Message Nekrasov biography. Biography of Nekrasov. Nekrasov Nikolai Alekseevich: life and work. At the last line

>Biographies of writers and poets

Very short biography (in a nutshell)

Born December 10, 1821 in Nemirov, Podolsk province. Father - Alexei Sergeevich Nekrasov (1788-1862), lieutenant. Mother - Elena Andreevna Zakrevskaya (1801-1841). In 1832 he entered the Yaroslavl gymnasium. From 1839 to 1841 he studied at St. Petersburg University. He died on January 8, 1878, at the age of 56 in St. Petersburg. Buried at Novodevichy cemetery St. Petersburg. The main works: “Who should live well in Russia”, “Grandfather Mazai and hares”, “Frost, red nose”, “Russian women”, “Peasant children”, “Grandfather” and others.

Brief biography (detailed)

Nikolai Nekrasov is a Russian poet, writer, essayist and classic of Russian literature. In addition, Nekrasov was a democratic revolutionary, head of the Sovremennik magazine and editor of the Domestic Notes magazine. The most famous work of the writer is the poem-novel "To whom in Russia to live well."

Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov was born on December 10, 1821 in Nemirov into a noble family. The writer spent his childhood in the Yaroslavl province. At the age of 11, he entered the Yaroslavl gymnasium, where he studied for 5 years.

The writer's father was a rather despotic person. When Nikolai refused to become a military man at the insistence of his father, he was deprived of material support.

At the age of 17, the writer moved to St. Petersburg, where, in order to survive, he wrote poems to order. During this period he met Belinsky. When Nekrasov was 26 years old, together with the literary critic Panaev, he bought the Sovremennik magazine. The magazine quickly gained momentum and had a great influence in society. However, in 1862 the government forbade its publication.

While working at Sovremennik, several collections of Nekrasov's poems were published. Among them are those that brought him fame in wide circles. For example, "Peasant Children" and "Pedlars". In the 1840s, Nekrasov also began to collaborate with the Otechestvennye Zapiski magazine, and in 1868 he rented it from Kraevsky.

In the same period, he wrote the poem "Who Lives Well in Russia", as well as "Russian Women", "Grandfather" and a number of other satirical works, including the popular poem "Contemporaries".

In 1875, the poet became terminally ill. In recent years, he worked on a cycle of poems "Last Songs", which he dedicated to his wife and last love, Zinaida Nikolaevna Nekrasova. The writer died on January 8, 1878 and was buried at the Novodevichy cemetery in St. Petersburg.

Nekrasov, Nikolai Alekseevich - Personal life

Nekrasov, Nikolai Alekseevich
Personal life

S. L. Levitsky. Photo portrait of N. A. Nekrasov

The personal life of Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov was not always successful. In 1842, on poetry evening, he met Avdotya Panaeva (ur. Bryanskaya) - the wife of the writer Ivan Panaev.

Avdotya Panaeva, an attractive brunette, was considered one of the most beautiful women Petersburg at that time. In addition, she was smart and was the hostess of a literary salon, which met in the house of her husband Ivan Panaev.

Her own literary talent attracted the young but already popular Chernyshevsky, Dobrolyubov, Turgenev, Belinsky to the circle in the Panaevs' house. Her husband, the writer Panaev, was characterized as a rake and a reveler.

Kraevsky House, which housed the editorial office of the journal "Domestic Notes",
and also was Nekrasov's apartment

Despite this, his wife was distinguished by decency, and Nekrasov had to make considerable efforts to attract the attention of this wonderful woman. Fyodor Dostoevsky was also in love with Avdotya, but he failed to achieve reciprocity.

At first, Panaeva also rejected the twenty-six-year-old Nekrasov, who was also in love with her, which is why he almost committed suicide.

Avdotya Yakovlevna Panaeva

During one of the trips of the Panaevs and Nekrasov to the Kazan province, Avdotya and Nikolai Alekseevich nevertheless confessed their feelings to each other. Upon their return, they began to live in a civil marriage in the Panaevs' apartment, and together with Avdotya's legal husband, Ivan Panaev.

Such an alliance lasted almost 16 years, until the death of Panaev. All this caused public condemnation - they said about Nekrasov that he lives in a strange house, loves a strange wife, and at the same time rolls up scenes of jealousy to his lawful husband.

