Treaty of Alexandropol in 1920 - ended the war between Kemalist Turkey and Dashnak Armenia; signed on 2. XII in Alexandropol (now - Leninakan). The reason for the war was the attack of the Dashnak detachments on the Turkish troops, but its reasons were deeper: on the one hand, the Dashnaks, being an instrument of the imperialist policy of the Entente powers, took an aggressive position towards Turkey and sought the formation of "Great Armenia" with its inclusion almost half of Asia Minor; on the other hand, the Ankara government did not limit itself to the tasks of the national liberation war, but at the same time tried to take advantage of the adventurist policy of the Dashnaks in order to seize the territories inhabited by the Armenian majority and deprive the Armenian people of the opportunity to recreate their state.

The government of the RSFSR intervened in the conflict that was brewing between Turkey and Armenia, seeking to prevent the disasters that the Armenian people would inevitably have to undergo in the event of a war with Turkey. In a letter dated 2. VI 1920, in response to the appeal of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey dated 26. IV 1920 regarding the establishment of Soviet-Turkish relations, the People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs of the RSFSR, among other proposals, pointed out the desirability of drawing a fair border between Turkey and Armenia in accordance with the principle of self-determination of peoples and expressed his willingness to mediate in this matter. The Ankara government, by telegram dated 4.VII, 1920, accepted the offer of mediation and even agreed to suspend military training against Armenia. Nevertheless, the negotiations that the People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs of the RSFSR conducted in the summer of 1920 in Moscow with the delegations of the Ankara and Dashnak governments showed that neither government intended to make concessions. The Dashnak delegation, although by this time had abandoned the plan of "Great Armenia", nevertheless put forward its very significant territorial claims. In turn, the Turkish delegation rejected the compromise proposals of the Soviet government. The head of the Turkish delegation, Bekir Sami Bey (...), who belonged to reactionary circles and hostile to Soviet Russia, returned to Ankara and even tried to use the proposals of the People's Commissariat of Foreign Affairs to correct the Armenian-Turkish border in order to turn the Ankara government against Soviet Russia.

The Sevres Treaty of 1920 (...), which recognized Dashnak Armenia and expanded its borders, further aggravated relations between the Ankara and Dashnak governments. The raid of the Dashnak troops on the Turkish troops near the city of Bardiz (to the north-west of Sarykamysh) on 24. IX 1920 led to an open war. The Dashnaks were quickly defeated and demoralized. Already on 29. IX the Turks took Sarykamysh, on 30 X - Kars, on 7. XI - Alexandropol.

On November 8, 1920, Dashnak Armenia turned to the powers with a panic appeal: "We are left alone." The Entente, which pushed the Dashnaks into conflict, did nothing to help them. The People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs of the RSFSR, with a note dated 11.XI, 1920, again offered its mediation to the warring parties, but the Ankara government, contrary to previous statements, did not accept it, and the Dashnaks, based on counter-revolutionary considerations, preferred to conclude a bonded peace with Turkey.

As a result, the Treaty of Alexandropol was signed. According to its terms, the territory of Armenia was limited to the regions of Yerevan and Lake. Gokcha; the Nakhichevan district was transferred under the protectorate of Turkey; in fact, a protectorate was also established over the rest of Armenia; armed forces Armenia should not have exceeded 1,500 fighters with 8 guns and 20 machine guns; Turkish military authorities could "take military measures" on the territory of Armenia; the Turkish envoy in Yerevan received the right to conduct "inspection and investigation" on the issues of the treaty; for this, the Ankara government undertook to provide the Dashnaks with armed assistance, "when an external or internal danger so requires and when the Republic of Armenia turns to it with the indicated petition."

The hope of the Dashnaks that the Treaty of Alexandropol would save them from the imminent revolution did not come true. On November 29, 1920, that is, even before the signing of the Treaty of Alexandropol, the Revolutionary Committee of Armenia was formed, proclaiming Soviet power. The Dashnak government was overthrown, and thus the Treaty of Alexandropol neither legally nor actually entered into force. The Moscow Treaty of March 16, 1921, which established the Soviet-Turkish border in the Caucasus, essentially canceled the content of the Alexandropol Treaty. True, Turkish diplomacy for some time still tried to prove that the Treaty of Alexandropol remained in force until a new treaty was concluded between Turkey and Armenia, and the Turkish military command delayed the evacuation of the Alexandropol region, demanding that Soviet Armenia "pursuant to the Treaty of Alexandropol" hand over everything to the Turks. their weapons. However, after the government of the RSFSR made a decisive presentation to the Ankara government, these delays ceased. In mid-May 1921, Turkish troops left the Alexandropol region. The Treaty of Kars in 1921 (see) removed the issue of the Alexandropol Treaty from discussion.

