What countries are included in Europe? European part of the Russian Federation

European part Russia includes the East European Plain, the Caucasus and Ural Mountains (Fig. 1). Most of this territory is occupied by the East European (Russian) Plain, one of the largest plains in the world.

Rice. 1. Composition of the European part of Russia

In the north, the East European Plain is washed by the cold waters of the White and Barents Seas, in the south - by the warm waters of the Azov and Black Seas, in the southeast - by the waters of the Caspian Sea-Lake. The western borders of the plain go to the Baltic Sea, while part of it goes beyond the borders of the country, in the east it is bounded by the Ural Mountains, and in the south Caucasus mountains.

At the base of the East European Plain lies a large tectonic structure - the East European (Russian) platform (Fig. 2).

Rice. 2. Tectonic structure

Most of the platform foundation is covered with a thick layer of horizontally sedimentary rocks different ages. Therefore, flat relief prevails here. In the northwest, the foundation of the platform is raised, here is the Baltic Shield. The elevated plains of Karelia, the Kola Peninsula and mountains are connected with the Baltic Shield. Khibiny. The raised foundation serves as the foundation Central Russian Upland and the High Trans-Volga. Tectonic uplifts of individual parts of the platform led to the formation Volga Upland , and the northern and southern outskirts of the plain were subjected to repeated attacks of sea waters on land, resulting in the formation of flat coastal lowlands - Caspian and Pechora.

The main uplands of the northern part of the plain are Valdai and Smolensk-Moscow (Fig. 3) - formed as a result of the accumulation of glacial material.

Rice. 3, Smolensk-Moscow Upland

Between the large hills are flat sandy lowlands - Upper Volga, Meshcherskaya, Oksko-Donskaya.

So let's conclude:

The East European Plain is a hilly plain by the nature of its surface.
The relief is dominated by lowlands and uplands.
The average height of the relief of the plain is from 200 to 500 meters.
The nature of the relief is determined by the features of the structure earth's crust this area and the history of its formation.

The flat relief is favorable for economic activities of people.

In addition to the relief, the climate also influences the features of the economic activity of people.

The mainland of European Russia is located in the subarctic and temperate climatic zones. At the same time, most of them are in the temperate climate zone.

Air masses (Fig. 4) from the Atlantic Ocean bring the main mass of precipitation to the plain. The amount of precipitation decreases from west to south and southeast. In the west, from 600 to 800 mm of precipitation falls annually, and to the south, southeast, the amount of precipitation is reduced to 200-300 mm. The driest place of the East European Plain is located on the Caspian lowland. Less than 200 mm of precipitation falls here.

Rice. 4. Climatic zones and air masses

Air from the Atlantic influences the climate not only in summer, but also in winter. It is associated with frequent thaws in winter, cyclonic weather at any time of the year.

The invasion of arctic air in summer leads to cooling and droughts. In winter - to the establishment of cold, clear and frosty weather (Fig. 5). Arctic air in winter spreads over the entire territory of the East European Plain, up to the extreme south.

Rice. 5. Winter

In general, the climate in most of the East European Plain is temperate continental, favorable for human activities

Since the climate of the plain is humid, many rivers flow through its territory. Large rivers originate on the Valdai, Smolensk-Moscow, and Central Russian Uplands - Volga (Fig. 6) , Dnipro, Don . These rivers flow south.

Rice. 6. Volga River

Abundant, but relatively short rivers carry their waters to the north Pechora, Northern Dvina, Onega.

To the west flow into the Baltic Sea Western Dvina, Neva, Neman. All the rivers of the plain freeze. The duration of freeze-up depends on the location of the river and decreases when moving south. In the spring, due to the melting of snow, the rivers overflow, and in the summer they become shallow. Many have built reservoirs and hydroelectric power stations.

Since the upper reaches and channels of many rivers are often located close to each other, they are currently connected by canals - channel them. Moscow, Volga-Baltic, Volga-Donskoy (Fig. 7) , White Sea-Baltic. Rivers and canals form a single water system in the European part of Russia. The presence of a dense river network and a system of canals ensures good transport accessibility of the plain.

