers discovered a planet made up of 92% superdense crystalline carbon - diamond. The precious celestial body, which is 5 times larger than our planet and heavier than Jupiter, is located in the constellation Serpens, at a distance of 4,000 light years from Earth.
30. The main contender for the title of a habitable planet outside the solar system, "Super-Earth" GJ 667Cc, is located at a distance of only 22 light-years from Earth. However, the journey to it will take us 13,878,738,000 years.
31. In the orbit of our planet there is a dump of waste from the development of astronautics. More than 370,000 objects weighing from a few grams to 15 tons revolve around the Earth at a speed of 9,834 m / s, colliding with each other and scattering into thousands of smaller parts.
32. Every second the Sun loses ~1 million tons of matter and becomes lighter by several billion grams. The reason for this is the stream of ionized particles flowing from its crown, which is called the "solar wind".
33. Over time, planetary systems become extremely unstable. This happens as a result of the weakening of the bonds between the planets and the stars around which they revolve. In such systems, the orbits of the planets are constantly shifting and may even intersect, which will sooner or later lead to a collision of the planets. But even if this does not happen, then in a few hundreds, thousands, millions or billions of years the planets will move away from their star to such a distance that its gravitational attraction simply can not hold them, and they will go on a combined flight through the galaxy.
34. The sun makes up 99.8 percent of the mass of the solar system.
Back in 1932, a young Soviet theoretical physicist Lev Davidovich Landau (1908-1968) concluded that superdense neutron stars exist in the Universe. Imagine that a star the size of our Sun would shrink to a size of several tens of kilometers, and its matter would turn into neutrons - this is a neutron star.
As theoretical calculations show, stars with a core mass more than 1.2 times the solar mass explode after exhausting the nuclear fuel and shed their outer shells with great speed. And the inner layers of the exploded star, which are no longer hindered by gas pressure, fall to the center under the influence of gravitational forces. In a few seconds, the volume of the star decreases by 1015 times! As a result of the monstrous gravitational compression, free electrons are pressed into the nuclei of atoms, as it were. They combine with protons and neutralize their charge to form neutrons. Deprived electric charge, neutrons under the load of the overlying layers begin to approach each other rapidly. But the pressure of the degenerate neutron gas stops further compression. A neutron star appears, almost entirely composed of neutrons. Its dimensions are about 20 km, and the density in the depths reaches 1 billion tons/cm3, that is, it is close to the density atomic nucleus.
So, a neutron star is like a giant nucleus of an atom, supersaturated with neutrons. Only unlike the atomic nucleus, neutrons are held not by intranuclear forces, but by gravitational ones. According to calculations, such a star cools rapidly, and within a few thousand years that have elapsed after its formation, the temperature of its surface should drop to 1 million K, which is also confirmed by measurements made in space. Of course, this temperature itself is still very high (170 times higher than the surface temperature of the Sun), but since a neutron star is composed of extremely dense matter, its melting temperature is much more than 1 million K. As a result, the surface of neutron stars must be ... solid ! Although such stars have a hot, but solid crust, the strength of which is many times greater than the strength of steel.
The force of gravity on the surface of a neutron star is so great that if a person still managed to reach the surface unusual star, then he would be crushed by her monstrous attraction to the thickness of the trace that remains on the envelope from the postal item.
In the summer of 1967, a graduate student at the University of Cambridge (England), Jocelina Bell, received very strange radio signals. They came in short pulses exactly every 1.33730113 seconds. The exceptionally high accuracy of the radio pulses led me to think: are these signals being sent by representatives of civilization to the mind?
However, over the next few years, many similar objects with fast pulsating radio emission were found in the sky. They were called pulsars, that is, pulsating stars.
When radio telescopes were aimed at the Crab Nebula, a pulsar with a period of 0.033 seconds was also found at its center. With the development of extra-atmospheric observations, it was found that it also emits X-ray pulses, and X-ray radiation is the main one and is several times stronger than all other radiations.
