Alsace and Lorraine are two regions that today are officially recognized as French territory, but the struggle for possession of which was fought between Germany and France for several centuries.
During the entire period of the Middle Ages, the provinces of Alsace and Lorraine became part of one kingdom, then another, and only in late XVII century Alsace became part of the French kingdom, and Lorraine joined it as a result of the Thirty Years' War. But, despite this, the inhabitants of these lands were not going to give up their customs and local dialects, which sounded similar to the Swiss dialect of the German language.
In 1870-1871, during the full-scale battles that unfolded in these territories due to the Franco-Prussian War, they became part of the German Empire. This happened for the reason that the capital of Lorraine was surrounded by soldiers of the Prussian army and fell after several months of defense. As a result of the conclusion of the Paris Peace at the end of the war, the lands were assigned to the Germans. Since the Vosges mountains are located on the territory of Alsace, Germany had a flat route to France under control. Consequently, this state felt a constant danger. In turn, Germany decided to firmly establish these regions as part of the imperial lands. Huge funds were allocated for the post-war restoration of the regions, the work of the university was resumed, castles were reconstructed, but at the same time, the use of French, separatist sentiments were suppressed.
In 1873, as a result of the fact that one of the bishops of the city, which remained part of France, publicly called on the inhabitants to pray for the return of the disputed regions, the German chancellor insisted that the French authorities punish him. They refused, and because of this, a diplomatic crisis arose that almost turned into a full-scale war.
In 1875, France decided to expand the number of its troops. In response, Germany began to take pre-war measures. And only thanks to the efforts of the diplomats of the leading states of that time, the catastrophe did not happen.
In 1879, Germany secured the status of imperial lands for the disputed lands and united them into a single region of Alsace-Lorraine.
The territorial conflict between the two states became one of the key reasons for the start of the World War in 1914, as a result of which Alsace and Lorraine became French regions again.
In 1940, at the height of World War II, these regions were occupied by German troops. And only as a result of the end of this war and the signing peace treaties Alsace and Lorraine were recognized and incorporated into France.
In modern historical context Strasbourg - the historical capital of Alsace has become a symbol of Europe, not focusing on national borders. In addition, this city has become the location of many pan-European organizations. In particular, the Council of Europe and the European Court of Human Rights sit there.
Alsace-Lorraine on the map of the German Empire
Imperial State of Alsace-Lorraine(German Reichsland Elsass-Lothringen, fr. Alsace-Lorraine listen)) is an "imperial land" of the German Empire, located in what is today East Francia, consisting of Alsace and eastern Lorraine, connected by a common history.
State structure
Cities
- Strasbourg (fr. Strasbourg, German Strassburg).
- Metz (fr. Metz, German Metz).
- Colmar (fr. Colmar, German Kolmar).
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Notes
Literature
- Vodovozov V.V. ,.// Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron
- Zvyagintsev E. A.,.// Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.
- Vodovozov V.V. ,.// Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.
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An excerpt characterizing Alsace-Lorraine
- Nothing. Give me the book, said the passerby. The servant handed over a book, which seemed to Pierre spiritual, and the traveler deepened in reading. Pierre looked at him. Suddenly the passer-by put down the book, laid it down, closed it, and, again closing his eyes and leaning on his back, sat down in his former position. Pierre looked at him and did not have time to turn away, when the old man opened his eyes and fixed his firm and stern gaze straight into Pierre's face.Pierre felt embarrassed and wanted to deviate from this look, but the brilliant, aged eyes irresistibly attracted him to him.
“I have the pleasure of talking to Count Bezukhy, if I am not mistaken,” said the passerby slowly and loudly. Pierre silently, questioningly looked through his glasses at his interlocutor.
“I heard about you,” continued the traveler, “and about the misfortune that befell you, my lord. - He emphasized the last word, as if he said: "Yes, misfortune, whatever you call it, I know that what happened to you in Moscow was a misfortune." “I am very sorry about that, my lord.
Pierre blushed and, hastily lowering his legs from the bed, bent down to the old man, smiling unnaturally and timidly.
