It has already been proven that the Sumerian civilization is the oldest on Earth. Their first civilization arose in general at a breathtaking time: at least 445 thousand years ago. Many scientists have fought and are fighting to solve the mystery ancient people planets, but mysteries still remain.

More than 6 thousand years ago, in the region of Mesopotamia, out of nowhere, a unique civilization of the Sumerians appeared, which had all the signs of a highly developed one. Suffice it to mention that the Sumerians used the ternary counting system and knew the Fibonacci numbers. The Sumerian texts contain information about the origin, development and structure solar system. In their image of the solar system, located in the Middle East section state museum in Berlin, at the center of the system is the Sun, surrounded by all the planets known today. However, there are differences in their depiction of the solar system, the main of which is that the Sumerians place an unknown big planet between Mars and Jupiter - the 12th planet in the Sumerian system! The Sumerians called this mysterious planet Nibiru, which means "crossing planet". The orbit of this planet - a highly elongated ellipse - once every 3600 years crosses the solar system.

The next passage of the Niber through the solar system is expected between 2100 and 2158. According to the Sumerians, the planet Niberu was inhabited by conscious beings - the Anunaki. Their life span was 360,000 Earth years. They were real giants: women from 3 to 3.7 meters tall, and men from 4 to 5 meters.

It is worth noting here that, for example, the ancient ruler of Egypt, Akhenaten, was 4.5 meters tall, and the legendary beauty Nefertiti was about 3.5 meters tall. Already in our time, two unusual coffins were discovered in Akhenaten's city of Tel el-Amarna. In one of them, an image of the Flower of Life was engraved right above the head of the mummy. And in the second coffin were found the bones of a seven-year-old boy, whose height was about 2.5 meters. Now this coffin with the remains is exhibited in the Cairo Museum.

In Sumerian cosmogony, the main event is called the “celestial battle”, a catastrophe that occurred 4 billion years ago and changed the appearance of the solar system. Modern astronomy confirms the data on this catastrophe!

The sensational discovery of astronomers recent years was the discovery of a set of fragments of some celestial body, having a common orbit corresponding to the orbit of the unknown planet Nibiru.

Sumerian manuscripts contain information that can be interpreted as information about the origin intelligent life on the ground. According to these data, the genus Homo sapiens was created artificially as a result of the use of genetic engineering about 300 thousand years ago. Thus, perhaps humanity is a civilization of biorobots.
I’ll make a reservation right away that there are some temporary inconsistencies in the article. This is due to the fact that many dates are set only with a certain degree of accuracy.

Six millennia ago... Civilizations ahead of their time, or the mystery of the climatic optimum.

The deciphering of Sumerian manuscripts shocked the researchers. Here is a brief and incomplete list of the achievements of this unique civilization that existed at the dawn of the development of Egyptian civilization, long before the Roman Empire, and even more so. Ancient Greece. We are talking about the time about 6 thousand years ago.
After deciphering the Sumerian tables, it became clear that the Sumerian civilization had a number of modern knowledge in the field of chemistry, herbal medicine, cosmogony, astronomy, modern mathematics (for example, it used the golden ratio, the ternary calculus system, used after the Sumerians only when creating modern computers, used Fibonacci numbers! ), possessed knowledge in genetic engineering (this interpretation of the texts was given by a number of scientists in the order of the version of the decoding of manuscripts), had a modern state structure - a jury trial and elected bodies of people's (in modern terminology) deputies, and so on ...

Where could such knowledge come from at that time? Let's try to figure it out, but let's draw some facts about that era - 6 thousand years ago. This time is significant in that the average temperature on the planet then was several degrees higher than at present. The effect is called the temperature optimum. The approach of the binary system of Sirius (Sirius-A and Sirius-B) to the solar system belongs to the same period. At the same time, for several centuries of the 4th millennium BC, two moons were visible in the sky instead of one - the second heavenly body, then comparable in size to the Moon was the approaching Sirius, an explosion in the system of which occurred again in the same period - 6 thousand years ago! At the same time, absolutely regardless of the development of the Sumerian civilization in Central Africa, there was a Dogon tribe leading a rather isolated lifestyle from other tribes and nationalities, however, as it became known in our time, the Dogon knew the details of not only the structure star system Sirius, but also possessed other information from the field of cosmogony. Those are the parallels. But if the Dogon legends contain people from Sirius, whom this African tribe perceived as gods who descended from heaven and flew to Earth due to a catastrophe on one of the inhabited planets of the Sirius system associated with an explosion on the star Sirius, then, according to the Sumerian According to texts, the Sumerian civilization was associated with immigrants from the dead 12th planet of the solar system, the planet Nibiru.

Crossing planet.

According to Sumerian cosmogony, the planet Nibiru, not without reason called "crossing", has a very elongated and inclined elliptical orbit and passes between Mars and Jupiter once every 3600 years. For many years, the information of the Sumerians about the dead 12th planet of the solar system was classified as a legend. However, one of the most amazing discoveries of the last two years has been the discovery of a collection of fragments of a previously unknown celestial body moving along a common orit in a way that only fragments of a once single celestial body can do. The orbit of this collection crosses the solar system once every 3600 years precisely between Mars and Jupiter and exactly corresponds to the data from the Sumerian manuscripts. How could the ancient civilization of the Earth have such information 6 thousand years ago?