Rice. 7. Volga-Don Canal

The large length of the plain from north to south determined a well-defined zonality in the distribution of its landscapes.

The coast of the Barents Sea is occupied by cold, heavily waterlogged plains. This part of the plain is located in the tundra zone (Fig. 8) and forest tundra. There are no conditions for the development of agriculture, but reindeer breeding and hunting and trade are developed, there are large deposits of coal, oil, gas, iron ore, non-ferrous metal ores and apatites.

Rice. 8. Tundra

In the middle zone of the East European Plain, typical forest landscapes used to dominate (Fig. 9) - dark coniferous taiga, mixed, broad-leaved oak and linden forests. Currently, many forests have been cut down, and forest landscapes have turned into forest fields - a combination of forests and fields. In this part of the plain, the main part of the population lives, cities and industrial enterprises are located.

Rice. 9. Landscape of Central Russia

In the south of the plain there are expanses of steppes and forest-steppes on fertile chernozem soils. This is the area with the most favorable Agriculture climatic conditions. Here is the main agricultural zone of the country, the richest iron ore deposits of the KMA, oil and gas in the Volga and Ural regions (Fig. 10).

Rice. 10. Oil fields of the Volga region

The European part of Russia accounts for 1/3 of the country's territory, about 80% of the population, 85% of industrial and agricultural production, and about 90% of the non-productive sphere of the country. The European part of Russia forms the Western macro-region. The Western macro-region includes six natural and economic regions: the European North, the North-West, Central Russia, the Volga region, the European South, and the Urals.

Bibliography

Main

Customs E.A. Geography of Russia: economy and regions: Grade 9, textbook for students educational institutions. - M.: Ventana-Graf, 2011.
Fromberg A.E. Economic and social geography. - 2011, 416 p.
Atlas of economic geography, grade 9. - Bustard, 2012.
Geography. Whole course school curriculum in diagrams and tables. - 2007, 127 p.
Geography. Student's handbook. Comp. Mayorova T.A. - 1996, 576 p.
Crib on economic geography. Schoolchildren, students. - 2003, 96 p.

Additional

Gladky Yu.N., Dobroskok V.A., Semenov S.P. Economic Geography of Russia: Textbook - M.: Gardariki, 2000 - 752 p.: ill.
Rodionova I.A., Tutorial by geography. Economic geography of Russia. - M.: Moscow Lyceum, 2001. - 189 p.
Smetanin S.I., Konotopov M.V. History of ferrous metallurgy in Russia. - M.: "Paleotype", 2002.
Economic and social geography of Russia: Textbook for universities / Ed. prof. A.T. Khrushchev. - M.: Bustard, 2001. - 672 p.: ill., cart.: tsv. incl.

Encyclopedias, dictionaries, reference books and statistical collections

Geography of Russia. Encyclopedic Dictionary / Ch. ed. A.P. Gorkin. - M.: Bol. Ros. ents., 1998. - 800 p.: ill., maps.
Russian statistical yearbook. 2011: Stat.sb./Goskomstat of Russia. - M., 2002. - 690 p.
Russia in numbers. 2011: Brief Statistical Collection/Goskomstat of Russia. - M., 2003. - 398 p.

Literature for preparing for the GIA and the Unified State Examination

GIA-2013. Geography: typical exam options: 10 options / Ed. EM. Ambartsumova. - M.: "National education", 2012. - (GIA-2013. FIPI - school)
GIA-2013. Geography: thematic and typical examination options: 25 options / Ed. EM. Ambartsumova. - M.: "National education", 2012. - (GIA-2013. FIPI - school)
GIA-2013. Exam in a new form. Geography. Grade 9 / FIPI authors-compilers: E.M. Ambartsumova, S.E. Dyukov. - M.: Astrel, 2012.
Excellent student of the exam. Geography. Solving complex problems / FIPI authors-compilers: Ambartsumova E.M., Dyukova S.E., Pyatunin V.B. - M.: Intellect-Centre, 2012.