Soon, researchers realized that the reason for the strict periodicity of pulsars is the rapid rotation of some special stars. But such short periods of pulsations, which range from 1.6 milliseconds to 5 seconds, can be explained by the rapid rotation of only very small and very dense stars (centrifugal forces will inevitably tear a large star apart!). And if so, then pulsars are nothing but neutron stars!
But why neutron stars inherent in such a rapid rotation? Recall: an exotic star is born as a result of a strong compression of a huge luminary. Therefore, in accordance with the principle of conservation of angular momentum, the speed of rotation of the star must increase sharply, and the period of rotation must decrease. In addition, the neutron star is still strongly magnetized. tension magnetic field on its surface is a trillion (1012) times greater than the intensity of the Earth's magnetic field! A powerful magnetic field is also the result of a strong compression of the star - a decrease in its surface and a thickening of magnetic field lines. However, the true source of activity of pulsars (neutron stars) is not the magnetic field itself, ci is the rotational energy of the star. And losing energy to electromagnetic and corpuscular radiation, pulsars gradually slow down their rotation.
If radio pulsars are single neutron stars, then X-ray pulsars are components of binary systems. Since the gravitational force on the surface of a neutron star hurts billions of heaven than on the Sun, it "draws on itself" the gas of a neighboring (ordinary) star. Particles of gas are pushed onto a neutron star at high speed, heated up when they hit its surface, and emit X-rays. A neutron star can become a source x-ray radiation and in the event that it "wanders" and a cloud of interstellar gas.
What is the mechanism of neutron star pulsation made up of? It should not be thought that the star is simply pulsating. The case is quite different. As already mentioned, a pulsar is a rapidly rotating neutron star. On its surface, apparently, there is an active region in the form of a "hot spot", which emits a narrow, strictly directed beam of radio waves. And at that moment, when that beam is directed towards the earthly observer, the latter will mark the radiation pulse. In other words, a neutron star is like a radio beacon, and the period of its pulsation is determined by the period of rotation of this "beacon". Based on such a model, one can understand why, in a number of cases, at the site of a supernova explosion, where the pulsar must certainly be, it was not detected. Only those pulsars are observed whose radiation is successfully oriented with respect to the Earth.
33 facts. Famous and not so famous. About the planets, about the structure of space, about the human body and deep space. Each fact is accompanied by a large and colorful illustration.
1. Mass of the Sun makes up 99.86% of the mass of the entire solar system, the remaining 0.14% are planets and asteroids.
2. Jupiter's magnetic field so powerful that it enriches the magnetic field of our planet with billions of watts every day.
3. The largest pool The solar system, formed as a result of a collision with a space object, is located on Mercury. This is "Caloris" (Caloris Basin), whose diameter is 1,550 km. The collision was so strong that the shock wave passed through the entire planet, drastically changing its appearance.
4. Solar matter the size of a pinhead, placed in the atmosphere of our planet, will begin to absorb oxygen at an incredible speed and in a split second will destroy all life within a radius of 160 kilometers.
5. 1 Plutonian year lasts 248 earth years. This means that while Pluto makes only one complete revolution around the Sun, the Earth manages to make 248.
6. Even more interesting The situation is with Venus, 1 day on which lasts 243 Earth days, and the year is only 225.
7. Martian volcano "Olympus"(Olympus Mons) is the largest in the solar system. Its length is more than 600 km, and its height is 27 km, while the height of the highest point on our planet, the peak of Mount Everest, reaches only 8.5 km.
8. Explosion (flash) of a supernova accompanied by the release of a huge amount of energy. In the first 10 seconds, an exploding supernova produces more energy than the Sun in 10 billion years, and in a short period of time produces more energy than all objects in the galaxy combined (excluding other exploding supernovae).
The brightness of such stars easily outshines the luminosity of the galaxies in which they flared up.