"Descended from heaven" - myth or reality?

The planet Nibiru plays a special role in the formation of the mysterious civilization of the Sumerians. So, the Sumerians claim to have had contact with the inhabitants of the planet Nibiru! It was from this planet that, according to the Sumerian texts, the Anunaki came to Earth, "descending from heaven to Earth."

Here we are dealing with evidence of the possible assimilation of settlers from Nibiru. By the way, if you believe these legends, which are quite numerous in different cultures, then humanoids not only belonged to the protein form of life, but were also so compatible with earthlings that they could have a common offspring. Biblical sources also testify to such assimilation. We add that in most religions, the gods converged with earthly women. Doesn't the above testify to the reality of paleocontacts, that is, contacts with representatives of other inhabited celestial bodies that occurred from tens of thousands to hundreds of thousands of years ago.

How incredible is the existence of beings close to human nature outside the Earth? Among the supporters of the plurality of intelligent life in the Universe there were many great scientists, among whom it is enough to mention Tsiolkovsky, Vernadsky and Chizhevsky.

However, the Sumerians report much more than bible books. According to Sumerian manuscripts, the Anunaki first arrived on Earth about 445 thousand years ago, that is, long before the emergence of the Sumerian civilization.

People or ... biorobots?

Let's try to find an answer in the Sumerian manuscripts to the question: why did the inhabitants of the planet Nibiru fly to Earth 445 thousand years ago? It turns out that they were interested in minerals, primarily gold. Why?

If we take as a basis the version of an ecological catastrophe on the 12th planet of the solar system, then we could talk about creating a protective gold-containing screen for the planet. Note that a technology similar to the proposed one is currently used in space projects.

The Sumerians were excellent travelers and explorers - they are also credited with the invention of the world's first ships. One dictionary of Sumerian words contained at least 105 designations various types ships - according to their size, purpose and type of cargo. One inscription speaks of the possibility of repairing ships and lists the types of materials that the local ruler brought to build the temple of his god in about 2200 BC. The breadth of the assortment of these goods is amazing - ranging from gold, silver, copper - to diorite, carnelian and cedar. In some cases, these materials have been transported over thousands of miles.

In Sumer, cosmogony and cosmology first arose, the first collection of proverbs and aphorisms appeared, and literary debates were held for the first time; here the first book catalog appeared, the first money (silver shekels in the form of "bullions by weight") were in circulation, taxes were introduced for the first time, the first laws were adopted and social reforms were carried out, medicine appeared, and for the first time attempts were made to achieve peace and harmony in society.

The Sumerian civilization perished as a result of the invasion from the west of warlike Semitic nomadic tribes. In the 24th century BC, the king of Akkad, Sargon the Ancient, defeated the king Lugalzaggisi, the ruler of Sumer, uniting northern Mesopotamia under his power. On the shoulders of Sumer, the Babylonian-Assyrian civilization was born.

It was in this way, according to the ancient civilization of the Sumerians, that MAN appeared on earth.

But who were the Sumerians?

The civilization of ancient Sumer, its sudden appearance produced an effect on humanity comparable to nuclear explosion: lump historical knowledge shattered into hundreds of small fragments, and years passed before this monolith could be reassembled.

The Sumerians, who practically did not “exist” for a hundred and fifty years before the heyday of their civilization, gave humanity so much that many are still wondering: did they really exist? And if they were, why did they disappear into the darkness of centuries with uncomplaining dumbness?

Before mid-nineteenth no one knew anything about the Sumerians for centuries. Those finds that were later recognized as Sumerian were at first attributed to other periods and other cultures. And this defies explanation: a rich, well-organized, "powerful" civilization has gone so deep into the "underground" that it is contrary to logic. Moreover, the achievements of ancient Sumer, as it turned out, are so impressive that it is almost impossible to “hide” them, just as it is impossible to remove Egyptian pharaohs, Mayan pyramids, Etruscan tombstones, Jewish antiquities from the history.

Uplifting deception?

After the phenomenon of the Sumerian civilization became a generally recognized fact, many of the researchers recognized their right to "cultural birthright". The greatest expert on Sumer, Professor Samuel Noah Kramer, summed up this phenomenon in one of his books, declaring that "history begins in Sumer." The professor did not sin against the truth - he counted the number of objects, the right of discovery of which belongs to the Sumerians, and found that there were at least thirty-nine of them. And most importantly, what items! If someone from ancient civilizations invented one thing, then he would go down in history forever! And here as many as 39 (!), And one is more significant than the other!

The Sumerians invented the wheel, parliament, medicine and many other things that we use to this day.

Judge for yourself: in addition to the first writing system, the Sumerians invented a wheel, a school, a bicameral parliament, historians, something like a newspaper or magazine, which historians called the Farmer's Almanac. They were the first to study cosmogony and cosmology, collected a collection of proverbs and aphorisms, introduced literary debates, invented money, taxes, issued laws, carried out social reforms, invented medicine (the recipes by which we get medicine in pharmacies also first appeared in ancient Sumer ). They also created a real literary hero, who in the Bible received the name Noah, and the Sumerians called him Ziudsura. It first appeared in the Sumerian Epic of Gilgamesh long before the Bible was written.

