Every day I receive about a hundred letters. Among the reviews, criticism, words of gratitude and information, you, dear

readers, send me your articles. Some of them deserve immediate publication, while others deserve careful study.

Today I offer you one of these materials. The topic covered in it is very important. Professor Valery Antonovich Torgashev decided to remember what the USSR of his childhood was like.

Postwar Stalinist Soviet Union. I assure you, if you did not live in that era, you will read the mass new information. Prices, salaries of the time, incentive systems. Stalin's price cuts, the size of the scholarship of that time, and much more.

And if you lived then - remember the time when your childhood was happy ...

“Dear Nikolai Viktorovich! I am following your speeches with interest, because in many respects our positions, both in history and in modern times, coincide.

In one of your speeches, you rightly noted that the post-war period of our history is practically not reflected in historical research. And this period was completely unique in the history of the USSR. Without exception, all the negative features of the socialist system and the USSR, in particular, appeared only after 1956, and the USSR after 1960 was absolutely different from the country that was before. However, the pre-war USSR also differed significantly from the post-war one. In that USSR, which I remember well, the planned economy was effectively combined with the market economy, and there were more private bakeries than state bakeries. The stores had an abundance of a variety of industrial and food products, most of which were produced by the private sector, and there was no concept of scarcity. Every year from 1946 to 1953 The life of the people improved markedly. The average Soviet family in 1955 fared better than the average American family in the same year and better than the modern American family of 4 with an annual income of $94,000. O modern Russia and you don't have to speak. I am sending you material based on my personal recollections, on the stories of my acquaintances who were older than me at that time, as well as on secret studies of family budgets that the Central Statistical Bureau of the USSR conducted until 1959. I would be very grateful to you if you could bring this material to your wide audience, if you find it interesting. I got the impression that no one else remembers this time except me.

Sincerely, Valery Antonovich Torgashev, Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor.

Remembering the USSR

It is believed that in Russia in the twentieth century there were 3 revolutions: in February and October 1917 and in 1991. Sometimes the year 1993 is also referred to. As a result of the February revolution, the political system changed within a few days. As a result October revolution both the political and economic system of the country changed, but the process of these changes dragged on for several months. In 1991, the Soviet Union collapsed, but no change in political or economic system did not happen this year. The political system changed in 1989, when the CPSU lost power both in fact and formally due to the repeal of the relevant article of the Constitution. The economic system of the USSR changed back in 1987, when a non-state sector of the economy appeared in the form of cooperatives. Thus, the revolution did not take place in 1991, but in 1987, and, unlike the revolutions of 1917, it was carried out by the people who were then in power.

In addition to the revolutions mentioned above, there was another one, about which not a single line has been written so far. During this revolution, cardinal changes took place in both the political and economic system of the country. These changes have resulted in a significant deterioration financial situation practically all segments of the population, a decrease in the production of agricultural and industrial goods, a reduction in the range of these goods and a decrease in their quality, and an increase in prices. We are talking about the revolution of 1956-1960 carried out by N.S. Khrushchev. The political component of this revolution was that, after a fifteen-year break, power was returned to the party apparatus at all levels, from the party committees of enterprises to the Central Committee of the CPSU. In 1959-1960, the non-state sector of economics was liquidated (enterprises of industrial cooperation and household plots of collective farmers), which ensured the production of a significant part of industrial goods (clothes, shoes, furniture, dishes, toys, etc.), food (vegetables, livestock and poultry products, fish products), as well as household services. In 1957, the State Planning Commission and the sectoral ministries (except for defense) were liquidated. Thus, instead of an effective combination of a planned and a market economy, neither one nor the other has become. In 1965, after the removal of Khrushchev from power, the State Planning Commission and the ministries were restored, but with significantly curtailed rights.

In 1956, the system of material and moral incentives for increasing the efficiency of production was completely abolished, which was introduced back in 1939 in all sectors of the national economy and ensured in the post-war period the growth of labor productivity and national income significantly higher than in other countries, including the United States, solely due to own financial and material resources. As a result of the elimination of this system, an equalization of wages appeared, and interest in the final result of labor and the quality of products disappeared. The uniqueness of the Khrushchev revolution was that the changes dragged on for several years and passed completely unnoticed by the population.

The standard of living of the population of the USSR in the post-war period increased annually and reached its maximum in the year of Stalin's death in 1953. In 1956, the incomes of people employed in the sphere of production and science are declining as a result of the elimination of payments that stimulate labor efficiency. In 1959, the incomes of collective farmers were sharply reduced due to the reduction of household plots and restrictions on keeping livestock in private ownership. Prices for products sold in the markets rise by 2-3 times. Since 1960, the era of a total shortage of industrial and food products began. It was this year that Beryozka foreign exchange shops and special distributors for the nomenclature were opened, which were not previously needed. In 1962, state prices for basic foodstuffs rose by about 1.5 times. In general, the life of the population has sunk to the level of the late forties.

Until 1960, in such areas as health care, education, science and innovative areas of industry (nuclear industry, rocket science, electronics, computer technology, automated production), the USSR occupied the leading position in the world. If we take the economy as a whole, then the USSR was second only to the United States, but significantly ahead of any other countries. At the same time, the USSR until 1960 was actively catching up with the United States and just as actively moving ahead of other countries. After 1960, the growth rate of the economy has been steadily declining, leading positions in the world are being lost.

