Mavriky Osipovich Wolf (1825-1883) - St. Petersburg publisher and bookseller, who became the first Russian book millionaire.
Wolf went into the book business in Russia on the recommendation of the well-known German publisher Brockhaus. From the very beginning of his activity, he conducted business in a European manner. Wolf carefully studied the market, looking for white spots in it. He was the first in Russia to start producing luxurious illustrated folios, becoming the founder of a new type of publication - a gift book. Wolf's publishing house was the main supplier of foreign literature to Russia. It was he who first released the collected works of W. Scott, F. Cooper, J. Verne, reprinted 150 years later.

Mauritius Wolf was born on November 24, 1825 in Warsaw in the family of a doctor. After graduating from a five-year Warsaw gymnasium, he entered the bookstore of A.E. Glukberg as a student and subsequently married his daughter. Moving soon to Paris, he worked there in the Bossange book trade, then for three years in the Paris branch of Brockhaus. Then he moved to Leipzig and worked there in the book trade, after that - in Lviv, Krakow, Vilna. In 1848 he came to St. Petersburg, where he entered the bookstore of Ya.A. Isakov as head of the French department and started publishing Polish books. Leaving the service in 1853, he opened his own "universal book trade" and at the same time acted as a publisher of Russian books. Wolf played a prominent role in the development of the Russian book trade. His stores, with a rich and varied selection of books, with experienced salesmen, were considered exemplary. One of Wolf's stores was located in Moscow on the Kuznetsky bridge in former home Restaurant "Yar" He was buried in St. Petersburg at the Smolensk Lutheran cemetery. After Wolf's death, the publishing house continued to exist under the name M. O. Wolf's Partnership and existed until 1917.

M.O. Wolf's book publishing and book trading company had several artistically executed bookselling signs. One of them - an elegant decorative monogram with the initials of the publisher, was made by the graphic artist F.G. Bershtamm.

M.O. Wolf published up to 2,000 books on various branches of knowledge, mainly fiction, children's, educational literature, as well as luxurious illustrated publications ("Prayer Book" with ornaments in the Byzantine style, "The Bible, in the paintings of famous authors", "Picturesque Russia").

Edition " Divine Comedy", undertaken by Wolf in 1874-79 and published in three luxuriously designed volumes of a large format, was unique in its kind. The fact is that before the appearance of the Wolf's illustrated edition, there was not a single complete Russian translation of Dante's famous creation

Wolf's publishing house became famous for the release of children's books, which were printed in the form of deluxe editions. One of these publications was " Fairy tales"Charles Perrault with illustrations by Gustave Doré.

The founder of the most famous (in the 19th and early 20th centuries) Russian publishing and bookselling company, Mavriky Osipovich Wolf, was born in Warsaw in 1825, in the family of a doctor (an Austrian by nationality), who, despite modest financial possibilities, managed to give his son very good, for those times, education. At birth, he received the name Boleslav Maurytsy. Mauritius Wolf studied in Danzig and later in Paris. He perfectly mastered several European languages, knew European and Russian literature quite well, and was seriously interested in history.

Shortly after finishing his studies in Western Europe, he returns to Warsaw and marries there, the daughter of a bookstore owner. Interest in the book business, which attracted Wolf in his early youth, obviously, from that moment, takes on a fairly clear outline, and a very young man decides to create a basis for organizing a large publishing house in Russia.

In 1843, he moved to St. Petersburg and got a job at a large bookselling enterprise Ya.A. Isakov. Having quickly risen through the “service ladder” from a clerk to a manager (head of a foreign department) and having gained sufficient experience and funds, M.O. In 1848, Wolf opened his own bookstore in Gostiny Dvor (on Nevsky Prospekt), then bought a printing house, acquired equipment that allowed him, the first in Russia, to begin the systematic publication of large-format books, richly illustrated and enclosed in art bindings from expensive materials. Each such edition was an outstanding work of design (including bookbinding) art. The designers of "expensive editions of Wolf" used both Russian and European experience in book printing, and Mavriky Osipovich was familiar with the latter firsthand.

The artistic taste of the head of the publishing house and his employees allowed them to avoid the so often encountered eclecticism, which many "designers" of that time sinned, who were fond of external effects and, in the end, created something Kaluga-Abkhazian-Mauritanian, more suitable for the sign of the barber shop of Ibragim Ogly (hero famous novel"Glum-river").