Some Sumerian undertakings are still used by people and are admired. For example, medicine has been very high level. In Nineveh (one of the Sumerian cities) they found a library in which there was a whole medical department: about a thousand clay tablets! Can you imagine - the most complex medical procedures were described in special reference books, which talked about hygiene rules, about operations, even about cataract removal and the use of alcohol for disinfection during surgical operations! And all this happened around 3500 BC - that is, more than fifty centuries ago!

Given the antiquity, when all this happened, it is very difficult to comprehend other achievements of a civilization hidden in the interfluve of the Tigris and Euphrates.

The Sumerians were fearless travelers and outstanding sailors who built the world's first ships. One of the inscriptions excavated in the city of Lagash tells how to repair ships and lists the materials that the local ruler brought for the construction of the temple. There was everything from gold, silver, copper to diorite, carnelian and cedar.

What can I say: the first brick kiln was also built in Sumer! They also invented a technology for smelting metals from ore, such as copper - for this, the ore was heated to a temperature of over 800 degrees in a closed furnace with a low oxygen supply. This process, called smelting, was carried out when the supply of natural native copper was exhausted. Surprisingly, these innovative technologies were mastered by the Sumerians several centuries after the emergence of civilization.

And in general, the Sumerians produced all their discoveries and inventions within a very short time - one hundred and fifty years! Other civilizations during this period of time are just getting on their feet, taking their first steps, and the Sumerians, like a non-stop conveyor belt, have supplied the world with examples of inventive thought and brilliant discoveries. Looking at all this, many questions involuntarily arise, the first of which is: what kind of wonderful, mythical people are they who came from nowhere, gave a lot of useful things - from a wheel to a bicameral parliament - and went into the unknown, leaving behind practically no traces?

Unique writing - cuneiform is also an invention of the Sumerians. The Sumerian cuneiform for a long time did not give in to the solution, until it was taken up by English diplomats, and at the same time by scouts.

Judging by the list of achievements, the Sumerians were the founders of the civilization from which history began its record. And if so, then it makes sense to take a closer look at them in order to understand how this became possible? Where did this enigmatic ethnic group draw material for inspiration from?

low truths

There are many versions about where the Sumerians came from and where their homeland is located, but this mystery has not been finally resolved. Let's start with the fact that even the name "Sumers" appeared recently - they themselves called themselves blackheads (why is also unclear). However, the fact that their homeland is not Mesopotamia is quite obvious: their appearance, language, culture were completely alien to the tribes that lived in Mesopotamia at that time! Moreover, the Sumerian language is not related to any of the languages ​​that have survived to this day!

Most historians are inclined to believe that the original habitat of the Sumerians was a certain mountainous area in Asia - it is not for nothing that the words "country" and "mountain" in the Sumerian language are written the same way. And taking into account their ability to build ships and "be on you" with water, they lived either on the seashore or near it. The Sumerians also came to Mesopotamia by water: at first they appeared in the Tigris delta, and only then they began to develop swampy, uninhabitable shores.

Having drained them, the Sumerians erected a variety of buildings, moreover, on artificial embankments or on terraces made of mud bricks. This method of construction, most likely, is not characteristic of the plains inhabitants. Based on this, scientists have suggested that their homeland is the island of Dilmun (the current name is Bahrain). This island, located in the Persian Gulf, is mentioned in the Sumerian Epic of Gilgamesh. The Sumerians called Dilmun their homeland, their ships visited the island, but modern researchers believe that there is no serious evidence that Dilmun was the cradle of ancient Sumer.

Gilgamesh, surrounded by bull-like people, supports a winged disk - a symbol of the Assyrian god Ashur

There is a version that the homeland of the Sumerians was India, Transcaucasia, and even West Africa. But then it is not clear: why in the notorious Sumerian homeland at that time no special progress was observed, and in Mesopotamia, where the fugitives sailed, there was an unexpected take-off? And what ships, for example, were in the same Transcaucasia? Or in ancient India?

There is a version that the Sumerians are the descendants of the indigenous population of the sunken Atlantis, the Atlanteans. Supporters of this version argue that this island-state died as a result of a volcanic eruption and a giant tsunami that even covered the continent. Despite all the controversy of such a version, it at least explains the mystery of the emergence of the Sumerians.

If we assume that the volcanic eruption on the island of Santorini, located in the Mediterranean Sea, destroyed the civilization of the Atlanteans in its prime, why not assume that part of the population escaped and subsequently settled in Mesopotamia? But the Atlanteans (assuming that it was they who inhabited Santorini) had a highly developed civilization, which was famous for its excellent sailors, architects, doctors who knew how to build a state and manage it.

The most reliable way to establish a relationship between certain peoples is to compare their languages. The connection can be close - then it is considered that the languages ​​belong to the same language group. In this sense, all peoples, including those that have long disappeared, have linguistic relatives among the peoples who live to this day.

But the Sumerians are the only people who do not have linguistic relatives! They are unique and unrepeatable in this! And the decoding of their language and writing was accompanied by a number of circumstances that cannot be called otherwise than suspicious.