- I did not mention this to you out of curiosity, my sovereign, but more important reasons. He paused, without letting Pierre out of his sight, and moved on the sofa, inviting Pierre to sit down beside him with this gesture. It was unpleasant for Pierre to enter into a conversation with this old man, but, involuntarily submitting to him, he came up and sat down beside him.
“You are unhappy, my lord,” he continued. You are young, I am old. I would like to help you to the best of my ability.
“Oh, yes,” Pierre said with an unnatural smile. - I am very grateful to you ... Where do you want to pass from? - The face of the traveler was not affectionate, even cold and stern, but despite the fact, both the speech and the face of the new acquaintance had an irresistibly attractive effect on Pierre.
“But if for some reason you find it unpleasant to talk to me,” said the old man, “then you say so, my lord. And he suddenly smiled unexpectedly, a fatherly gentle smile.
“Oh no, not at all, on the contrary, I am very glad to meet you,” said Pierre, and, looking once more at the hands of a new acquaintance, he examined the ring closer. He saw Adam's head on it, the sign of Freemasonry.
“Let me ask,” he said. - Are you a Mason?
- Yes, I belong to the brotherhood of free masons, said the traveler, looking deeper and deeper into Pierre's eyes. - And on my own behalf and on their behalf, I extend my brotherly hand to you.
“I’m afraid,” said Pierre, smiling and hesitating between the confidence instilled in him by the personality of a Mason and the habit of mocking the beliefs of Masons, “I’m afraid that I’m very far from understanding how to say this, I’m afraid that my way of thinking about everything of the universe is so opposite to yours that we do not understand each other.
“I know your way of thinking,” said the Mason, “and that way of thinking of which you speak, and which seems to you the product of your mental labor, is the way of thinking of most people, is the monotonous fruit of pride, laziness and ignorance. Excuse me, my lord, if I did not know him, I would not speak to you. Your way of thinking is a sad delusion.
“Just as I can assume that you are in error,” said Pierre, smiling weakly.
“I will never dare to say that I know the truth,” said the freemason, more and more striking Pierre with his certainty and firmness of speech. - No one alone can reach the truth; only stone after stone, with the participation of all, millions of generations, from the forefather Adam to our time, that temple is being erected, which should be a worthy dwelling of the Great God, - said the freemason and closed his eyes.
“I must tell you, I don’t believe, I don’t ... believe in God,” Pierre said with regret and effort, feeling the need to tell the whole truth.
The Mason carefully looked at Pierre and smiled, as a rich man who held millions in his hands would smile at a poor man who would tell him that he, the poor man, did not have five rubles that could make him happy.
“Yes, you do not know Him, my lord,” said the Mason. “You cannot know Him. You don't know Him, that's why you're unhappy.
“Yes, yes, I am unhappy,” Pierre confirmed; - but what am I to do?
“You do not know Him, my lord, and that is why you are very unhappy. You do not know Him, but He is here, He is in me. He is in my words, He is in you, and even in those blasphemous speeches that you have spoken just now! said the Mason in a stern, trembling voice.
He paused and sighed, apparently trying to calm himself.
“If He weren’t there,” he said quietly, “we wouldn’t be talking about Him, my lord. What, who were we talking about? Who did you deny? he suddenly said with enthusiastic severity and authority in his voice. - Who invented it, if it does not exist? Why did the assumption arise in you that there is such an incomprehensible being? Why did you and the whole world assume the existence of such an incomprehensible being, an omnipotent being, eternal and infinite in all its properties?… – He stopped and was silent for a long time.
Pierre could not and did not want to break this silence.