Nekrasov and Panaev.
Caricature by N. A. Stepanov. "Illustrated Almanac"
censored. 1848

During this period, even many of his friends turned away from him. But, despite this, Nekrasov and Panaeva were happy. She even managed to get pregnant from him, and Nekrasov created one of his best poetic cycles - the so-called (they wrote and edited much of this cycle together).

The co-authorship of Nekrasov and Stanitsky (pseudonym Avdotya Yakovlevna) owns several novels that were very successful. Despite such a non-standard way of life, this trinity remained like-minded and comrades-in-arms in the revival and formation of the Sovremennik magazine.

In 1849, a boy was born to Avdotya Yakovlevna from Nekrasov, but he did not live long. At this time, Nikolai Alekseevich also fell ill. It is believed that strong fits of anger and mood swings are associated with the death of the child, which later led to a break in their relationship with Avdotya.

In 1862, Ivan Panaev died, and soon Avdotya Panaeva left Nekrasov. However, Nekrasov remembered her until the end of his life and, when drawing up his will, he mentioned her to Panaeva, this spectacular brunette, Nekrasov dedicated many of his fiery poems.

In May 1864, Nekrasov went on a trip abroad, which lasted about three months. He lived mainly in Paris with his companions - his sister Anna Alekseevna and the Frenchwoman Selina Lefresne (fr. Lefresne), whom he met back in St. Petersburg in 1863.

ON THE. Nekrasov during "The Last Songs"
(painting by Ivan Kramskoy, 1877-1878)

Selina was an ordinary actress of the French troupe, who performed at the Mikhailovsky Theater. She was distinguished by a lively disposition and an easy character. Selina spent the summer of 1866 in Karabikha. And in the spring of 1867, she went abroad, like last time, together with Nekrasov and his sister Anna. However, this time she never returned to Russia.

However, this did not interrupt their relationship - in 1869 they met in Paris and spent the whole of August by the sea in Dieppe. Nekrasov was very pleased with this trip, having also improved his health. During the rest, he felt happy, the reason for which was Selina, who was to his liking.

Selina Lefren

Although her attitude towards him was even and even a little dry. Returning, Nekrasov did not forget Selina for a long time and helped her. And in his dying will he appointed her ten and a half thousand rubles.

So Fyokla Anisimovna began to be called Zinaida Nikolaevna. She memorized Nekrasov's poems and admired him. Soon they got married. However, Nekrasov still yearned for his former love - Avdotya Panaeva - and at the same time loved both Zinaida and the Frenchwoman Selina Lefren, with whom he had an affair abroad.

One of his most famous poetic works - "Three Elegies" - he dedicated only to Panaeva.

Mention should also be made of Nekrasov's passion for playing cards, which can be called the hereditary passion of the Nekrasov family, starting with Nikolai Nekrasov's great-grandfather, Yakov Ivanovich, an "incalculably rich" Ryazan landowner who quickly lost his wealth.

Alexey Sergeevich, when he told his son Nikolai, the future poet, a glorious pedigree, summarized:

“Our ancestors were rich. Your great-great-grandfather lost seven thousand souls, great-grandfather - two, grandfather (my father) - one, I - nothing, because there was nothing to lose, but I also like to play cards.

And only Nikolai Alekseevich was the first to change his fate. He also liked to play cards, but became the first - not to lose. At a time when his ancestors were losing, he alone won back and won back a lot.

The bill ran into hundreds of thousands. So, Adjutant General Alexander Vladimirovich Adlerberg, a well-known statesman, Minister of the Imperial Court and personal friend of Emperor Alexander II.

And the Minister of Finance Alexander Ageevich Abaza lost more than a million francs to Nekrasov. Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov managed to return Greshnevo, where he spent his childhood and which was taken away for the debt of his grandfather.

Another hobby of Nekrasov, also passed on to him from his father, was hunting. Dog hunting, which was served by two dozen arriving, greyhounds, vyzhlyatnikov, hounds and stirrups, was the pride of Alexei Sergeevich.

The poet's father forgave his offspring long ago and, not without jubilation, followed his creative and financial success. And the son until the death of his father (in 1862) came to see him in Greshnevo every year. Nekrasov devoted funny poems to dog hunting and even poem of the same name"Hound hunting", glorifying the prowess, scope, beauty of Russia and the Russian soul.

In adulthood, Nekrasov even became addicted to bear hunting ("It's fun to beat you, respectable bears ...").

