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State University of Sea and River Fleet named after Admiral S.O. Makarova
Faculty of Economics and Finance
Department of National History, Political Science and History
Abstract on the topic:" Heroes of the War of 1812"
St. Petersburg 2014.
Introduction
1. Mikhail Illarionovich Golenishchev-Kutuzov
2. Mikhail Bogdanovich Barclay de Tolly
3. Bagration Petr Ivanovich
4. Denis Vasilyevich Davydov
5. Nadezhda Andreevna Durova
6. Yakov Petrovich Kulnev
7. Mikhail Andreevich Miloradovich
Conclusion
Bibliography
Introduction
The Patriotic War of 1812 is a memorable, great event in the history of our country. Courage, valor, courage and love for the fatherland were clearly manifested in its course.
In 1811, Napoleon informed his ambassador in Warsaw, Abbé de Pradt, that: "In five years I will be the ruler of the whole world. Only Russia remains, I will crush it ..."
Napoleon's invasion was a great misfortune for Russia. Many cities were turned to dust and ashes.
Kutuzov M.I., who combined the remarkable features of the Russian spirit, did not accidentally find himself in the center of events. Nominated by the people, society, that year he became, in essence, a national leader.
But the expulsion of the French from Russia did not mean that the fight against Napoleon was over. He still kept almost all of Europe under his control and conceived the dominant plans. Russia, in order to ensure its security, continued hostilities and led the movement for the liberation of the European peoples from French rule. The victory in the Patriotic War was of no small importance, laying the foundation for the liberation of the peoples of Central and Western Europe.
In the Patriotic War of 1812, the Russian people, together with other peoples of Russia, defended their statehood and independence. It was one of the significant upsurges of patriotic feelings of all segments of the country's population - peasants, soldiers, and townspeople. The fight against Napoleonic aggression caused the growth of national consciousness, gave impetus to the development of Russian culture.
1. Mikhail Illarionovich Golenishchev-Kutuzov
Family and clan
Mikhail Kutuzov was born on September 16 (September 5 according to the old style), 1745, in St. Petersburg. The noble family of the Golenishchev-Kutuzovs traces its origins to the combatant of Alexander Nevsky, Gabriel Oleksich, who defeated the Swedish commander Birger Jarl in the Battle of the Neva in 1240. The great-great-grandson of Gabriel Fedor Alexandrovich retained the nickname of his father Alexander Proksha "Kutuz" (pillow) and became the ancestor of the Kutuzovs. The grandson of Alexander Proksha ("Kutuz") and the nephew of Fyodor Alexandrovich Kutuzov, Vasily Ananievich, had the nickname "Topper Leg" for his height, and the Golenishchev-Kutuzovs went from him.
Mikhail's mother, Anna Larionovna Bedrinskaya, born in 1728, the daughter of a landowner from Opochetsk, Pskov and guides, a retired captain of the Narva garrison regiment, died when her son was still very young. He was raised by his grandmother and later by his father.
Kutuzov's father, Illarion Matveyevich (1717-1784), military engineer, lieutenant general and senator. Illarion Matveyevich Kutuzov began military service under Peter the Great and served for at least thirty years in the engineering troops. For his mind and abilities he was called "a reasonable book." Under Empress Elizaveta Petrovna, he drew up a project for the construction of the Ekaterininsky Canal (Griboedov Canal) to eliminate the deadly consequences of the floods of the Neva River. The construction of this canal was carried out under the Empress Catherine the Great, and I.M. Kutuzov was presented with a golden snuffbox, strewn with diamonds. He was personally known to Catherine already at the beginning of her reign.
February 3, 1765 received the Order of St. Anna 1st degree. Then he participated in the Turkish war of 1768-1774, under the command of Count Rumyantsev, and was considered "very knowledgeable, not only in military affairs, but also in civil affairs." kutuzov war french
At the beginning of 1744, Larion Matveyevich was sent to Stockholm.
This time, the baron was to take the post of Russian resident minister at the Swedish royal court, that is, to become an ambassador extraordinary and plenipotentiary. The new ambassador and his adjutant went to Stockholm not by ship, but by a detour via Koenigsberg, Berlin, Hamburg and Copenhagen. The journey took almost a year, and during this time Larion Matveyevich learned and saw a lot. During his stay in Stockholm, Larion Matveevich received a letter in which his wife Anna Illarionovna Golenishcheva-Kutuzova announced that they had a son named Mikhail. Returning home, Larion Matveyevich was greeted by joyful household members and, seeing his first-born, Mishenka, for the first time, took in his arms
Personal lifeM.I.Kutuzov
Kutuzov got married in the church of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker in the village of Golenishchevo, Samoluk Volost, Loknyansky District, Pskov Region.
The wife of Mikhail Illarionovich, Ekaterina Ilyinichna (1754-1824), daughter of Lieutenant General Ilya Alexandrovich Bibikov and sister of A.I. Bibikov, a major statesman and military figure (marshal of the Legislative Commission, commander in chief in the fight against the Polish confederates and in the suppression of the Pugachev rebellion, friend of A. Suvorov).
April 27, 1778 Kutuzov married Ekaterina Ilinichnaya Bibikova. They had six children in a happy marriage. The son, Nikolai, died of smallpox in infancy, and was buried in Elisavetgrad (now Kirovograd) on the territory of the Cathedral of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary.
Praskovya (1777-1844) - wife of Matvey Fedorovich Tolstoy (1772-1815);
Anna (1782-1846) - wife of Nikolai Zakharovich Khitrovo (1779-1827);
Elizabeth (1783-1839) - in the first marriage, the wife of Fyodor Ivanovich Tizenhausen (1782-1805); in the second - Nikolai Fedorovich Khitrovo (1771-1819);
Catherine (1787-1826) - wife of Prince Nikolai Danilovich Kudashev (1786-1813); in the second - Ilya Stepanovich Sarochinsky (1788/89-1854);
Daria (1788-1854) - wife of Fyodor Petrovich Opochinin (1779-1852).
Elizabeth's first husband died fighting under the leadership of Kutuzov, Catherine's first husband also died in battle. Since the field marshal had no offspring in the male line, the name Golenishchev-Kutuzov in 1859 was transferred to his grandson, Major General P.M. Tolstoy, son of Praskovya.
Kutuzov also related to the imperial house: his great-granddaughter Daria Konstantinovna Opochinina (1844-1870) became the wife of Evgeny Maximilianovich Leuchtenberg.
Kutuzov's father showed a great influence on the education and upbringing of his son.
From childhood, Kutuzov was a capable boy, combining curiosity, resourcefulness and playfulness with thoughtfulness and a kind heart. Already at such a young age of twelve, he entered the artillery and engineering school. There he attended lectures by M.V. Lomonosov and mastered the knowledge of four foreign languages, to which two more were added over time. He graduated from school in 1759 among the best, was left at the school as a teacher.
Military service
Two years after graduation, on January 1, 1761, he received the first officer rank (ensign) and, at his personal request, was sent as a company commander to Astrakhan infantry regiment A.V. Suvorov. A year later, under the patronage of Empress Catherine, who knew I.M. Kutuzov, Peter III appointed Mikhail as an aide-de-camp to the Governor-General of Reval, Prince Holstein-Bergsky. In August 1762 M.I. Kutuzov was promoted to captain. In 1764, when visiting Reval, the Empress invited him to distinguish himself on the field of honor in Poland, where the future commander received a baptism of fire in battles against Prince Radziwill. Then he again served in Reval, participated in the drafting of a new legislative code, working in the justice subcommittee, and fought with the Polish confederates. Since 1770, Kutuzov has been fighting the Turks as part of the army of P.A. Rumyantsev. In 1772, the commander found out that Mikhail was mimicking him at officer feasts, got angry and transferred the merry fellow to the Crimean army of V.M. Dolgorukov. After this incident, the young officer became secretive and distrustful.
In July 1774, after the conclusion of the Kyuchuk-Kaiyardzhy peace, Devlet Giray landed with Turkish troops in Alushta, but the Turks were not allowed to go deep into the Crimea. On July 23, 1774, in the battle near the village of Shumas, north of Alushta, a three thousandth Russian detachment defeated the main forces of the Turkish landing force. On July 24, during the pursuit of the Turks, Kutuzov, who commanded the grenadier battalion of the Moscow Legion, was seriously wounded by a bullet that pierced his left temple and came out near his right eye, which "squinted", but his vision was preserved. After being cured, he again serves in the Crimea under the command of L.V. Suvorov, at the request of which on June 28, 1777 he was promoted to colonel. For participation in the suppression of uprisings Crimean Tatars in 1782 he was promoted to brigadier, and in 1784 to major general. Since 1787, the general has been participating in the second Russian-Turkish war as part of the Yekaterinoslav army of Prince G.A. Potemkin. In the summer of 1788, with his corps, he took part in the siege of Ochakov, where on August 18, 1788 he was seriously wounded in the head for the second time. This time the bullet went almost through the old channel. In 1790, he distinguished himself during the assault on Izmail, personally led by him the 6th column attacking the walls three times, finally broke into the fortress and defeated the garrison. Then he was appointed commandant of the captured fortress. In 1792, Kutuzov again fought with the Poles, and the following year, for his devoted service, he received an estate in the Volyn province with 2,667 souls of peasants and the post of governor-general of Kazan and Vyatka.
Catherine II highly appreciated the diplomatic abilities of the general, appointing him Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary in Constantinople. The newly minted diplomat successfully coped with his difficult duties, strengthening Russia's influence in Turkey and actively counteracting the intrigues of the emissaries of the French revolutionary government at the Sultan's court. Returning to Russia in the autumn of 1794, he became close to the favorite of the Empress, Count P.A. Zubov, and in early 1795 he was appointed commander of the troops and fleet on the Swedish border. Kutuzov became an experienced courtier, he was favored by both Catherine II and Paul I.
Kutuzov in 1797 was again sent to fight French diplomacy, but now as an extraordinary and plenipotentiary minister (ambassador) at the Prussian court. In December, he was appointed inspector of troops in Finland and chief of the Ryazan Musketeer Regiment, which from April 2, 1798 became known as the Musketeer General of Infantry Golenishchev-Kutuzov Regiment (this title was awarded to Kutuzov on January 4 of the same year). In 1799, he was appointed commander of the Russian troops in Holland, but due to the break in Russia's alliance with Austria and England, he returned to St. governor. September 8, 1800 he was awarded the order St. Andrew the First-Called the highest award of the Russian Empire. At the end of the reign of Paul I, Kutuzov temporarily acted as governor of St. Petersburg, replacing the absent Count Palen.
Alexander I approved him in this position on June 17, 1801, but fired him a year later. Then Kutuzov lived in his estate Goroshki, Volyn province, doing housework. The commander began to be needed by the emperor, who was aggressive towards him, only in March 1805 during the war with France. Thanks to his command, it was still possible to save the Russian army, which found itself alone in the face of exceeding enemy forces after the defeat of the Austrians near Ulm, but after the union of the allied forces, he was actually removed from the leadership by Alexander I and therefore did not consider himself guilty for the defeat of the Russian-Austrian troops at Austerlitz.
In October 1806 Kutuzov was appointed military governor of Kyiv, and in 1807. went to war with Turkey as assistant to the commander-in-chief of the Danube army. Due to the intrigues of his boss, Field Marshal A.A. Prozorovsky, Kutuzov was obliged in 1809 to take up the post of Lithuanian military governor again. But it was difficult to do without a competent commander and diplomat, and in 1811 Kutuzov became commander-in-chief of the Danube army. In June, he finally defeated the Turks under the fortress of Ruschuk, repeating his success in early October and surrounding the Turkish army.
On October 29, he was granted the title of count. Kutuzov consolidated his military successes with the help of diplomacy, concluding on May 28, 1812, a much-needed peace treaty for Russia on the eve of the war with Napoleon.
Patriotic War of 1812
The Patriotic War of 1812 met Kutuzov in St. Petersburg idle. When, while the Russian armies in the west were led by Barclay de Tolly and Bagration, Kutuzov was elected head of the St. Petersburg and then Moscow militias. Only after the surrender of Smolensk to the French, Alexander I was forced to meet the demands of the public and the troops and appoint Mikhail Illarionovich commander-in-chief of the two armies, which by this time had united.