“He exists, but it is difficult to understand Him,” the freemason spoke again, looking not at Pierre’s face, but in front of him, with his old hands, which, from inner excitement, could not remain calm, sorting through the pages of the book. “If it were a person whose existence you would doubt, I would bring this person to you, take him by the hand and show you. But how can I, an insignificant mortal, show all omnipotence, all eternity, all His goodness to the one who is blind, or to the one who closes his eyes so as not to see, not to understand Him, and not to see, and not to understand all his abomination and depravity? He paused. - Who are you? What you? You dream of yourself that you are a wise man, because you could utter these blasphemous words, - he said with a gloomy and contemptuous smile, - and you are more stupid and madder than a small child who, playing with parts of an artfully made watch, would dare to say that , because he does not understand the purpose of these hours, he does not believe in the master who made them. It is difficult to know Him... We have been working for this knowledge for centuries, from the forefather Adam to the present day, and we are infinitely far from achieving our goal; but in not understanding Him, we see only our weakness and His greatness ... - Pierre, with a sinking heart, looking with shining eyes into the face of the Mason, listened to him, did not interrupt, did not ask him, but with all his heart believed what this stranger told him. Did he believe in those reasonable arguments that were in the Mason's speech, or did he believe, as children believe, in the intonations, conviction and cordiality that were in the Mason's speech, the trembling of the voice, which sometimes almost interrupted the Mason, or these brilliant, senile eyes, grown old on that the same conviction, or that calmness, firmness and knowledge of one's purpose, which shone from the whole being of the Mason, and which struck him especially strongly in comparison with their omission and hopelessness; - but with all his heart he wanted to believe, and believed, and experienced a joyful feeling of calm, renewal and return to life.
Although grapes seem to have arrived in Alsace later than elsewhere, the wines of this region have enjoyed great fame since the Middle Ages and were served at the royal table under the name "Osse wines".
Alsatian vineyards
Alsatian vineyards, adjacent to the hills of the Vosges and facing the Rhine, occupy an area of just over 100 km in length and 1-5 km in width, with an area of about 13 thousand hectares. Alsace produces an average of one million hectoliters per year.
Sheltered by the Vosges from the cold north winds and humid west winds and open to the southeast, they have the driest climate in France and exceptionally sunny late autumn.
A wide variety of soils - from limestones and marls to granite rocks and sandstones, silt - contribute to making this viticulture zone unique.
Alsace is one of the rare regions in France where wines are usually named after the varietal from which they are produced.
Wine varieties
White Alsatian wines are made from six varieties:
- "Gewürztraminer"- very fragrant white wine with a bouquet characterized by great sophistication;
- "Tokay-Pino gray"- luxurious white wine of good composition;
- "Riesling"- the king of Alsatian wines, according to connoisseurs, a dry, nervous white wine with an incomparably delicate bouquet;
- "Alsatian Muscat" - dry white wine with a fruity taste, having a refreshing nutmeg hue;
- "Sylvaner" - light dry wine with fruity taste;
- "Pino white" - dry white wine, soft and well balanced.
Only grape varieties Pinot black produces red and rosé Alsatian wines.
However, Alsace wines can come from various blends of white varieties. In this case they are called "Edelzviker".
Name "Alsace" or "Wine of Alsace" may be accompanied by an indication of the commune in which it was produced, for example: Ammerschwihr, Bar, Egwisheim, Riquewihr, Kaiserberg, Mittelwier and Ribeauville.
Although it is less accepted than for other vineyards, the name of the best plots (50 places allowed by regulation) can be added to the name "Alsace" or Alsace Grand Cru: e.g. Schlossberg, Sonenglanz, Glockenberg, etc.
Finally, wines made from certain varietals may be granted the opportunity to designate, in addition to the denomination "Alsace" and "Alsace Grand Cru", specific features such as "Late Harvest" and "Select Varieties" if they meet particularly stringent production conditions, in particular with regard to the natural sugar content of grapes. These varieties are "Gewürztraminer", "Riesling", "Tokaj Pino Grey" and "Muscat".
The bottling of Alsatian wine, in accordance with the law, takes place exclusively at the place of production and always in special narrow bottles for Alsatian wines.
Using some of these 6 varieties, a sparkling dry wine with a fruity taste is developed by a second fermentation in the bottle, which is entitled to the appellation Crement d'Alsace(Alsatian sparkling).