In the materials below, I will try to tell in detail how ordinary people lived in the USSR in the 50s of the last century. Based on my own memories, the stories of people with whom life confronted me, as well as on some documents of that time that are available on the Internet, I will try to show how far from reality are modern ideas about the very recent the past of a great country.

Oh, it's good to live in a Soviet country!

Immediately after the end of the war, the life of the population of the USSR began to improve dramatically. In 1946, the wages of workers and engineering and technical workers (ITRs) working at enterprises and construction sites in the Urals, Siberia and Far East. In the same year, the salaries of people with higher and secondary education are increased by 20%. special education(ITR, workers of science, education and medicine). The importance of academic degrees and titles is rising. The salary of a professor, doctor of sciences is increased from 1,600 to 5,000 rubles, an associate professor, a candidate of sciences - from 1,200 to 3,200 rubles, a rector of a university from 2,500 to 8,000 rubles. In scientific research institutes, the scientific degree of a candidate of science began to add 1,000 rubles to the official salary, and 2,500 rubles for a doctor of science. At the same time, the salary of the union minister was 5,000 rubles, and the secretary of the district committee of the party - 1,500 rubles. Stalin, as Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, had a salary of 10 thousand rubles. Scientists in the USSR of that time also had additional income, sometimes several times higher than their salary. Therefore, they were the richest and at the same time the most respected part of Soviet society.

In December 1947, an event occurs that, in terms of emotional impact on people, was commensurate with the end of the war. As stated in the Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR and the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks No. 4004 of December 14, 1947 “... from December 16, 1947, the card system for the supply of food and industrial goods is canceled, high prices for commercial trade are canceled and uniform reduced state retail prices for food and manufactured goods are introduced ...”.

The card system, which allowed many people to be saved from starvation during the war, caused severe psychological discomfort after the war. The assortment of foodstuffs, which were sold by cards, was extremely poor. For example, in bakeries there were only 2 varieties of rye and wheat bread, which were sold by weight in accordance with the norm indicated in the cut-off coupon. The choice of other food products was also small. At the same time, commercial stores had such an abundance of products that any modern super-markets would envy. But the prices in these stores were beyond the reach of the majority of the population, and products were purchased there only for the festive table. After the abolition of the card system, all this abundance turned out to be in ordinary grocery stores at quite reasonable prices. For example, the price of cakes, which were previously sold only in commercial stores, decreased from 30 to 3 rubles. Market prices for products fell more than 3 times. Before the abolition of the rationing system, industrial goods were sold under special warrants, the presence of which did not yet mean the availability of the corresponding goods. After the abolition of ration cards, a certain shortage of industrial goods persisted for some time, but, as far as I remember, in 1951 there was no longer such a shortage in Leningrad.

On March 1, 1949-1951, further price cuts take place, averaging 20% ​​per year. Each decline was perceived as a national holiday. When the next price cut did not occur on March 1, 1952, people felt disappointed. However, on April 1 of the same year, the price reduction did take place. The last price cut took place after Stalin's death on April 1, 1953. During the post-war period, food prices and the most popular industrial goods fell on average by more than 2 times. So, for eight post-war years, the life of the Soviet people improved noticeably every year. For the entire known history of mankind in any country similar precedents were not observed.

The standard of living of the population of the USSR in the mid-50s can be assessed by studying the materials of studies of the budgets of families of workers, employees and collective farmers, which were conducted by the Central Statistical Office (CSO) of the USSR from 1935 to 1958 (these materials, which in the USSR were classified as "secret" , published on the website istmat.info). Budgets were studied in families belonging to 9 groups of the population: collective farmers, state farm workers, industrial workers, industrial engineers, industrial employees, teachers elementary school, teachers high school, doctors and nurses. The most prosperous part of the population, which included employees of defense industry enterprises, design organizations, scientific institutions, university professors, artel workers and the military, unfortunately, did not come to the attention of the CSO.

Of the study groups listed above, doctors had the highest income. Each member of their families had 800 rubles of monthly income. Of the urban population, the employees of industry had the lowest income - 525 rubles per month accounted for each family member. The rural population had a per capita monthly income of 350 rubles. At the same time, if the workers of state farms had this income in explicit monetary form, then the collective farmers received it when calculating the cost of their own products consumed in the family at state prices.

Food consumption was at about the same level for all groups of the population, including the rural population, 200-210 rubles per month per family member. Only in the families of doctors, the cost of a food basket reached 250 rubles due to the greater consumption of butter, meat products, eggs, fish and fruits, while reducing bread and potatoes. Rural residents consumed the most bread, potatoes, eggs and milk, but significantly less butter, fish, sugar and confectionery. It should be noted that the amount of 200 rubles spent on food was not directly related to family income or a limited choice of products, but was determined by family traditions. In my family, which in 1955 consisted of four people, including two schoolchildren, the monthly income per person was 1,200 rubles. The choice of products in the Leningrad grocery stores was much wider than in modern supermarkets. Nevertheless, our family's expenses for food, including school breakfasts and lunches in departmental canteens with parents, did not exceed 800 rubles a month.