Surprisingly, the rigor of style was observed in the conditions of a "universal" approach to the subject of publications. Wolf produced everything that was "decent and profitable." Starting with a modest range of publications by Polish authors (Krashevsky, Korzhenevsky, Kachkovsky, Mickiewicz), Mavriky Osipovich exceptionally quickly turned into the “king of Russian books,” as Leskov called him, into a “trendsetter” in the book market, whose opinion everyone reckoned with. With truly Talleyrand's foresight, he went around " sharp corners”, almost inevitable in the publisher's dealings with censorship and constantly expanding the range of his publications. Extensive series were “launched”: “The Library of Famous Writers”, “Moral Novels for Youth”, the publication of the collected works of Walter Scott, Jules Verne, Lazhechnikov and others began, excellently published books of a purely scientific content (“The Doctrine of the Origin of Species by Ch. Darwin”, “History of the Candle” by M. Faraday, “ The World History» F. Schlosser) publications that interested a lot of people - from geographers to entrepreneurs. A lot of children's books were also published, most often in the form of "gift editions", the fashion for which was partly borrowed from European publishing practice. In the series "Golden Library", "Pink Library" and "Green Library" for the first time books were published that became extremely popular with children of different nationalities, in all corners of the Russian Empire.

In the late 70s of the XIX century, M.O. Wolf is embarking on an exceptionally large project, even for his book "kingdom" - the publication of the multi-volume "Picturesque Russia". This project was completed only at the beginning of the 20th century. 16 books of the edition were placed in 11 large format volumes (in artistic bindings). They were illustrated with documentary woodcuts that told about the appearance of various areas of Russia and the peoples inhabiting it, their way of life and traditions.

True, we must not forget that the most diverse opinions have been expressed and continue to be expressed about the scientific merits of this publication. So, the article “Formation of Citizenship” recently appeared on the Internet, in which its author S.V. Rogachev writes the following: "Picturesque Russia" began to appear under the general editorship of P.P. Semenov, later Tien Shansky. However, P.P. Semenov, not being completely satisfied with the series, after some time moved away from this work. Meanwhile, the resourceful Mavriky Osipovich Volf continued to exploit Semyonov's high-profile name, reproducing it on the title pages of volumes. But the same author further notes that "Picturesque Russia" was "...really piece goods, behind many articles there were big personalities, such as writers: Sergei Maksimov or Daniil Mordovtsev, for her hundreds of cute engravings were hand-carved on wood." By the way, there were 4371 of these “cute engravings” in the publication.

Wolf's publishing house took part in the release of magazines popular at that time: "Around the World" (1861-1868); "Foreign Bulletin" (1864-1867); "Sincere word" (since 1877). At the bookstore of the firm M.O. Wolf housed the main office of the magazine "World of Art", the first issue of which was published in 1899.

The St. Petersburg branch of the State Historical Archive stores the “Case of the St. Petersburg Censorship Committee at the request of the bookseller M. Wolf and collegiate assessor A. Razin for permission to publish the magazine“ Around the World ”. It was started on April 10, 1860 and contains 20 sheets. The first page opens with a petition from M.O. Wolf about his intention to start publishing the magazine "Around the World". The program was presented along with the application. The publisher and editor intended to tell readers about travels, latest discoveries, provide biographies of famous travelers and naturalists, and cover political news. They wrote in the program: “The main concern of the editors will be to constantly give articles that are entertaining, presented in a very popular and simple way, sometimes in the form of a story or travel notes and always in a form accessible to people who are not specifically engaged in geography and natural sciences, for youth, for young men and for girls. Wolf's petition from the St. Petersburg Censorship Committee migrated to the Main Directorate of Censorship, and there, on May 28, 1860, a decision was made: "To allow the publication of the above-mentioned journal, according to the program presented, but so that the political department was excluded from the program."

The importance of periodicals was well understood by the heirs of Mavriky Osipovich. So in 1884, the company founded the magazine "Nov" - a two-week illustrated bulletin of modern life, literature, science and applied knowledge.