Film about winemaking in Alsace (26:00)
Where is Alsace
Winemaking in Lorraine
Not far to the northwest of the Alsatian vineyard there are two small wine-producing areas belonging to the MVVK category.
The first, located near Metz, produces in small quantities (on average 400 hectoliters) Moselle Wines, half white wines.
South located cat de toul, whose production (5 thousand hectoliters) consists mainly of rosé wines, made mainly from the Gamay variety.
|
Book "Wines of France: main varieties, regions and appellations"
Authors: Vasily Raskov, Dmitry Kovalev, Ilya Kirilin Publisher: Eksmo Pages: 312 Paper: coated Weight: 1554 g Dimensions: 287x217x23 mm The book from the well-known company "Simple Wine" covers in detail all the features and aspects of winemaking in France for each of its wine-growing regions. The tips given in the book will help you better navigate the choice of French wines and create an interesting route for an independent wine tour. |
Where is Lorraine located
Alsace-Lorraine
For the sake of simplicity, I will begin my review with the French and Belgian territories, then go clockwise, touch on the problem of Denmark, eastern borders Germany, and I will finish my consideration with the southern borders, namely Tyrol.
Moving east after the Normandy landings, the Allies met, as a rule, benevolent locals who rejoiced at the liberation from the German invaders. Here, in fact, there were no partisan attacks. The situation changed when the troops entered eastern regions France, which were inhabited by ethnic Germans. Alsace and Lorraine have always been a bone of contention. In the Middle Ages, they were German territories, then, in the XVI-XVII centuries, they were conquered by France. They were returned to Germany in 1871, after the Franco-Prussian War. In 1919, under the terms of the Versailles Peace Treaty, they again withdrew to France. In 1940, Nazi Germany was again able to recapture these disputed territories. In 1944, the Allied offensive once again brought them back under the control of the French authorities. Most of the population suffered from such crazy geopolitical leapfrog. Apathy reigned among them, caused by claims against both belligerents. But still, it should be noted that the supporters of the autonomy of Alsace and Lorraine gravitated more to the Nazi regime, to which they could be grateful for the "liberation" of the territories from many hundreds of thousands of French, pro-French elements and Jews. In exchange for loyalty to the new regime, the inhabitants of these areas received only a few purebred Germans, who were put at the head of administrative bodies. Unlike the French, the Nazis were not going to exploit and colonize Alsace and Lorraine, pumping out of them Natural resources. The American military, already dismissive of diplomatic moves, decided not to go into the details of this complex and delicate situation. The Americans simply believed that the inhabitants of Alsace and Lorraine were hostile to them, and therefore untrustworthy. One of the American officers after the war explained: “Until this moment, the locals have always been on our side. They rejoiced at us, but Lorraine showed a different picture. Even before we could catch the villagers giving real help to the enemy, we heard a lot about their hostility. We felt it ourselves. They were sullen and tried to ignore us as much as possible. For the first time, when we entered the city, we did not encounter the stormy joy of the locals. We saw only gloomy faces. Some of these people were arrested because they harbored German soldiers". General Crowe of the US 6th Armored Division told his subordinates in a very frank phrase: "We are in enemy territory and its civilian population should be treated as enemies."
The unfriendly glances of civilians were taken as a manifestation of hostility, even though they did not help the German military and did not organize sabotage and resistance actions. On the few occasions when small acts of sabotage did take place, the reaction of the Allies was surprisingly harsh. In the city of Neuswiller, in early December 1944, several army communications wires were cut off. One of the American officers summoned the burgomaster of the town to himself and warned that if the perpetrators were not found within 24 hours, he would be punished. In fact, the head of the city was taken hostage. A few kilometers from this town was the town of Colmar, whose inhabitants were suspected of aiming German artillery. As a result, without conducting any investigation, the Allies forcibly deported them, as well as the inhabitants of the neighboring villages of Ostheim and Goimar, who, as they say, fell under the hot hand. Such rigidity provoked a backlash. Explosives were found near Erzwiller in a railway tunnel by an American patrol. Two people were detained in Falkenburg local residents who tried to mine the road, which was often driven by American jeeps. There is evidence of several cases of shelling by unknown persons of American transport convoys. In a small village near Brieux, the "Nazi Franktriers" (as the French military called the "werewolves" at first) attempted to attack the sentries. The result of the attack was a massive "cleansing" of local villages.