9 Tiny Neutron Stars, whose diameter does not exceed 10 km, weigh as much as the Sun (recall fact No. 1). The force of gravity on these astronomical objects is extremely high and if, hypothetically, an astronaut lands on it, then his body weight will increase by about one million tons.
10. February 5, 1843 astronomers discovered a comet, which was given the name "Great" (aka the March comet, C / 1843 D1 and 1843 I). Flying near the Earth in March of the same year, she 'lined' the sky in two with her tail, the length of which reached 800 million kilometers.
The earthlings watched the tail trailing the "Great Comet" for more than a month, until, on April 19, 1843, it completely disappeared from the sky.
11. Keeping us warm Now the energy of the sun's rays originated in the core of the Sun more than 30 million years ago - most of this time it took her to overcome the dense shell of the celestial body and only 8 minutes to reach the surface of our planet.
12. Most heavy elements contained in your body (such as calcium, iron and carbon) are the by-products of the explosion of a group of supernovae that began the formation of the solar system.
13. Explorers from Harvard University found that 0.67% of all rocks on Earth are of Martian origin.
14. Density At 5.6846 x 1026 kg, Saturn is so small that if we could put it in water, it would float on the very surface.
15. On the moon of Jupiter, Io~400 active volcanoes have been recorded. The rate of emissions of sulfur and sulfur dioxide during the eruption can exceed 1 km / s, and the height of the streams can reach 500 km.
16. Contrary to popular belief In my opinion, space is not a complete vacuum, but it is close enough to it, because There is at least 1 atom per 88 gallons (0.4 m3) of cosmic matter (and as is often taught in school, there are no atoms or molecules in a vacuum).
17. Venus is the only planet Solar system that rotates counterclockwise. There are several theoretical justifications for this. Some astronomers are sure that such a fate befalls all planets with a dense atmosphere, which first slows down and then spins the celestial body in the opposite direction from the initial rotation, while others suggest that a group of large asteroids fell on the surface of Venus.
18. Since the beginning of 1957(the year of the launch of the first artificial satellite "Sputnik-1") mankind managed to literally seed the orbit of our planet with a variety of satellites, but only one of them was lucky enough to repeat the "fate of the Titanic". In 1993, the satellite "Olympus" (Olympus), owned by the European Space Agency (European Space Agency), was destroyed in a collision with an asteroid.
19. The largest fallen to Earth, a meteorite is considered to be a 2.7-meter "Goba" (Hoba), discovered in Namibia. The meteorite weighs 60 tons and is 86% iron, making it the largest piece of naturally occurring iron on Earth.
20. Tiny Pluto considered the coldest planet (planetoid) of the solar system. Its surface is covered with a thick crust of ice, and the temperature drops to -200 0 C. Ice on Pluto has a completely different structure than on Earth and is several times stronger than steel.
21. Official scientific theory states that a person can survive in outer space without a space suit for 90 seconds if they immediately exhale all the air from their lungs.
If a small amount of gases remains in the lungs, they will begin to expand with the subsequent formation of air bubbles, which, if released into the blood, will lead to embolism and inevitable death. If the lungs are filled with gases, then they will simply burst.
After 10-15 seconds of being in outer space, the water in the human body will turn into steam, and the moisture in the mouth and before the eyes will begin to boil. As a result of this, soft tissues and muscles will swell, which will lead to complete immobilization.
The most interesting thing is that the next 90 seconds the brain will still live and the heart will beat.
In theory, if during the first 90 seconds an unlucky cosmonaut tormented in outer space is placed in a pressure chamber, he will get off with only superficial injuries and a slight fright.
22. The weight of our planet- This is an inconstant value. Scientists have found that every year the Earth recovers by ~40,160 tons and dumps ~96,600 tons, thus losing 56,440 tons.
23. Earth gravity compresses the human spine, so when an astronaut enters space, he grows approximately 5.08 cm.
At the same time, his heart contracts, decreasing in volume and pumping less blood. This is the body's response to an increase in blood volume that requires less pressure to circulate properly.