British footprint

by the most important point in a long chain of circumstances that led to the discovery of ancient Sumer was that it was found not thanks to the curiosity of archaeologists, but in ... the offices of scientists. Alas, the right to discover the most ancient civilization belongs to linguists. Trying to comprehend the secrets of the cuneiform writing, they, like detectives in a detective novel, went on the trail of a hitherto unknown people.

But at first it was nothing more than a guess, until in the middle of the 19th century employees of the British and French consulates took up the search (as you know, most consular employees are professional intelligence officers).

Behistun inscription

At first it was an officer of the British army, Major Henry Rawlinson. In 1837-1844, this inquisitive military man, a decipherer of Persian cuneiform, copied the Behistun inscription, a trilingual inscription on a rock between Kermanshah and Hamadan in Iran. This inscription, made in Old Persian, Elamite and Babylonian, was deciphered by the major for 9 years (by the way, a similar inscription was on the Rosetta Stone in Egypt, which was found under the guidance of Baron Denon, also a diplomat and intelligence officer, who at one time was exposed for espionage from Russia).

Even then, some scholars suspected that the translation from the Old Persian language was suspicious and similar to the language of the embassy ciphers. But Rawlinson immediately presented scientists with clay dictionaries made by the ancient Persians. It was they who prompted scientists to search for an ancient civilization that exists in these places.

Joined in this search and Ernest de Sarzhak - another diplomat, this time French. In 1877 he found a figurine made in an unknown style. Sarzhak organized excavations in that area and - what do you think? - took out from under the ground a whole pile of unprecedented beauty of artifacts. So one fine day, traces of the people who gave the world the first written language in history were found - both to the Babylonians, and to the Assyrians, and to the later large city-states of Asia Minor and the Middle East.

Surprising luck also accompanied the former London engraver George Smith, who deciphered the outstanding Sumerian epic about Gilgamesh. In 1872 he worked as an assistant in the Egyptian-Assyrian department of the British Museum. During the deciphering of part of the text written on clay tablets (they were sent to London by Ormuz Rasam, a friend of Rawlinson and also a scout), Smith discovered that a number of tablets describe the exploits of a hero named Gilgamesh.

He realized that part of the story was missing because several of the tablets were missing. Smith's discovery caused a sensation. The Daily Telegraph even offered £1,000 to anyone who could find the missing pieces of the story. George took advantage of this and went to Mesopotamia. And what do you think? His expedition managed to find 384 tablets, among which was the missing part of the epic, which turned our understanding of the Ancient World upside down.

All these “strangenesses” and “accidents” accompanying the big discovery led to the fact that many supporters of the conspiracy version appeared in the world, which says: ancient Sumer never existed, all this was the work of a brigade of swindlers!

But why did they need it? The answer is simple: in the middle of the 19th century, Europeans decided to firmly establish themselves in the Middle East and Asia Minor, where it clearly smelled of great profit. But to make their presence appear legitimate, a theory was needed to justify their presence. And then a myth appeared about the Indo-Aryans - the white-skinned ancestors of the Europeans, who lived here from time immemorial, before the arrival of the Semites, Arabs and other "unclean". This is how the idea of ​​ancient Sumer arose - a great civilization that existed in Mesopotamia and gave humanity the greatest discoveries.

But then what about clay tablets, cuneiform writing, gold jewelry and other material evidence of the reality of the Sumerians? “All this was collected from a variety of sources,” conspiracy theorists say. - No wonder heterogeneity cultural heritage The Sumerians are explained by the fact that each city was a separate state for them - Ur, Lagash, Nineveh.

However, serious scientists do not pay attention to these objections. Moreover, this, may the ancient Sumer forgive us, is nothing more than a version that you can simply give up on.

Igor RODIONOV

The Sumerian civilization is considered the oldest on Earth. It appeared, presumably, at the end of the 4th millennium, and the most interesting thing is that it appeared out of nowhere. It could be assumed that the Sumerians belonged to another ancient tribe of our planet - the Semitic tribe. But the researchers did not find any connection between the Sumerians and the Semitic tribes who settled Mesopotamia a little later. These civilizations were very different in both language and customs.

Moreover, so far no one has been able to determine the racial identity of the Sumerians. Yes and all historical events associated with the Sumerians are very surprising and mysterious.

It is with the Sumerian race that mankind acquired writing and skills in metal processing, the invention of the wheel and the potter's wheel. Even the Sumerians possessed knowledge that science has acquired only recently. The Sumerians left behind a huge number of secrets and mysteries that still amaze and cause a desire to conduct new research in an attempt to uncover the secrets of this ancient civilization.

In addition, the deciphering of Sumerian manuscripts, or rather cuneiform writing, shocked researchers. First, the Sumerians used a ternary number system. This system is used in modern computer technologies.

Secondly, the Sumerians knew the principle of the golden ratio, they used the Fibonacci numbers, had deep knowledge in the field of chemistry, surgery, mathematics, astronomy, agriculture, phytotherapy. The Sumerians were the first to invent soap making, knew how to make beer, and were engaged in irrigation. It is safe to say that the Sumerian civilization, in terms of level, was very close to modern.