One of the most serious incidents in Alsace occurred in the capital of this province, in the city of Strasbourg, which was captured by French troops on November 24, 1944. The events that took place here caused a whole international scandal. The French soldiers quickly noticed that in the "liberated" Strasbourg, French tricolor flags did not hang on the houses. There was no jubilation in the streets either. During the German occupation, the national and social composition of the city has changed a lot. Of the 200,000 inhabitants who lived here in 1939, 40,000 French were expelled, whose place was partially taken by Germans. Do not forget that the result of the rapid offensive of the Allies was the localization of the ten thousand Wehrmacht group in Strasbourg. Most of the German soldiers chose to dress in civilian clothes and blend in with civilians. The French managed to identify far from all the disguised soldiers. As a result, the Allied detachments were attacked more than once from cover. It was immediately suspected that the inhabitants of Alsace were helping them. The peak of such attacks occurred on 29 November. As an eyewitness said: "At night, without weapons and escorts, it was risky to cross the street." General Jacques Leclerc, commander of the French 2nd Armored Division, was even forced to move his headquarters to a quieter place. There were at least three attacks on the old building where it was originally located. During their reflection, two staff officers were killed. In another case, an Algerian soldier was stopped by a man in civilian clothes who asked for a light. When he took out a match, the stranger shot him. On December 9, a French military chaplain was ambushed on the outskirts of the city. The report of his death stated that he was killed by machine gun fire. The blame was placed on "enemy soldiers operating in the rear".
Leclerc, notorious for his explosive nature and indiscipline, rashly issued an order on November 25, ordering "to suppress the Nazi Franktriers by any means." After the allotted time of two days, the hostage-taking system was to be officially introduced. After each attack, it was supposed to publicly shoot five residents of the city. In addition, Leclerc announced that after the allotted two days, everyone who had a firearm found at home would be shot. Covering German soldiers fell into this category. They were automatically enlisted as accomplices of the partisans. Leclerc and the new authorities of Strasbourg believed that the city was deliberately flooded with Nazi agents in order to prepare a new German offensive. In fact, the soldiers simply could not retreat from the city. It seemed that such measures were justified.
Leclerc's order, reminiscent of uniform arbitrariness and political terror, was nevertheless approved with a creak by the command of the allied forces. As a result, a risky attempt was made to bring the arbitrary actions of Leclerc into line with international law. The Allied Command issued a declaration stating the following: “In certain circumstances, for example, if civilians are firing from rooftops at military formations, the measures envisaged by General Leclerc may be considered consistent with the Geneva Convention. But such measures cannot be applied to prisoners of war. When the French 2nd Armored Division left Strasbourg, many (both Allied and German) believed that the brutal orders of this general had lost their force. Such a development of events would be a wise diplomatic move. But it turned out that they continue to operate on the territory of Strasbourg. And this meant that the city could be overwhelmed by a wave of terror. Taking advantage of the small number of military garrison remaining in Strasbourg, the "werewolves" could launch new sorties, which would have resulted in mass executions of innocent civilians. The civil authorities immediately turned to the American command to provide the necessary military contingent to maintain order in the city - the French, who resorted to such cruel measures, were not trusted. A scandal broke out, the French side tried unsuccessfully to hush it up.