24. In space tightly compressed metal parts spontaneously weld. This occurs as a result of the absence of oxides on their surfaces, the enrichment of which occurs only in an oxygen-containing environment (the earth's atmosphere can serve as a good example of such an environment). For this reason, NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) specialists treat all metal parts of spacecraft with oxidizing materials.
25. Between the planet and its satellite the effect of tidal acceleration occurs, which is characterized by a slowdown in the rotation of the planet around its own axis and a change in the orbit of the satellite. Thus, every century the rotation of the Earth slows down by 0.002 seconds, as a result of which the duration of the day on the planet increases by ~15 microseconds per year, and the Moon annually moves away from us by 3.8 centimeters.
26. "Space top" called a neutron star is the fastest spinning object in the universe, which makes up to 500 revolutions per second around its axis. In addition, these cosmic bodies are so dense that one tablespoon of their constituent matter will weigh ~10 billion tons.
27. Star Betelgeuse located at a distance of 640 light years from Earth and is the closest candidate for a supernova to our planetary system. It is so large that if placed in the place of the Sun, it would fill the diameter of Saturn's orbit. This star has already gained enough mass for the explosion of 20 Suns and, according to some scientists, should explode in the next 2-3 thousand years. At the peak of its explosion, which will last at least two months, the luminosity of Betelgeuse will be 1,050 times greater than that of the sun, making it possible to observe its death from Earth even with the naked eye.
28. The nearest galaxy to us, Andromeda, is located at a distance of 2.52 million years. The Milky Way and Andromeda are moving towards each other at tremendous speeds (Andromeda's speed is 300 km/s, and the Milky Way is 552 km/s) and will most likely collide in 2.5-3 billion years.
29. In 2011, astronomers discovered a planet consisting of 92% of ultra-dense crystalline carbon - diamond. The precious celestial body, which is 5 times larger than our planet and heavier than Jupiter, is located in the constellation Serpens, at a distance of 4,000 light years from Earth.
30. Main contender for the title of habitable planet in the extrasolar system, "Super-Earth" GJ 667Cc, is only 22 light-years from Earth. However, the journey to it will take us 13,878,738,000 years.
31. In orbit of our planet there is a landfill from the waste of the development of astronautics. More than 370,000 objects weighing from a few grams to 15 tons revolve around the Earth at a speed of 9,834 m / s, colliding with each other and scattering into thousands of smaller parts.
32. Every second The sun loses ~1 million tons of matter and becomes lighter by several billion grams. The reason for this is the stream of ionized particles flowing from its crown, which is called the "solar wind".
33. Over time planetary systems become highly unstable. This happens as a result of the weakening of the bonds between the planets and the stars around which they revolve.
In such systems, the orbits of the planets are constantly shifting and may even intersect, which will sooner or later lead to a collision of the planets. But even if this does not happen, then in a few hundreds, thousands, millions or billions of years the planets will move away from their star to such a distance that its gravitational attraction simply cannot hold them, and they will go on a free flight through the galaxy.
1. The mass of the Sun is 99.86% of the mass of the entire solar system, the remaining 0.14% are planets and asteroids.
2. The magnetic field is so powerful that it enriches the magnetic field of our planet with billions of watts every day.
3. The largest basin in the solar system, formed as a result of a collision with a space object, is located. This is "Caloris" (Caloris Basin), whose diameter is 1,550 km. The collision was so strong that the shock wave passed through the entire planet, drastically changing its appearance.
4. Solar substance the size of a pinhead, placed in the atmosphere of our planet, will begin to absorb oxygen at an incredible speed and in a split second will destroy all life within a radius of 160 kilometers.
5. 1 Plutonian year is 248 Earth years. This means that while Pluto makes only one complete revolution around the Sun, the Earth manages to make 248.