Diplomatic Dictionary. Ch. ed. A. Ya. Vyshinsky and S. A. Lozovsky. M., 1948.

Power passed into the hands of the Provisional Government under the leadership of Konstantin Päts.

To the Baltics for recovery Soviet power Red Army troops were sent. After a 13-month war with Soviet Russia (November 28, 1918 - January 3, 1920), on February 2, 1920, the Tartu Peace Treaty was signed between the RSFSR and Estonia.

The treaty was signed on behalf of the RSFSR by a member of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (VTsIK) Adolf Ioffe, and on behalf of the Estonian Democratic Republic by a member of the Constituent Assembly Jaan (in Russian - Ivan) Poska.

According to the treaty of the RSFSR, based on the right of all peoples to free self-determination up to complete secession, which it proclaimed, it unconditionally recognized the independence and autonomy of the Estonian state, renounced all rights, including property, that previously belonged to Russian Empire. Estonia undertook not to present any claims to Russia arising from the fact of its former stay as part of Russia.

Between the RSFSR and Estonia, the state border and neutral zones were established, in which the parties pledged not to keep any troops, except for the border. The contracting parties pledged not to have armed ships in Lake Peipus and Pskov. At the same time, it was forbidden to stay on the territory of each state of troops, organizations and groups that set the goal of armed struggle with another contracting party; states that are in a de facto state of war with the other side. It was forbidden to transport through ports and territories "everything that can be used to attack another contracting party."

The parties undertook obligations to inform each other about the state of non-governmental troops, military depots, military and technical property located on their territory, as well as to exchange prisoners of war and return internees to their homeland.

Russia returned to Estonia all sorts of valuables, as well as all the archives, documents and other materials evacuated to the territory of the Russian Empire during the First World War, which had scientific or historical significance for Estonia.

Diplomatic and consular relations were established between the contracting parties, as well as trade and economic relations on the basis of the most favored nation regime.

From the point of view of the Russian Federation, the Tartu Peace Treaty of 1920 after the entry of Estonia into the USSR in 1940.

On May 18, 2005, the Russian Federation and Estonia signed two agreements on border issues in Moscow. On June 20, 2005, the Estonian Parliament ratified them by unilaterally introducing the Tartu Peace Treaty into the preamble of the law on ratification. Moscow considered that this confirmed a number of assessments of Estonia's entry into the USSR that were unacceptable for the Russian Federation, and on September 1, 2005, Russian President Vladimir Putin ordered to withdraw Russia's signature under the border treaties with Estonia.

Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov and his Estonian counterpart Urmas Paet signed in Moscow a new treaty on the border and delimitation of maritime space in the Narva and Gulf of Finland. Unlike the 2005 version, the contract states that it concerns exclusively the passage state border. There was also a mutual absence of territorial claims.

The material was prepared on the basis of information from RIA Novosti and open sources

signed RSFSR
Latvia Status It does not work
Replaced Languages Russian, Latvian

Riga Peace Treaty of 1920(Latvian. Latvijas - Krievijas miera līgums) - an agreement between the RSFSR, on the one hand, and Latvia, on the other, signed on August 11, 1920 in Riga.

Story

,

and Latvia pledged not to support the White Guard movement in exchange for diplomatic recognition, the cession of part of the ships and property Baltic Fleet, property of Russia in the territory of Latvia and merchant ships in the Latvian territorial waters, recognition of the transition to Latvia of territories in the Vitebsk province and, additionally, part of the territory of the Pskov province. Thus, the former Courland Governorate, the southern part of the Livonian Governorate (Riga, Venden (Cesis), Volmar (Valmiera) counties and most of the Valk county), the northwestern part of the Vitebsk Governorate Dvina (Daugavpils), Lucinsk (Ludza), Rezhitsky (Rezeknensky) counties and 2 volosts of the Drissensky county) and part of the Ostrov county of the Pskov province (including the city of Pytalovo).