Food was very cheap in departmental canteens. Lunch in the student canteen, including soup with meat, a main course with meat and compote or tea with a pie, cost about 2 rubles. Free bread was always on the tables. Therefore, in the days before the scholarship was given, some students living on their own bought tea for 20 kopecks and ate bread with mustard and tea. By the way, salt, pepper and mustard were also always on the tables. A scholarship at the institute where I studied, starting from 1955, was 290 rubles (with excellent grades - 390 rubles). 40 rubles from nonresident students went to pay for the hostel. The remaining 250 rubles (7500 modern rubles) was quite enough for a normal student life in big city. At the same time, as a rule, nonresident students did not receive help from home and did not earn extra money in their free time.

A few words about the Leningrad grocery stores of that time. The fish department was the most diverse. Several varieties of red and black caviar were displayed in large bowls. A full range of hot and cold smoked white fish, red fish from chum salmon to salmon, smoked eels and marinated lampreys, herring in jars and barrels. Live fish from rivers and inland waters was delivered immediately after being caught in special tank trucks with the inscription "fish". There was no frozen fish. It only appeared in the early 1960s. There was a lot of canned fish, of which I remember gobies in tomato, ubiquitous crabs for 4 rubles per can, and a favorite product of students living in a hostel - cod liver. Beef and lamb were divided into four categories with different prices, depending on the part of the carcass. In the department of semi-finished products, langets, entrecotes, schnitzels and escalopes were presented. The variety of sausages was much wider than now, and I still remember their taste. Now only in Finland you can try sausage, reminiscent of the Soviet one from those times. It should be said that the taste of boiled sausages changed already in the early 60s, when Khrushchev ordered to add soy to sausages. This prescription was ignored only in the Baltic republics, where back in the 70s it was possible to buy a normal doctor's sausage. Bananas, pineapples, mangoes, pomegranates, oranges were sold in large grocery stores or specialty stores all year round. Ordinary vegetables and fruits were purchased by our family at the market, where a small increase in price paid off with higher quality and more choice.

This is what the shelves of ordinary Soviet grocery stores looked like in 1953. After 1960, this was no longer the case.

The poster below refers to the pre-war period, but jars of crabs were in all Soviet stores in the fifties.

The above-mentioned materials of the Central Statistical Bureau provide data on the consumption of foodstuffs in the families of workers in various regions of the RSFSR. Of the two dozen product names, only two items have a significant variation (more than 20%) from the average level of consumption. Butter, with an average level of consumption in the country in the amount of 5.5 kg per year per person, was consumed in Leningrad in the amount of 10.8 kg, in Moscow - 8.7 kg, and in the Bryansk region - 1.7 kg, in Lipetsk - 2.2 kg. In all other regions of the RSFSR, the per capita consumption of butter in the families of workers was above 3 kg. A similar picture for sausage. Average level- 13 kg. In Moscow - 28.7 kg, in Leningrad - 24.4 kg, in the Lipetsk region - 4.4 kg, in the Bryansk region - 4.7 kg, in other regions - more than 7 kg. At the same time, the income in the families of workers in Moscow and Leningrad did not differ from the average income in the country and amounted to 7,000 rubles per year per family member. In 1957 I visited the cities along the Volga: Rybinsk, Kostroma, Yaroslavl. The assortment of foodstuffs was lower than in Leningrad, but butter and sausage were on the shelves, and the variety of fish products, perhaps, was even higher than in Leningrad. Thus, the population of the USSR, at least from 1950 to 1959, was fully provided with food.

The food situation has been drastically worsening since the 1960s. True, in Leningrad it was not very noticeable. I can only remember the disappearance from the sale of imported fruits, canned corn and, more importantly for the population, flour. When flour appeared in any store, huge queues lined up, and no more than two kilograms were sold per person. These were the first queues that I saw in Leningrad since the late 1940s. In smaller cities, according to the stories of my relatives and acquaintances, in addition to flour, the following disappeared from sale: butter, meat, sausage, fish (except for a small set of canned food), eggs, cereals and pasta. The assortment of bakery products has sharply decreased. I myself observed empty shelves in grocery stores in Smolensk in 1964.

I can judge the life of the rural population only by a few fragmentary impressions (not counting the budget studies of the Central Statistical Bureau of the USSR). In 1951, 1956 and 1962 I spent the summer on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus. In the first case, I traveled with my parents, and then on my own. At that time, trains had long stops at stations and even small stations. In the 50s, local residents came out to the trains with a variety of products, among which were: boiled, fried and smoked chickens, boiled eggs, homemade sausages, hot pies with various fillings, including fish, meat, liver, mushrooms. In 1962, only hot potatoes with pickles were brought to the trains.

In the summer of 1957, I was a member of a student concert brigade organized by the Leningrad Regional Committee of the All-Union Leninist Young Communist League. On a small wooden barge, we sailed down the Volga and gave concerts in coastal villages. At that time, there were few entertainments in the villages, and therefore almost all residents came to our concerts in local clubs. They did not differ from the urban population either in clothes or in facial expressions. And the dinners that we were treated to after the concert testified that there were no problems with food even in small villages.