Thirdly, the Sumerians had a very developed state structure: they had democratic governing bodies, jury trials, laws protecting the rights of citizens, etc. Keep in mind that these were times when there was no mention of Ancient Greece or Rome.

The Sumerians were not alien to the science of beauty. Proverbs, parables, poems and even adventure stories were placed on many clay tablets.

Archaeological finds have shown that it was the Sumerians who were the first to mold and burn bricks. From them, they learned to build beautiful temples and amazing, in beauty, palaces.

Mines were also found where the Sumerians mined gold on an industrial scale. The only question that arises is: why did people need so much gold in the Stone Age? The answer can be obtained from Sumerian mythology.

According to Sumerian records, twelve planets revolved around the sun. In addition to those known to us today, there was a planet between Jupiter and Mars called Nibiru ("crossing planet"). Its orbit had an elongated ellipsoidal trajectory, as a result of which this planet appears in the solar system only once every 3600 years. By the way, the passage of Nibiru near the Earth will take place presumably in the period from 2100 to 2158. In addition, astronomers recently shocked everyone with an unexpected discovery - fragments of an unknown celestial body were discovered that have an orbit similar to the planet Nibiru.

From the records of the Sumerians, it became known that more than 4 billion years ago there was a grandiose catastrophe that completely changed the appearance of the solar system, distorted the tilt of the axes of many planets. Maybe that's why the Anunnaki needed to restore the planet after this universal catastrophe.

The Sumerians claimed that it was from Nabiru that the Anunaki descended to Earth. Even in the Bible there is a mention of them - there they were called "nifilim" (that is, "descended from heaven"). The life span of the Anunaki was 360,000 Earth years. They were real giants: the growth of women is about 4 meters, and men 5 meters. The typical Anunaki is broad-faced and black-haired. They really liked to portray themselves with protruding ears, as this symbolized the presence of wisdom.

Researchers of the Sumerian civilization believe that the Anunaki created earthlings in order for them to mine gold for them. At first, the Anunaki tried unsuccessfully to extract gold from the waters of the Persian Gulf, but then they began to extract the precious metal in the mines. One version of the explanation for the need for gold mining on such a huge scale was the assumption that gold dust was required by the planet Nabiru to protect the atmosphere. Note that similar technologies are used today in space projects. Gold was transported from Earth to Nabiru once every 3600 years - when this planet came as close to Earth as possible.

Sumerian legends say that the Anunaki independently mined gold on Earth for 150 thousand years. But fierce broke out internal conflict between alien colonizers and this could interfere with the plans to save the planet Nabiru. Then, as the decoding of ancient Sumerian records on clay tablets says, the Anunaki decided to create helpers for themselves - people. From the same source, it is known that the Anunnaki had amazing knowledge in the field of genetics, which allowed them to create a person by artificial means. Here are just some of the information found from the detailed instructions for creating a reasonable person: it is necessary to carry out work in sterile conditions, a female monkey egg was required, then it was fertilized and a certain “essence” (possibly meant DNA) obtained from the blood of the Anunaki was added to it, then: “the fertilized and modified egg should be entrusted to a “much knowledgeable, young Anunaki”, who will “bring the egg to the desired state.” According to legend, not immediately alien aliens it turned out to create a person - many freaks were born. But, finally, the Anunnaki managed to achieve the birth of a full-fledged person, but this path was considered too long to get a large number of workers. And then the Anunnaki set about cloning a human. After several generations, people "became beautiful" and the aliens began to marry earthly women. Healthy offspring were born from these marriages. Thus, as the Sumerian legends say, Homo sapiens (reasonable man) was created on Earth more than 300 thousand years ago. Therefore, recognizing the reality of this, one must agree with the argument that modern civilization is a civilization of biorobots.

But having given earthlings their ability to self-development and appearance, the Anunaki did not give a person longevity.

And as for growth ... It is known that the ruler in Ancient Egypt Akhenaten was 4.5 m tall, and Nefertiti was 3.5 m tall. In our time in Egypt, archaeologists discovered a coffin with the bones of a seven-year-old child, whose height was 2.5 meters (now this coffin with the remains is exhibited in one of the Cairo museums ).

It should be noted that the Sumerian civilization is not the only one on our planet, but it can be recognized as the most mysterious. Presumably, the Sumerian civilization assimilated with the inhabitants of the Earth for a long time, but the time has come, and the "gods" left our planet...

Despite the fact that, thanks to researchers, we have learned a lot about the Sumerians, humanity still cannot say with certainty how this highly developed civilization arose. So we are waiting for new discoveries and discoveries.

The Sumerian civilization also existed on earth, covered in secrets and consisting of solid mysteries. How did this miracle come about in wild, uninhabitable places? It is known that the Sumerians were familiar with metallurgy and seriously engaged in mathematics. Mankind owes them the invention of the hour, minutes and seconds. They calculated that there are exactly 360 degrees in a circle. The Sumerians built buildings from baked bricks, erected aqueducts, and were familiar with astronomy. Isn't this the mystery of ancient civilizations?