In 1882 M.O. Wolf reorganizes his enterprise, which turns into a "shared publishing house". After the death of the founder of the company, his sons - Alexander, Eugene and Ludwig - become the main shareholders; one of the leaders of the company becomes the nephew of the late publisher O.M. Wolf. This period of activity of the “Partnership M.O. Wolf is described in the monograph Book in Russia, 1881-1895. Here are a few excerpts from this book: “... as before, books for children and youth were published, including translated, children's magazines, fiction, popular science and religious and moral literature, books on technology, natural sciences, agriculture. Of the most significant publications published during this period, the volumes of Picturesque Russia (1882, 1883, 1884, 1885, 1895), the collected works of P.D. Boborykin in 12 volumes (1884-1886), monograph by F.I. Bulgakov “Count L.N. Tolstoy and criticism of his works, Russian and foreign” (1886), “Course of plant anatomy” by I.P. Borodin (1888) and some others.

The quality of the publications of the "Partnership" was not always at the proper level in comparison with the previous period. So fair criticism of Ya.P. Polonsky as an editor was caused by the three-volume collected works of V.G. Benediktov, issued by the Partnership M.O. Wolf" in 1883-1884. March 16, 1883 one of the co-owners of the company A.M. Wolf, wrote to Polonsky: “Unfortunately, we had to be convinced of the validity of your complaints about the mistakes made in the first volume of Benediktov’s works and even distortions of meaning that occurred due to an incomprehensible oversight of the printing house, which did not deliver proof sheets to Your Excellency. Hurrying to assure you that we will take all measures to eliminate these errors, we have the honor to present to Your Excellency Volume 1 and all pages of the second volume of Benediktov with the most humble request to point out in them all possible gross errors and omissions and deliver them back as soon as possible for proper correction. them. It goes without saying that we will not publish Benediktov's works now, and we can, therefore, reassure Your Excellency regarding the concerns you have expressed regarding the reviews of criticism ... ".

(1825-11-24 ) Place of Birth: Date of death:

Mavriky Osipovich Wolf(Polish Maurycy Bolesław Wolff, November 12, Warsaw - February 19 [March 3], St. Petersburg) - an outstanding Russian publisher, bookseller, educator and encyclopedist.

Biography

He graduated from the five-year Warsaw gymnasium. Then he worked as an apprentice in the famous Warsaw bookstore Glucksberg.

Moving soon to Paris, he worked there in the Bossange book trade. Then he worked under the guidance of E. Avenarius for three years in the Paris branch of the Brockhaus bookselling company. Then he moved to Leipzig and worked there in the book trade. After that he worked in Lvov, Krakow, Vilna.

He played a significant role in the development of the Russian book trade. His stores, with a rich and varied selection of books, with experienced salesmen, were considered exemplary. One of Wolf's stores was located in Moscow on Kuznetsky Most in the former house of the Yar restaurant.

Notes

Literature

• // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: In 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.
• Librovich S. F. At the book post. Memoirs, notes, documents. - Pg. , 1916.
• Mezier A.V. Dictionary index on bibliology. - Pg. , 1924. - S. 369-370, 858-859. - (bibliography about Wolf).

Links

Categories:

• Personalities in alphabetical order
• November 24
• Born in 1825
• Born in Warsaw
• Deceased March 3
• Deceased in 1883
• The dead in St. Petersburg
• Publishers of the Russian Empire

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See what "Wolf, Mavriky Osipovich" is in other dictionaries:

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Founder of the St. Petersburg book publishing and bookselling company; genus. in 1826; since 1848 he was engaged in publishing activities, which over time he put on a grand scale; in 1853 he opened a bookstore. † February 19, 1883… … Big biographical encyclopedia

Wolf Mavriky Osipovich- (1825-1883), publisher, bookseller, printer. Since 1848 in St. Petersburg, the manager of the book trade Ya. A. Isakova. In 1853 he opened a bookstore, began publishing books, in 1856 he acquired a printing house, and in 1878 a type foundry. In 1882 founded ... ... Encyclopedic reference book "St. Petersburg"

Russian publisher and bookseller. In the 40s. worked in bookstores in Warsaw, Paris, Leipzig, Vilnius. Since 1848, an employee of the bookstore Ya. A. Isakov in St. Petersburg. In 1853 he opened ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

- (1825 1883), publisher, bookseller, printer. Since 1848 in St. Petersburg, the manager of the book trade Ya. A. Isakova. In 1853 he opened a bookstore, began publishing books, in 1856 he acquired a printing house, and in 1878 a type foundry. In 1882 he founded a publishing house ... ... St. Petersburg (encyclopedia)