Avdotya Panaeva recalled that when Nekrasov was going to hunt a bear, there were large fees - expensive wines, snacks and just provisions were brought. They even took a chef with them. In March 1865, Nekrasov managed to get three bears at once in a day. He appreciated the bear-catchers, dedicated poems to them - Savushka (“who rallied on the forty-first bear”) from “In the Village”, Savely from “Who Lives Well in Russia”.

The poet also liked to hunt game. His fondness for walking through the swamp with a gun was boundless. Sometimes he would go hunting at sunrise and not return until midnight. He also went hunting with the "first hunter of Russia" Ivan Turgenev, with whom they were friends and corresponded for a long time.

Nekrasov, in his last message to Turgenev abroad, even asked him to buy him a Lancaster gun in London or Paris for 500 rubles. However, their correspondence was destined to be interrupted in 1861. Turgenev did not answer the letter and did not buy a gun, and their long-term friendship was put an end to.

And the reason for this was not ideological or literary differences. Nekrasov's common-law wife, Avdotya Panaeva, got involved in a lawsuit over the inheritance of the ex-wife of the poet Nikolai Ogaryov. The court awarded Panaeva a claim for 50 thousand rubles. Nekrasov paid this amount, preserving the honor of Avdotya Yakovlevna, but thereby his own reputation was shaken.

Turgenev found out from Ogarev himself in London all the intricacies of the dark case, after which he broke off all relations with Nekrasov. Nekrasov, the publisher, broke up with some other old friends - L. N. Tolstoy, A. N. Ostrovsky. At this time, he switched to a new democratic wave emanating from the camp of Chernyshevsky - Dobrolyubov.

Zinaida Nikolaevna Nekrasova (1847-1914)
- wife of the Russian poet Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov

Fyokla Anisimovna, who became his late muse in 1870, named Zinaida Nikolaevna by Nekrasov in a noble way, also became addicted to her husband's hobby, to hunting. She even saddled a horse herself and went hunting with him in a rait-coat and tight-fitting trousers, with a Zimmerman on her head. All this delighted Nekrasov.

But once, while hunting in the Chudovsky swamp, Zinaida Nikolaevna accidentally shot Nekrasov's beloved dog, a black pointer named Kado. After that, Nekrasov, who devoted 43 years of his life to hunting, forever hung his gun on a nail.

Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov. Born November 28 (December 10), 1821 in Nemirov, Podolsk province - died December 27, 1877 (January 8, 1878) in St. Petersburg. Russian poet, writer and publicist, classic of Russian literature. From 1847 to 1866 he was the head of the literary and socio-political journal Sovremennik, from 1868 he was the editor of the journal Fatherland Notes.

He is best known for such works as the epic poem “Who Lives Well in Russia”, the poems “Frost, Red Nose”, “Russian Women”, the poem “Grandfather Mazai and Hares”. His poems were devoted mainly to the suffering of the people, the idyll and tragedy of the peasantry. Nekrasov introduced wealth into Russian poetry vernacular and folklore, widely using prosaisms and speech turns of the common people in their works - from everyday to journalistic, from folk vernacular to poetic vocabulary, from oratorical to parody-satirical style. Using colloquial speech and folk phraseology, he greatly expanded the range of Russian poetry. Nekrasov was the first to decide on a bold combination of elegiac, lyrical and satirical motifs within one poem, which was not practiced before him. His poetry had a beneficial effect on the subsequent development of Russian classical, and later Soviet poetry.

Nikolai Nekrasov came from a noble, once rich family from the Yaroslavl province. Born in the Vinnitsa district of the Podolsk province in the city of Nemirov. There at that time the regiment was quartered in which his father, lieutenant and wealthy landowner Alexei Sergeevich Nekrasov (1788-1862), served. He was not spared by the Nekrasovs' family weakness - a love of cards ( Sergei Alekseevich Nekrasov (1746-1807), the poet's grandfather, lost almost his entire fortune at cards).

Alexei Sergeevich fell in love with Elena Andreevna Zakrevskaya (1801-1841), the beautiful and educated daughter of a wealthy holder of the Kherson province, whom the poet considered Polish. Elena Zakrevskaya's parents did not agree to marry their well-bred daughter to a poor and poorly educated army officer, which forced Elena to marry in 1817 without parental consent. However, this marriage was not happy.