Write a review on the article "The Treaty of Riga (1920)"

Notes

see also

Sources

• Scan of the original contract: 4 sheet (, ), 5 sheet (, ), 6 sheet (, ), 7 sheet (, ), 8 sheet (, ), 9 sheet (, ), 10 sheet (, ) on the website. (Latvian) (Russian)
• Riga: Encyclopedia = Enciklopēdija "Rīga" / Ch. ed. P. P. Yeran. - 1st edition. - Riga: Main edition of encyclopedias, 1989. - S. 472. - 880 p. - 60,000 copies. - ISBN 5-89960-002-0.

Links

• (English)

This article on the history of Russia is a stub. You can help the project by adding to it.

Ancient Latvia Middle Ages new time Newest time

An excerpt characterizing the Treaty of Riga (1920)

Every time I see a locomotive move, I hear a whistle sound, I see a valve opening and wheels moving; but from this I have no right to conclude that the whistling and the movement of the wheels are the causes of the movement of the locomotive.
The peasants say that a cold wind blows in late spring because the oak bud unfolds, and indeed, every spring a cold wind blows when the oak unfolds. But although I do not know the cause of the cold wind blowing during the unfolding of the oak, I cannot agree with the peasants that the cause of the cold wind is the unfolding of the bud of the oak, simply because the force of the wind is beyond the influence of the bud. I see only the coincidence of those conditions that exist in every life phenomenon, and I see that, no matter how much and no matter how detailed I observe the hand of the clock, the valve and wheels of the steam locomotive and the bud of the oak, I will not know the cause of the blagovest, the movement of the steam locomotive and the spring wind. . To do this, I must completely change my point of observation and study the laws of motion of steam, bells and wind. History should do the same. And attempts to do so have already been made.
In order to study the laws of history, we must completely change the object of observation, leave the kings, ministers and generals alone, and study the homogeneous, infinitesimal elements that guide the masses. No one can say how far it is given to a person to achieve understanding of the laws of history by this way; but it is obvious that on this path only lies the possibility of capturing historical laws, and that on this path the human mind has not yet put one millionth of the effort that historians put into describing the deeds of various kings, generals and ministers and to presenting their considerations on the occasion of these deeds. .

The forces of the twelve languages ​​of Europe broke into Russia. The Russian army and the population retreat, avoiding a collision, to Smolensk and from Smolensk to Borodino. The French army, with an ever-increasing strength of swiftness, rushes towards Moscow, towards the goal of its movement. The strength of its swiftness, approaching the target, increases like an increase in the speed of a falling body as it approaches the earth. Behind a thousand miles of a hungry, hostile country; dozens of miles ahead, separating from the goal. This is felt by every soldier of the Napoleonic army, and the invasion is advancing of itself, by the force of swiftness alone.
As the Russian army retreats, the spirit of anger against the enemy flares up more and more: retreating back, it concentrates and grows. A collision occurs near Borodino. Neither one nor the other army disintegrates, but Russian army immediately after the collision, it retreats just as necessarily as the ball rolls back, colliding with another ball rushing towards it with greater swiftness; and just as necessary (although having lost all its strength in the collision), the rapidly scattered ball of invasion rolls over some more space.
The Russians retreat a hundred and twenty miles - beyond Moscow, the French reach Moscow and stop there. For five weeks after that there is not a single battle. The French don't move. Like a mortally wounded beast, which, bleeding to death, licks its wounds, they remain in Moscow for five weeks without doing anything, and suddenly, for no new reason, they run back: they rush to the Kaluga road (and after the victory, since again the battlefield remained behind them near Maloyaroslavets), without entering into a single serious battle, they flee even faster back to Smolensk, beyond Smolensk, beyond Vilna, beyond the Berezina and beyond.
On the evening of August 26, both Kutuzov and the entire Russian army were sure that battle of Borodino won. Kutuzov wrote to the sovereign in this way. Kutuzov ordered to prepare for a new battle in order to finish off the enemy, not because he wanted to deceive anyone, but because he knew that the enemy was defeated, just as each of the participants in the battle knew this.
But that same evening and the next day, news began to come, one after another, of unheard-of losses, of the loss of half of the army, and a new battle turned out to be physically impossible.
It was impossible to fight when information had not yet been collected, the wounded had not been removed, the shells had not been replenished, the dead had not been counted, new commanders had not been appointed to the places of the dead, people had not eaten and had not slept.
But at the same time, immediately after the battle, on the next morning, the French army (according to that impetuous force of movement, now increased, as it were, in the inverse ratio of the squares of distances) was already advancing of itself on the Russian army. Kutuzov wanted to attack the next day, and the whole army wanted it. But in order to attack, the desire to do so is not enough; It is necessary that there was an opportunity to do this, but there was no such opportunity. It was impossible not to retreat one march, then just as it was impossible not to retreat to another and a third march, and finally on September 1, when the army approached Moscow, despite all the strength of the rising feeling in the ranks of the troops, the force of things demanded in order for these troops to go beyond Moscow. And the troops retreated one more, to the last crossing and gave Moscow to the enemy.