- (1825 83) Russian publisher (St. Petersburg, since 1853). He published scientific literature (mainly translated), works by Russian writers, the magazine Around the World (since 1861), etc. In 1882 he organized the M. O. Volf Partnership (existed until 1918) ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

Wolf, Mavriky Osipovich- WOLF Mavriky Osipovich (1825-83), Russian publisher, bookseller, printer. Since 1853 in St. Petersburg he published scientific, children's and fiction(including translated), the magazines “Around the World”, “Intimate Word”, etc. In 1882 ... ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary

Founder of the St. Petersburg publishing and bookselling company (1826 1883). From 1848 he was engaged in publishing activities. He published up to 200 books, mainly children's, educational, and also undertook luxurious illustrated publications. ... ... Biographical Dictionary

Wolf Mavriky Osipovich- (Boleslav Maurytsy) (1825 83) Russian. Polish liberal democratic publisher. Genus. in Warsaw, the son of a doctor. In 1853 he opened his own in St. Petersburg. Universal book trade, in 1856 acquired a printing house. Published books in various branches of knowledge... Russian humanitarian encyclopedic dictionary

Mavriky Osipovich Volf (November 12 (November 24), 1825, Warsaw February 19 (March 3), 1883, St. Petersburg) Russian publisher and bookseller, who, according to contemporaries, became "the first Russian book millionaire." Received training in the best bookstores ... ... Wikipedia

Books

• Proceedings of bookstores T-va M. O. Volf on literature, sciences and bibliography and Bulletin of Literature. No. 1, January 1917, . Petrograd, 1917. Association M. O. Volf. Illustrated magazine. Typographic cover. The safety is good. Historical-literary and critical-bibliographic illustrated…

Geography of Russian publishers: Ilya Efron was born in Vilna, Mauritius Wolf - in Warsaw. Actually, Wolf became Mauritius Osipovich in Russia, and in Poland he bore the name Boleslav Maurycy. The son of a Warsaw doctor, he did not follow in his father's footsteps and chose another field of activity for himself: the book trade. wolf received a good education and passed a rich practice in Paris, Leipzig and Lvov. Wolf appeared in St. Petersburg in 1848 and soon became the manager of Yakov Isakov, at that time one of the major St. Petersburg booksellers.

Mauritius Wolf regularly worked for Isakov, but cherished the dream of opening an independent business. Here is an excerpt from the book by Evgeny Nemirovsky "The World of the Book" (1986):

“In 1856, Mavriky Osipovich bought a printing house, to which he later attached the best type foundry in Russia, founded in 1830 in St. Petersburg by the Frenchman Georges Revillon. Publishing activities of M.O. Wolff started as early as 1851 by printing in Paris the first illustrated edition of Konrad Walenrod and Adam Mickiewicz's Crazy. He loved and promoted the great Polish poet all his life. The 1851 edition is interesting because the text is printed in three languages ​​- Polish, French and English. It was conceived as a bibliophile. Part of the edition was printed on Dutch velvet paper, bound in handmade binding and decorated with beautiful color woodcuts. In 1863 the edition was repeated in Russian in St. Petersburg.

Total M.O. Wolf published about 5 thousand books. Most of them are excellently designed and well illustrated. He was a general publisher. Published fiction and scientific books, practical guides and albums. He published a lot of children's books.

Wolff's readership was wealthy, but not noble: high-ranking officials, recently wealthy merchants who, in the second generation, were drawn to culture. The publisher was largely guided by their tastes. He published books in bindings richly embossed with gold. One of the popular series intended for children was called “Golden Library”. There was, perhaps, no intelligent home in Russia where children would not read books in this series. It included The Adventures of Tom Sawyer by Mark Twain, Selected Tales by the Brothers Grimm, The best fairy tales“ Hans Christian Andersen, “Without a family” by Hector Malo and many others good books. But in the same series - "Exemplary Girls" and other sugary works of the prolific French writer Countess de Segur, nee Sophia Rostopchina.

In the bookcases of wealthy families there were one-volume collections of works by the great Russian writers Pushkin, Lermontov, Belinsky, Gogol, Zhukovsky ... Repeatedly published by M.O. wolf „ Dictionary living Russian language" Vladimir Dal ... "

Mavriky Osipovich turned around in Russia with might and main: he not only printed books, but also organized their sale in his own bookstores, which were opened in different cities. "Uncle Tom's Cabin", books by Walter Scott, Jules Verne, Fenimore Cooper and other book "authorities" - this is all Wolf, Wolf ...