Remembering his childhood, the poet always spoke of his mother as a sufferer, a victim of a rough and depraved environment. He dedicated a number of poems to his mother - “Last Songs”, the poem “Mother”, “Knight for an Hour”, in which he painted a bright image of the one who, with her nobility, brightened up the unattractive atmosphere of his childhood. Warm memories of the mother affected the work of Nekrasov, manifested in his works about the female lot. The very idea of motherhood will manifest itself later in his textbook works - the chapter "Peasant Woman" in the poem "Who Lives Well in Russia", the poem "Orina, the Soldier's Mother". The image of the mother is the main positive hero of the Nekrasov poetic world. However, in his poetry there will also be images of other native people - father and sister. The father will act as the despot of the family, the unbridled savage landowner. And the sister, on the contrary, is like a tender friend, whose fate is similar to the fate of the mother. However, these images will not be as bright as the image of the mother.

Nekrasov's childhood was spent in the Nekrasov family estate, in the village of Greshnevo, Yaroslavl province, in the district where father Alexei Sergeevich Nekrasov, having retired, moved when Nikolai was 3 years old.

The boy grew up in a huge family (Nekrasov had 13 brothers and sisters), in a difficult environment of his father's brutal reprisals against peasants, his violent orgies with serf mistresses and a cruel attitude towards his "recluse" wife, the mother of the future poet. The neglected cases and a number of processes on the estate forced Father Nekrasov to take the place of the police officer. During the trips, he often took little Nikolai with him, and, while still a child, he often saw the dead, knocking out arrears, etc., which lay in his soul in the form of sad pictures of people's grief.

In 1832, at the age of 11, Nekrasov entered the Yaroslavl gymnasium, where he reached the 5th grade. He did not study well and did not get along very well with the gymnasium authorities (partly because of satirical rhymes). In the Yaroslavl gymnasium, a 16-year-old boy began to write down his first poems in a home notebook. Sad impressions were traced in his initial work. early years, which in one way or another colored the first period of his work.

His father always dreamed of military career for the son and in 1838, 17-year-old Nekrasov went to St. Petersburg to be assigned to a noble regiment.

However, Nekrasov met a gymnasium friend, student Glushitsky, and met other students, after which he had a passionate desire to study. He ignored his father's threat to be left without any financial assistance and began to prepare for the entrance exam to St. Petersburg University. However, he did not pass the exam and entered the philological faculty as a volunteer.

From 1839 to 1841 he stayed at the university, but almost all the time he spent looking for work, as his angry father stopped providing him with material support. During these years, Nikolai Nekrasov endured a terrible need, not every day even having the opportunity to have a full meal. He did not always have an apartment either. For some time he rented a room from a soldier, but somehow from prolonged starvation he fell ill, owed a lot to the soldier and, despite the November night, was left homeless. On the street, a passing beggar took pity on him and took him to one of the slums on the outskirts of the city. In this overnight shelter, Nekrasov found a part-time job, writing to someone for 15 kopecks. petition. Terrible need only hardened his character.

After several years of deprivation, Nekrasov's life began to improve. He began to give lessons and publish short articles in the Literary Supplement to the Russian Disabled Man and Literaturnaya Gazeta. In addition, he composed alphabets and fairy tales in verse for popular print publishers, wrote vaudevilles for the Alexandrinsky Theater (under the name of Perepelsky). Nekrasov became interested in literature. For several years he diligently worked on prose, poetry, vaudeville, journalism, criticism ("Lord, how much I worked! ..") - until the mid-1840s. His early poetry and prose were marked by romantic imitation and in many ways prepared further development Nekrasov's realistic method.

He began to have his own savings, and in 1840, with the support of some Petersburg acquaintances, he published a book of his poems under the title Dreams and Sounds. In the verses one could notice the imitation of Vasily Zhukovsky, Vladimir Benediktov and others. The collection consisted of pseudo-romantic-imitative ballads with various "terrible" titles like " Evil spirit”,“ Angel of Death ”,“ Raven ”, etc.

Nekrasov took the upcoming book to V. A. Zhukovsky to find out his opinion. He singled out 2 poems as decent, the rest advised the young poet to print without a name: "Later you will write better, and you will be ashamed of these poems." Nekrasov hid behind the initials "N. N.".

Literary critic Nikolai Polevoy praised the debutant, while the critic V. G. Belinsky in "Notes of the Fatherland" spoke dismissively about the book. The book of the novice poet "Dreams and Sounds" did not sell out at all, and this had such an effect on Nekrasov that he, like (who at one time bought up and destroyed "Hanz Küchelgarten"), also began to buy up and destroy "Dreams and Sounds", which therefore became the greatest bibliographic rarity (they were not included in the collected works of Nekrasov).