Enthusiastically greeted by the population along the way, Kutuzov arrived at the troops on August 17. Disagreeing with the proposal to immediately give the French a general battle, he led the army back for several more days and on the 22nd stopped at the village of Borodino, where preparations for the battle began. In the morning at dawn on August 26, the Russian army met with the army of Napoleon. Having lined up his troops in a deep battle formation, Kutuzov, with a sharp maneuver of forces and means, stopped all Napoleon's attempts to achieve a decisive advantage, he himself successfully counterattacked. At the cost of huge losses, the French managed to push the Russians on the left flank and in the center, but, recognizing the futility of further actions. By evening, Napoleon withdrew his troops to their original positions. The Russian army lost 44 thousand people in this battle, the French lost about 40. Kutuzov not only destroyed Napoleon's dream of winning the war in one battle, but also retained an impeccable combat-ready, morally strong army.
Implementing a strategically advantageous plan of warfare, Kutuzov gave Moscow to the enemy on September 2, but already at that time the replenishment of the Russian army with reserves began, and partisan struggle unfolded behind enemy lines. Covertly maneuvering towards the village of Tarutino, Kutuzov blocked the French way to the south, where they could provide themselves with food and fodder. Realizing that a critical situation had befallen them, Napoleon sent an adjutant to Kutuzov with a proposal for peace negotiations, but he replied that the war was just beginning.
Leaving Moscow on October 7, Napoleon kept his way to Maloyaroslavets, where Kutuzov blocked his path and, after a bloody battle, ordered the French to retreat along the Smolensk road they had devastated. Having launched a counteroffensive, the Russian army launched strikes against the retreating French troops near Vyazma, Lyakhovo, and Krasnoye. Kutuzov's careful attitude towards his soldiers is characteristic: seeing the gradual depletion of the French army, he said: "Now I won't give even ten Frenchmen for one Russian." The famine and the ensuing Russian cold increased the morale of the French army, and after the Berezina, its retreat turned into a flight. Napoleon lost in Russia more than 500 thousand people killed, wounded prisoners, almost all artillery and cavalry.
On December 21, Kutuzov, in an order for the army, congratulated the troops on the expulsion of the enemy from Russia. For the skillful command of the Russian army in 1812, he was granted the rank of Field Marshal and the title of Prince of Smolensk. He was also awarded the Order of St. George, 1st class, becoming the first full cavalier of the Russian Military Order.
Kutuzov met the decision of Alexander 1 to move the army further west without much enthusiasm: he was haunted by future human losses and the possible strengthening of France's European rivals. With the arrival of the king to the troops, he slowly withdrew from the main affairs in command, his health was weakening, and on April 16 in the city of Bunzlau (Poland), he died at the age of 67 years.
2 . Mikhail Bogdanovich Barclay -de- Tolly
Family and clan
Mikhail Bogdanovich Barclay de Tolly was born on December 13, 1761, on the estate of Pamushis, Livonia province.
Johann Stefan, moved to Livonia in 1664 and settled in Riga. It was he who became the founder of the Russian line Barilaev. Johann Stefan Barclay de Tolly married Anna Sophia von Derenthal, the daughter of a Riga lawyer, who bore him three sons. Johann Stefan turned out to be not only the founder of the Russian line of his surname, but also the first of his kind, Barilaev, a Russian subject, since, together with all members of the Riga magistrate, he took an oath of allegiance to his new homeland - Russia. Johann Stephan's two sons became officers in the Swedish army. The eldest, Wilhelm, followed his father and in 1730 was elected a member of the Riga city magistrate. One of Wilhelm's sons, Weingold-Gothard, was born in Riga in 1726. He served in the Russian imperial army and retired as a lieutenant. The poor officer, who received only the rank of the eleventh class for military service, had neither peasants nor land and was forced to become a small tenant. In 1760 he began to live in Lithuania, on a small deaf manor Pamušys. Here, on December 13, 1761, his third son was born, who was named Michael. Thus, Mikhail Barclay de Tolly was a fourth-generation Russian citizen and the son of an officer in the Russian army.
Since the boy's father's name was Weingold Gotthard and his second name in translation into Russian meant "God-given", later Mikhail Barclay de Tolly was called Mikhail Bogdanovich.
Education and the beginning of military service
At a very early age, at the age of three, Barclay was sent to St. Petersburg to live with his uncle, Russian army brigadier von Vermeulen, who gave him his first primary general and military education. At the age of 14, Barclay was appointed to serve in the Pskov Carabinieri Regiment and after 2 years of hard study and excellent service became an officer. Since 1788, Barclay de Tolly fought in the Russian-Turkish war of 1787-1791, heroically showed himself in the army of G. Potemkin during the assault and capture of Ochakov. In 1790 he went to Finland, where he fought against the Swedes as part of the Russian army. When the Russo-Swedish war ended, he led a battalion of a grenadier regiment in St. Petersburg.
During the Russian-Prussian-French war of 1806-1807, acting as part of the corps of L. Bennigsen, Barclay de Tolly distinguished himself in the battle of Pultusk, where he commanded an advanced detachment of five regiments. Barclay confirms his military talent during the ice campaign across the Gulf of Bothnia to the Swedish company in 1809, for which he was promoted to lieutenant general and was soon appointed commander in chief of the Finnish army and the Finnish governor general.
In January 1810 M.B. Barclay de Tolly assumed the post of Minister of War, energetically taking up the reform of the army and preparing for war with France.
Patriotic War of 1812
Since the beginning patriotic war March 19, 1812 Barclay led the 1st Western Army. He was an opponent of the operational plan of the Prussian General K. Fuhl, according to which the forces that were considered the main ones were divided into two parts, and the battle was expected to be held in a military camp near the city of Drissa. After the retreat and connection with the 2nd Western Army, P.I. Bagration Barclay skillfully led the actions of the Russian troops in the bloody battle near Smolensk. Despite the objections of Bagration and other generals, he gave the order to retreat, thereby setting the military and the broad masses of the civilian population against him. What they forgave Kutuzov, Barclay de Tolly was not forgiven. With the appointment of Kutuzov as commander-in-chief, the commander of the 1st Western Army also fell under his command. Mikhail Illarionovich ordered to leave the position at Tsarev-Zaimishche. Before getting permission to leave the active army, citing a serious state of health, at a meeting in Fili, he spoke in favor of leaving Moscow without a fight.
After treatment in Kaluga, on February 4, 1813, he took command of the 3rd Army. The general took the fortress of Thorn, and then distinguished himself in the battle of Bautzen. On May 19, he was appointed commander in chief of the combined Russian-Prussian army.
On August 18, 1813, the troops under his command defeated the enemy at Kulm, and in the Battle of Leipzig, commanding the center of the allied forces, he again managed to achieve victory with his skillful skill, for which he was elevated to the dignity of a count. For the capture of Paris in 1814 M.B. Barclay de Tolly was promoted to field marshal general. The vicissitudes of fate undermined the health of the field marshal. In the spring of 1818, Barclay went to Germany for treatment on the waters. His path lay through East Prussia. Here Barclay fell seriously ill and died on May 13, 1818. It happened not far from the city of Insterburg, on the poor Shtilitzen manor.
3. Bagration Petr Ivanovich
Family and clan
Bagration Petr Ivanovich was born in 1765 in the city of Kizlyar (Tver region) in the family of a retired colonel from an old family of Georgian princes.
Personal life
One of the main events of Bagration was connected with Gatchina.
Here in early September 1800 he married.
Bagration, during balls and masquerades, in a whirlwind of secular entertainment, was noticed by a young St. Petersburg beauty, Countess Ekaterina Pavlovna Skavronskaya. At eighteen, she shone with beauty at balls and was surrounded by a large mass of admirers. The attention of the beauty to the famous General Bagration, shown in the summer of 1800, was not caused by serious feelings. Bagration was at that time thirty-five years old, he was not handsome, but he could attract attention. The military glory he won in tough battles created a romantic halo for him. Peter Ivanovich successfully distinguished himself from the courtiers: he was straightforward, honest, easy to handle and shy in women's society.
Education and the beginning of military service
Bagration P.I. received knowledge in the Kizlyar school of chief and non-commissioned officers' children.
He served in the military from 1782 to 1792. in the Caucasian Musketeer Regiment, and then in the Kiev Horse Chasseurs and Sofia Carabinier Regiments in the ranks from sergeant to lieutenant colonel. From 1783-1786 took part in hostilities against the mountaineers in the North Caucasus, and in 1788 on December 6 (17) he distinguished himself in the capture of Ochakov. In 1798 - colonel, commander of the 6th Jaeger regiment, in 1799 - major general. In the Italian and Swiss campaigns of Suvorov in 1799, Bagration commanded the vanguard.
Under the leadership of Bagration, the troops played no small role in the battles on the rivers Adda on April 16 (27), Trebbia on June 6-8 (17-19) and at Novi on August 4 (15), successfully and bravely fought at Saint Gotthard on 13-14 ( September 24-25, Chortova, Mosta.
During the war of the Third Coalition against Napoleon in 1805 he served in the army of M.I. Kutuzov, sent to help the Austrians. On November 4 (16), 1805, having at his disposal a small number of soldiers of only seven thousand, he covered the retreat of the Russian army to Moravia at Shengraben, repelled the attacks of Murat's fifty thousandth corps. In the battle of Austerlitz on November 20 (December 2), 1805, he led the right wing, which steadfastly repulsed the onslaught of the French; tried to capture the Pracen height, but was repulsed by Murat and Lann. After the battle, M.I. successfully covered the retreat of the main forces. Kutuzov.
He played an important role in the war of the Fourth Coalition with Napoleon. On January 26 (February 7), 1807, during the withdrawal of the Russian army, L.L. Bennigsen to Preussisch-Eylau thwarted the French task of cutting off the lines of communication with Russia. In the battles of Preussisch-Eylau on January 27 (February 8), Heilsberg on May 29 (June 10) and Friedland on June 2 (14), 1807, he proved himself brilliantly.
Bagration - a participant in the Russian-Swedish war of 1808-1809. He led the Aland expedition in 1809. In the Russian-Turkish war of 1806-1812. from July 1809 to March 1810 he commanded the Moldavian army, from August 1811 he led the Podolsk army.
Patriotic War of 1812
During the beginning of the Patriotic War of 1812, in the conditions of the general retreat of the Russian troops, he made every effort to unite with the First Army M.B. Barclay de Tolly. From March 1812 he commanded the 2nd Western Army. In the first period of the war, with a skillful maneuver from Volkovysk to Smolensk, he led his army out of the blow of the prevailing enemy forces to join with the 1st Western Army, inflicting heavy losses on the French troops in the rearguard battles at Mir, Romanov and Saltanovka. In the Battle of Borodino in 1812, he commanded the left wing of the Russian army, which fell on the main blow of the French, and courageously defended the Semyonov flushes. September 12 (24) Bagration P.I. was badly wounded. He died in the village of Simy, Vladimir province, on the estate of his friend Prince B.A. Golitsyn, where he was buried.
4. Denis Vasilievich Davydov
Family and clan
Davydov Denis Vasilievich was born on July 16 (27), 1784 in the family of brigadier Vasily Denisovich Davydov (1747-1808), who served under the command of A.V. Suvorov, in Moscow. Descendant from ancient noble family, leading its history from the first Kazan king Ulu-Magomed and Tsarevich Minchak Kasaevich, who swore allegiance to Ivan III, inherited from his ancestors a passion for horses, a love for dashing cavalry fights, sudden attacks and long raids in horseback formation at his own peril and risk. Denis's mother was the daughter of General-General Shcherbinin Evdokim Alekseevich.