The most interesting thing is that it appeared out of nowhere. And to assume that the Sumerians belonged to another ancient tribe of our planet - the Semitic. But nothing confirms the connection between the Sumerians and the Semitic tribes who settled Mesopotamia a little later. These civilizations were very different in both language and customs.
And all the historical events associated with the Sumerians are very surprising and mysterious. It turns out that the Sumerians, one and a half hundred years before the heyday of their civilization, practically did not “exist”, but they gave humanity so much that many are still wondering: did they really exist? And if they were, why did they disappear into the darkness of centuries with uncomplaining dumbness?
As they prove to us that it is with the Sumerian race that mankind acquired writing and skills in metal processing, the invention of the wheel and the potter's wheel. Even the Sumerians possessed knowledge that science has acquired only recently. The Sumerians left behind a huge number of secrets and mysteries that still amaze and cause a desire to conduct new research in an attempt to uncover the secrets of this ancient civilization.

In addition, the deciphering of the Sumerian cuneiforms shocked researchers. One of them, the Sumerians used the ternary number system. This system is used in modern computer technologies.

Another thing is that the Sumerians knew the principle of the golden section, they used the Fibonacci numbers, they had deep knowledge in the field of chemistry, surgery, mathematics, astronomy, agriculture, etc. . The Sumerians were the first to invent soap making, knew how to make beer, and were engaged in irrigation. That is, the Sumerian civilization, in terms of level, was very close to modern.

And thirdly, the Sumerians had a very developed state structure: they had democratic governing bodies, jury trials, laws protecting the rights of citizens, etc. The Sumerians were not alien to the science of beauty. Proverbs, parables, poems and even adventure stories were placed on many clay tablets.

Archaeological finds have shown that it was the Sumerians who were the first to mold and burn bricks. From them, they learned to build beautiful temples and amazing, in beauty, palaces.

Mines were also found where the Sumerians mined gold on an industrial scale.

Conclusion: no one knew anything about the Sumerians until the middle of the 19th century. Those finds that were later recognized as Sumerian were at first attributed to other periods and other cultures. And try to explain how a rich, well-organized, “powerful” civilization was so deeply “underground” all this time, and how the achievements of ancient Sumer, which, so impressive that it is almost impossible to “hide” them, but were “classified” all this time ".
But after the phenomenon of the Sumerian civilization became a generally recognized fact, many of the researchers recognized their right to "cultural birthright". The greatest expert on Sumer, Professor Samuel Noah Kramer, summed up this phenomenon in one of his books, declaring that "history begins in Sumer." The professor did not sin against the truth - he counted the number of objects, the right of discovery of which belongs to the Sumerians, and found that there were at least thirty-nine of them. And most importantly, what items! If someone from ancient civilizations invented one thing, then he would go down in history forever! And here as many as 39 (!), And one is more significant than the other!

Judge for yourself: in addition to the first writing system, the Sumerians invented a wheel, a school, a bicameral parliament, historians, something like a newspaper or magazine, which historians called the Farmer's Almanac. They were the first to study cosmogony and cosmology, collected a collection of proverbs and aphorisms, introduced literary debates, invented money, taxes, issued laws, carried out social reforms, invented medicine (the recipes by which we get medicine in pharmacies also first appeared in ancient Sumer ). They also created a real literary hero, who in the Bible received the name Noah, and the Sumerians called him Ziudsura. It first appeared in the Sumerian Epic of Gilgamesh long before the Bible was written.

Some Sumerian undertakings are still used by people and are admired. For example, medicine had a very high level. In Nineveh, they discovered a library that had a whole medical department: about a thousand clay tablets! The most complex medical procedures were described in special reference books, which talked about hygiene rules, about operations, even about cataract removal and the use of alcohol for disinfection during surgical operations!

Given the antiquity, when all this happened, it is very difficult to comprehend other achievements of a civilization hidden in the interfluve of the Tigris and Euphrates.
And in general, the Sumerians produced all their discoveries and inventions within a very short time - one hundred and fifty years! Other civilizations during this period of time are just getting on their feet, taking their first steps, and the Sumerians, like a non-stop conveyor belt, have supplied the world with examples of inventive thought and brilliant discoveries. Looking at all this, many questions involuntarily arise, the first of which is: what kind of wonderful, mythical people are they who came from nowhere, gave a lot of useful things - from a wheel to a bicameral parliament - and went into the unknown, leaving behind practically no traces?
Unique writing - cuneiform is also an invention of the Sumerians.

Judging by the list of achievements, the Sumerians were the founders of the civilization from which history began its record. And if so, then it makes sense to take a closer look at them in order to understand how this became possible? Where did this enigmatic ethnic group draw material for inspiration from? And what race or language group did this people belong to? The most reliable way to establish a relationship between these or those peoples is to compare their languages. The connection can be close - then it is considered that the languages ​​belong to the same language group. In this sense, all peoples, including those that have long disappeared, have linguistic relatives among the peoples who live to this day.

But the Sumerians are the only people who do not have linguistic relatives! They are unique and unrepeatable in this! It is difficult to imagine how things were in the past, because we were not witnesses to this, but in the present, completely new and unique "languages" of data transmission are born in closed offices where there are a lot of specialists in encryption and decryption of signs, which contain the necessary information to transfer it across time and distance.