In the early 80s, I was treated in a sanatorium located in the Pskov region. One day I went to a nearby village to try the village milk. The talkative old woman I met quickly dispelled my hopes. She told me that after Khrushchev's ban on keeping livestock in 1959 and the cutback of prius deb-ny plots, the village became completely impoverished, and the previous years were remembered as a golden age. Since then, meat has completely disappeared from the diet of the villagers, and milk was only occasionally given out from the collective farm for small children. And before, there was enough meat for their own consumption and for sale on the collective farm market, which provided the main income of the peasant family, and not at all collective farm earnings. I note that according to the statistics of the Central Statistical Bureau of the USSR in 1956, each rural resident of the RSFSR consumed more than 300 liters of milk per year, while urban residents consumed 80-90 liters. After 1959, the CSO ceased its secret budget research.

The provision of the population with industrial goods in the mid-50s was quite high. For example, in working families, more than 3 pairs of shoes were purchased annually for each person. The quality and variety of exclusively domestically produced consumer goods (clothing, shoes, dishes, toys, furniture and other household goods) was much higher than in subsequent years. The fact is that the main part of these goods was produced not by state enterprises, but by artels. Moreover, the products of artels were sold in ordinary state stores. As soon as new fashion trends appeared, they were instantly tracked, and within a few months, fashion products appeared in abundance on store shelves. For example, in the mid-50s, a youth fashion arose for shoes with a thick white rubber sole in imitation of the extremely popular rock and roll singer Elvis Presley in those years. I bought these locally made shoes at a regular department store in the fall of 1955, along with another fashionable item - a tie with a brightly colored picture. The only product that was not always available for purchase was popular records. However, in 1955 I had records, bought in a regular store, of almost all the then popular American jazz musicians and singers, such as Duke Ellington, Benny Goodman, Louis Armstrong, Ella Fitzgerald, Glenn Miller. Only records of Elvis Presley, illegally made on used x-ray film (as they used to say “on the bones”) had to be bought by hand. I do not remember that period of imported goods. Both clothes and shoes were produced in small batches and featured a wide variety of models. In addition, the manufacture of clothing and footwear for individual orders was widespread in numerous sewing and knitting ateliers, in shoe workshops that are part of the industrial cooperation. There were many tailors and shoemakers who worked individually. Fabrics were the hottest commodity at that time. I still m-nude the names of such fabrics popular at that time as drape, cheviot, boston, crepe de chine.

From 1956 to 1960, the process of liquidation of commercial cooperation took place. The bulk of the artels became state-owned enterprises, while the rest were closed or went underground. Individual production on patents was also prohibited. The production of almost all consumer goods, both in terms of volume and assortment, has sharply decreased. It is then that imported consumer goods appear, which immediately become scarce, despite the higher price with a limited assortment.

I can illustrate the life of the population of the USSR in 1955 using the example of my family. The family consisted of 4 people. Father, 50 years old, head of the department of the design institute. Mother, 45 years old, engineer-geologist of Lenmetrostroy. Son, 18 years old, high school graduate. Son, 10 years old, student. The family's income consisted of three parts: official salary (2,200 rubles for father and 1,400 rubles for mother), a quarterly bonus for fulfilling the plan, usually 60% of the salary, and a separate bonus for extra work. Whether my mother received such a bonus, I don’t know, but my father received it about once a year, and in 1955 this bonus amounted to 6,000 rubles. In other years, it was about the same value. I remember how my father, having received this award, laid out a lot of hundred-ruble bills on the dining table in the form of solitaire cards, and then we had a festive dinner. On average, the monthly income of our family was 4,800 rubles, or 1,200 rubles per person.

Of this amount, 550 rubles were deducted for taxes, party and trade union dues. 800 rubles were spent on food. 150 rubles were spent on housing and utilities (water, heating, electricity, gas, telephone). 500 rubles were spent on clothes, shoes, transport, entertainment. Thus, the regular monthly expenses of our family of 4 amounted to 2000 rubles. Unspent money remained 2,800 rubles a month, or 33,600 rubles (a million modern rubles) a year.

Our family income was closer to the middle than the upper. Thus, private sector workers (artels), who accounted for more than 5% of the urban population, had higher incomes. The officers of the army, the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the Ministry of State Security had high salaries. For example, an ordinary army lieutenant, a platoon commander, had a monthly income of 2,600-3,600 rubles, depending on the place and specifics of the service. At the same time, military income was not taxed. To illustrate the income of workers in the defense industry, I will give only an example of a young family I know well, who worked in the experimental design bureau of the Ministry of Aviation Industry. Husband, 25 years old, senior engineer with a salary of 1,400 rubles and a monthly income, taking into account various bonuses and travel allowances, of 2,500 rubles. Wife, 24 years old, senior technician with a salary of 900 rubles and a monthly income of 1,500 rubles. In general, the monthly income of a family of two was 4,000 rubles. About 15 thousand rubles of unspent money remained a year. I believe that a significant part of urban families had the opportunity to save annually 5-10 thousand rubles (150-300 thousand modern rubles).