Nevertheless, with all the severity of his opinion, he mentioned in a review of the collection "Dreams and Sounds" about poems as "coming out of the soul." However, the failure of the poetic debut was obvious, and Nekrasov tries himself in prose. His early novels and short stories reflected his own life experience and his first St. Petersburg impressions. In these works there are young raznochintsy, hungry poets, officials living in need, poor girls deceived by the capital's dudes, usurers profiting from the needs of the poor. Despite the fact that his artistic skill was still imperfect, Nekrasov's early prose can be safely attributed to the realistic school of the 1840s, headed by Belinsky and Gogol.

He soon turned to humorous genres: such were the joker poem "Provincial clerk in St. Petersburg", vaudeville "Feoktist Onufrievich Bob", "That's what it means to fall in love with an actress", the melodrama "Mother's Blessing, or Poverty and Honor", the story of petty Petersburg officials "Makar Osipovich Random" and others

In the early 1840s, Nekrasov became an employee of Fatherland Notes, starting work in the bibliographic department. In 1842, Nekrasov came close to Belinsky's circle, who got to know him closely and highly appreciated the merits of his mind. Belinsky believed that in the field of prose, nothing more than an ordinary magazine employee would come out of Nekrasov, but he enthusiastically approved his poem "On the Road". It was Belinsky who had a strong ideological influence on Nekrasov.

Soon Nekrasov began to actively engage in publishing activities. He published a number of almanacs: "Articles in verse without pictures" (1843), "Physiology of Petersburg" (1845), "April 1" (1846), "Petersburg Collection" (1846), in which D. V. Grigorovich made his debut , were I. S. Turgenev, A. N. Maikov. Petersburg Collection, in which Dostoevsky's Poor People were published, was a great success.

A special place in Nekrasov's early work is occupied by a novel from the modern life of that period, known as the Life and Adventures of Tikhon Trostnikov. The novel was begun in 1843 and was created on the threshold of the writer's creative maturity, which manifested itself both in the style of the novel and in the content itself. This is most noticeable in the chapter "Petersburg corners", which can be considered as an independent story of an essay character and one of the best works"natural school". It was this story that Nekrasov published separately (in the almanac "Physiology of Petersburg", 1845). It was highly appreciated by Belinsky in his review of this almanac.

Nekrasov's publishing business was so successful that at the end of 1846 - January 1847, he, together with the writer and journalist Ivan Panaev, rented a magazine from P. A. Pletnev "Contemporary" founded by Alexander Pushkin. The literary youth, who created the main force of the Notes of the Fatherland, left Kraevsky and joined Nekrasov.

Belinsky also moved to Sovremennik, he handed over to Nekrasov part of the material that he collected for the Leviathan collection he had conceived. Nevertheless, Belinsky was at the Sovremennik at the level of the same ordinary journalist as Kraevsky had previously been. And this was subsequently reproached to Nekrasov, since it was Belinsky who most of all contributed to the fact that the main representatives of the literary movement of the 1840s moved from Otechestvennye Zapiski to Sovremennik.

Nekrasov, like Belinsky, became a successful discoverer of new talents. Ivan Turgenev, Ivan Goncharov, Alexander Herzen, Nikolai Ogaryov, Dmitry Grigorovich found their fame and recognition on the pages of the Sovremennik magazine. The magazine published Alexander Ostrovsky, Saltykov-Shchedrin, Gleb Uspensky. Nikolai Nekrasov introduced Fyodor Dostoyevsky and Leo Tolstoy into Russian literature. Also published in the magazine were Nikolai Chernyshevsky and Nikolai Dobrolyubov, who soon became the ideological leaders of Sovremennik.

From the first years of publishing the magazine under his leadership, Nekrasov was not only its inspirer and editor, but also one of the main authors. His poems, prose, and criticism were published here. During the "Gloomy Seven Years" of 1848-1855, the government of Nicholas I, frightened by the French Revolution, began to persecute advanced journalism and literature. Nekrasov, as the editor of Sovremennik, in this difficult time for free-thinking in literature, managed, at the cost of enormous efforts, despite the constant fight against censorship, to maintain the reputation of the magazine. Although it was impossible not to notice that the content of the magazine has noticeably faded.