6. Things are even more interesting with Venus, 1 day on which lasts 243 Earth days, and the year is only 225.
7. Martian volcano "Olympus" (Olympus Mons) is the largest in the solar system. Its length is more than 600 km, and its height is 27 km, while the height of the highest point on our planet, the peak of Mount Everest, reaches only 8.5 km.
8. An explosion (flash) of a supernova is accompanied by the release of a gigantic amount of energy. In the first 10 seconds, a supernova exploding produces more energy than in 10 billion years, and in a short period of time produces more energy than all objects in the galaxy combined (excluding other exploding supernovas).
The brightness of such stars easily outshines the luminosity of the galaxies in which they flared up.
9. Tiny neutron stars, whose diameter does not exceed 10 km, weigh as much as the Sun (recall fact No. 1). The force of gravity on these astronomical objects is extremely high and if, hypothetically, an astronaut lands on it, then his body weight will increase by about one million tons.
10. On February 5, 1843, astronomers discovered a comet, which was given the name "Great" (aka the March comet, C / 1843 D1 and 1843 I). Flying nearby in March of the same year, she ‘drawn’ the sky in two with her tail, the length of which reached 800 million kilometers.
Earthlings watched the tail trailing the Great Comet for more than a month, until, on April 19, 1983, it completely disappeared from the sky.
11. The energy of the sun's rays that warms us now originated in the core of the Sun more than 30,000 million years ago - most of this time it took her to overcome the dense shell of the celestial body and only 8 minutes to reach the surface of our planet.
12. Most of the heavy elements in your body (such as calcium, iron, and carbon) are by-products of the supernova explosion that started the formation of the solar system.
13. Researchers from Harvard University found that 0.67% of all rocks on Earth are of origin.
14. The density of 5.6846 × 1026-kilogram Saturn is so low that if we could manage to place it in water, it would float on the very surface.
15. Saturn's moon Io has ~400 active volcanoes. The rate of emissions of sulfur and sulfur dioxide during the eruption can exceed 1 km / s, and the height of the streams can reach 500 km.
16. Contrary to popular belief, space is not a complete vacuum, but close enough to it, because. There is at least 1 atom per 88 gallons of cosmic matter (and as we know, there are no atoms or molecules in a vacuum).
17. Venus is the only planet in the solar system that rotates counterclockwise. There are several theoretical justifications for this. Some astronomers are sure that such a fate befalls all planets with a dense atmosphere, which first slows down and then spins the celestial body in the opposite direction from the initial rotation, while others suggest that the reason was the fall of a group of large asteroids to the surface.
18. Since the beginning of 1957 (the year of the launch of the first artificial satellite Sputnik-1), mankind has managed to literally seed the orbit of our planet with a variety of satellites, but only one of them was lucky enough to repeat the 'fate of the Titanic'. In 1993, the satellite "Olympus" (Olympus), owned by the European Space Agency (European Space Agency), was destroyed in a collision with an asteroid.
19. The largest meteorite that has fallen to Earth is considered to be the 2.7 meter Hoba discovered in Namibia. weighs 60 tons and is 86% iron, making it the largest piece of naturally occurring iron on Earth.
20. is considered the coldest planet in the solar system. Its surface is covered with a thick crust of ice, and the temperature drops to -200 0C. Ice on Pluto has a completely different structure than on Earth and is several times stronger than steel.
21. The official scientific theory says that a person can survive in outer space without a spacesuit for 90 seconds if he immediately exhales all the air from his lungs.
If a small amount of gases remains in the lungs, they will begin to expand with the subsequent formation of air bubbles, which, if released into the blood, will lead to embolism and inevitable death. If the lungs are filled with gases, then they will simply burst.
After 10-15 seconds of being in outer space, the water in the human body will turn into steam, and the moisture in the mouth and before the eyes will begin to boil. As a result of this, soft tissues and muscles will swell, which will lead to complete immobilization.
This will be followed by loss of vision, icing of the nasal cavity and larynx, blue skin, which in addition will suffer from severe sunburn.
The most interesting thing is that the next 90 seconds the brain will still live and the heart will beat.