Electronic educational resources

Educational multimedia manual 1 С Educational collection Geography of Russia. Economy and regions Grade 9.
Educational multimedia manual “Geography Lessons of Cyril and Methodius. 8th and 9th grade"

Russian geographical society ().
Wild nature of Russia. Caucasus ().
Wild nature of Russia. Ural().
Wild nature of Russia. Primordial valleys ().

I. Epishin In the upper reaches of the Volga (N4/2012)
E. Chervyakova In the Volga Delta (N3/2011)

Europe is a part of the world, which is located in the northern hemisphere of our planet, it is washed by numerous seas and, together with Asia, forms Eurasia. In ancient Greek mythology, Europe is a Phoenician princess who was treacherously kidnapped by Zeus and taken to the island of Crete.

There is a hypothesis that this name comes from Greek word, which the Greeks designated all territories located west of the Aegean Sea. There are other theories regarding the origin of this name.

General information

Today, more than 740 million people or 10% of the total population of the Earth live here. The total territory is more than 10 million square kilometers.

The shores of Europe are washed by two oceans: the Atlantic and the Arctic, as well as numerous seas. The coast is strongly indented, a large area is occupied by numerous peninsulas. Most of Europe is occupied by vast plains.

There are a large number of rivers and many large lakes. The climate is temperate, in the western part - oceanic, in the eastern part - continental. Europe is rich in minerals and other natural resources. It is here that the countries with the most developed economies are located.

This part of the world has played an important role in human history. It should be noted the great richness and diversity of European cultures.

Borders

The borders of Europe changed in different periods human history, the debate around them has not subsided to this day. The ancient Greeks considered the northern part of their country to be Europe. Gradually, people got to know their world better, and the borders gradually moved further east.

However, people mastered more and more new territories, went further to the east. The famous Russian historian Tatishchev proposed to divide the mainland at the foot of the Ural Mountains. This point of view was first adopted in Russia, and then by foreign geographers.

However, even at the moment there are controversial points regarding the exact boundaries of this part of the world. They are not global. Now there are several options for drawing borders. This issue plays an important political role, because where the border of Europe passes depends on which countries are included in it.

The border in the north runs along the coast of the Arctic Ocean, the western - along Atlantic Ocean, the eastern border - along the foot of the Ural Mountains, along the Emba River to the Caspian Sea and along the Manych and Kuma rivers to the mouth of the Don. Then the border goes along the northern coast of the Black Sea and the Black Sea straits.

According to another opinion, the border runs along the Caucasus Range. There are other options for drawing the border, which transfer it to the south of the Caucasus Mountains.

Countries that are part of Europe

Europe is often divided into Eastern and Western, Southern and Northern, although such a division is somewhat arbitrary. It has more to do with political and cultural characteristics. On the European political map, you can find both large states (Russia, Ukraine, France) and very tiny ones. Several countries are only partially located in Europe.

In total, this part of the world includes (in whole or in part) 49 countries. Of these, several states are not always included in Europe. There are also several territories with undetermined status. They declared independence, but it was not recognized by the world community.

The borders of European states have changed over the centuries as a result of numerous wars and revolutions.

So, which countries are considered European today? We have prepared a list for you, divided into four parts: States Western Europe, the countries that are in its north, the countries of the South and of Eastern Europe. As well as those countries that are only partially located in this part of the world.

Western part:

France
Great Britain
Austria
Belgium
Germany
Ireland
Luxembourg
Liechtenstein
Monaco
Switzerland
Ireland

East End:

Bulgaria
Romania
Ukraine
Poland
Slovakia
Hungary
Czech
Moldova
Belarus

From a geographical point of view, the European part of Russia belongs to the European continent - this is the most populated and economically well-developed part of the country, where Russian statehood was born. Today, about 78% of the population lives in these territories.

History of the development of the European part of Russia

The oldest human settlements in this area date back to the Paleolithic and are found on the territory of the Voronezh region in the village of Kostenki, on the territory of the Vladimir and Moscow regions.

During the V-lll millennia, people living in the European part of Russia, there is a slow transition to settled agriculture. The most striking examples of the cultures of that time are the Dnieper-Donetsk and the Comb Pottery Culture, as well as the later Maikop and Koban cultures that flourished in the North Caucasus in the lV-lll millennia.