Printing begins of the long adventure novels "Three Countries of the World" and "Dead Lake", written by Nikolai Nekrasov in collaboration with Stanitsky (pseudonym Golovacheva-Panaeva). With the chapters of these long novels, Nekrasov covered up the gaps that formed in the magazine due to censorship bans.

Around the mid-1850s, Nekrasov became seriously ill with a sore throat, but his stay in Italy eased his condition. Nekrasov's recovery coincided with the beginning of a new period in Russian life. A happy time has also come in his work - he is put forward in the front ranks of Russian literature.

However, this period was not easy. The class contradictions that escalated at that time were also reflected in the journal: the editors of Sovremennik were split into two groups, one of which, led by Ivan Turgenev, Leo Tolstoy and Vasily Botkin, who advocated moderate realism and the aesthetic "Pushkin" beginning in literature , represented the liberal nobility. They were counterbalanced by adherents of the satirical "Gogolian" literature promoted by the democratic part of the Russian "natural school" of the 1840s. In the early 1860s, the confrontation between these two currents in the journal reached its peak. In the split that occurred, Nekrasov supported the "revolutionary raznochintsy", the ideologists of "peasant democracy". During this difficult period of the highest political upsurge in the country, the poet creates such works as “The Poet and the Citizen” (1856), “Reflections at the Front Door” (1858) and “ Railway» (1864).

In the early 1860s, Dobrolyubov died, Chernyshevsky and Mikhailov were exiled to Siberia. All this was a blow to Nekrasov. The era of student unrest, riots "liberated from the land" of peasants and the Polish uprising began. During this period, the "first warning" was announced to Nekrasov's journal. The publication of Sovremennik is suspended, and in 1866, after Dmitry Karakozov shot at the Russian emperor, the magazine closed forever. Nekrasov, over the years of his leadership of the journal, managed to transform it into a major literary journal and a profitable enterprise, despite constant harassment by censors.

After the closure of the journal, Nekrasov became close to the publisher Andrey Kraevsky, and two years after the closure of Sovremennik, in 1868, he rented the Notes of the Fatherland from Kraevsky, turning them into a militant organ of revolutionary populism and turning them together into an organ of advanced democratic thought.

In 1858, N. A. Dobrolyubov and N. A. Nekrasov founded a satirical supplement to the Sovremennik magazine - Whistle. Nekrasov himself was the author of the idea, and Dobrolyubov became the main employee of the Whistle. The first two issues of the magazine (published in January and April 1859) were compiled by Dobrolyubov, while Nekrasov began active cooperation from the third issue (October 1859). By this time, he was no longer just an employee, but was organizing and editing the issue. Nekrasov also published his poems and notes in the magazine.

At all stages of the development of Nekrasov's work, one of the most important places in it was occupied by satire, the attraction to which was outlined as early as the 1840s. This craving for a sharply critical depiction of reality led in the 1860s and 1870s to the appearance of a whole series of satirical works. The poet created new genres, he wrote poetic pamphlets, review poems, pondered the cycle of "club" satires.

He succeeded in the art of social exposure, skillful and subtle description of the most pressing issues. At the same time, he did not forget about the lyrical beginning, he was able to easily move from sincere intonations to the techniques of a prickly poetic feuilleton, often even close to a vaudeville style. All these subtleties of his work predetermined the emergence of a new type of satire, which had not yet been in Russian literature before him. So, in his great satirical poem "Contemporaries" (1875), Nekrasov skillfully alternates between farce and grotesque, irony and sarcasm. In it, the poet, with all his talent, brought down the strength of his indignation against the Russian bourgeoisie, which was gaining strength. According to literary critic V. V. Zhdanov, Nekrasov's satirical review poem "Contemporaries" in the history of Russian literature stands next to Shchedrin's accusatory prose. Saltykov-Shchedrin himself spoke positively about the poem, which struck him with its power and truth.

However, the main work of Nekrasov was the epic peasant poem-symphony “Who is to live well in Russia”, which was based on the poet’s thought, which relentlessly pursued him in the post-reform years: “The people are liberated, but are the people happy?”. This epic poem absorbed all his spiritual experience. This is the experience of a connoisseur folk life and popular speech. The poem became, as it were, the result of his long reflections on the position and fate of the peasantry, ruined by this reform.