Treaty of Sevres or Peace of Sevres- one of the agreements of the Versailles-Washington system. Its creation marked the end of the First World War. Consider brief Treaty of Sèvres.

Members

The Treaty of Sevres was signed with Turkey by the Entente countries and the states that joined them. Among the latter were, in particular, Japan, Romania, Portugal, Armenia, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Greece, Belgium, the Kingdom of Croats, Serbs and Slovenes, etc.

Signing of the Treaty of Sevres took place in 1920, on August 10 in the city of Sevres, in France. By this time, most of the Turkish territory was occupied by the troops of the Entente countries.

Treaty of Sèvres 1920 refers to a group of agreements that completed the First World War and form the Versailles system. With his help, the division of Turkey was officially formalized, which was one of the key imperialist goals of the Entente states.

Training

The issue of the partition of Turkey was repeatedly discussed at the conference. However, it was intertwined with unresolved issues of reparations and territories. Western Europe. The partition of Turkey was considered in various combinations; the Entente countries tried to satisfy, first of all, their own interests and did not find a compromise for a long time.

Project Treaty of Sèvres was developed only at the beginning of 1920 at a conference of ambassadors from key allied powers. In April of the same year, France and England reached an agreement on the division of the Asian territories of Turkey. In early May 1920, representatives of the Sultan's government were informed about the project and published in the press.

Turkish resistance

In April 1920, the Great National Assembly was formed in Ankara, which proclaimed itself the only legitimate power.

On April 26, the Assembly turned to the USSR with a request for help in the struggle against the imperialist occupiers. After the publication of the draft agreement in Turkey, they announced that they would never recognize it.

In response to the resistance of the Allied countries, they decided to use military force to restore the Sultan's power throughout the state. By that time, the Entente troops occupied not only the Arab lands of the Ottoman Empire, but also a number of key regions of Turkey itself, including Constantinople, the straits region, and Izmir.

In accordance with the decision of the Supreme Council of the Allied countries, adopted in Boulogne, the Greek army, which received British weapons, with the support of the English fleet, launched an offensive against the national liberation forces of Turkey in June. The Sultan's government at this point in fact did not have power. It capitulated to the allied forces and signed the agreement.

Territories lost by Turkey

According to the Treaty of Sevres, the Turkish government lost power over the Kurds, Arabs, Armenians and representatives of other oppressed peoples. The Entente countries, in turn, sought to establish their power over these nations.

By terms of the Treaty of Sèvres, The Ottoman Empire was losing 3/4 of the territory. Eastern Thrace with Adrianople, the entire Gallipoli Peninsula, the European coast of the Dardanelles and Izmir were transferred to Greece. Turkey lost all the lands of the European part of its territory, with the exception of a narrow strip near Istanbul - formally this area remained with the Turkish government. At the same time, in Treaty of Sèvres it was said that if the state evaded compliance with the agreement, the allied countries had the right to change the conditions.

The zone of the straits nominally remained with Turkey. However, the government had to demilitarize it and provide access to this territory for a special "Commission of the Straits". She had to supervise compliance Treaty of Sèvres in this zone. The committee included delegates different countries. The agreement stipulated the rights of representatives. Thus, US delegates could join the Commission from the moment they make the appropriate decision. Regarding Russia, Turkey itself and Bulgaria, the treaty contained a clause that representatives of these countries could become delegates from the moment the countries joined the League of Nations.

The commission was endowed with broad powers and could exercise them independently of the local government. This structure had the right to organize a special police corps under the leadership of foreign officers, to use the armed forces in agreement with the allied powers. The Commission could have its own budget and flag.

Articles Treaty of Sèvres, which determined the fate of the straits, had a clear anti-Soviet content. Countries that intervened against the Soviet regime could now freely place their ships in the ports of the strait zone.