The Nazis immediately used this incident for their propaganda purposes. Of course, on the one hand, the lack of reaction should have made the situation of the captured Volkssturmists easier, but, on the other hand, it was too “good” agitation reason. The German Foreign Ministry issued a communiqué stating that if Leclerc continues to pursue his repressive policy, the German side reserves the right to resort to such measures against supporters of Charles de Gaulle who are found on German territory. In response to the execution of the German civilian population, there was a threat to carry out reprisals against the French in those territories of Alsace and Lorraine that were still controlled by the Nazis. German diplomats also strongly condemned the deportation of the German population, calling such measures "arbitrariness." This communiqué was transmitted to the French command on 4 December via the International Red Cross. It is noteworthy that it was principally written in German, as German diplomats refused to conduct business in French, which they considered rude and barbaric.
The main "hot spot" in Lorraine was the border town of Saaregoimines, which was occupied on December 6 by the US Third Army. At first, the army units were at some distance from the town, and the inhabitants showed "indifference", that is, they did not show great joy at the release. A different reaction from the population of the town, which was very badly damaged by the Allied bombing, was very difficult to expect. Over time, the inhabitants of Saaregoy Mines became suspected of harboring 300 German troops. In addition, small units of the SS tried to enter the city at night. The French authorities and the new forces of law and order could not cope with the situation in the city, when saboteurs roamed its streets at night. As a result, American troops were brought into the city and a curfew was declared. But these measures were not enough for the command of the US Third Army - mass deportations of the German population began. Over time, they spread to neighboring cities. In the nearby town of Remelfing, an entire residential area was deported, the inhabitants of which were suspected of helping the Wehrmacht: they allegedly worked as gunners for German artillery. It is not surprising that such measures very quickly changed the attitude of the inhabitants of Lorraine. If at first it was neutral with respect to the Allies, then by the end of December it was openly hostile. On December 20, the prefect of one of the cities complained that the Americans behaved as if they were not on French, but on German territory, surrounded by enemies.
The most serious incidents in Saaregoimines occurred due to the fault of the "werewolves" from the SS, who acted dressed in civilian clothes. They repeatedly ambushed the French and American military. Once they even fired on the motorcade of an American congressman. On the night of December 15-16, three French policemen were stabbed to death on the streets of this town. Fearing new mass executions, the local population turned in saboteurs, but the situation in the city still remained tense. Do not forget that until March 1945 the front line passed in close proximity to it.
At the beginning of 1945, a kind of military-political crisis erupted in Alsace. On the night of December 31, 1944 to January 1, 1945, the Wehrmacht launched an operation in Northern Alsace, which went down in history under the name "Northern Wind". The counteroffensive was so swift that the American command began to think about evacuating from Strasbourg. Alsace again risked changing its "state affiliation". As the German counter-offensive developed, French and American counterintelligence noted a sudden surge in underground activity. This was manifested, above all, in a huge amount of underground propaganda materials. This concerned primarily the district of Haguenau. However, by February 1945, it became clear that the German counteroffensive had failed. If we talk about the peculiarities of underground agitation, which lasted for quite a long time, then it is necessary to note the speculation on national feelings. It was addressed to the native Alsatians and emphasized the old desire for autonomy. Many leaflets were signed by SS Standartenführer Robert Ernst, who led the so-called " liberation movement Alsace". His materials were supposed to convince the local population of the need for a "second National Socialist coming." This agitation was not in vain, despite the failure of Operation North Wind. When the US Seventh Army launched its offensive in March 1945, reaching the Moselle River, it found the strongest pro-German and autonomous separatist sentiments. In the city of Rohrbach, which had just been occupied by the Americans, one of the civilians threw an anti-tank grenade into a jeep. The result - two killed, three wounded. The Americans immediately reacted angrily. An obscure at first glance line from the military history of the 14th armored division The United States concealed a gruesome reality behind it. It said that the city was "cleaned" by the forces of the division. But even after all major pockets of resistance in Alsace-Lorraine were eliminated by the end of March, night attacks on the Allies were not uncommon. Reports in the newspapers of the time claim that the "National Socialist fighters" in early April succeeded in "destroying the strategically important bridge over the Rhine. There were reports that the "werewolves" made a daring attack on the headquarters of the French General de Tassigny; before they died, they managed to kill many high-ranking officers. However, the Allied press kept a deathly silence about this incident. Subsequently, several attacks were noted when the Allies threw grenades and pipe bombs. By the summer of 1945, the terror began to subside. In general, the majority of the German minority in East France successfully passed “political acclimatization.” Separatism and autonomous aspirations died out, flaring up again only in the 1960s.