At the beginning of 1875, Nekrasov fell seriously ill. Doctors found he had bowel cancer - incurable disease, which for the next two years bedridden him. During this time, his life turned into a slow agony. Nekrasov was operated on by the surgeon Billroth, who had specially arrived from Vienna, but the operation only slightly extended his life. The news of the poet's fatal illness greatly increased his popularity. From all over Russia, letters and telegrams began to come to him in large quantities. Support greatly helped the poet in his terrible torment and inspired him to further work.

In this difficult time for himself, he writes "Last Songs", which, by sincerity of feelings, are among his best creations. In recent years, a consciousness of its significance in the history of the Russian word has clearly loomed in his soul. So, in the lullaby “Bayu-bayu”, death tells him: “do not be afraid of bitter oblivion: I already hold in my hand the crown of love, the crown of forgiveness, the gift of your meek homeland ... The stubborn darkness will give way to the light, you will hear your song over the Volga, over the Oka, over the Kama, bye-bye-bye-bye! ..».

In The Diary of a Writer, Dostoevsky wrote: “I saw him for the last time a month before his death. He seemed then almost a corpse, so it was strange even to see such a corpse speak, move his lips. But he not only spoke, but also retained all the clarity of mind. It seems that he still did not believe in the possibility of imminent death. A week before his death, he was paralyzed on the right side of his body.”

A huge number of people came to see the poet on his last journey. His funeral was the first time the nation-wide return of the last honors to the writer. The farewell to the poet began at 9 am and was accompanied by a literary and political demonstration. Despite the severe frost, a crowd of several thousand people, mostly young people, accompanied the body of the poet to the place of his eternal rest at the Novodevichy cemetery in St. Petersburg.

The youth did not even let Dostoevsky, who spoke at the funeral, who gave Nekrasov (with some reservations) the third place in Russian poetry after Pushkin and Lermontov, interrupting him with cries of “Yes, higher, higher than Pushkin!”. This dispute then went into print: part supported the opinion of young enthusiasts, the other part pointed out that Pushkin and Lermontov were spokesmen for the entire Russian society, and Nekrasov - only one “circle”. There were still others who indignantly rejected the very idea of a parallel between creativity, which brought Russian verse to the pinnacle of artistic perfection, and Nekrasov's "clumsy" verse, which, in their opinion, was devoid of any artistic significance.

Representatives of the Land and Freedom, as well as other revolutionary organizations, took part in the burial of Nekrasov, who laid a wreath with the inscription "From the Socialists" on the poet's coffin.

Personal life of Nikolai Nekrasov:

The personal life of Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov was not always successful. In 1842, at a poetry evening, he met Avdotya Panaeva (ur. Bryanskaya), the wife of the writer Ivan Panaev. Avdotya Panaeva, an attractive brunette, was considered one of the most beautiful women in St. Petersburg at that time. In addition, she was smart and was the hostess of a literary salon, which met in the house of her husband Ivan Panaev. Her own literary talent attracted the young but already popular Chernyshevsky, Dobrolyubov, Turgenev, Belinsky to the circle in the Panaevs' house. Her husband, the writer Panaev, was characterized as a rake and a reveler. Despite this, his wife was distinguished by decency, and Nekrasov had to make considerable efforts to attract the attention of this woman. Fyodor Dostoevsky was also in love with Avdotya, but he failed to achieve reciprocity. At first, Panaeva also rejected the twenty-six-year-old Nekrasov, who was also in love with her, which is why he almost committed suicide.

All this caused public condemnation - they said about Nekrasov that he lives in a strange house, loves a strange wife, and at the same time rolls up scenes of jealousy to his lawful husband. During this period, even many of his friends turned away from him. But, despite this, Nekrasov and Panaeva were happy. Nekrasov created one of his best poetic cycles - the so-called "Panaevsky cycle" (they wrote and edited much of this cycle together). The co-authorship of Nekrasov and Stanitsky (pseudonym Avdotya Yakovlevna) owns several novels that were very successful. Despite such a non-standard way of life, this trinity remained like-minded and comrades-in-arms in the revival and formation of the Sovremennik magazine.

In 1849, a boy was born to Avdotya Yakovlevna from Nekrasov, but he did not live long. At this time, Nekrasov himself fell ill. It is believed that strong fits of anger and mood swings are associated with the death of the child, which later led to a break in their relationship with Avdotya. In 1862, Ivan Panaev died, and soon Avdotya Panaeva left Nekrasov. However, Nekrasov remembered her until the end of his life and, when drawing up his will, mentioned her in it.