Definition of boundaries

By Treaty of Sèvres, the Turkish government was losing control over the territories of Syria, Lebanon, Mesopotamia, Palestine. Mandatory administration was established over them. Turkey was deprived of possessions on Arabian Peninsula. In addition, the government was required to recognize the kingdom of Hejaz.

The borders between Turkey and Armenia were to be established by an arbitration decision of the American president. Wilson and his advisers assumed that it would become a state that was actually controlled and dependent on the United States. America wanted to use the country as a springboard to fight against Soviet Russia.

According to the agreement, Kurdistan was separated from Turkey. An Anglo-Franco-Italian commission was supposed to determine the borders between the countries. After that, the question of the autonomy of Kurdistan was transferred to the Council of the League of Nations for resolution. If he recognizes the population "capable of independence", it will receive autonomy.

According to the agreement, Turkey renounced its rights in Egypt, recognized the protectorate over it, established back in 1918. It also lost its rights in relation to Sudan, recognized the accession of Cyprus to Britain, proclaimed back in 1914, as well as the protectorate of France over Tunisia and Morocco. The privileges that the Sultan had in Libya were annulled. Turkey's rights to the islands in the Aegean passed to Italy.

In fact, the Sultan's state lost its sovereignty. Under a special decree, the capitulation regime was restored, which also extended to the allied countries that did not use it before the First World War.

Financial management

A special commission was formed to control the monetary system of Turkey. It included representatives of Britain, France, Italy, as well as the Turkish government itself with an advisory vote.

The commission received all the resources of the country, except for the income given or ceded as guarantee payments on the Ottoman debt. This structure was free to take whatever measures it deemed most appropriate to preserve and increase Turkey's financial resources. The commission gained complete control over the economy of the state. Without her approval, the Turkish parliament could not discuss the budget. A change in the financial plan could only be carried out with the approval of the Commission.

The section of the agreement relating to the economic status of Turkey included articles according to which the country recognized as canceled agreements, conventions, treaties that were concluded before the entry into force of the Treaty of Sèvres with Austria, Bulgaria, Hungary or Germany, as well as with Russia or "any government or state whose territory was previously part of Russia.

Protection of minorities

It was mentioned in part 6 of the contract. Its provisions provided that the main allied countries, in agreement with the Council of the League, would determine the measures necessary to ensure the guarantees of the implementation of these decrees. Turkey, in turn, under the agreement, agreed in advance to all decisions that would be made on this issue.

military system

It was mentioned in part 5 of the Sevres agreement. The articles recorded complete demobilization. The size of the army could not exceed 50 thousand officers and soldiers, including 35 thousand gendarmes.

Conclusion

The imperialist goals of the allied countries were not actually achieved. The Turkish government and the entire population as a whole actively resisted the division of territories. Of course, no country wants to lose its sovereignty.

The treaty, in fact, destroyed Turkey as an independent state, which was unacceptable for a country with a long history.

It should be noted that Russia's participation in the process was kept to a minimum. To a greater extent, this was due to the unwillingness of the Entente to cooperate with the Soviet government, the desire to gain access to the country's borders. The allied countries did not see Soviet Russia as a partner; on the contrary, they considered it a competitor that needed to be eliminated.

CONTRACT
about Svalbard

________________
The treaty entered into force on September 6, 1924. 39 states participate in it, including the Russian Federation since May 7, 1935.


President of the United States of America, e.v. King of Great Britain and Ireland and the British territories overseas, Emperor of India, e.v. King of Denmark, President of the French Republic, h.v. King of Italy, e.v. Emperor of Japan, e.v. King of Norway, e.v. Queen of the Netherlands, h.v. The King of Sweden, wishing, recognizing the sovereignty of Norway over the Svalbard archipelago, including Bear Island, that these areas should have a proper regime capable of ensuring their development and peaceful use,

have appointed as their respective plenipotentiaries for the conclusion of the Treaty for this purpose:

(follows a list of commissioners), who, on presentation of their full powers found in due and proper form, have agreed upon the following provisions:

Article 1

The High Contracting Parties agree to recognize, under the conditions provided for in this Treaty, the full and absolute sovereignty of Norway over the archipelago of Svalbard, encompassing with Bear Island, or Beren Eiland, all the islands located between 10 and 35 ° east longitude from Greenwich and between 74 and 81 ° northern latitude, in particular: West Spitsbergen, Northeast Land, Barents Island, Edge Island, the Wych Islands, Hope Island or Hopen Island, and Prince Charles Land, together with all the islands, islets and rocks related to them.