And the decoding of their language and writing was accompanied by a number of circumstances that cannot be called otherwise than suspicious.
The most important point in the long chain of circumstances that led to the discovery of ancient Sumer was that it was found not thanks to the curiosity of archaeologists, but in ... the offices of scientists ... . It was there that the myth about the Indo-Aryans appeared - the white-skinned ancestors of Europeans who lived in the Middle East and Asia Minor for centuries, before the arrival of the Semites, Arabs and others. This is how the idea of ​​ancient Sumer arose - a great civilization that existed in Mesopotamia and gave humanity the greatest discoveries.
Namely, what "discovered" the most ancient civilization linguists, and professional intelligence officers from the British and French intelligence services acted as decipherers of the tablets that appeared. Trying to comprehend the secrets of the cuneiform writing, they, like detectives in a detective novel, went on the trail of a hitherto unknown people.
And after that, archaeologists were connected, who, with their excavations, confirmed the version of the existence of the great Sumerian civilization.

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Some firmly believe in the progenitors of mankind - Adam and Eve. Others insist that old Darwin was right: man descended from a monkey, and it is unlikely that he was called by his first name and patronymic. But the archaeologists who conducted excavations on the banks of the Euphrates in 1927 were ready to swear that the first people were called Sumerians.

Four thousand years before the birth of Christ in southern Mesopotamia, between the Tigris and Euphrates (the territory of modern Iraq), a people appeared who called themselves the Sumerians, or "black-headed". Where did they come from, or at least what race they belonged to? Their appearance, language, culture were completely alien to the tribes that lived in those days in Mesopotamia. Moreover, the Sumerian language is not related to any of the languages ​​that have survived to this day!
However, the writing they invented - cuneiform, in which signs are squeezed out with a stick (stylus) on a tablet of raw clay, quickly spread to the entire Mesopotamia and became the main writing system of the ancient states of the Middle East. And this is far from the only thing that other peoples could learn from the Sumerians. Think about it: back in the fourth millennium BC, the "Blackheads" had and effectively operated a bicameral parliamentary system consisting of elected deputies, citizens' committees for self-government, a jury trial, a taxation system, schools, and even the "Almanac of the Farmer" was published!

Having barely settled in Mesopotamia, the Sumerians rushed right off the bat: they began to dig canals, bring water to the fields, organize an irrigation economy, and establish shipping. Formerly stunted lands blossomed to the envy of their neighbors! But no one dared to go to war with them, on the contrary, the Sumerians moved deep into the Mesopotamian plain, conquering or building cities. Temples were necessarily built in each of them. They were so tall that their flat roofs seemed to rest on the sky. Windows in the Sumerian temples were not cut through, the light penetrated through openings under the roofs and entrances in the form of arches. The walls were decorated with reliefs, which in fact were not decorations at all, but were stories carved on stone about the life of the Sumerians. A kind of textbooks in stone. Even today, in the 21st century, they could be safely reprinted already on paper: volumes on pharmaceuticals and herbal medicine, collections of proverbs and sayings, encyclopedias on chemistry, astronomy and mathematics. The Sumerians used complex system calculus based on the combination of the numbers six and ten. AT modern world such began to be used quite recently, with the advent of computers.

For a long time, scientists admired the knowledge of the ancient Sumerians in the structure of the solar system - they say, they made only two small inaccuracies: they called Pluto a satellite and claimed that a certain planet Nibiru (“Crossing”) rotates between Mark and Jupiter. And what do you think, recently astronomers have recognized: no Pluto is a planet, but there really was an orbit between Mars and Jupiter big planet from which only fragments remained ...

Where did the people, who lived at a time when most people on Earth only mastered the hoe, get such a deep knowledge of the cosmos?! There is an opinion that the Sumerians are not at all the descendants of Adam or, God forgive me, chimpanzees, but the creation of the hands of aliens. And these are not the inventions of modern ufologists in the style of The X-Files, but the own conviction of the "blackheads". They believed that 445 thousand years ago, the Anunaki flew from that very planet Nibiru (the word is translated as “descended from heaven to Earth”). Their homeland faced an ecological problem: the atmosphere became thinner and thinner, the inhabitants were threatened with death from lack of air, and only a shield of gold particles could save them.

At first, the Anunaki tried to extract precious metal from the waters of the Persian Gulf, then they began to develop a mine in southeast africa. About 300,000 years ago, they were so tired from hard work that they rebelled, and their intellectual elite had to come up with a replacement for them. As a result of genetic manipulations, special workers were created - Homo sapiens, intelligent creatures that look like their creators, only shorter. Those who arrived from Nibiru were truly titans, giants, both wise and physically beautiful. Over the years, people and the Anunaki became so close that they even had a common offspring - the Sumerians.

Fantasy, fairy tales of Sumerian grandmothers, collective nonsense? Meanwhile, archaeological research has confirmed that gold mines were indeed actively developed in South Africa during the Stone Age. And the flattering inhabitants of the Zulu pass on the legend from generation to generation that they worked in the mines of creatures made of flesh and blood, artificially created by huge gods who descended from the sky.