Study and military activities
Little Denis was introduced to military affairs from an early age. Despite his small stature, on September 28, 1801, D.V. Davydov still managed to enter the Estandart Junker in the Guards Cavalier Guard Regiment. On September 9, 1802, he was promoted to cornet, and on November 2, 1803, to lieutenant. As part of the Guards Hussar Regiment, he participated in the campaign of 1807, where he received a baptism of fire and was almost captured by the French. Davydov was appointed adjutant to the commander of the vanguard P.I. Bagration. During the Swedish war of 1808-1809. he was with the detachment of his friend Ya.P. Kulnev, and then participated in the ice campaign to the Aland Islands. In the Turkish campaigns of 1809-1810. Denis Vasilyevich again accompanies Kulnev, participating in the siege of the fortresses of Silistria, Shumla and Ruschuk. On April 8, 1812, Davydov was promoted to lieutenant colonel and sent to the Akhtyrsky hussar regiment. Soon the most striking episode of his military biography campaign of 1812
Patriotic War of 1812
On August 21, 1812, in view of the village of Borodino, where he grew up, they were already hastily dismantling the parental house. Five days before the great battle, Denis Vasilyevich proposed to Bagration the idea of his own partisan detachment. Bagration's order to create a partisan detachment was one of his last before the Battle of Borodino. On the first night, Davydov's detachment of 50 hussars and 80 Cossacks was ambushed by peasants.
Because the peasants were poorly versed in military uniforms, which were similar among the Russians and the French. In one of the sorties, Davydov with hussars and Cossacks captured 370 Frenchmen, while repulsing 200 Russian prisoners. His squad grew rapidly. The rapid successes of D.V. Davydov convinced Kutuzov of the expediency of guerrilla warfare, and he was not slow to give it a wider development and constantly sent reinforcements. Member of foreign campaigns 1813-14, commanded a cavalry regiment and brigade. He was close to the future Decembrists M.F. Orlov, F.N. Glinka, A.A. Bestuzhev and others. After the war, the restless nature makes him often change jobs, and on November 14, 1823, he resigns.
Denis Vasilyevich Davydov died on April 22, 1839 in the village of Upper Maza, Syzran district, Simbirsk province. He was 55 years old. The cause of such an early death is a stroke.
5. Nadezhda Andreevna Durova
She was born on September 17, 1783 in Kyiv from the marriage of the hussar captain Durov with the daughter of the Little Russian landowner Alexandrovich, who married him against the wishes of her parents.
The Durovs were supposed to lead a nomadic regimental life. The mother, who wanted to have a son, disliked her daughter, and all her upbringing was entrusted to the hussar Astakhov. In such an atmosphere, the child grew up to 5 years old and adopted the habits of a nimble boy.
In 1789 A.V. Durov leaves military service and receives a post of chief in the city of Sarapul. October 25, 1801 he marries his daughter to the head of the Sarapulsky lower Omsk court, V.S. Chernov. In 1803, Nadezhda gave birth to a son, Ivan, but soon left the family.
On September 17, 1806, having changed into a man's dress, Nadezhda joined the Cossack regiment. On March 9, 1807, in Grodno, under the name of the nobleman Alexander Vasilyevich Sokolov, Nadezhda Durova was recruited as a private in Konno-polsky Lancers Regiment, reducing his age by 6 years and without mentioning marriage and the birth of a child. She bravely fought on the battlefields of Gugstadt, Heilsberg, Friedland.
Soon the parents managed to find the missing daughter. With a special courier, she was sent to St. Petersburg, where on December 31, 1807 she received the highest meeting with Alexander I. The emperor personally presented the order, gave the go-ahead to remain in the army and ordered, under the name of Alexander Andreevich Alexandrov, to transfer her to the aristocratic Mariupol hussar regiment. Only in the capital, having received a letter from Grodno, Durova learned about the death of her mother. Three years later, she transferred to the Lithuanian Lancers, either because of a romantic story about a colonel's daughter who fell in love with her, or for an everyday reason: the dear life of hussar officers. In the Battle of Borodino, Lieutenant Alexandrov received a concussion in the leg. After leaving Moscow, Nadezhda Andreevna is already serving as an adjutant to M.I. Kutuzov. The consequences of the shell shock soon showed, and until May 1813 she was on vacation in Sarapul. In the battles for the liberation of Germany, Durova distinguished herself during the sieges of Hamburg and the fortress of Modlin. At her father's request, in 1816 she retired with the rank of staff captain and settled in Sarapul. On March 21, 1866, she died, having bequeathed to call herself Alexandrov at the funeral, which, of course, was not.
6. Yakov Petrovich Kulnev
The legendary hero of the Patriotic War of 1812 Ya.P. Kulnev was born on the night of July 24 to 25 (August 5), 1763, in the small Belarusian village of Sivoshino, located on the road to Polotsk Lyutsin (now the Latvian city of Ludza), where the family of officer Pyotr Vasilyevich Kulnev went on official business.
Poor nobleman P.V. Kulnev began his service as a corporal in 1746, took part in the Seven Years' War of 1756-1763, during the Polish campaign of 1769 he was seriously wounded and retired, and after 1775 until his death in 1795 he served as a mayor in Lucin . He married a German woman during Seven Years' War, Catholic Louise Grebippitz. They had seven children.
In 1770, Yakov and his younger brother Ivan entered the land gentry corps. In 1785 they were released with the rank of lieutenants and were accepted into the Chernigov Infantry Regiment, from where Ya.P. Kulnev in the same year transferred to the Petersburg Dragoon Regiment. In his first military campaign (in 1789 against the Turks), he distinguished himself at the siege of Bendery and was noticed by Prince G.A. Potemkin. But, however, the praises of the great commander A.V. were of much no small importance for the young officer. Suvorov during the Polish campaign of 1794, when during the storming of Prague on the outskirts of the Polish capital of Warsaw, Kulnev was one of the first to penetrate enemy fortifications, for which he was promoted to the rank of major.
Ya.P. Kulnev fought valiantly during the French campaigns of 1805 and 1807. On May 24, 1807, Lieutenant Colonel of the Grodno Hussar Regiment took part in the battle of Gutstadts, the next day his regiment made a successful attack on two enemy columns, on May 29 fought at Heilsberg, on June 2 near Frndland. In the last battle, his regiment was surrounded, but thanks to the courage and courage, resourcefulness of the officer, the hussars broke through the encirclement.
The war with Sweden began in 1808. In the spring, Kulnev's detachment acted very unsuccessfully and was forced to retreat in front of the prevailing enemy forces, suffering significant losses. In August, Kulnev led the vanguard of the army of General P.V. Kamensky. On the night of August 21, after the Battle of Kuorgan, Kulnev noticed a secret retreat of the Swedish troops and immediately moved to pursue the enemy. Thanks to his determination and courage, the enemy was completely defeated. On December 12, Yakov Petrovich was promoted to major general. During an ice campaign in the spring of 1809, his detachment reached the Swedish coast near Cape Grisselgam, just 100 miles from Stockholm. For courage and determination, Kulnev was awarded the Order of St. Anna, 1st degree.
In February 1810, he became the head of the vanguard of the commander-in-chief of the Moldavian army P.V. Kamensky in the war against the Turks. On August 26, the enemy was defeated in the battle of Batin.
However, after a skirmish with the commander-in-chief, he left the active army and in January 1811 was appointed chief of the Grodno hussar regiment, located in the Vitebsk province.
Kulnev wanted to marry and received consent, but the bride, whose last name is unknown, demanded that he resign. However, the courageous general did not want to leave the service at such a difficult time for the Fatherland.
The first victories of the Russian army during the Patriotic War of 1812 are associated with the name of Kulnev. Leading the vanguard of the corps of P. X. Wittgenstein, who covered St. Petersburg, he inflicted several defeats on the French, captured up to 1 thousand prisoners, including General Saint-Genis (Genier) , the first general captured by the Russian troops in 1812. Covering the withdrawal of the main forces, Kulnev held back the corps of Marshal Udiyo, many times superior in number to his detachment.
7. Mikhail Andreevich Miloradovich
Mikhail Andreevich Miloradovich, famous Russian general and hero of the Patriotic War of 1812.
Mikhail was born on October 1 (12), 1771 in a family of emigrants from Herzegovina Andrei Stepanovich and the daughter of a Ukrainian landowner Maria Andreevna Miloradovich. At a young age of nine, on November 16, 1780, he was enlisted in the army and was soon transferred to the Izmailovsky Guards Regiment with the rank of ensign.
Education M.A. Miloradovich received abroad, where in 1778 he was sent along with the tutor I. JI. Danilevsky, the father of the famous military writer A.I. Mikhailovsky-Danilevsky.
For 4 years he studied at the University of Königsberg under the guidance of the philosopher I. Kant, then for 2 years in Göttingen. Later Miloradovich lived in France for 3 years.
The outbreak of the Russian-Swedish war in 1788 found a young second lieutenant in the Izmailovsky battalion, where he participates in hostilities in the territory of modern Finland. On January 1, 1790, he was appointed lieutenant, and on January 1, 1796, captain.
Emperor Paul I, who was the chief and colonel of the Izmailovsky regiment, favored Miloradovich, who already in 1798 was appointed major general and appointed chief of the musketeer regiment. The military unit in 1799 was sent to Italy, where he was met by A.V. Suvorov with joy, as the son of his colleague. Miloradovich did not let down the commander, for the courage and courage shown in the battle near the village of Lekko (April 14), he was awarded the Order of St. Anna I and degree.
On April 29, two horses were wounded under him at the battle of Basagnano. With a banner in hand, he led the attack.
Distinguished M.A. Miloradovich in the battle of Novi and during the assault on Saint Gotthard.
A.V. Suvorov appointed him an army general on duty. M D. Miloradovich, during the Italian and Swiss campaigns, became friends with the Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich.
In 1805 separate brigade Mikhail Andreevich covered the retreat of the army of M.I. Kutuzov. The 4th column of Miloradovich, in the battle of Austerlitz, advanced in the center of the Russian troops, was in the rearguard for three days, repulsing the endless attacks of the French.
Since 1806, he took part in the Russian-Turkish war, and in 1809 he was appointed general of infantry. At the beginning of the Patriotic War of 1812, Miloradovich was engaged in the formation of army reserves, with which he arrived on August 18 at the disposal of M.I. Kutuzov. At the Battle of Borodino, he commands two corps on the right flank, and then moves to the center, where he repels countless French attacks. Soon he had to replace the wounded P.I. Bagration as commander of the 2nd Army.
During the retreat to Moscow, he commanded the rearguard, constantly engaging in skirmishes with the enemy, because of which he was unable to participate in the famous council at Fili. Marshal Murat promised Miloradovich to stop the movement of his troops so that the Russians could freely leave the capital without fighting on its streets. With fighting, the troops retreated to Tarutin.
M.A. Miloradovich, having led the vanguard, during the counteroffensive of the Russian army, which consisted of two cavalry and three infantry corps, with a forced march, the troops approached Maloyaroslavets and saved the corps of D.S. Dokhturova.
On October 22, the troops defeated the French near Vyazma. In early November, with a skillful flank maneuver, they bypassed Napoleon's army near the village of Krasnoye, which ensured the victory of the main forces.
On August 18, in the battle of Kulm, he led the troops, replacing the wounded A.I. Osterman, and on October 6 near Leipzig led the Russian and Prussian guards.
Miloradovich was awarded the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called.
August 19, 1818 St. Petersburg military governor-general. After the death of Alexander 1, M.A. Miloradovich began to actively support the candidacy of Konstantin Pavlovich as a candidate for the Russian throne. His actions, especially the oath to Konstantin, objectively played into the hands of the conspirators, and an attempt on December 14, 1825, during a speech on
Senate Square to persuade the soldiers to return to the barracks ended with a pistol shot by P.G. Kakhovsky. The mortally wounded general died at 3 am on December 15 (27) and was buried in St. Petersburg on December 24.
Conclusion
The Patriotic War of 1812 was a difficult period for Russia. But neither the retreat nor the bloody battles broke the spirit of the Russian army. Many similar fates were given by the heroic Patriotic War of 1812. To those who went over to the side of the enemy, in a difficult time for the country, of course, there was contempt for the Russian people, but no manifestos could prevent this. Those who surrendered to the enemy were not punished in any way, which once again speaks of the strength and greatness of the soul of the Russian people. They defeated the enemy who encroached on our Motherland.