Proto-Indo-European past

At the same time, the so-called Samara culture was formed on the territory of the southern Russian steppes, which is recognized by many researchers as Proto-Indo-European.

Summarizing, it is worth saying that the European part of Russia for many millennia was the scene of a clash of constantly moving human masses. Tribes of the Arkaim culture moved from the east to Europe, from the west Finno-Ugric tribes came to the territory of the East European Plain, who managed to achieve hegemony in a significant part of the European north.

The origin of Russian statehood

By 862, historians discover the first traces of Slavic statehood in the northwest modern Russia, across the territory of Eastern Europe have already passed numerous nations, such as the Huns, Hittites and Alans, who left their mark on local cultures, which some peoples carry to this day.

However, it is worth noting that the Varangians did not come to an empty place, but to the already existing settlements in the south of Lake Ladoga and in the Upper Volga. It is reliably known that the so-called state of Rurik included the cities of Staraya Ladoga, Novgorod, Beloozero and Rostov.

The main part of the population consisted of various Slavic tribes, which were still in a state of decomposition of the communal-clan system, and Finno-Ugric tribes. The Varangians occupied the vacant place of the military aristocracy, but rather quickly assimilated by the local population, which is quite clearly seen in the evolution of the names of local rulers, who in the first centuries were exclusively Northern European, and later - Slavic.

Neighbors of medieval Russia

Of great importance for the formation of the statehood of a relatively young union of tribes, which was Russia, was the interaction with the Khazar Khaganate and the Byzantine Empire, which were important economic partners and political rivals of Ancient Russia.

An important historical event for the young Russian state was the invasion of the Mongols in 1237 and the ensuing yoke, which lasted until 1480 in some areas Northeast Russia. Since that time, despite numerous changes in the borders and name of the state, the hegemony of the Russian people over the East European Plain has remained unchanged, although its statehood has experienced numerous crises and been tested by foreign interventions.

Geography of European Russia

Which part of Russia is European has been determined for a long time, despite the fact that in some geographical areas this presents some difficulties. It is generally accepted that the border with Asia runs along eastern slopes the Ural Mountains, the Russian-Kazakh border, the coast of the Caspian Sea, along the channels of the Kuma and Manych rivers, the mouth of the Don River, and then it is limited by the territories of other Eastern European states. It is worth considering that the islands of the seas washing the northern shores of the European part of Russia also belong to Europe.

From an administrative point of view, the considered part of the country is divided into the North-Western, Central, Volga and Southern federal districts. The Ural Federal District is also partly on European territory.

Among specialists, it is customary to consider this area as one of the large macro-regions, among which the European part, the Caucasus, the Urals and Siberia stand out with Far East. A significant part of the European territory is occupied by the East European or Russian Plain.

Administrative division

In the European part of Russia, regions, republics and territories are located both completely and partially. For example, the Republic of Bashkiria, the Krasnodar Territory, the Chelyabinsk and Orenburg regions are located simultaneously in Asia and Europe, while another forty-five subjects are located entirely in Europe.

The Central Federal District includes Moscow and the region, Belgorod, Bryansk, Vladimir, Voronezh, Ivanovo, Kaluga, Kostroma, Kursk, Lipetsk, Ryazan, Oryol, Smolensk, Tambov, Tver, Tula and Yaroslavl regions. That is, only eighteen regions.

The Northwestern District includes eleven regions, including such a city in the European part of Russia as St. Petersburg, as well as the Nenets Autonomous District, which is part of the Arkhangelsk Region. The largest cities in this federal district are St. Petersburg, whose population has recently reached five million, and Murmansk, which, with a population of 295,000, is the largest settlement beyond the Arctic Circle and an important commercial port.

The Southern Federal District includes the Astrakhan, Volgograd and Rostov Regions, as well as the Republic of Kalmykia. Since 2014, two more regions have been included in the district: the Republic of Crimea and the federal city of Sevastopol.