One day the Anunnaki flew to Nibiru, never to return. In vain did the Sumerians build high temples with flat roofs, that is, landing sites spaceships. Their creators failed to save their native planet with the help of a golden shield, but they gave birth to a new civilization on Earth. To ensure that the knowledge of the Anunaki did not disappear, high-class specialists, priests, selected from the general mass of the Sumerians, should have been selected. To become a priest in Sumer could only be a person with a high intellect and appearance without a single flaw, who vowed not to divulge the secret of the Gods. The first priest among earthlings was Enmeduranki, whose name means "Ruler of ME, who binds Heaven and Earth" ("ME" is translated as "main laws"). The Anunaki gave Enmeduranki a tablet with the secrets of Heaven and Earth, taught them to count by numbers, discovered the knowledge of "water and oil", that is, medicine, and predicted the future.

The main test that awaited the Sumerians ahead was the Flood. Modern people used to think that the story of the Flood is one of the chapters Old Testament. Whether or not to believe the Bible is a personal matter for everyone, but it should be noted that the Sumerians told the world about this global catastrophe long before the time when the Jews were in Babylonian captivity, and Noah allegedly built his Ark. “The Epic of Gilgamesh”, or “About Who Has Seen Everything,” says that once there lived among the Sumerians a man named Utnapishtam, who had the honor of saving people and animals from the flood. He built a ship that was in the form of a cube with a rib length of 60 meters, six floors ten meters high each. He filled the compartments inside the ark, of course, with “every creature in pairs.” And although Utnapishtam was a real hero, he did not become the main character of the poem "About the One Who Has Seen Everything." It was not the struggle of man with the water element that worried the wise Sumerians, but his struggle with himself.

One can see in the Epic of Gilgamesh perhaps the oldest literary work in the world, the treasury of the poetry of ancient Sumer. And you can cite his plot as an example of true male friendship. However, meticulous researchers do not stop there. For them, the two heroes of the epic - Gilgamesh and his friend Enkidu - are representatives of different branches of human development on Earth. Gilgamesh is the creation of the Anunaki, a resident of the metropolis they created, moreover, a king, and Enkidu is a child of earthly nature. Gilgamesh is an intellectual, a man at the same time selfish, arrogant, spoiled by power, Eikidu is physically strong and simple-minded. Having met so different people inevitably had to enter into a confrontation, but who won it? The epic claims that Enkidu. He took Gilgamesh away from urban civilization, into the steppe, into the mountains, so that he would realize the true destiny of man on earth. And then the powerful and beautiful goddess Ishtar entered the arena of narration. She offered Gilgamesh everything he dreamed of - power in the whole world, untold wealth and even immortality. I dreamed, but before meeting Enkidu. Now he did not hesitate to reject the gifts of Ishtar. Moreover, he burst into a diatribe against the goddess - how dare you enslave a freedom-loving horse ?! Why did she turn the gardener into a spider, leaving him nothing but hopeless slave labor?! Was there really nothing more to teach people than to set traps for the king of animals - the lion?! Just yesterday, Gilgamesh was only interested in the fate of wildlife as a source of food, beautiful furs and gold, and today he has turned into a God-fighter rebel! Knowing perfectly well under whose influence the metamorphosis occurred, the gods (and the Sumerians called the gods of the Anunaki) killed Enkidu. But Gilgamesh cannot be stopped, he went to the underworld to restore his friend's life. Alas, the gods shared many things with human beings, but not immortality.

Although the Sumerians were endowed with remarkable intelligence and invented everything that could be invented from the wheel to state structure- they didn’t twitch for a long time on Earth. From the most ancient and mysterious civilization of the world, only fragments of bricks, ashes from fires and several thousand clay tablets, written in undeciphered cuneiform, remained.

And the solution to cuneiform began. Inscriptions were needed to fully decipher it. bigger size, which would have more personal names to match. And such inscriptions were on the Behistun rock (the territory of modern Iran, about 100 km west of Hamadan), which is a record of the victories of King Darius I (reigned 522 - 486 BC). At a height of about 100 meters, over 1000 cuneiform signs were carved on huge stone slabs attached to the rock. The text consists of a large inscription and a number of small inscriptions. The large inscription is divided into three texts with the same content, written respectively by three types of cuneiform writing in three languages: Old Persian, Elamite and Babylonian.

Each part of it consisted of more than 500 lines, which also gave room for comparison. It was truly a treasure. We read this inscription, deciphered dozens of cuneiform characters. The work was completed and published in the journal of the Asiatic Society in London.

The publication of the Behistun inscription made it possible not only to finally understand the ancient Persian cuneiform, but also to begin to decipher the Babylonian cuneiform. This cuneiform script was used to write the second text of the Behistun inscription on the same rock. Its deciphering made it possible to guess the pronunciation of words, the meaning of which could be assumed from the parallel Old Persian text of the inscription.

Later archaeological excavations delivered more and more cuneiform texts. In some places, even whole libraries of clay tablets were found. The value of cuneiform writing for science is enormous. Thanks to the deciphering of cuneiform writing, the world of the Ancient East became better known to us, revealed many of its secrets, and made it possible to get to know the history, culture and life of the most ancient civilization more closely.