Article 2

Vessels and citizens of all the High Contracting Parties shall be admitted on equal grounds to the exercise of the right to fish and hunt in the areas referred to in Article 1 and in their territorial waters.

Norway will have the right to maintain, adopt or promulgate measures capable of ensuring the conservation and, if necessary, the restoration of fauna and flora in the indicated localities and their territorial waters, it being agreed that these measures must always be applied on the same grounds to citizens of all of the High Contracting Parties without any exceptions, privileges and benefits, direct or indirect, in favor of any one of them.

Land occupiers whose rights are recognized in accordance with the provisions of Articles 6 and 7 will enjoy the exclusive right to hunt on their land plots: local police; 2° within an area with a radius of 10 kilometers around the main center of the place of work or enterprises; in both cases, subject to the regulations issued by the Norwegian Government, under the conditions specified in this article.

Article 3

Citizens of all the High Contracting Parties shall have the same free access for any purpose and purpose to the waters, fjords and ports of the areas referred to in Article 1 and the right to stop there; they may engage in them without any hindrance, subject to local laws and regulations, in all shipping, industrial, mining and commercial operations on conditions of full equality.

They shall be admitted, under the same conditions of equality, to the occupation and exploitation of every shipping, industrial, mining and commercial business, both on land and in territorial waters, and no monopoly may be created in respect of any enterprise whatsoever.

Notwithstanding the rules which may be in force in Norway concerning cabotage, ships of the High Contracting Parties having their place of departure or place of destination specified in Article 1 shall have the right to stop both on departure and on their return in Norwegian ports, in order to to take on board or disembark passengers or cargo having their origin or destination in a specified area, or for any other purpose.

It is agreed that in all respects, and in particular in all matters relating to export, import and transit, the citizens of all the High Contracting Parties, their ships and their cargoes shall not be subject to any fees or restrictions not applicable to citizens, ships or cargoes. enjoying most favored nation treatment in Norway, with Norwegian nationals, their ships and their cargoes being for this purpose equal to the citizens, ships and cargoes of the other High Contracting Parties and not enjoying in any respect more favorable treatment.

The export of any consignments destined for shipment into the territory of any of the Contracting Powers shall not be subject to any charges or restrictions which may be different or more severe than those provided for the export of consignments of the same kind destined for the territory of the other Contracting Power. Powers (including Norway) or any other country.

Article 4

Any open to common use a wireless telegraph station established or to be established by the permission or order of the Norwegian Government in the localities referred to in Article 1 shall always be open on the basis of perfect equality to the communications of ships of all flags and nationals of the High Contracting Parties, under the conditions provided for by the Radiotelegraph Convention of 5 July 1912 or the International Convention which would have been concluded to replace it.

Subject to international obligations arising from the state of war, landowners will always have the right to build and use wireless telegraph installations for their own needs, and they (the installations) will have the right to communicate for personal business with coast and mobile stations, including stations installed on ships or aircraft.

Article 5

The High Contracting Parties recognize the advantage of establishing in the areas referred to in Article 1 an international meteorological station, the organization of which will be the subject of a subsequent Convention.

In the same way, the conditions under which scientific research can take place in the indicated areas will be worked out by means of a convention.

Article 6

Subject to the provisions of this article, the rights acquired by citizens of the High Contracting Parties shall be recognized as valid.

Claims relating to rights arising from the entry into possession of land plots or their occupation prior to the signing of this Agreement will be settled in accordance with the provisions of the annex to this Agreement, which will have the same force and effect as this Agreement.

Article 7

Norway undertakes, in the localities referred to in Article 1, to accord to all citizens of the High Contracting Parties, with respect to the means of acquiring, enjoying and exercising the right of property, including the right to engage in mining, treatment based on full equality and consistent with the provisions of this Treaty.

Expropriation may take place only for the public benefit and for the payment of fair compensation.

Article 8

Norway undertakes to introduce, in the localities referred to in Article 1, a Mining Code, which, in particular with regard to taxes, duties or duties of any kind, general or special conditions of labor, must exclude all kinds of privileges, monopolies or benefits, either in favor of the State or and for the benefit of the nationals of one of the High Contracting Parties, including Norway, and to ensure to personnel of all categories who receive wages, payment of wages and protection of interests necessary for their physical, moral and cultural well-being.