Largest cities

The largest concentration of cities with a population exceeding one million inhabitants is observed in the Volga Federal District. Nizhny Novgorod, Kazan, Samara, Perm and Ufa belong to that region of the European part of Russia where the paths of Western and Eastern civilizations traditionally crossed, therefore the Volga region is distinguished by diversity both nationally and culturally.

In the Central District are Voronezh and Moscow, which is also one of the most populated cities in Europe, second only to Istanbul in this indicator and ahead of London. It is worth saying that in terms of the number of millionaire cities, Russia is ahead of other European countries.

What part of Russia is European is most difficult to determine on its southern borders, where there are no pronounced geographical landmarks. Therefore, some scholars include or exclude the Caucasian steppes from Russian Europe. However, there is no doubt that Rostov-on-Don and Volgograd are the largest cultural, industrial and economic centers of the south of Russia.

Instead of a resume

Despite the fact that the European part of the territory of Russia is only 20% of the area of the entire country, it is nevertheless larger than any of the foreign European states.

For example, it is six times larger than Ukraine, and it is the largest state foreign Europe, and more than seven times the territory of the French Republic.

It is also worth mentioning that the geographical and climatic conditions in this part of the country are different, and include both polar tundra and alpine meadows, as well as dry steppes and semi-deserts. The central part of the region is famous for its fertile soils. On the same day in different regions of the European part of Russia, the temperature can vary by 20 degrees.

The European territory of Russia is located in the eastern part of Europe. It occupies an area of 40% of the entire European territory. The composition of European Russia includes: the territory of the East European Plain, the mountain ranges of the Caucasus with the Urals. A significant territorial part is occupied by the expanses of the East European Plain. The predominant relief of this part of our country is a plain. European Russia occupies one third of our state, where almost 80% of all the inhabitants of our country live.

About 90% of industry and agriculture are concentrated in this part of our state. The same percentage is allocated to the non-manufacturing sector. The territory of the European part is the Western macro-region. It consists of six large regions. These include the following regions: the territory of the European North, the North-Western and Central regions, the Volga region, the European southern region and the Ural region.

Borders of the European part of Russia.

On the north side, the expanses of the East European Plain are washed by the cold streams of the waters of the White and Barents Seas. On the south side, it is washed by the warm streams of the waters of the Azov and Black Seas. From the southeast side, it is washed by the Caspian Sea. The western border of the European part has access to the Baltic Sea. Eastern border rests against the Ural mountain range. The southern border rests on the Caucasian mountain range.

A significant territorial part is the wide and vast East European Plain. The peaks of the Ural Mountains separate the European part of the world from the Asian part of the world. The territory of European Russia occupies almost 25% of the total territory of our state and 40% of the total European territory.

Regions of the European part of Russia

European Russia includes 8 large regions. Let's take a closer look at each of them:

- North region. It has access to the White and Barents Seas. The largest cities are Murmansk and Arkhangelsk. The area specializes in metallurgical and chemical production, developed timber and paper industry, shipbuilding and fishing.

— Northwestern region. It has borders with the Baltic States and Finland. Located on the coast of the Gulf of Finland. It has access to the Baltic Sea. The main cities are St. Petersburg and Kaliningrad. Mechanical engineering and metallurgical production are widely developed.

- Volga-Vyatka region. The area is small, but the network of railways and roads is well developed. Volga plays the main role. The largest cities are Nizhny Novgorod with Yoshkar-Ola. The district specializes in transport engineering and shipbuilding.

- Central Black Earth region. The largest cities are Voronezh with Lipetsk and Tambov. The area is agricultural, ferrous metallurgy, mechanical engineering are developed.

- Central District. Lies at the crossroads of land and water lines. Includes ancient cities"Golden Ring": Yaroslavl with Vladimir and Ryazan. The largest city is the capital of our state - Moscow. The area specializes in electronics, instrumentation and transport engineering.

- The region of the North Caucasus. It is located in the south and has access to the Black, Caspian and Seas of Azov. The largest cities are Krasnodar with Rostov-on-Don. Specializes in energy, fuel industry, tourism and recreation.

— Volga region. It is located along the Volga River. Located in the southeast. Out to the Caspian Sea. The largest cities are Volgograd with Kazan, Samara and Saratov. Specializes in the mining and food industries.