Of the expensive goods, cars should be singled out. The range of cars was small, but there were no problems with their acquisition. In Leningrad, in the Apraksin Dvor large department store, there was a car dealership. I remember that in 1955 cars were put up for free sale there: Moskvich-400 for 9,000 rubles (economy class), Pobeda for 16,000 rubles (business class) and ZIM (later Chaika) for 40,000 rubles (executive class). Our family savings were enough to purchase any of the cars listed above, including ZIM. And the Moskvich car was generally available to the majority of the population. However, there was no real demand for cars. At that time, cars were seen as expensive toys that created a lot of maintenance and maintenance problems. My uncle had a Moskvich car, in which he traveled out of town only a few times a year. My uncle bought this car back in 1949 only because he could build a garage in the courtyard of his house in the premises of the former stables. At work, my father was offered to buy a decommissioned American Jeep, a military SUV of that time, for only 1,500 rubles. The father refused the car, as there was nowhere to keep it.

For the Soviet people of the post-war period, the desire to have the largest possible cash reserve was characteristic. They remembered well that during the war years, money could save lives. In the most difficult period of life besieged Leningrad there was a market where you could buy or exchange any food for things. In the Leningrad notes of my father, dated December 1941, the following prices and clothing equivalents in this market were indicated: 1 kg of flour = 500 rubles = felt boots, 2 kg of flour = kA-ra-cool fur coat, 3 kg of flour = gold watch. However, a similar situation with food was not only in Leningrad. In the winter of 1941-1942, small provincial towns, where there was no military industry, were not supplied with food at all. The population of these cities survived only by exchanging household goods for food with the inhabitants of the surrounding villages. My mother at that time worked as an elementary school teacher in the old Russian city of Belozersk, in her homeland. As she later said, by February 1942, more than half of her students had died of starvation. My mother and I survived only because in our house since pre-revolutionary times there were quite a few things that were valued in the countryside. But my mother's grandmother also starved to death in February 1942, leaving her food for her granddaughter and four-year-old great-grandson. My only vivid memory of that time is a New Year's gift from my mother. It was a piece of black bread, lightly sprinkled with granulated sugar, which my mother called p-rye. I tried a real cake only in December 1947, when Pinocchio suddenly became rich. There were more than 20 rubles of change in my children's piggy bank, and mo-not-you were preserved even after the monetary reform. Only since February 1944, when we returned to Leningrad after the blockade was lifted, did I stop experiencing a continuous feeling of hunger. By the mid-60s, the memory of the horrors of the war had faded, a new generation had come into life, not striving to save money in reserve, and cars, which by that time had risen in price by 3 times, became a deficit, like many other goods . :

After the cessation of 15 years of experiments to create a new aesthetics and new forms of dormitory in the USSR since the early 1930s, an atmosphere of conservative traditionalism has been established for more than two decades. At first it was "Stalinist classicism", which after the war grew into "Stalinist Empire", with heavy, monumental forms, the motives of which were often taken even from ancient Roman architecture. All this is very clearly manifested not only in architecture, but also in the interior of residential premises.
Many people imagine what the apartments of the 50s were like from films or from their own memories (grandparents often kept such interiors until the end of the century).
First of all, this is a chic oak furniture, designed to serve several generations.

"In a new apartment" (picture from the magazine "Soviet Union" 1954):

Oh, this buffet is very familiar to me! Although the picture is clearly not an ordinary apartment, many ordinary Soviet families had such buffets, including my grandparents.
Those who were richer were slaughtered with collectible porcelain from the Leningrad factory (which now has no price).
In the main room, a lampshade is more often cheerful, a luxurious chandelier in the picture gives out a rather high social status of the owners.

The second picture shows the apartment of a representative of the Soviet elite - the laureate Nobel Prize academician N..N. Semyonov, 1957:

A high resolution
In such families, they have already tried to reproduce the atmosphere of a pre-revolutionary living room with a pianoforte.
On the floor - oak lacquered parquet, carpet.
On the left, it seems, the edge of the TV is visible.

"Grandfather", 1954:

Very characteristic lampshade and lace tablecloth on a round table.

In a new house on Borovskoye Highway, 1955:

A high resolution
1955 was a turning point, since it was in this year that a decree on industrial housing construction was adopted, which marked the beginning of the Khrushchev era. But in 1955, more "malenkovkas" were built with the last hints of the quality factor and the architectural aesthetics of the "stalinok".
In this new apartment, the interiors are still pre-Khrushchev, with high ceilings and solid furniture. Pay attention to the love for round (sliding) tables, which then for some reason will become a rarity with us.
A bookcase in a place of honor is also a very typical feature of the Soviet home interior, after all, "the most reading country in the world." Was.

For some reason, a nickel-plated bed is adjacent to round table, which has a place in the living room.

Interiors in a new apartment in a Stalinist skyscraper in the picture of the same Naum Granovsky, 1950s:

For contrast, a photo of D. Baltermants 1951:

Lenin in a red corner instead of an icon in a peasant's hut.

In the late 1950s, a new era would begin. Millions of people will begin to move into their individual, albeit very tiny, Khrushchev apartments. There will be completely different furniture.