The taxes, duties and dues collected must be used exclusively for the needs of the indicated localities and can be established only to the extent that this is justified by their purpose.

As regards, in particular, the export of ore resources, the Norwegian Government will have the right to impose an export duty; however, this duty must not exceed one per cent of the maximum value of the exported ore wealth within the limits of 100,000 tons, and above this amount the duty will be in a decreasing ratio. The cost will be determined at the end of the shipping season by calculating the average FOB price.

Three months before the date stipulated for its entry into force, the draft Mining Code will be communicated by the Norwegian Government to the other Contracting Powers. If, within this period, one or more of the said Powers propose to amend this provision before its application, these proposals will be communicated by the Norwegian Government to the other Contracting Powers for consideration and decision by a Commission consisting of one representative of each of the said Powers. This Commission will be convened by the Norwegian Government and will have to make a decision within three months from the date of its convening. Its decisions will be taken by majority vote.

Article 9

Subject to the rights and obligations which may result for Norway from its accession to the League of Nations, Norway undertakes not to establish or permit the establishment of any naval base in the places referred to in Article 1 and not to build any fortifications in the said places which should never be used for military purposes.

Article 10

Pending that the recognition by the High Contracting Powers of the Russian Government will enable Russia to accede to this Treaty, Russian citizens and societies will enjoy the same rights as citizens of the High Contracting Parties.

Claims which they might make in the localities referred to in Article 1 shall be made in accordance with the conditions provided for in Article 6 and in the Annex to this Treaty, through the intermediary of the Danish Government, which agrees to render its assistance for this purpose.

This Treaty, the French and English texts of which shall be authentic, shall be subject to ratification.

The deposit of the instruments of ratification will take place in Paris as soon as possible.

The Powers whose Governments have their seat outside Europe will have the right to confine themselves to notifying the Government of the French Republic, through their diplomatic representatives in Paris, that ratification has taken place on their part and, in such a case, they will have to transmit the instruments of ratification as soon as possible.

This Treaty shall enter into force, as far as the provisions of Article 8 are concerned, as soon as it has been ratified by each of the Signatory Powers, and in all other respects simultaneously with the Mining Code provided for in the said Article.

Third Powers will be invited by the Government of the French Republic to accede to this Treaty, duly ratified. This accession will be effected by means of a notice addressed to the French Government, who will have to notify the other Contracting Parties accordingly.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the Commissioners named above have signed this Treaty.

Done at Paris on the ninth day of February 1920 in duplicate, one of which will be deposited with the Government of His Majesty the King of Norway and one will be deposited in the archives of the Government of the French Republic, and certified copies of which will be transmitted to the other signatory Powers.

Application

§ one

1. Within a period of three months from the coming into force of this Treaty, all claims to land already made to the various Powers before the signing of this Treaty must be communicated by the Government of the claimant to the Commissioner charged with examining these claims. This Commissioner must be a judge or lawyer of Danish nationality with the necessary qualifications and must be appointed by the Danish Government.

2. This communication must clearly indicate the boundaries of the land claimed and must be accompanied by a map drawn on a scale of at least 1/1,000,000 and clearly showing land plot for which the claim is made.

3. The report must be accompanied by a contribution of one penny per acre (40 ares) of the land claimed to cover the costs of handling the claims.

4. The commissioner may request from the requesting person the submission of any other documents, acts and information that he deems necessary.

5. The Commissioner will consider claims submitted in this way. To this end, he will have recourse to such technical assistance as he deems necessary and, if necessary, carry out an investigation on the spot.

6. The Commissioner's remuneration will be determined by mutual agreement between the Danish Government and other interested Governments. The commissioner will himself appoint the remuneration of the assistants whom he considers necessary to invite.

7. After considering the claims, the Commissioner shall draw up a report specifying exactly which claims, in his opinion, should immediately be recognized as valid and which, because they are contested or for any other reason, should, in his opinion, be subject to arbitration, as indicated below. Copies of this report shall be transmitted by the Commissioner to the Governments concerned.

8. If the amounts paid under paragraph 3 are not sufficient to cover the costs incurred by the claims, the Commissioner, if in his opinion the claim is justified, will immediately fix an additional amount to be paid by the claimant. The amount of this amount will be determined in accordance with the size of the land plot in respect of which the rights of the claimant were recognized as fair.