Ural region. Takes advantageous geographical position being the border between Europe and Asia. The largest cities are Yekaterinburg with Orenburg and Perm. Specializes in mechanical engineering and metallurgical industry.

Subjects of the European part of Russia.

European Russia has 55 subjects.

The Central Federal District has 17 regions: Belgorod, Vladimir, Kaluga, Kursk, Kostroma, Lipetsk, Oryol, Ryazan, Tambov, Smolensk, Tver, Tula and Yaroslavl regions. The city of Moscow is considered a separate entity our state.

There are 6 regions in the North-Western District: from Arkhangelsk, Leningrad from Murmansk, Pskov from Novgorod region. 2 republics: Komi with Karelia. A separate entity is the city of St. Petersburg. There is only one Autonomous Okrug in the Okrug - the Nenets Okrug, which is part of the Arkhangelsk Region.

There are 2 republics in the Southern Federal District: with Kalmykia. It also includes three regions: Rostov with Volgograd and Astrakhan regions. Included in the composition and the only one. The newly formed Crimean District contains the only republic - Crimea, and the port city of Sevastopol is a separate subject.

There are 6 republics in the North Caucasian District: Ingushetia with Dagestan, Kabardino-Balkaria, Karachay-Cherkessia, North Ossetia and Chechnya. The only one stands out separately. There are no provinces in this district.

There are 6 republics in the Volga region: Mari El with Bashkiria, Mordovia and Tatarstan, Udmurtia with Chuvashia. The same number of regions: Nizhny Novgorod with Kirov, Penza and Saratov and Ulyanovsk regions.

There is a lack of republics in the border Urals. Pair autonomous regions: Khanty-Mansiysk with the Yamalo-Nenets district. There are 4 regions in the district: Sverdlovsk with Kurgan, Tyumen and Chelyabinsk regions.

Climate of the European part of Russia.

European Russia is located within the subarctic and temperate climate zone. The temperate climate zone prevails. Air currents from the Atlantic carry the main precipitation to the flat lands. As you move from the western part to the east and southeast, the amount of precipitation decreases.

The west is characterized by an average annual rainfall in the range of 700-800 mm. To the south, the average annual rainfall decreases to 200 mm. The driest place on the East European Plain is the Caspian Lowland. The area has recorded an annual rainfall of less than 200 mm.

Atlantic air masses affect climatic features both in summer and in winter. They contribute to regular thaws in winter and cyclonic weather in any season. The Arctic air brought in in the summer causes cooling and drought. If he arrives in the winter, then cold frosty and clear weather sets in.

In winter, Arctic air masses cover the entire East European Plain, including the extreme south. Basically, the East European Plain has a temperate continental climate, which has a beneficial effect on life and economic activity population.

Population and ethnic composition of the European part of Russia.

European Russia is multinational. The Russian nation predominates in the central and northwestern parts. The native Russian population accounts for almost 90% of the total population. The most Russian region is the Lipetsk region, where about 98% of the inhabitants are Russian.

The Ukrainian nation has become widespread throughout. Moscow has a large number of Ukrainians. They also predominate in the border areas with Ukraine: in the Voronezh, Kursk and Belgorod regions. Many representatives of the Jewish nation live in Moscow. The Armenian nation is widespread in Moscow and Krasnodar Territory and in Stavropol.

The second place in terms of the number of the nation is occupied by the Tatar nation. They make up about 5% of the total population. They live en masse in the Volga region. The Bashkir nation is ubiquitous in the Urals. In the North Caucasus, the indigenous peoples of the Caucasus are massively distributed: Balkars, Karachays, Ossetians, Chechens, Kabardians. Mari and Mordovians live in the Urals.

Economy of the European part of Russia.

The territory of European Russia has reached high level in economic development. In this part of Russia, industrial production and the level of agricultural development reaches almost 90%. The number of urban residents reaches almost 80%. Science-intensive production is actively developing in large cities.