A) iron ore and coal; B) gold placers; B) oil.
The President of the Third Republic in France was elected
A) ministers B) all voters who had the right to vote; C) a bicameral parliament.
3. This metallurgical concern, located in Austria-Hungary, has become one of the leading enterprises in the European military industry:
A) Siemens B) "Skoda"; B) Krupp firms; D) "Schneider-Creusot".
Leader of the Conservative Party of England
1) U. Gladstone 2)B. Disraeli 3) C. Parnell 4) J. Macdonald
For economic development the US South was characterized
1) the use of hired labor 2) the dominance of family farms
3) widespread use of technical means 4) massive use of slave labor
As a result of the Opium Wars
1) foreign nationals were exempted from paying taxes 2) modernization was carried out in China
3) capitalism began to actively develop in China 4) reforms were carried out to Europeanize China
7. The reason for the uprising of the sepoys was (a)
1) the dissatisfaction of the princes with the limitation of their power 2) the reduction in material support for the families of soldiers
3) introduction to the army new system guns 4) fleet modernization
8. An extreme aggressive form of nationalism is:
A) racism B) socialism; B) chauvinism D) revisionism.
The consequences of India's entry into the world market include
1) development foreign trade 2) construction of new port facilities
3) construction of the telegraph 4) destruction of the individual domestic industry
10. The Electoral Reform Law, which destroyed constituencies in "rotten places", was passed in 1) 1832 2) 1867 3) 1884 4) 1885
Task B
IN 1. Chronology (): 1906 (in England), 1867 (USA), 1824 (Mexico),
IN 2. Write down the missing term: The power of the monarch in Italy was limited _________-
a) W. Gladstone b) J. Rockefeller c) A. Dreyfus
B4. Define the concept: monopoly, abolitionism,
Sepoy uprising (reasons, course, results).
There are two main political parties represented in the UK Parliament
a) Whigs and Radicals b) Tories and Liberals c) Republicans and Democrats d) Conservatives and Liberals
The Monroe Doctrine - "America for Americans" - was put forward in
1) 1820 2) 1830 3) 1823 4) 1848
6. The United States forced the Japanese emperor to "open" the country in a) 1848 b) 1849 c) 1854 d) 1861
It does NOT apply to the features of the colonial regime in India
1) domination of the East India Company 2) government monopoly on salt and opium
3) control by England internal and foreign policy local princes 4) self-financing of officials
8. Greece gained independence from Ottoman Empire in: a) 1829 b) 1830 c) 1832 d) 1834 9. The military-political bloc of the Entente was made up of the following states:
A) England, France, Russia; B) England, Germany, Italy;
C) France, Russia, Austria-Hungary; D) Germany, Italy, Austria-Hungary.
10. The US bought Louisiana from France in 1) 1800 2) 1801 3) 1803 4) 1810
Task B
IN 1. Chronology ( write what event happened ): 1868 (Japan), 1862 (USA), 1850 (China),
IN 2. Write down the missing term The political program of the Chartists was called ______
AT 3. What country does the historical figure belong to: a) Theodoros II b) Joseph II c) A. Lincoln
B4. Define the concept: Industrialization, Eastern Question
Task C. Give a detailed answer to the question: Essence of the Eastern Question. Why did the Balkans become a "powder keg"?
Generalization lesson "The world at the end of the 19th century." Option IV
1.Feature of the industrialization of Italy A) the export of capital abroad; B) the creation of cartels;
C) state intervention in economic life.
France's form of government late XIX century was
A) a parliamentary republic B) absolute monarchy; C) a parliamentary monarchy.
3. One of the forms of association of enterprises, in which the enterprises included in it completely lose their commercial independence and are subject to a single management, is:
A) a cartel B) a syndicate; B) a trust D) concern.