AT recent times I often come across posts in the top, telling about the sad and boring life in the USSR. Such posts are accompanied by black-and-white photographs of a bygone era as proof.

I will not argue that the selection of photos is biased. Maybe the ancestors, or relatives, or acquaintances of the author of such a post really lived a boring and uninteresting life. That was immortalized in photographs.

The truth, however, turns out to be different ... Photo documents turn out to be different too

In general, I also decided to contribute to the story of the recent past. Main character and the witness of the era is my dad Nikanorov Lev Dmitrievich. In January 1950, my father turned 24 years old. By this time, he managed to survive the raids at the beginning of the war in Leningrad, the evacuation to Sverdlovsk, complete the courses of junior commanders, become a lieutenant and even fight Last year(since August 1944).

And all his friends in the photographs are also front-line soldiers, all of them were awarded one or two medals, and some even an order. But at the same time, they continued to be very young people.

Looking for family photos, scanning and preparing them for publication in LJ, I caught myself envying my father's generation.

I believe that a selection of photographs will be of interest not only to my peers, but also to those who were born much later.

So, how did the youth rest in the fifties of the last century? One of my favorite holidays is May Day.

This is Sverdlovsk, the embankment of the city pond, a familiar place for Sverdlovsk residents.

Ploschad 1905, Sverdlovsk.
The young man with glasses is my dad. Pay attention to the fashion of young ladies - hats, coats, shoes ...

I look at this photo and think that my father and his friends were majors (if it is appropriate to apply such a word to recent front-line soldiers).

In winter, young people enjoyed going to the skating rink.

Stadium "Dynamo". Pay attention to the portrait of the best friend of athletes in the background. Who on the sides of Stalin I did not make out.
Funny shape - sharovarchiki. Skates are also interesting. They were called "Canada" or "half-Canada". Until now, they (skates) rest somewhere on the mezzanine in the parental apartment. Skates are very uncomfortable...

Also, skis. Apparently, this is some kind of competition. AT post-war years just like before the war, almost everyone passed the TRP standards.
I think that this is just the surrender of the TRP standards ...

The TRP standards were also passed at the stadium.

Let's call this photo like this: "After the cross at the stadium"

This is apparently preparation for a cross-country cross country in the forest

And here is the cross-country obstacle course itself. Funny photo))

City dwellers section. I suppose that this is also some kind of competition, but the guys came to the stadium straight from work (trousers, shirts, ties)...
It seems to me that debts are knocked out with gorosh sticks no worse than with baseball bats (I mentally jumped into the 90s).
But actually, I remember how as a child I went to the stadium with my father, put up figures, also tried to throw a stick ... The stick seemed very heavy.
It is a pity that the towns have disappeared from our lives.

On the back it says it's a volleyball team. My dad is second from the right.

And here is dad as a volleyball referee. Dad is in pajamas. The photo was taken in a military sanatorium in Odessa. Pay attention to the cap hanging on the pole. The cap is the main headdress of young people.

In 1950, my father was given a ticket to some military sanatorium in Odessa. I don't know what kind of sanatorium it is, what it's called.
The monument to the leader of all peoples is very impressive. It is interesting, but in every sanatorium there was a monument to I.V. Stalin?

I recently read () that there were no swimming trunks in the USSR, but only family satin underpants.
Well, this photo proves that there were still swimming trunks))

Well, here is such a staged photo: they put on the robes of their girlfriends, wrapped their heads in a towel (turban), dad has a skullcap, one seems to be praying, the other is asking for alms. Khoja Nasreddin and a dervish... Odessa, 1950.

I really like this photo. Sanatorium, chess, fans ("walk a horse, horse"), books are read in the fresh air.
Waiting for dinner ... Or maybe after dinner.

And again chess. Dad loved to play chess. But in this game he made a mistake, in the sense that now (in a move) he will lose a rook (if he doesn’t come up with something like that ... All in the same military sanatorium in Odessa.

Well, let's finish for today. Tomorrow or the day after tomorrow I will post another selection of very interesting photos.

Dmitry NIKANOROV

Was it possible to prescribe only to the father or mother, or was it possible to prescribe the child to blood relatives even with a different surname?

question №10732645

Read 234 times

Minor children and wards were registered in the living space of their parents and guardians; and adult children who do not have their own families or have minor children, but are not married - to the living space of their parents.

Decree No. 57/1917 of 1932 "On the establishment of a unified passport system for the USSR and the mandatory registration of passports."

RESOLUTION OF THE COUNCIL OF MINISTERS OF THE USSR

About some rules of registration of citizens

(text edited on 06/05/2016 at 22:54)

Look at the "Regulations on Passports" October 21, 1953 But such a rule as you write about blood relatives did not exist. because there is no such concept in the law and never was. Children were registered with their parents

(text edited on 06/05/2016 at 23:04)

The period you indicated is the period of the formation of the propiska institution, therefore, from the available sources, we can conclude that the children were registered together with the dependents of whom they were.