In Central Russia, the leading industries are metallurgy and metalworking, mechanical engineering with light industry. The textile industry is also developed. Textile centers are Ivanovo with Moscow. Animal husbandry plays a leading role in agriculture. Potatoes are grown with sugar beet, vegetable crops.

Heavy engineering has become the leading industry in the north. Iron ore, cellulose, cast iron are produced. Fishing is active. Murmansk is home to the country's largest fish factory. Agriculture is dominated by animal husbandry, in particular reindeer and poultry farming. The plowing of fields in the north is insignificant.

In the North Caucasus, mercury is mined with minerals, rock salt. The sphere of tourism and sanatorium treatment has been widely developed due to the mild climate and proximity to the sea.

In the European south, grain production reaches 30%. More than 50% is grown sunflower. Many crops of the subtropics are grown: pomegranate, figs with persimmons, several types of citrus fruits. Coal mining is active. Mechanical engineering for agricultural needs has been developed. Combine harvesters are made in Rostov and Taganrog.

Non-ferrous metals are mined in the Urals: copper, nickel and zinc. Sand is mined with clay and limestone. Ural forest resources account for 40%. The production of forest products is about 15%. Mechanical engineering and the chemical industry are highly developed. In the agricultural sector, winter crops are grown with sugar beets.

Nature of the European part of Russia.

In Russian Europe there are several natural areas. On the coast of the Barents Sea there is a tundra with forest tundra. There is a flat landscape with moist soil cover. There are no forests in the tundra.

Swamps are found everywhere. Mosses grow with lichens and frost-resistant grass. There are foxes with arctic foxes and waterfowl. In the middle lane stretches a zone of mixed forests, alternating with fields. Mixed forests predominate in European territory. Spruce with pine, oak, linden and birch trees grow in the forests. Wild boars live in the forest zone with elks and wolves.

The steppe and forest-steppe zones are located in the south. The soil cover is a fertile layer of chernozem. Here there are the most comfortable conditions for agriculture. In the forest-steppe, birch and oak groves are found everywhere, many cereal crops are grown. There are no trees in the steppe zone. Only feather grass with bluegrass grows. Hares with deer live in the forest-steppe. The steppe has become a home for various rodents.

Rivers of the European part of Russia.

The European Plain is characterized by humid climatic conditions. In this connection, numerous rivers are common here. In the hills, the largest river Volga with the Don and the Dnieper begin their flow. Their course is directed to the south.

To the north flow the full-flowing rivers Northern Dvina with Pechora and Onega. In the western direction, the Neva moves with the Neman from the Western Dvina, flowing into the waters of the Baltic Sea. Plain rivers are freezing in winter. Ice formation is affected by river location. Its terms are shortened in the south. In the spring, when snow melts, a river overflow occurs.

In the summer, from the heat, they become smaller. Everywhere on major rivers there are hydroelectric power stations with reservoirs. Nearby rivers unite canals. The collection of rivers with canals makes up the water system.

Cities of the European part of Russia.

Most millionaire cities are concentrated in the Volga lands. These include: Kazan with Nizhny Novgorod, Samara and Ufa. They are a mixture of eastern and western cultures.

The largest central cities are Moscow and Voronezh. The largest southern cities are Volgograd and Rostov. by the most major cities North-Western District are St. Petersburg with Murmansk. The northern capital has reached five million inhabitants. About 300 thousand people live in Murmansk. This is the largest locality Arctic regions and, at the same time, a trading port.

Features of the European part of Russia.

The composition of Russian Europe includes the mountains of the Caucasus and the Urals and the East European Plain. The flat relief is distinguished by the alternation of low-lying and elevated places. The average altitude level of the flat relief is 300-500 m. A temperate continental climate prevails throughout the territory. The area of the territory occupies 40% of the total European and 21% of the total Russian. This part of our state is the most densely populated. The population is almost 79 million inhabitants, which is almost 60% of all inhabitants of the country.

Hello! Please tell me which letter should be written in the first word of the phrase "European part of Russia" - lowercase or uppercase?

You wrote correctly: european part of Russia.


	Question #283433

Hello! Please tell me which option is correct (uppercase/lowercase) and why. "She lived in Paris before the start of the E/European War." It means the First World War.