The people who rose to fight for the freedom of their homeland were the main hero of the war of the twelfth year.
Bibliography
1. Efremova L.V., I.Ya. Kraivanova, O.P. Andreeva, T.D. Shuvalova, O.N. Papkov: Borodino Panorama, Moskovsky Rabochiy Publishing House, 1985.
2. Zhukov E.M. Soviet historical encyclopedia. In 16 volumes. (Volumes used: 10, 4, 2), State Scientific Publishing House "Soviet Encyclopedia", 1962.
3. Levchenko Vladimir: Heroes of 1812. Collection. Young Guard, 1987.
4. Opalinskap M.A., S.N. Sinegubov, A.V. Shevtsov: History of the Russian state. Biographies. 19th century first half. Moscow, Book Chamber Publishing House, 1997.
5. URL: http://www.krugosvet.ru/enc/istoriya/BAGRATION_PETR_IVANOVICH.html
6. URL: http://smol1812.a-mv.ru/index.php/geroi-vojny-1812-goda
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Heroes of 1812
From the heroes of yesteryear
Sometimes there are no names left,
Those who took the fight to the death
They became just earth, grass.
Only their formidable prowess
Settled in the hearts of the living.
E. Agranovich
The poet, of course, has in mind the living, and not the existing, vegetating ones.
The country is celebrating the bicentenary of the Patriotic War of 1812. itSeveral notes in our newspaper are devoted to this significant event.
The hero is an indispensable attribute of history. Pantheon of historical heroesforms national self-consciousness, the mentality of the nation, influencesinfluence on the formation of ideas about modern heroes. It is no coincidence that thishour there is a replacement of heroes in a number of historical periods of our history.Kolchak and Denikin replace Chapaev and Shchors; Pavlov, who soberly assessednational intelligentsia, is replaced by one who justified the Nazis,Ilyin; Anka-machine-gunner is replaced by Anka-forgive me, God forgive me, sincewitch; Panfilov - Vlasov. And, as a result, instead of inspiredcreators - Chkalov, Stakhanov, Angelina, Krivonos, modernnew heroes and idols…
Similar replacements have already affected the heroes of the twelfth year and the heroes of thishistorical period. From the numerous series of brilliant heroes you take a few.
Mikhail B oddanovich Barclay de Tolly
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In the Russian-Swedish war of 1808-1809, the corps undercommanded by Barclay made the legendary winterny passage through the Kvarken Strait, which decided the outcomewar. He commanded the entire Russian army at the initialstage of the Patriotic War of 1812, after which it wasreplaced by M.I. Kutuzov. In 1813-1814 in foreignnom campaign of the Russian army commanded the unitedRussian-Prussian army as part of the Bohemian armyStryan Field Marshal Schwarzenberg. At the beginning of 1812, the Minister of War of Russia M. Barclayde Tolly developed a plan for the impending war with NapoLeon. (See note of the forwarding agent of the 1st table of the secret |
expedition of the Military Ministry of Lieutenant Colonel P. Chuikevich, thenhead of the GRU, April 12, 1812). Naturally, this plan was knownonly to a narrow circle of people. And it was implemented by Mikhail Bogdanovich, therefore, according toconsequent retreat of the Russian army (which led to a catastrophicreduction of the French army and the growth of the Russian army) metmisunderstanding not only among the population and lower ranks, but even among highlyassigned military. Many directly accused him of betrayal.
Regarding the plan of military operations of the Russian army, Clausewitz, who participatedin the war of 1812 at the headquarters of Wittgenstein, wrote: “Higher wisdom could notbresty plan better than that, which the Russians performed unintentionally. Here veevery military theorist is mistaken - the plan was carried out deliberately and hadauthors and main performers: Emperor Alexander I, Barclay de Tolly, and forthose Kutuzov. Moreover, Barclay de Tolly had to perform the most unpleasantand the hard part of the plan.
In the Battle of Borodino, Barclay de Tolly commanded the right wing andthree Russian troops. On the Borodino field, Barclay de Tolly, embroidered with golduniform was in the thick of the battle, under it 9 horses were killed and wounded,5 of his 8 adjutants died. But he not only sought death, the battle demanded himdirect presence in the most dangerous areas. After Borodino,the troops, who had previously met Barclay de Tolly in silence, greeted him with thunder vowel cheers.
Barclay de Tolly - complete St. George Cavalier(second after Kutuzov),count, prince. In a letter to his wife after leaving Moscow, he wrote:
“Whatever the outcome, I will always be convinced that I did everything necessarymine for the preservation of the state, and if his majesty still has an army,own to threaten the enemy with defeat, then this is my merit. After numerousbloody battles, with which I delayed the enemy at every step andinflicted significant losses on him, I handed over the army to Prince Kutuzov, when he acceptedcommand in such a state that she could measure her strength with howany powerful enemy. I gave it to him at the moment when I was filled withfirm determination to expect an enemy attack in an excellent position, and I wasren that I will beat her. ... If in the battle of Borodino the army was not completelyand finally broken - this is my merit, and the conviction of this will servemy consolation until the last minute of my life.
The best thing about him, his tragic fate was said by A.S. Pushkin.
commander
The Russian tsar has a chamber in his halls:
She is not rich in gold, not in velvet;
It is not in her that the diamond of the crown is kept behind glass;
But from top to bottom, in full length, around,
With my brush free and wide
It was painted by a quick-eyed artist.
There are no country nymphs, no virgin madonnas,
No fauns with bowls, no full-breasted wives,
No dancing, no hunting, but all the raincoats and swords,
Yes, faces full of martial courage.
Crowd close artist placed
Here the chiefs of our people's forces,
Covered with the glory of a wonderful campaign
And the eternal memory of the twelfth year.
Often slowly between them I wander
And I look at their familiar images,
And, I think, I hear their militant cliques.
Many of them are gone; others whose faces
Still so young on a bright canvas,
Already grown old and drooping in silence
The head of the laurel...
But in this harsh crowd
One attracts me the most. With a new thought
I will always stop in front of him - and I will not drive
From him my eyes. The more I look
The more I torment heavy sadness.
It is written in full length. The forehead is like a naked skull,
Shines high, and, it seems, lay down
There is great sadness. All around - thick haze;
Behind him is a military camp. Calm and gloomy
He seems to be looking with contemptuous thought.
Has the artist laid bare his exact thought?
When he portrayed him as such,
Or was it involuntary inspiration, -
But Dow gave him that expression.
O unfortunate leader! Your lot was harsh:
You sacrificed everything to a foreign land for you.
Impenetrable to the gaze of wild mob,
You walked alone in silence with a great thought,
And, in your name, the sound is alien dislike,
Chasing you with their cries
The people, mysteriously saved by you,
Cursed over your sacred gray hair.
And the one whose sharp mind comprehended you,
In order to please them, I slyly rebuked you ...
And for a long time, strengthened by a powerful conviction,
You were unshakable before the general error;
And halfway was due at last
Silently give in and the laurel crown,
And power, and a plan, thought out deeply, -
And hide alone in the regimental ranks.
There, outdated leader! like a young warrior
Lead cheerful whistle heard for the first time,
You threw yourself into the fire, looking for the desired death, -
Wow! -
.....................
.....................
O people! miserable race, worthy of tears and laughter!
Priests of the moment, admirers of success!
How often does a person pass by you
Over whom the blind and violent age swears,
But whose high face in the coming generation
The poet will delight and delight!
Dmitriy Petrovich Neverovsky
(27.10.1777 - 27.10.1813)
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Lieutenant General, Hero of the Patriotic War of 1812He began his service in 1786 as a private of the Life Guards Semenew regiment. Participated in the Russian-Turkish war1787-11, military operations in 1792, 1794. In 1804promoted to major general, since 1809 chief Pavlovskth Grenadier Regiment. Among the soldiers enjoyed luBy the way, they called him "Well Done". Skillful educatorand organizer. In 1811 Neverovsky was entrusted withpeacekeeping in Moscow of the 27th Infantry Division, with the beginningPatriotic War of 1812, the division became part of the 2nd Western army. |
On August 2, near Krasnoy, his rearguard detachment (7.2 thousand people) blocked up tohorn 3 cavalry corps under the command of Murat. Having built a divisionin a square, Neverovsky retreated to Smolensk. The division repulsed 40 cavalryattacks of Murat, enraged by his own impotence, who never managed toexploit its numerical and qualitative superiority. (Ney offered Muratto shoot Neverovsky's infantry with artillery, to attract infantry, but Murat wantedwin yourself). Neverovsky lost about 1.5 thousand people, but detainedfor a day the advance of the enemy, which did not allow great army Napoleonapproach Smolensk and take it on the move.
“I have never seen greater courage on the part of the enemy,” said of hisactions under Red Murat.
“It is impossible to praise enough the courage and firmness with which the division, the commanderbrand new, fought against excessively superior enemy forces.You can even say that an example of such courage in any army to showit’s impossible,” the commander of the 2nd army, P.I., reported to the tsar. Bagration.
This feat "does him immortal glory," said the Sovereign EmperorAlexander I. Neverovsky himself spoke more simply: “I saw to what extentthe courage and fearlessness of the Russian soldier shine.
The 27th division of Neverovsky near Smolensk repulsed all the attacks of the Ponyatov cavalrySky, the resilience of his division determined the outcome of the battle.
Neverovsky's division took part in the most brutal and bloody battles of the war1812, distinguished herself in all the most important battles of the Patriotic War: underRed, in the battle of Smolensk, during the defense of Shevardino - a division aboutled a night hand-to-hand fight, in the battle of Borodino on the Semenov flushes,in the battles at Tarutino, Maloyaroslavets and again at Krasnoy. Division NeveRovsky for the campaign of 1812 suffered the biggest losses in the Russian army.
In the Battle of Leipzig, Neverovsky was seriously wounded in the leg, died of wounds.in the arms of adjutants, deliriously repeating his favorite call: “Guys! Forward! With bayonets!
In 1912, his ashes were reburied at the Borodino field, and his name was given on 24mu infantry Siberian regiment.
Borodino field.
On the front side of the headstone is inscribed:"The ashes of the general are buried hereLieutenant Dmitry Petrovich Neverovsky, who bravely fought inhead of his 27th infantry. division and shell-shocked in the chest by a cannonball on August 26, 1812.
On the reverse side is the inscription:“Lieutenant General D. P. Neverovsky is slainin 1813 near Leipzig. His ashes rested in Halle and in 1912, according to the Highestby order of the Sovereign Emperor Nikolai Alexandrovich was transferred to his homelandJuly 8th of the same year.
By the way, September 10 marks 100 years since the grand opening ofin Smolensk a monument to the heroes of 1812. The monument "with eagles" is considered the bestmonument to the heroes of that war. The name of Neverovsky is immortalized on it next tothe names of Barclay de Tolly, Bagration, Raevsky, Dokhturov.
Alexander Ivanovich Kutaisov
(30.8.1784- 07.9.1812)
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Count, son of the king's favourite. Major General (1806!!!).Since 1799, inspector-adjutant of the inspector general artilleryLeria A.A. Arakcheev. Showed outstanding abilitySti in the war with France 1805-1806. and in the organizationRussian artillery. At the beginning of 1812 - chiefartillery of the 1st Western Army. In the Battle of Borodinonii the head of all Russian artillery, although there were artillerists are older in rank and age. To a large extent, the success of the actions of the Russianartillerymen during the Battle of Borodinowas due to the order given on the day of the battlecommander of the Russian artillery Kutaisov. |
September 6, on the eve of the battle, his orderly delivered artillery to all commandersLeri companies an order, which, in particular, said: “Artillery shouldto sacrifice oneself; let them take you with guns, but you are the lastshoot arrows at close range, and the battery, which is thus taken, will inflictharm to the enemy, which fully atones for the loss of guns.
By this order, Alexander Ivanovich Kutaisov ordered the artillery totik, directly opposite to that pointed out by the rescript of AlexanderI received by Kutuzov before the battle. (Here, the tsar, more correctly, Russia hadservants - they themselves decided what and how best to do!).