RESOLUTION

b) those under the age of 16 are included in the passports of the persons they are dependent on;

II. Registration and discharge

22. Live without a residence permit:

a) military personnel of the Red Army, the Navy and the troops of the NKVD of the USSR, stationed in barracks and on ships;

b) military personnel dismissed from units for a period of up to 3 days, if there is a document from the unit on dismissal;

c) collective farmers, individual farmers and other persons living in rural areas where the passport system has not been introduced, arriving in the cities of their region for up to 5 days. These persons are required to register at their place of residence.

23. Subject to discharge:

a) all persons who leave their place of residence for other areas for a period of more than 1 1/2 months, with the exception of those leaving on business trips, vacations, for treatment, camp fees and dachas;

b) changing their place of residence within the same locality (change of apartment);

c) dead.

24. Registration and discharge is made according to house and settlement (in rural areas) books.

The forms of these books are established by the Main Directorate of the RK Militia of the NKVD of the USSR.

c) persons under the age of 16 who arrived for independent residence, registered and discharged on the basis of a birth certificate;

d) patients delivered to medical institutions, temporarily prescribed by any document.

26. Registration and discharge of citizens is carried out in cities, workers' settlements and regional centers through management or commandants of houses, and in private houses - through house owners.

In rural areas, registration and discharge is carried out through authorized village councils.

27. For registration of a passport, a state fee of one ruble is collected, with the exception of resort areas where a special resort fee is established by the Decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR.

Military personnel who are on a valid basis are exempt from paying the state fee for registration military service in the Red Army Navy and troops of the NKVD of the USSR, employees and commanding staff of state security bodies, private and commanding staff of the RK Militia.

Nikolai Viktorovich, since in the USSR housing was provided to citizens on the basis of a move-in order, family members indicated in the order moved into the apartment. If other persons moved into the housing, then they had to move in as members of the family living in the apartment.

Naturally, everyone received a "propiska" at the place of residence. Children (at birth) were registered at the place of residence of their parents, while the need for the consent of cohabitants was not required.

Registration was supervised and residence permits were obtained from administrative bodies.

Regulations:

Decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of December 27, 1932 "On the establishment of a unified passport system for the USSR and the mandatory registration of passports"

DECISION No. 677 of August 28, 1974 "ON THE APPROVAL OF THE REGULATIONS ON THE PASSPORT SYSTEM IN THE USSR", as amended. and additional, introduced by the Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR of 01.28.1983 N 98 - SP of the USSR, 1983, N 6, art. 28

This is the best answer

Hello. Before the Regulations on the passport system of the USSR in 1974, the Decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR dated 04/28/1925 "On the registration of citizens in urban settlements" was in force, which, unfortunately, does not indicate how children were registered.

Decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR dated April 28, 1925 "On the registration of citizens in urban settlements"

COUNCIL OF PEOPLE'S COMMISSIONERS R.S.F.S.R.

ON REGISTRATION OF CITIZENS IN URBAN SETTLEMENTS

In addition and development of the decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and Council People's Commissars R.S.F.S.R. dated June 20, 1923 on an identity card (Sobr. Uzak., 1923, N 61, art. 575), Council of People's Commissars R.S.F.S.R. decides:

Approve the following rules for the registration of citizens in urban settlements:

1. Each person who arrives to live in a house located within the boundaries of an urban settlement, even if this residence is temporary, for a period of more than three days, is obliged to immediately declare his stay to the house management (owner or tenant) of the house, hotel or furnished rooms.

2. The house administration, the house owner or the tenant of the house shall, within forty-eight hours, enter information about the arrival in the house book and register the entry in the relevant police department.

3. For registration, it is sufficient to present one of the following documents:

a) an identity card received by a citizen in accordance with the decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars R.S.F.S.R. dated June 20, 1923 on an identity card;

b) act (or old metric) birth certificate;

c) a pay book or other certificate from the place of work or service;

d) membership card of the trade union;

e) other identification documents.

4. In the absence of any documents, a temporary, for a period not exceeding three months, registration is allowed upon a written application of the arrival, containing all the necessary information.

Note. Within a three-month period, the arrival is obliged to submit any of the documents specified in Art. 3 of this Decree.

5. Regardless of the submission of the relevant document, house administrations are obliged to require personal books and other documents indicating their attitude to military service from arrived military servicemen, in accordance with the Guidelines for the Registration of Persons Liable for Military Service and not to prescribe them without presenting them.

6. The basis for registration of foreign citizens is the residence permit established for them.

7. Upon the departure of a citizen from the place of residence, the house management is obliged to make an appropriate note in the house book within two days and register it in the corresponding police department.

8. The presentation of other people's documents at registration, the falsification of such, as well as the reporting of false information in a written application (Article 4) is punishable under Art. 85a, 222 and 226b of the Criminal Code.

9. Non-fulfillment by homeowners, tenants of houses and persons responsible in house administrations of the duties assigned to them on the basis of this Decree entails administrative penalties in the amount of not more than twenty-five rubles.

10. The People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs is instructed to issue instructions on the application of this Decree within two weeks.

Vice-chairman

Council of People's Commissars

Manager

Council of People's Commissars

V. SMOLYANINOV

Dear Nikolay Viktorovich!! The stages of passportization of the USSR are reflected in the following regulations.