If the sums contributed under paragraph 3 exceed the said costs, the excess shall be used to cover the costs of the arbitration provided below.

9. Within a period of three months from the date of submission of the report provided for in paragraph 7 of this paragraph, the Norwegian Government shall take the necessary measures to issue to the claimant, whose claim was found by the Commissioner to be just, an appropriate document securing his exclusive ownership of the land in question, in in accordance with the laws and regulations that are in force or will be in force in the areas specified in Article 1 of this Treaty, and subject to the mining regulations provided for in Article 8 of the said Treaty.

However, in the event that an additional contribution proves necessary under paragraph 8 above, only a provisional document will be issued, which will become final as soon as the claimant has paid the said contribution within an appropriate time limit, which the Norwegian Government may fix.

§ 2

Claims which, for any reason, have not been found to be valid by the Commissioner referred to in paragraph 1, will be settled in accordance with the following provisions:

1. Within a period of three months after the report referred to in paragraph 7 of the preceding paragraph, each of the Governments of which the applicants whose claims have been rejected shall appoint an arbitrator.

The Commissioner shall preside over the Court thus constituted. He will have the casting vote in the event of a tie. He will appoint a secretary who will be instructed to receive the documents referred to in paragraph 2 of this paragraph and to take the necessary steps to convene the court.

2. Within one month from the date of the appointment of the secretary referred to in paragraph 1, the claimants shall transmit to that latter, through the intermediary of their respective governments, an aide-mémoire specifying their claims precisely, together with all documents and evidence which they wish to submit in support of their claim.

3. Within two months of the appointment of the secretary referred to in paragraph 1, a court shall meet in Copenhagen to hear the claims submitted to it.

4. The language used by the court will be English. All documents or evidence may be presented to him by the interested parties in their own language, but must necessarily be accompanied by an English translation.

5. Claimants will have the right, if they express their desire, to be heard by the court either personally or through attorneys, and the court will have the right to request from the claimants all those explanations and all additional documents for evidence that it considers necessary.

6. Before the trial of the case, the court shall require from the parties a deposit or guarantee of payment of any amount that it may consider necessary to pay the share of each of the claimants in the expenses of the court. To determine its size, the court will be based mainly on the size of the area for which the claim is made. He may also require the parties to provide additional security in respect of cases involving special expenses.

7. The amount of payment to arbitrators will be determined monthly and established by the Governments concerned. The President shall fix the salaries of the secretary and all other persons in the service of the court.

8. Subject to the provisions of this appendix, the court will have every right to make its own rules of procedure.

9. When considering claims, the court will have to take into account:

a) all applicable rules of international law;

b) general principles of legality and justice;

c) the following circumstances:

1) the date of the first occupation by the claiming person or his predecessors of the site for which the claim is made;

2) the date on which the claim was communicated to the Government of the claimant;

3) to what extent the claimant or his predecessors have developed and exploited the land plot for which the claimant has filed a claim. In this respect the Court will have to take into account those circumstances or obstacles which, owing to the existence of the state of war from 1914 to 1919, may have prevented the claimants from making their claim.

10. All expenses of the court will be distributed among the claimants in the shares appointed by the court. If the amount paid in accordance with the provisions of paragraph 6 exceeds the amount of the costs of the court, the excess will be reimbursed to the persons whose claims were satisfied, in the amount that the court finds just.

11. The decisions of the court will be communicated to these last interested Governments and in all cases to the Norwegian Government.

The Norwegian Government, within three months after receiving the decision, will take the necessary measures to issue to the claimant, whose claims have been satisfied by the court, appropriate documents, in accordance with the laws and regulations that are in force or will be in force in the localities referred to in Article 1 of this Treaty, and subject to compliance with mining rules provided for in Article 8 of the said Treaty. However, the documents will only become final when the applicant has paid his or her share of the costs of the court within the due date, which may be fixed by the Norwegian Government.

§ 3

Any claim which is not notified to the Commissioner in accordance with paragraph 1 of paragraph 1 or which, if rejected, is not presented to the court in accordance with paragraph 2, will be considered as finally extinguished.

Electronic text of the document
prepared by CJSC "Kodeks" and checked against:

/Ministry of Education and Science
Russian Federation,
international public law,
Collection of documents, Part II.- M.:
"Prospect", 2006