The execution of the order of Alexander I ensured the safety of artillerytrunks, but doomed Russian artillery to low efficiency and passiveness during the battle.
Kutaisov ordered the artillerymen to destroy the manpower of the enemy. His calculationwas more correct than the imperial one (see the assessment of the Battle of Borodino onpoleon and the dynamics of the number of occupying troops during the war).
Only an extraordinary personality could act contrary to the will of Alexander I,aware of responsibility before the Fatherland.
Thanks to Kutaisov, the Battle of Borodino became the day of Russian artillery.
Some contemporaries "reproached" Kutaisov for leavingglasiya Kutuzov headquarters, goes around the batteries, personally directs the fire and dies onthe beginning of the battle.
However, the participants in the battle, more precisely, its leaders, it was clearer thathad to be done. How to know how the battle would have turned out if the baht had not been beaten off Ray of Rayevsky!
And therefore, at the critical moment of the battle, when the divisions of Generals Broussier, Mowound, Gerard took Raevsky's battery, Kutaisov, together with the chief of staff of the 1stWestern Army General A.P. Yermolov personally organize and leadcounterattack on the Raevsky battery, occupied by the French. This legendary attackcourse, which, Yermolov, walking ahead, threw crosses and shouted: “Whoever comes, he take it!"
We've arrived.
They took the battery.
And they won the battle!
Yermolov was wounded, Kutaisov died, his body was not found.
“And you, Kutaisov, young leader ...
Whether in armor, formidable, performed -
Peruny threw death;
He struck the strings of the harp -
Strings swayed...
Oh grief! faithful horse runs
Bloodied from battle;
On it is his broken shield...
And there is no hero.
And where is yours, oh knight, dust "
"A singer in the camp of Russian soldiers"
V. A. Zhukovsky
A lexandr S amoilovich F igner
(1787 - 01.10.1813)
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Colonel, hero of the Patriotic War of 1812, organicongestion partisan movement. In 1805-06. participated in the expedition of the Russian fleetin the Mediterranean. During the Russo-Turkish War1806-12 distinguished himself in the Ruschuk battle, and duringPatriotic War of 1812 - in defense of Smolensk, in Bohome battle. He was fantastically brave. From Septemberbrya 1812 commanded a partisan detachment, successfulscout. The information he obtained played an important rolein the success of the Russian troops in the battle of Tarutino and takingty Danzig. In 1813, at the head of the international detachment (Germans, Spaniards, Italians |
and Russian Cossacks) Figner was active in the rear of the French troops on the territoryterritories of Germany. Surrounded by superior French forces, he died attrying to cross the Elbe.
Merciless to enemies and high efficiency in their destruction (For examplemeasures, did not take prisoners, because he believed that no one invited the French to Russiashal, and the prisoners reduce the combat capabilities of his detachment) met somemisunderstanding among colleagues. However, the authorities appreciated him: it was time for himrisky special operations began, he was promoted to captain right on the fieldbattle during the defense of Smolensk in August 1812, and died in October 1813 already regimentsno one. And Napoleon himself appointed a special award for Figner's head.
unknown hero
Smolensk. “Especially among ... shooters, he stood out for his courage andsteadfastness, one Russian huntsman ... whom we could not force to be silent withrifle fire concentrated against him, not even by the action of one, spdesignated weapon against him, which smashed all the trees,because of which he acted, but did not let up and fell silent only at night, ”-H.V. Faber de Fort, officer of the 23rd Infantry Division of Napoleon's army
Pyotr Andreevich Vyazemsky
(12. 07.1792 - 10.11. 1878)
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Prince, poet and critic. In 1812, chamber junker Vyazemskyjoined the Moscow noble militia, tookparticipation in the Battle of Borodino with the rank of lieutenant. On the fieldbattle, he saved General A.N., wounded in the leg. Bakhmetev. Vyazemsky's letter to his wife "I'm on my way now, my dear. You, God and honor will bemy companions. The duties of a military man are notdrown in me the duties of your husband and fatherour child. I will never fall behind, but I will not kigive in. You are chosen by heaven for my happiness, and I wantDo I make you unhappy forever? |
I will be able to reconcile the duty of the son of the fatherland with my duty and in reasoningyou. We'll see you, I'm sure of it. Pray to God for me. He is your prayersHe hears, I rely on Him for everything. Forgive me, my dear Faith. Sorry,my dear friend. Everything around me reminds me of you. I'm writing to you from the bedroomin which I pressed you into my arms so many times, and now I leave itone. Not! we will never part again. We are made for each other, we aremust live together, die together. I'm sorry my friend. I'm just as hardpart with you now, as if you were with me. Here in the houseI think I'm still with you: you lived here; but - no, you are there, and the entrance fromI'm inseparable. You are in my soul, you are in my life. I couldn't live without you.Sorry! May God be with us!"
In the Russian Federation, the search for a national idea continues. Seekers are recommended tonetwork Borodino field. See what was built on it for the centenaryBattle of Borodino.
Ch. editor Pokazeev K.V.
Municipal budgetary educational institution
G. Astrakhan "Secondary school No. 27"
Kutlambetova Camilla
Nasanbayeva Elvira
Abakumova Xenia
Head: Menalieva Olga
Alexandrovna
Content
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Main part. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . eight
Nadezhda Andreevna Durova. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . eight
Vasilisa Kozhina. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . eleven
Praskovya the Lacemaker. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Margarita Mikhailovna Tuchkova. . . . . . . . . .fourteen
Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19
Bibliography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Introduction
The history of Russia is rich significant events. The Patriotic War of 1812 is a war between Russia and the army of Napoleon Bonaparte that invaded its territory. The war ended with the complete annihilation of the Napoleonic army. The main role in the victory over the invaders was played by the Russian people, who defended the Fatherland with their breasts.
In this regard, my teacher and I decided to find out if our peers know about it. To do this, we used one of the methods of collecting information - questionnaires. In total, 69 fourth-graders and third-graders participated in the survey.
The conducted survey revealed the following results:
Do you know anything about the War of 1812?
Out of 69 students, only 27 people answered this question in the affirmative.
Then we asked these guys to answer the following question:
From what sources do you know this information:
Fiction
mass media
Parents
Three children learned about it from the literature (11.1%). 10 people - from the media (37%), and the remaining 14 people - from their parents (51.8)
The next question was addressed to all students. He was like this:
What are the Russian generals participating in the war of 1812?
They know (17 people - 24.6%), do not know (42 people - 75.4%)
Of the 17 people, only 12 wrote the correct names.
The answers to the proposed questions were deplorable. But we, the younger generation, should know about the heroic past of our Motherland. After all, without the past there is no present and future.
The first thing we decided to do after the survey was to help our teachers to spend the class hour..
From this class hour we learned that this victory was over a worthy opponent, over the strongest army in the world, led by the generally recognized military genius of all times and peoples, NapoleonBonaparte Emperor of the French. Napoleon was born in 1769. Since childhood, he was considered a strong-willed and strong-willed person, as well as very developed and capable. His military career began quite early: at the age of 27, he was appointed to the post of commander in chief of the Italian army. Before Bonaparte became emperor, he made a coup in the country and became consul at the age of 30. Being in this position, he also served the people a lot: he established merchant shipping, social relations between France and the allied countries, with whom he successfully established economic relations. France got stronger, people began to look to the future with confidence.
The defeat of Napoleon's troops in the war of 1812 against Russia marked the beginning of the collapse of the empire of Napoleon I. Soon, the entry of troops of the anti-French coalition into Paris in 1814 forced Napoleon I to abdicate. However, later (in March 1815) he again took the French throne. After the defeat at Waterloo, Napoleon abdicated a second time (June 22, 1815) and last years spent his life as a prisoner on Saint HelenaEnglish.
And from the speeches of our classmates, we learned about the great strategists - the commanders of the war of 1812. Such as Mikhail Illarionovich - Kutuzov (Golenishchev), Pyotr Ivanovich Bagration, Mikhail Bogdanovich Barkley - de - Tolly.
At the end of the class hour, the teacher suggested that we read books about the war of 1812.
While rereading the literature about the war of 1812, Irina Strelkova's book "To the Glory of the Fatherland" fell into our hands. Leafing through the pages of this book, we were more and more surprised. Our surprise was due to the fact that war, in our view, has always been considered a masculine affair, and here, from the pages of the book, the sweet female, still childish, face of Nadezhda Durova looked at us. We wondered why this very young girl took up arms? Who else among the women, just like Nadezhda Durova, stood up to defend their homeland?
In this regard, we have chosen the topic of our research work - "Women - heroes of the Patriotic War of 1812".
Object of study
: women who took an active part in the war of 1812.
Subject of study
:
Rrole of women in the war of 1812, their contribution to the victory of the Russian people over Napoleon's army.
The research is based onhypothesis: Is it only with the unity of the whole people against the enemy that victory comes.
Objective: nfind information about the legendary women participating in those distant events of 1812, and tell your friends and classmates about them.
To achieve this goal, the followingtasks:
1) analyze the studied literature on the topic;
2) find out the names of women - participants in the war;
3) provide information on this topic in the form of a presentation.
We believe that the topic of our study is relevant. After all, along with the heroes who commanded the armies, whose names were now known to us, there were other legendary heroes - women,which played an important role in Russian history.
Main part
« Women make history, although history remembers only the names of men ... "wroteHeinrich Heine.
The poet sincerely admired the courage and selflessness of women who are able to act in a critical situation in a collected and independent manner. Indeed, Russian women are able to protect not only the well-being of their family hearth, but also their homeland. There are many examples of this in Russian history.
Nadezhda Andreevna Durova
The childhood years of Nadezhda were not carefree. The mother really wanted her son, but on September 17, 1783, a girl was born and she disliked her daughter. The father entrusted the upbringing of his daughter to servants. So the retired hussar Astakhov became a nanny for little Nadia, he could not captivate the girl with anything, but only with the romance of military service. From early childhood, Nadenka fell in love with the beauty and freedom of military service, got used to horses, took care of them with pleasure, felt weapons.
At the age of 12, her father gave Nadia a horse. Nadia fell in love with him so much that she was ready to spend every minute with him. Alkid, as the horse was called, obeyed the girl in everything. Her father began to take her on long rides on horseback. « I will become, father, your real son. I will become a warrior and prove that the fate of a woman can be different ... ”- once she promised her father.
In 1806, on her birthday, Nadezhda finally decided to change her fate. She cut off her hair, took an old Cossack dress prepared in advance, removed her father's saber from the wall and at night, with her Alkid, she fled from her home. Once in the Cossack regiment, she called herself the noble son Alexander Sokolov, who is not allowed to go to war. Under the name of Alexander Sokolov, in 1807 she joined the Konnopolsky Ulanovsky Regiment and joined him on a campaign in Prussia.
Alexander Sokolov, despite his youth, showed excellent success on the battlefield, entered the battle first and got out of all sorts of military alterations safe and sound.
The father, worried about the fate of his daughter, submits a petition to the highest name of the emperor with a request to find his daughter and return her home.
Emperor AlexanderIhe himself was surprised by such an act and ordered to send a courier to Prussia to deliver this Alexander Sokolov, without disclosing his name to anyone. Ulan was taken to Petersburg. In his service record, the emperor was surprised to read about the excellent fighting qualities of the young officer. Conversing with this young lancer,
At first, Alexander thought to return Nadezhda to his native home, but surprised by her ardent desire, the emperor changed his mind.
Russian Emperor AlexanderIpersonally awarded Nadezhda Durova George Cross for saving the life of an officer on the battlefield. He ordered to be called by his name Alexandrov.
Soon the thunder of the Patriotic War of 1812 broke out, the French troops under the command of Napoleon invaded Russia. Departing with battles, the Russian army moved towards Moscow. The regiment in which Nadezhda served, among the best cavalry regiments, covered the retreating army. Cornet Alexandrov takes part in the battles near Mir, Romanov, Dashkovka, in a horse attack near Smolensk.
August 26, 1812 the village of Borodino (110 km from Moscow). Here the decisive battle took place between the French army of Napoleon I and the Russian army under the command of M. I. Kutuzov. The battle was fierce and bloody.