To your question: Was it possible to prescribe only to the father or mother, or was it possible to prescribe the child to blood relatives even with a different surname? Based on the analysis of these regulations, the following answer can be given: registration of children under the age of 16 was possible only with their parents. Children were entered in their parents' passports. When registering in accordance with paragraph 25 of the Decree of the Council of People's Commissars dated September 10, 1940 No. 1667, children fit into the address sheets of their parents.

Nothing has changed in the Passport Regulations of 1953 in this regard.

The child could not be registered with other relatives other than the parents

25. For registration and discharge of citizens to the bodies of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Police must submit a passport. The exception is

b) persons under the age of 16 and insane, entered into the address sheets of those persons in whose passports they are entered (Resolution of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR of 10.09.1940 n 1667 "On Approval of the Regulations on Passports")

Decree of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR, Council of People's Commissars of the USSR of December 27, 1932 N 1917 "On the establishment of a unified passport system for the USSR and the mandatory registration of passports"

1. All citizens of the USSR over the age of 16, permanently residing in cities, workers' settlements, working in transport, in state farms and in new buildings, are required to have passports.

2. In areas where the passport system has been introduced, the passport is the only document proving the identity of the holder.

All other documents and certificates that served as a residence permit are canceled as invalid.

Passport is required to present:

a) when registering a passport holder (propiska);

b) when applying for a job in an enterprise and institution;

c) at the request of the police and other administrative bodies.

3. Registration of persons in areas where the passport system has been introduced is absolutely mandatory.

Citizens who change their place of residence within populated areas where the passport system has been introduced, or newly arriving in these populated areas, are required to present their passports through house management for registration with the police no later than 24 hours upon arrival at a new place of residence.

4. Persons under the age of 16 are entered in the passports of the persons they depend on.

Persons under the age of 16 who are dependent on the state (in orphanages, etc.) are included in the lists maintained by the relevant institutions.

5. For military personnel in active military service in the ranks of the Red Army, the documents established for them, issued by the relevant command, replace the passport.

6. Passports are issued by workers' and peasants' militia. Citizens permanently residing in settlements where the passport system has been introduced are issued passports without filing applications, and citizens arriving in these settlements from other localities - according to their statements.

7. Citizens permanently residing in areas where the passport system has been introduced are issued passports for a three-year period.

Pending the introduction of the passport system throughout the USSR, allow the bodies of the workers' and peasants' militia of cities, when registering newly arriving citizens, to issue them temporary certificates for a period not exceeding three months.

8. When issuing passports, citizens are charged three rubles, and when issuing temporary certificates - one ruble.

9. The following must be entered in the passport:

a) given name, patronymic and surname,

b) time and place of birth,

c) nationality,

d) social status,

e) permanent residence,

e) place of work,

g) obligatory military service,

h) persons entered in the owner's passport,

i) a list of documents on the basis of which the passport was issued.

Decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR of September 10, 1940 n 1667 "On Approval of the Regulations on Passports"

COUNCIL OF PEOPLE'S COMMISSIONERS OF THE USSR

RESOLUTION

ON THE APPROVAL OF THE REGULATION ON PASSPORTS

1. All citizens of the USSR over the age of 16 permanently residing in cities, workers' settlements, district centers, settlements where MTS are located; in all settlements of the Moscow region; in all settlements of the 100-kilometer strip around the city of Leningrad and the 50-kilometer strip around the city of Kyiv; in all settlements within the prohibited border zones established by the Government of the USSR and the border strip along the entire border of the USSR, as well as those working in new buildings, water and rail transport and state farms, are required to have passports.

2. In areas where the passport system has been introduced, the following people live without passports:

a) military personnel in active military service, according to the documents issued to them by the command of the units;

b) those under the age of 16 are included in the passports of the persons they are dependent on;

7. Passports are established in three types: 1) unlimited; 2) five-year and 3) temporary certificates (for a period not exceeding 3 months).

Passports state:

a) last name, first name and patronymic;

b) year, month, day and place of birth;

c) nationality;

d) social status;

e) attitude towards compulsory military service;

f) which body of the RK Militia issued the passport;

g) a list of documents on the basis of which the passport was issued;

h) children of the passport holder who have not reached the age of 16.

II. Registration and discharge

21. All citizens who change their place of residence within settlements where the passport system has been introduced, or who are newly arriving for permanent or temporary residence in settlements, regardless of whether the passport system has been introduced in the area, are required to register a passport within 24 hours upon arrival at a new location.

When obtaining a passport again or when replacing it, registration is also required.

25. For registration and discharge of citizens to the bodies of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Police must submit a passport. The exception is:

a) persons in active military service, living outside the barracks and courts, registered and issued on the basis of certificates issued by the command of the units;

b) persons under the age of 16, and insane persons, entered in the address sheets of those persons in whose passports they are entered;

From 1954 to 1975, the issuance of passports was regulated by the Regulations on Passports, approved by the Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR On Passports dated October 21, 1953 No. 1305–515.

On August 28, 1974, by a resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR “On measures to further improve the passport system in the USSR”, a decision was made to introduce a new passport of a citizen of the USSR in 1976. This provision established that the passport of a citizen of the USSR must have all Soviet citizens who have reached the age of 16.