Mavriky Osipovich Wolf died on February 19 (March 2), 1883 on the threshold of Silver Age. In 1882, his offspring was transformed into a publishing house on the shares “Partnership M.O. Wolf", which lasted until 1918.

Since October 1897, the monthly magazine Izvestia of the bookstores of the M.O. Wolf" is a kind of catalog of book novelties and books that have proven themselves well. The magazine was made by Sigismund Librovich, a journalist from Poland, who was once invited to St. Petersburg by Mauritius Wolf. For 43 years, Librovich was an employee of Wolf's publishing company, secretary and closest assistant to Mavriky Osipovich. Sigismund Librovich participated in the preparation and editing of the multi-volume edition "Picturesque Russia". In the journal that he kept, Librovich signed his articles, notes and reviews with pseudonyms: Knizhenka, Knizhytsyn, Uncle Grumpy, etc. He also wrote several interesting monographs: “Behind the Scenes of the Book Business in Russia” (1879), books in Russia" (1913-1914).

Do you know who was the head of the best intelligence in the world? Who is Markus Wolf? We will talk about the head of the main intelligence department, about his family and life.

Biography

Markus Wolf was born on 01/19/1923 in the city of Heching. He grew up in the family of a doctor and a playwright. After Markus's father, famous for his provocative speeches, it was dangerous to stay in Germany.

Moving to Russia

Having lived for a certain period in Sweden and France, the Wolfs moved to the capital of Russia. There they were given Soviet citizenship. After the Second World War, the Marcus family was evacuated to Bashkiria. There, Markus Wolf entered a special school that trains professionals in the field of reconnaissance and sabotage behind enemy lines.

Graduation and first job

Already after the end of the Great Patriotic War Markus Wolf was sent to Berlin. During the summer season of 1945, he was already working for the Berlin radio and for the Berliner Zeitung newspaper. In 1946, together with other correspondents, Wolf gave interviews from the Nuremberg trials.

By 1950, Marcus had the skills of diplomacy and reporting, and also visited European states. 02/08/1950, after the formation of the GDR, the Department of State Security (Stasi) was created. It included intelligence, which at first disguised itself under the guise of the Institution of Economic Studies. From the day of its creation, Markus Wolf joined its management.

From 1958 to 1987, the playwright's son was appointed head of the main intelligence leadership, and was Deputy Minister of National Security of the GDR. During the years of his administration, the GDR had the most effective espionage service in the states of the Warsaw bloc. Its most significant achievements include the introduction of the financier Rainer Rupa into the NATO structure.

Dismissal

In 1983, Wolf resigned, but his request was considered only after 3 years. Already after the head of the main intelligence department, Markus Wolf, asked for socio-political shelter from Soviet Union but he was refused.

Treason

The general had a chance to see the opening of the archives of the intelligence service, the persecution of his colleagues, and also to survive 3 litigation over himself. Colonel-General Markus Wolf was charged with in 1993, he was sentenced by the highest court of Düsseldorf to 6 years in prison. The verdict was later overturned.

Wolf books

A large number of books were written by Markus Wolf. The biography of the general contains a lot of information about them. His most famous books are Troika and Friends Don't Die. The last author represented in Russia.

Markus Wolf (years of life - 1923-2006), as we found out, is not only a professional intelligence officer, but also an excellent writer.

Luck is on Marcus' side

For all the years of his life, the scout was lucky. Markus Wolf was quite famous in his circle. The family, as we found out earlier, was known thanks to the father-playwright, writer and Jew. In 1937, when a mass of political emigrants were arrested, the Marcus family remained at large. It was not the last happy accident. Interestingly, after the events of 1937, the biographical data of the future intelligence officer were absolutely clear before the authorities.

Luck smiled at Wolf after graduating from the school of scouts. After training, he was not sent to the front line. Previously, almost all inexperienced scouts who were sent to practice died. It was thanks to the decision of the leadership that Marcus remained alive.

A dizzying career

It is believed that Wolf built an incredibly dizzying career. At the age of twenty-nine, he became the head of intelligence in the GDR. Marcus is discussed, his career is admired and dissertations are written about him. Wolf himself never commented on his fast-paced career. When asked about the appointment, he always answered dryly and succinctly.