During the Battle of Borodino, Alexandrov was at the forefront, rushing into the thick of the battle. In one of the battles, a bullet scratched his shoulder, and fragments of a shell hit his leg. The pain was unbearable, but Durova remained in the saddle until the end of the battle.
The efficient lieutenant was noticed by Kutuzov, he had heard about the exploits of the lancer and knew that a brave woman was hiding under this name, but did not show that he knew this secret. And Nadezhda began a new service in the role of orderly Kutuzov. Several times a day, under enemy fire, she hurried to the commanders. Kutuzov could not get enough of such an orderly.
The wounds of the Battle of Borodino constantly worried Nadezhda, prevented her from serving. Durova takes a vacation for treatment, and spends it in her home. After the end of her vacation, Nadezhda and her regiment took part in the foreign campaigns of the Russian army.
In 1816, Nadezhda Andreevna Durova retired with honors and awards.
Durova spent the rest of her life in a small house in the city of Yelabuga, surrounded by her beloved animals. Nadezhda Durova died in 1866 at the age of 83. She was buried in a man's dress with military honors.
Vasilisa Kozhina
A common misfortune brings people together. The entire population of Russia rallied in the fight against the enemy. The Russian people, when the enemy appeared, rose voluntarily, and the peasants everywhere waged a guerrilla war, fought with amazing courage. The organizers of the partisan movement were both officers of the Russian army and ordinary people, and ordinary Russian women did not stand aside. One of those not indifferent to the misfortune of the people was Vasilisa Kozhina.
After the death of the headman of the village of Sychevka, Porechensky district, Dmitry Kozhin, the villagers unanimously chose his wife Vasilisa.
Vasilisa was an inventive and cunning woman. When the French appeared in the village, she invited them into the house, fed and watered them. But as soon as the unexpected guests went to bed, she burned down the house with them.
Vasilisa organized a detachment of partisans from teenagers and women. They armed themselves with pitchforks, scythes, axes, destroyed and captured Napoleonic soldiers and officers during their retreat from Russia.
For heroism, Vasilisa was awarded a cash prize and was awarded the medal "In memory of the Patriotic War."There were rumors that the Most Serene Prince Kutuzov himself met with her.
History has immortalized the name of a simple Russian woman, the great daughter of Russia.In honor of Vasilisa Kozhina, one of the Moscow streets, located in the western part of Moscow, is named.
Praskovya the Lacemaker
Spontaneously created peasant detachments provided very significant assistance to the army in the field. These detachments consisted mainly of peasants who were not familiar with military affairs, they were used to being controlled by scythes, pitchforks and axes.
We found information about another heroine of the Patriotic War - Praskovya the lace maker, it’s a pity we didn’t manage to find out the name of this woman.
In the small village of Sokolovo, Dukhovshchinsky district, Smolensk province, the twenty-year-old beauty Praskovya lived.
A French detachment appeared in this village, which robbed the inhabitants of everything that they liked. Two Frenchmen entered Praskovya's house, the girl was not at a loss, grabbed an ax and hacked them both. Then she gathered the villagers and went with them into the forest. “It was a terrible army: 20 strong, young guys armed with axes, scythes and pitchforks, and at the head of them was the beautiful Praskovya.”
At first they guarded the French along the road and attacked them when they saw no more than ten or twelve people, but soon scythes and axes were replaced by their guns and sabers.
Praskovya herself showed an example of courage, and they, daring day by day, began to attack armed detachments, and once recaptured a convoy from the French.
The rumor about Praskovya and her assistants spread throughout the county, and guys from neighboring villages began to come to her. She accepted the choice, and soon she formed a detachment of 60 selected youngsters, with whom Praskovya reached almost all the way to Smolensk.
With amazement and fear, the French general, who had been appointed governor in Smolensk, thought about Praskovye. A large sum was assigned for the head of Praskovya, who had recaptured a fair share of French equipment and provisions with her detachment.
But they could not catch Praskovya, although a large reward was placed on her head. Praskovya was awarded a medal for courage and bravery."In memory of the Patriotic War." The further fate of this amazing woman is not known. But in the memory of the descendants, "Praskovya's lace" forever remained as a symbol of a Russian woman.
Margarita Mikhailovna Tuchkova
Devotion to their Motherland was proved by one of the best daughters of Russia, Margarita Mikhailovna Tuchkova. She was a faithful companion of the worthy defender of the Fatherland, General A. A. Tuchkov.
Margarita is the eldest daughter of Lieutenant Colonel Mikhail Petrovich Naryshkin from her marriage to Princess Varvara Alekseevna Volkonskaya. She received her name in honor of her maternal grandmother, Margarita Rodionovna Volkonskaya. In addition to her, the family had five more daughters and two sons.
Margarita from an early age was distinguished by a passionate, nervous and receptive character, loved reading and music and was gifted with a wonderful voice. She was tall and very slender, but her features were irregular, and her only beauty consisted in the striking whiteness of her skin and the lively expression of her green eyes.
At the age of 16, Margarita Naryshkina married Pavel Mikhailovich Lasunsky. The marriage was short-lived: two years later, Margarita divorced her husband, a reveler and a player. The young Lasunsky's reputation was already so well known that a divorce was obtained easily.
Margarita Mikhailovna met Alexander Tuchkov at the time of her first unhappy marriage. Young people fell in love with each other. Upon learning of the divorce, he was not slow to woo, but the Naryshkins were so frightened by the failure of their daughter's first marriage that they refused. They did not agree to her second marriage for a long time. The wedding took place only in 1806 and for the 25-year-old Margarita Mikhailovna came short years complete happiness of marriage.
She was proud of the beauty of her husband, who was compared in society with Apollo, his courage and valor. Margarita Mikhailovna accompanied her husband in the Swedish campaign and shared with him all the difficulties of military life, accompanying him more than once on horseback in the form of a batman, hiding her scythe under her cap, since it was forbidden for wives to be with the army on a campaign. In her face, for the first time in the Russian army, a sister of mercy appeared. She created food points for the starving population in areas covered by battles. In the Finnish campaign, she lived in a fierce cold in a tent, she had to make her way with the troops among the snowdrifts, cross rivers waist-deep in icy water.
In 1812, Margarita Mikhailovna could not follow her husband. At this time, their young son needed her more. It was decided that she would accompany her husband to Smolensk and go to her parents in Moscow. From Moscow, the Naryshkins left for their Kostroma estate, Margarita Mikhailovna wished to stay in the county town of Kineshma, where on September 1, 1812 she learned from her brother Kirill Mikhailovich about the death of her husband, who was killed in the battle of Borodino.
Kirill Mikhailovich Naryshkin was Barclay de Tolly's adjutant, he was on his way to the army and stopped by his sister to report her husband's death. For several years, Margarita Mikhailovna could not see her brother, so as not to remember their meeting in Kineshma, she felt sick every time he appeared.
Margarita went to the battlefield to look for her husband's body: from a letter from General Konovnitsyn, she knew that Tuchkov died in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Semyonovsky redoubt. Searches among the tens of thousands of the fallen yielded nothing: the body of Alexander Tuchkov was never found. She was forced to return home.
The horrors she endured affected her health so much that for some time the family feared for her sanity. Having recovered a little, she decided to build a church at her own expense on the site of her husband's death. Margarita Mikhailovna sold her diamonds and, with the assistance of Empress Maria Feodorovna, bought three acres of land, where in 1818 she began to build the Church of the Savior Not Made by Hands. Watching the construction of the church, Tuchkova lived with her son Nikolai and his French governess in a small gatehouse.
Initially, Tuchkova intended to build only a small chapel, but "Alexander I granted her 10 thousand rubles, with these funds a stone church-temple was built and consecrated in 1820" , pilgrims from all over Russia came here. Margarita herself lived for a long time on the Borodino field, in a small, specially built house.
Tuchkova decided to dedicate her life to the memory of her husband and the upbringing of her only son Koko, so affectionately she called him. Nikolai Tuchkov was enrolled in the Corps of Pages, but due to poor health, he lived with his mother. He grew up not knowing noisy and frisky games, everyone loved him for his cordial gentleness and kindness. Margarita Mikhailovna could not get enough of her son, but she was worried about his poor health, the doctors assured him that he would grow stronger over the years, that he was exhausted by growth. In 1826, Nikolai Tuchkov caught a cold, he was treated by the best doctors, the famous doctor Mudrov was invited to the consultation, who confirmed that there was no danger, he would definitely recover. The reassured Margarita Mikhailovna saw off the doctors, and a few hours later her 15-year-old boy died unexpectedly. He was buried in the Church of the Savior Not Made by Hands.
The exile of his brother Mikhail, a Decembrist, to Siberia, the death of his father in 1825 and his son finally defeated Tuchkova. Now there was nothing holding her back in the world. She moved forever to her lodge on the Borodino field. About her life at that time, she wrote to a friend: “A day is like a day: matins, mass, then tea, a little reading, dinner, vespers, insignificant needlework, and after a short prayer - night, that's all life. It is boring to live, it is terrible to die. Mercy of the Lord, His love - this is my hope, so I will end!
In her broken life, Tuchkova sought solace in helping the unfortunate and poor: she helped the surrounding population, treated the sick and attracted those who wanted to share her labors for the benefit of her neighbor. She devotes herself to the main cause of her entire subsequent life - the construction of a new convent.
In 1838 Tuchkova takes small tonsure under the name of nun Melania. The Spaso-Borodino community, by the Highest Command, became the Spaso-Borodino dormitory monastery of the 2nd class in 1839. During the grand opening of the Borodino monument in 1839, Emperor Nicholas I visited the monastery and Tuchkova's cell. She, who endured so much suffering, made a strong impression on the sovereign. He granted her the forgiveness of her brother Mikhail, and in 1840 summoned her to St. Petersburg to be the successor to the wife of the heir, Maria Alexandrovna, with whom she corresponded until her death.
The tonsure of nun Melania into a mantle with the adoption of the name of Mary took place on June 28, 1840. The next day, Maria became abbess of the Spaso-Borodino Monastery. The elevation to the abbess was carried out according to the rite of ordination to the deaconess. The name of Mary was chosen “in memory of an incident that happened to her on the day of her second wedding: a holy fool ran towards the newlywed, shouting: “Mary, Mary, take the staff!” Under her kamilavka and monastic robes, Tuchkova remained a completely secular woman and, with her rare appearances in society and at court, captivated everyone with her brilliant speech and grace of receptions.
Margarita Mikhailovna Tuchkova died on April 29, 1852 and was buried in the Spassky Church of the monastery, next to her husband and son.Conclusion
In the process of researching this topic, we came to the conclusion that Russian women, the fair sex, never stayed away from those significant events that worried Russian society, the Russian state. Despite the difference in social classes, hatred for the invaders, love for the Motherland and faith in victory over the enemy lived in the heart of every Russian woman.
February 5, 1813 Emperor AlexanderIestablished the medal "In memory of the Patriotic War of 1812" to reward combatants. They were received not only by men, but also by women who fought with the enemy on an equal basis with men and those women who worked in hospitals and cared for wounded soldiers.
We learned that on August 1, 2012 the Central Bank Russian Federation issued a series of commemorative coins, which is dedicated to the anniversary of the victory in Russo-French War. The coins depict well-known and distinguished participants in the Patriotic War of 1812. There are 16 coins in the series, each worth 2 rubles: two of which bear girls (Nadezhda Durova, Vasilisa Kozhina).
The material collected by us can be used in lessons, class hours. Exploring this topic, we realized how interesting it is to know about the heroic past of our Motherland. After all, without the past there is no present and future.