In theory, if during the first 90 seconds an unlucky cosmonaut tormented in outer space is placed in a pressure chamber, he will get off with only superficial injuries and a slight fright.
22. The weight of our planet is a variable value. Scientists have found that every year the Earth recovers by ~40,160 tons and dumps ~96,600 tons, thus losing 56,440 tons.
23. Earth's gravity compresses the human spine, so when an astronaut hits, he grows by about 5.08 cm.
At the same time, his heart contracts, decreasing in volume and pumping less blood. This is the body's response to an increase in blood volume that requires less pressure to circulate properly.
24. In space, tightly compressed metal parts spontaneously weld. This occurs as a result of the absence of oxides on their surfaces, the enrichment of which occurs only in an oxygen-containing environment (the earth's atmosphere can serve as a good example of such an environment). For this reason, NASA specialists The National Aeronautics and Space Administration is an agency owned by the US federal government, reporting directly to the Vice President of the United States and funded 100% from the state budget, responsible for the civilian space program countries. All images and videos obtained by NASA and its affiliates, including those from numerous telescopes and interferometers, are published in the public domain and may be freely copied. treat all metal parts of spacecraft with oxidizing materials.
25. Between the planet and its satellite, the effect of tidal acceleration occurs, which is characterized by a slowdown in the rotation of the planet around its own axis and a change in the orbit of the satellite. So, every century the rotation of the Earth slows down by 0.002 seconds, as a result of which the duration of the day on the planet increases by ~15 microseconds per year, and annually moves away from us by 3.8 centimeters.
26. ‘Cosmic whirlpool’ called a neutron star is the fastest spinning object in the Universe, which makes up to 500 thousand revolutions per second around its axis. In addition, these cosmic bodies are so dense that one tablespoon of their constituent matter will weigh ~10 billion tons.
27. The star Betelgeuse is located at a distance of 640 light years from the Earth and is the closest candidate for a supernova to our planetary system. It is so large that if placed in the place of the Sun, it would fill the diameter of Saturn's orbit. This star has already gained enough mass for the explosion of 20 Suns and, according to some scientists, should explode in the next 2-3 thousand years. At the peak of its explosion, which will last at least two months, the luminosity of Betelgeuse will be 1,050 times greater than that of the sun, making it possible to observe its death from Earth even with the naked eye.
28. The nearest galaxy to us, Andromeda, is at a distance of 2.52 million years. The Milky Way and Andromeda are moving towards each other at tremendous speeds (Andromeda's speed is 300 km/s, and the Milky Way is 552 km/s) and will most likely collide in 2.5-3 billion years.
29. In 2011, astronomers discovered a planet made up of 92% superdense crystalline carbon, diamond. The precious celestial body, which is 5 times larger than our planet and heavier than Jupiter, is located in the constellation Serpens, at a distance of 4,000 light years from Earth.
30. The main contender for the title of a habitable planet in the extrasolar system, "Super-Earth" GJ 667Cc, is located at a distance of only 22 light-years from Earth. However, the journey to it will take us 13,878,738,000 years.
31. In the orbit of our planet there is a dump of waste from the development of astronautics. More than 370,000 objects weighing from a few grams to 15 tons revolve around the Earth at a speed of 9,834 m / s, colliding with each other and scattering into thousands of smaller parts.
32. Every second the Sun loses ~1 million tons of matter and becomes lighter by several billion grams. The reason for this is the stream of ionized particles flowing from its crown, which is called the "solar wind".
33. Over time, planetary systems become extremely unstable. This happens as a result of the weakening of the bonds between the planets and the stars around which they revolve.
In such systems, the orbits of the planets are constantly shifting and may even intersect, which will sooner or later lead to a collision of the planets. But even if this does not happen, then in a few hundreds, thousands, millions or billions of years the planets will move away from their star to such a distance that its gravitational attraction simply cannot hold them, and they will go on a combined flight through the galaxy.