The reason for the resignation and life after it

The exact reason for the resignation remains a mystery to this day. It is known that in 1986 Markus Wolf believed that the state needed a liberal reformation, while the leadership of the GDR thought differently. Sources indicate that this is the reason for leaving, because Markus's age did not matter, and he was on good terms with the GDR. In addition, Wolf received the rank of Colonel General before his resignation.

As we found out earlier, after retiring, Markus Wolf became interested in writing books. Der Trojka is his famous publication, in which he denounced Stalinism and spoke with admiration of Gorbachev's Perestroika. General Wolf can be trusted, as he knew more about Stalinism than others. This work gained popularity not only in the GDR, but also in the West.

Interestingly, after the publication of the book, Wolf became one of the main dissidents and fighters for perestroika in eastern Germany.

Man Without a Face

"The man without a face" - such a pseudonym in the West was called Markus Wolf. The scouts could not get a photo of the colonel-general in any way. Interestingly, at the same time, Wolf freely traveled around Europe. In 1979, Marcus' assistant fled to Germany and identified his boss in one of the photographs taken in Stockholm. Soon this photo appeared on the cover of one of the magazines.

As we said earlier, for some time the young intelligence officer lived in the Soviet Union. That is why there he was also called Misha, since the name Markus greatly "cut" the ear.

It is interesting that in the Russian school the German boy was remembered for a long time. Incredibly, upon admission to educational institution he made about three dozen grammatical, punctuation and stylistic mistakes in the Russian dictation, and already at graduation he flunked the exam in ... German! Until the end of his life, Markus spoke Russian fluently and without an accent and even knew the rules of spelling.

Marcus family. last years of life

It is known that during his life Wolf was married four times. His last wife's name was Andrea. They had four children, eleven grandchildren and two great-grandchildren. It is interesting that one of the intelligence officer's grandchildren is called Mikhail, as Marcus himself was called in childhood. The intelligence officer spent the last years of his life in Berlin, in a villa with his family. Household affairs at the villa were handled by one of the former illegal residents, who eventually became a member of the family, and not just a governess.

In the last couple of years of his life, Markus liked to relax in Hungary and meet with former colleagues for a cup of aromatic coffee. Despite his advanced age, in the last years of his life, Wolf often raised the issue and insisted on a full amnesty for former intelligence officers. After all, many acquaintances, colleagues and comrades of Marcus were imprisoned even after the 2000s.

Mysterious personality

Despite German law, pensions for intelligence workers are meager. Markus Wolf earned the last fifteen years of his life by writing books that are translated into all languages ​​of the world, as well as by filming documentaries and public lectures. Critics express their admiration for the books that Markus Wolf wrote. They believe that the author has a special talent as a storyteller-intelligence officer. He knew how to tell the truth in such a way that after reading there were even more questions than answers.

Surprisingly, after writing many autobiographical books by Wolf and participating in the filming documentaries, his identity is still a mystery.

Wolf during interrogations

Wolf was distinguished not only by his unique talent in writing books. It is known that before his resignation, he never revealed his colleagues during interrogations and always took all the blame on himself. Marcus always believed that he was doing the right thing, as he was responsible for them. For such honesty at his last trial, the already middle-aged general, although they were acquitted, was given a rather small pension.

Despite everything, Markus' soul has always been in Russia. He never stopped loving her. It is with this that he good knowledge language, despite the fact that many years have passed since his residence there. Before recent years of his life, the general regularly visited his sister, who lived on the Embankment in Moscow, and admired the Russian city.

The brightest memories

In one of the interviews shortly before his death, a journalist asked Wolf about the most vivid memory of his childhood. Surprisingly, Markus replied that the most memorable event was joining the Komsomol, as well as a summer camp.

Great personality

Markus Wolf was an incredible person. The year of birth and death was separated by eighty-four years, during which Markus proved himself as a man, writer and intelligence officer with capital letter. Despite life's difficulties, Wolf got better every year. Even before his death, he was incredibly active and nice person. He was always happy to talk to people and give advice. Wolf had incredible wisdom and could solve any problem. He was always honest and fair. Incredibly, he never betrayed his colleagues. Such a great man certainly has a lot to learn.