Literature
1. Alekseev S.P. Battle of Borodino: Stories. - M .: Bustard, 1998
2. Antonov V.S. A book to read on the history of the USSRXIXcentury. - M.: Enlightenment, 1989
3. Ishimova I. History of Russia for children. - M.: OLMA-PRESS, 2001
4. Nadezhdina N.A. No wonder the whole of Russia remembers. - M .: Malysh, 1986
5. Strelkova I.I. For the glory of the Fatherland. - M .: Malysh, 1990
6. Srebnitsky A. Dashing century cavalryman - girls. Sports life in Russia. 1997. No. 5.
7. Pokrovskaya N. Lacemaker Praskovya. Moscow truth. 10.10.2011
8. How was the fate of the cavalryman - the maiden Nadezhda Durova? [Electronic resource] // URL: http://militera.lib.ru/bio/pushkin_kostin/04.html (date of access: 21.12.2012)
12.A. E. Zarin Praskovya-lace. [Electronic resource] // URL: (date of access: 01/17/2013)
Nikolai Nikolaevich Raevsky came from Moscow nobles. His ancestors faithfully served the Moscow sovereigns. His grandfather, S.A. Raevsky, was a participant in the Battle of Poltava. Father, Nikolai Semenovich, also chose the military path, rose to the rank of colonel. In 1769 he married E.N. Samoilova, daughter of Senator N.B. Samoilov, the eldest of the nieces of the future Most Serene Prince G.A. Potemkin-Tavrichesky. About a year after the wedding, she gave birth to her eldest son, Alexander, and on September 14, 1771, Nikolai. There was a Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774, and N.S. Raevsky in 1770 voluntarily transferred to the active army. During the siege of the Zhurzha (Juju) fortress, he was wounded and died on April 25, 1771 in Iasi.
Young children who lost their father spent their childhood in St. Petersburg, in the house of their maternal grandfather, Count N.B. Samoilova. Relatives paid special attention to little Nikolai, who was in poor health. Uncle A.N. became the closest person for the boy. Samoilov, who occupied in 1792-1796. post of Attorney General. Raevsky maintained strong friendly ties with his uncle throughout his life.
Raevsky received a good education at home: he confidently owned French knew German well. He studied mathematics and geometry (fortification) thoroughly, but only to the extent that was necessary for practical activities. He was interested in fiction, but did not belong to the number of its passionate admirers.
Alexander, the elder brother of Nikolai Raevsky, began military service early and quickly moved up the career ladder. In 1787 he took part in the war with the Turks, received the rank of lieutenant colonel in the Nizhny Novgorod Dragoon Regiment. However, on December 11, 1790, he died during the assault on Izmail, having earned from A.V. Suvorov the title of "brave".
Nikolai Raevsky in 1774 was enrolled in the Life Guards Semenovsky Regiment as a sergeant. He entered the service in 1786 as an ensign. In 1787, another war began with the Sublime Porte. It was in battles with the Turks that he received his baptism of fire. In 1789, Raevsky was in the Cossack detachment of brigadier V.P. Orlova in the brigade of Major General M.I. Golenishchev-Kutuzov, then went to Bendery with Lieutenant General Count P.S. Potemkin, participated "in skirmishes" and "in the defeat of the Turks" - on September 3 at Larga and on September 7 on the river. Salche, for which he deserved "approval". At the forefront of the M.I. Platova participated in the blockade and capture of Akkerman. Thanks to the patronage of Potemkin, Raevsky quickly advanced in the service and in January 1792 received the rank of colonel.
No sooner had one war ended than another began - in Poland. Raevsky participated in several minor skirmishes, and on June 7, 1792, in a rather large battle at the village. Settlement as part of the detachment of Major General N.I. Morkov, where he "acted with honors", for which he was awarded his first order - St. George of the 4th degree. A month later, under the command of A.P. Tormasova fought near the town of Daragosta and was presented for the award of the golden sword "For Courage".
In June 1794 Raevsky was transferred to the North Caucasus and appointed commander of the Nizhny Novgorod Dragoon Regiment, in which his older brother Alexander had once served.
At this time, Raevsky decides to start a family. He takes a vacation and December 4, 1794 goes to St. Petersburg. His choice fell on the 25-year-old Sofia Alekseevna Konstantinova, who was the granddaughter of M.V. Lomonosov. They got married and in June 1795 went to the place of service of Raevsky. On November 16, 1795, the first-born was born to the newlyweds, who was named Alexander in memory of his elder brother Nikolai Raevsky.
At the beginning of 1796, the activity of Persia on the Caspian coast of the Caucasus intensified. Raevsky takes part in the Persian campaign. May 10 The Nizhny Novgorod Dragoon Regiment takes part in the siege and capture of the city of Derbent.
In November, Paul I came to the Russian throne, who set out to knock out the “Potemkin spirit” from his subjects. The Prussian order began to be imposed in the army. Many of the previously successful generals and officers fell into disgrace. On May 10, 1797, an order was given to expel Raevsky from service.
When surrendering the regiment, Raevsky faced great financial difficulties. The regimental treasury was empty, the inventory was worn out; to put things in order, Raevsky was forced to ask for a significant amount of money from his uncle. His mother came to help him. Ekaterina Nikolaevna allocated to her son a significant share of her estates, inherited from Prince Potemkin. Raevsky had to learn economic wisdom. He settled in with. Boltyshka of the Chigirinsky district of the Kyiv province plunged headlong into calculations, devoted a lot of time to the improvement of the estate, building a house.
After the accession to the throne in March 1801 of Emperor Alexander I, Raevsky was returned to the service and granted the rank of major general, but on December 19, 1801 he retired for family reasons. Only a serious threat to Russia from Napoleon forced Nikolai Nikolaevich to leave his family and return to active military service. In April 1807, he joined the army, and on May 24 he entered into a series of continuous battles. Raevsky commanded the Jaeger brigade as part of the vanguard of P.I. Bagration. For distinction in the battle near Heilsberg on May 28-29, he was awarded the Order of St. Vladimir, 3rd degree. In the battle near Friedland on June 2, 1807, superior French forces surrounded the Russian army. During the battle, as reported in the report, "Generals Markov and Baggovut were wounded, and the detachments from under their command passed under the command of General Raevsky." Raevsky, who commanded all the rangers of the avant-garde, was faced with the task of repelling massive enemy attacks on his sector and saving the army from complete annihilation. He fulfilled this task with honor. Positions changed hands several times, with Raevsky “the first to enter the battle and the last to leave it. In this disastrous battle, he himself several times led the troops entrusted to him on bayonets, and not before retreated, as only when there was no longer the slightest hope of success. For the campaign of 1807, Nikolai Nikolaevich received the Order of St. Anna, 1st degree.
After the signing of peace in Tilsit in 1807, Raevsky was soon assigned to the main apartment in the quartermaster's department. Regular transformations were carried out in the army, the troops were urgently retrained and re-equipped in the French way. “We have re-Frenched everything here, not in body, but in clothes - every day, something new,” Raevsky wrote.
On February 9, 1808, hostilities began against Sweden. This allowed Raevsky to return to the active army. For participation in the Russian-Swedish war of 1808-1809. he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant general.
In St. Petersburg, the Ministry of War understood that a war with Napoleon was coming, and considered it necessary to strengthen the southern flank. The Russian-Turkish war, which began in November 1806, was fought without much enthusiasm. It was decided to intensify military operations against Turkey. The commander-in-chief of the Moldavian army was appointed young, but well-proven, General N.M. Kamensky, and N.N. Raevsky was appointed commander of the 11th Infantry Division.
In the army, he had to deal with generals and senior officers who looked at the war as a profitable business. The least of all they cared about was the multiplication of the glorious Suvorov traditions. These commanders paid little attention to the combat training of the troops, they tried to avoid serious battles, but they knew how to lean en masse on a weaker enemy, after which reports to the authorities with reports of "brilliant victories" followed. It was the ability to compose magnificent reports that was especially revered in this circle. A.S. Pushkin told about a general who picked up cannons abandoned by the enemy and passed them off as repulsed in battle. Having once met Raevsky, this general rushed to him with his arms, to which Nikolai Nikolaevich mockingly said: “It seems that Your Excellency takes me for a cannon without cover.”
At the beginning of 1811, Nikolai Nikolaevich achieved a transfer to the western border. Here he first commanded the 26th Infantry Division, and in April 1812 was appointed commander of the 7th Infantry Corps, which was part of the 2nd Western Army of P.I. Bagration.
On June 12, 1812, Napoleon's army crossed the Neman River and invaded the Russian Empire. The main forces of the "Great Army" of the French emperor quickly advanced after the retreating 1st Western Army of M.B. Barclay de Tolly, while the 2nd Western Army of Bagration remained in place. Only on June 18, Bagration received an order from Alexander I "to act offensively ... on the right flank of the enemy" in order to connect with the 1st Army. Raevsky wrote to his uncle on June 28: “Prince Pyotr Ivanovich then received an order to reinforce Platov, who was in White Stok with 8 Cossack regiments. Platov, on the other hand, was ordered to strike at their rear. This weak diversion at a time when the main army is retreating has put us in danger of being cut off. The time to join the armies was lost. A 40,000-strong detachment of L.-N. was sent against Bagration from Vilna. Davout, and from the south, across the way, - three corps under the command of J. Bonaparte numbering 70 thousand people. The task of Bagration was especially complicated by the fact that the Davout group, wedged between the two Russian armies, was moving by the shortest route, while the 2nd Western Army had to make circular marches, the slightest sluggishness in which could lead to disaster. Alexander I accused Bagration of indecision, reproached him for the fact that his troops did not approach, but moved away from the 1st Army. The 2nd Western Army moved to Mogilev. On July 11, Raevsky's corps began a fierce battle near the city, near the village of Saltanovka.
The feat of Raevsky's soldiers near Saltanovka. Hood. N.S. Samokish.
In this battle, the troops under the command of Raevsky delayed the advance of the L.-N. Davout and ensured the withdrawal of the 2nd Western Army to Smolensk. The name of Raevsky became widely known in Russia thanks to a beautiful legend about how he led his two young sons to attack. The stubborn rearguard battles that the Russian armies fought throughout the first month of the war allowed them to unite near Smolensk.
4(16) the battle for Smolensk began. In the preparation and conduct of the defense of Smolensk, Raevsky's military leadership talent was fully revealed. He managed to achieve results with limited funds, showed firmness and determination in carrying out the decisions made, and outstanding analytical skills. Raevsky concentrated his few forces on especially dangerous sections of the city's fortifications, and used the surrounding area as a battlefield. He was not going to sit behind the fortress walls, characterizing the actions of his corps not as the defense of Smolensk, but as a "battle screen". The main part of his forces (20 out of 28 battalions) was placed outside the city fortifications, in the suburbs, which provided more room for maneuver. The principle of concentrated concentration of forces was also preserved in the placement of artillery. On the first day of the battle, almost one corps of Raevsky heroically defended the city from the French. Only at night, the soldiers exhausted by the siege were replaced by fresh parts of the corps of General D.S. Dokhturova Thanks to the actions of Raevsky, Napoleon's plan - to bypass the left flank of the Russian troops, capture Smolensk and impose a general battle on the Russians - was thwarted.
On August 17, M.I. took command of the Russian army. Kutuzov. On August 26, 120 km from Moscow, on the Borodino field, a battle was fought under his leadership, which became the central event of the entire war. At the Borodino position, Raevsky's 7th Corps was located near the Kurgan Height, which was located in the center of the positions of the Russian army and was soon recognized as "the key to the entire position." It went down in history as "Raevsky's battery". The corps commander personally supervised the creation of an artillery battery on a hill. The work was completed only at 4 am on 26 August. Raevsky said: “Now, gentlemen, we will be calm. Emperor Napoleon saw a simple, open battery during the day, and his troops would find the fortress.
Having successfully positioned the troops, while abandoning the linear order, Raevsky prevented unnecessary losses from artillery fire. Attacks on the battery began in the morning. During one of the attacks, the French temporarily captured the battery at Kurgan height. Raevsky planned and carried out a counterattack on the troops of E. Beauharnais, thanks to which he held back further enemy attacks on the center of Russian positions for an hour and a half. Napoleon said of him that "this general is of the material from which marshals are made."
For the heroic defense of the Kurgan Height, Raevsky was presented with the Order of Alexander Nevsky. It was on the Raevsky battery in 1839, according to the project of the architect Antonio Adamini, that the main monument to the battle of Borodino was erected. At its foot, on the initiative of D.V. Davydov, the ashes of P.I. Bagration, close friend and commander N.N. Raevsky.
The main monument to Russian soldiers on the Borodino field: "Grateful Fatherland to those who put their lives on the field of honor." Opened in 1839 at the site where N.N. Raevsky. Architect A. Adamini.
After leaving Mozhaisk, Nikolai Nikolayevich commanded the rearguard for a day, repelling Murat's attacks, and then participated in the military council in Fili. At the council, he spoke in favor of leaving Moscow. During the retreat of the Russian army from Moscow to Tarutino, he successfully commanded the rearguard and, by his actions, ensured the covert withdrawal of the army. Near Maloyaroslavets, the corps of Raevsky and Dokhturov blocked the way for Napoleon's troops to the Kaluga road and forced them to turn back to Mozhaisk. For the Battle of Maloyaroslavets, Raevsky was awarded the Order of St. George, 3rd degree. During the pursuit of the enemy from Vyazma to Smolensk, he was in the forefront. In the battle near Krasnoe, where Napoleon lost almost a third of his army, the desperate attacks of the French crashed against the battle formations of Raevsky.
In December 1812, Raevsky fell seriously ill. He returned to the troops in April 1813 and was joyfully received by both soldiers and officers. Raevsky's manner of dealing with subordinates was described by I.I. Lazhechnikov: “Nikolai Nikolayevich never fussed about his orders: in the very heat of battle he gave orders calmly, sensibly, clearly, as if he were at home; he always asked the executor whether his order was understood in this way, and if he found that it was not sufficiently understood, he repeated it without a heart, calling the always sent adjutant or orderly darling or other affectionate names. He had a special gift for binding subordinates to himself. Among the adjutants of Raevsky, a young staff captain, the famous poet K.N. Batyushkov. The brave officer soon became the general's confidante.
In foreign campaigns of the Russian army in 1813-1814. Raevsky participated in the battles near Bautzen, Dresden, Kulm. In the Battle of Leipzig, Raevsky's grenadier corps stopped the French attack on the headquarters of the allied monarchs. For this feat, Raevsky in October 1813 was granted the rank of general from the cavalry. Since February 1814, he commanded the vanguard of the Main Army, personally led the attack of the allied forces in the battle of Arcy-sur-Aube, and especially distinguished himself in the capture of Paris. For the distinction shown during the defeat of Napoleon, he was awarded the Prussian Order of the Red Eagle, 1st class, and the Austrian Military Order of Maria Theresa, 3rd class. From 1815 he commanded the 4th Infantry Corps.
In the first decade after the end of the wars with Napoleon, many visitors willingly visited Raevsky's house in Kyiv. The general was a famous person. According to diplomat S.R. Vorontsov, after the death of Barclay de Tolly in 1818, Raevsky was considered one of the six most experienced generals (along with P.Kh. Wittgenstein, M.A. Miloradovich, F.V. Osten-Saken, A.F. Lanzheron and F. P. Uvarov), who went through most of the wars of the late 18th - early 19th centuries. and were still active. He was compared with ancient heroes. Even the emperor himself honored Raevsky with his visit during his visit to Kyiv in 1816 and 1817, and Grand Duke Nikolai Pavlovich dined at his house. And for the rest of the visitors, the general invariably remained a hospitable host. Raevsky provided patronage to A.S. Pushkin during the poet's southern exile. The youngest son of Raevsky, Nikolai, was friendly with the poet, who dedicated to him the poems “Prisoner of the Caucasus” and “Andre Chenier”.
After 1821, the favor of Alexander I to Raevsky began to wane, although outwardly he continued to show signs of favor. The fact is that the tsar received denunciations about the existence of a secret society, and Raevsky and Yermolov were named as "secret missionaries" spreading the influence of the revolutionary party "in all strata of society." In 1824 Raevsky retired. His high authority in Russian society was the main reason that the leaders of the Northern and Southern secret societies planned the general's candidacy for the Provisional Government. But the illustrious general had no ideological or organizational ties with the Decembrist societies, although there were many young people in his entourage who were members of secret societies or supported them.
The uprising on Senate Square came as a complete surprise to Raevsky. The news of the arrest of the sons of Alexander and Nikolai sounded like a shock to him. He rushed to Petersburg, but the difficult situation of his daughter Maria, who had given birth to a son the day before, kept him at home. Among his relatives were representatives of secret societies. At the head of the Kamensk Council of the Southern Society was the half-brother N.N. Raevsky V.L. Davydov. Members of the Southern Society Lieutenant V.N. Likharev and retired staff captain I.V. The Poggios were married to the Borozdin sisters, Raevsky's nieces. Daughter Ekaterina was married to General M.F. Orlov, head of the Kishinev council of the secret society. Member of the Southern Society Prince S.G. Volkonsky was married to Raevsky's daughter Maria. Volkonsky was sent to hard labor for participation in the December uprising of 1825. Maria followed her husband into exile, to Siberia. The Rayevsky brothers were acquitted. A more than biased investigation could not show them any evidence. After two interrogations, they were released with acquittal certificates.
In 1826 Raevsky was appointed a member State Council, but did not participate in the meetings, he devoted the rest of his days to caring for relatives and helping the families of the exiled Decembrists. He paid much attention to his family responsibilities, being an example of an exemplary husband, son and father. The general's wife Sofya Alekseevna devoted herself entirely to household chores, was infinitely devoted to her husband and created a real cult of the head of the family. Relations between the spouses were warm and trusting. Before the father, the children, especially the younger ones, bowed, but not blindly, but maintaining a sense of their own dignity. For a wealthy landowner, the owner of 3,500 peasants, Raevsky lived quite simply. He did not seek to solve his financial problems at the expense of the peasants, increasing the requisitions. He loved gardening and home medicine. Raevsky died on September 16, 1829. He was buried in his estate in the village. Boltyshka in a family tomb (according to other sources, in the village of Erazmovka, Chigirinsky district, Kyiv province).
In 1961, on the occasion of the 150th anniversary of the Patriotic War, one of the streets of Moscow was named after N.N. Raevsky. There are also streets named after this hero of the war with the French in Kyiv, Smolensk and Mozhaisk. In 1987, a bust of Raevsky was installed in the Heroes' Memory Square in Smolensk. In 2012, the Central Bank of the Russian Federation in the series "Generals and Heroes of the Patriotic War of 1812" issued a commemorative coin in denomination of 2 rubles with a portrait of the cavalry general N.N. Raevsky.
Elena Nazaryan,
researcher at the Research Institute
military history VAGSH Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, Candidate of Historical Sciences
All dates are given according to the old style.
The story about this episode was included in the "Complete collection of anecdotes about the most memorable war between the Russians and the French." Raevsky himself subsequently, in a conversation with K.N. Batyushkov denied the participation of his sons in this attack. The words of the general are indirectly confirmed by the fact that of the participants in the events who were part of the 2nd Army and left memories (I.F. Paskevich, M.S. Vorontsov, A.P. Butenev), no one mentions this episode. It is not said about the participation in the Saltanovsky battle and in the official list of the youngest son Nikolai Raevsky. There is still a discussion among historians on this issue, because. The available sources are contradictory and incomplete.
After the death of her husband, mother N.N. Raevsky Ekaterina Nikolaevna married Major General L.D. Davydov. From her second marriage, she had three sons and a daughter.
Museums section publications
Generals of 1812 and their lovely wives
On the anniversary of the Battle of Borodino, we recall the heroes of the Patriotic War of 1812, look at their portraits from the Hermitage Military Gallery, and also study what beautiful ladies were their life companions. Sofia Bagdasarova reports.
Kutuzovs
Unknown artist. Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov in his youth. 1777
George Doe. Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov.1829. State Hermitage
Unknown artist. Ekaterina Ilyinichna Golenishcheva-Kutuzova. 1777. GIM
The great commander Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov is painted in full length in Dow's portrait from the Military Gallery. There are few such large canvases in the hall - Emperor Alexander I, his brother Constantine, the Austrian emperor and the Prussian king were awarded such an honor, and only Barclay de Tolly and the British Lord Wellington were among the commanders.
Kutuzov's wife's name was Ekaterina Ilyinichna, nee Bibikova. In paired portraits commissioned in 1777 in honor of the wedding, Kutuzov is hardly recognizable - he is young, he has both eyes. The bride is powdered and rouged in the fashion of the 18th century. In family life, the spouses adhered to the mores of the same frivolous century: Kutuzov drove women of dubious behavior in the convoy, his wife had fun in the capital. This did not prevent them from tenderly loving each other and their five daughters.
Bagrations
George Doe (workshop). Pyotr Ivanovich Bagration. 1st half of the 19th century. State Hermitage
Jean Guerin. Wounding of Pyotr Ivanovich Bagration in the Battle of Borodino. 1816
Jean-Baptiste Isabey. Ekaterina Pavlovna Bagration. 1810s Army Museum, Paris
The famous military leader Pyotr Ivanovich Bagration was seriously wounded on the Borodino field: the cannonball crushed his leg. He was taken out of the battle in his arms, but the doctors did not help - after 17 days he died. When, in 1819, the English painter George Doe undertook a huge order - the creation of the Military Gallery, the appearance of the dead heroes, including Bagration, he had to recreate from the works of other masters. In this case, engravings and pencil portraits came in handy.
In family life, Bagration was unhappy. Emperor Pavel, wishing him only the best, in 1800 married him to the beautiful, heiress of the Potemkin millions, Ekaterina Pavlovna Skavronskaya. The frivolous blonde left her husband and left for Europe, where she walked in translucent muslin, indecently fitting her figure, spent huge sums and shone in the light. Among her lovers was the Austrian Chancellor Metternich, to whom she gave birth to a daughter. The death of her husband did not affect her lifestyle.
Raevsky
George Doe. Nikolai Nikolaevich Raevsky. 1st half of the 19th century. State Hermitage
Nikolay Samokish-Sudkovsky. The feat of Raevsky's soldiers near Saltanovka. 1912
Vladimir Borovikovsky. Sofia Alekseevna Raevskaya. 1813. State Museum of A.S. Pushkin
Nikolai Nikolaevich Raevsky, who raised a regiment on the offensive near the village of Saltanovka (according to legend, his two sons, 17 and 11 years old, went into battle next to him), survived the battle. Dow most likely painted it from nature. In general, there are more than 300 portraits in the Military Gallery, and although the English artist "signed" them all, the main array depicting ordinary generals was created by his Russian assistants - Alexander Polyakov and Wilhelm Golike. However, Dow still portrayed the most important generals himself.
Raevsky had a large loving family (Pushkin recalled for a long time his journey through the Crimea with them). He was married to Sofya Alekseevna Konstantinova, the granddaughter of Lomonosov, together with his adored wife, they experienced many misfortunes, including disgrace and an investigation into the Decembrist uprising. Then Raevsky himself and both of his sons were under suspicion, but later their name was cleared. His daughter Maria Volkonskaya followed her husband into exile. Surprisingly: all the Raevsky children inherited a huge great-grandfather Lomonosov's forehead - however, the girls preferred to hide it behind curls.
Tuchkovs
George Doe (workshop). Alexander Alekseevich Tuchkov. 1st half of the 19th century. State Hermitage
Nikolay Matveev. The widow of General Tuchkov on the Borodino field. State Tretyakov Gallery
Unknown artist. Margarita Tuchkova. 1st half of the 19th century. GMZ "Borodino field"
Alexander Alekseevich Tuchkov is one of those who inspired Tsvetaeva to write poetry, which later turned into Nastya's beautiful romance in the film "Say a Word About the Poor Hussar". He died in the Battle of Borodino, and his body was never found. Dow, creating his posthumous portrait, copied a very successful image by Alexander Warneck.
The picture shows how handsome Tuchkov was. His wife Margarita Mikhailovna, nee Naryshkina, adored her husband. When the news of her husband's death was delivered to her, she went to the battlefield - the approximate place of death was known. Margarita searched for Tuchkov for a long time among the mountains of dead bodies, but the search turned out to be fruitless. For a long time after these terrible searches, she was not herself, her relatives feared for her mind. Later, she erected a church on the indicated place, then a convent, of which she became the first abbess, having taken tonsure after new tragedy- Sudden death of a teenager son.