Selina was an actress of a French troupe who performed at the Mikhailovsky Theatre. She was distinguished by a lively disposition and an easy character. Selina spent the summer of 1866 in Karabikha, and in the spring of 1867 she went abroad, like the last time, together with Nekrasov and his sister Anna. However, this time she never returned to Russia. This did not interrupt their relationship - in 1869 they met in Paris and spent the whole of August by the sea in Dieppe. Nekrasov was very pleased with this trip, having also improved his health. During the rest, he felt happy, the reason for which was Selina, who was to his liking, although her attitude towards him was even and even a little dry. Returning, Nekrasov did not forget Selina for a long time and helped her. And in his dying will he appointed her ten and a half thousand rubles.

Later, Nekrasov met a village girl Fyokla Anisimovna Viktorova, simple and uneducated. She was 23 years old, he was already 48. The writer took her to theaters, concerts and exhibitions to fill in the gaps in education. Nikolai Alekseevich came up with her name - Zina. So Fyokla Anisimovna began to be called Zinaida Nikolaevna. She memorized Nekrasov's poems and admired him. Soon they got married. However, Nekrasov still yearned for his former love - Avdotya Panaeva - and at the same time loved both Zinaida and the Frenchwoman Selina Lefren, with whom he had an affair abroad. One of his most famous poetic works - "Three Elegies" - he dedicated only to Panaeva.

It should also be mentioned about Nekrasov's passion for playing cards, which can be called the hereditary passion of his family, starting with the great-grandfather of Nikolai Nekrasov - Yakov Ivanovich, an “innumerably rich” Ryazan landowner who quickly lost his wealth.

However, he got rich again quickly enough - at one time Yakov was a governor in Siberia. As a result of the passion for the game, his son Alexei got only the Ryazan estate. Having married, he received the village of Greshnevo as a dowry. But already his son, Sergei Alekseevich, having laid the Yaroslavl Greshnevo for a term, lost it too. Alexey Sergeevich, when he told his son Nikolai, the future poet, a glorious pedigree, summarized: “Our ancestors were rich. Your great-great-grandfather lost seven thousand souls, great-grandfather - two, grandfather (my father) - one, I - nothing, because there was nothing to lose, but I also like to play cards. And only Nikolai Alekseevich was the first to change his fate. He also liked to play cards, but became the first - not to lose. At a time when his ancestors were losing, he alone won back and won back a lot. The bill ran into hundreds of thousands. So, Adjutant General Alexander Vladimirovich Adlerberg, a well-known statesman, minister of the Imperial Court and personal friend of Emperor Alexander II, lost a very large sum to him. And the Minister of Finance Alexander Ageevich Abaza lost more than a million francs to Nekrasov. Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov managed to return Greshnevo, where he spent his childhood and which was taken away for the debt of his grandfather.

Another hobby of Nekrasov, also passed on to him from his father, was hunting. Dog hunting, which was served by two dozen arriving, greyhounds, vyzhlyatnikov, hounds and stirrups, was the pride of Alexei Sergeevich. The poet's father forgave his offspring long ago and, not without jubilation, followed his creative and financial successes. And the son until the death of his father (in 1862) came to see him in Greshnevo every year. Nekrasov devoted funny poems to canine hunting and even the poem of the same name “Dog Hunting”, which glorifies the prowess, scope, beauty of Russia and the Russian soul. In adulthood, Nekrasov even became addicted to bear hunting ("It's fun to beat you, respectable bears ..."). Avdotya Panaeva recalled that when Nekrasov was going to hunt a bear, there were large fees - expensive wines, snacks and just provisions were brought. They even took a chef with them. In March 1865, Nekrasov managed to get three bears at once in a day. He appreciated the bear-catchers, dedicated poems to them - Savushka (“who rallied on the forty-first bear”) from “In the Village”, Savely from “Who Lives Well in Russia”. The poet also liked to hunt game. His fondness for walking through the swamp with a gun was boundless. Sometimes he would go hunting at sunrise and not return until midnight.

He also went hunting with the "first hunter of Russia" Ivan Turgenev, with whom they were friends and corresponded for a long time. Nekrasov, in his last message to Turgenev abroad, even asked him to buy him a Lancaster gun in London or Paris for 500 rubles. However, their correspondence was destined to be interrupted in 1861. Turgenev did not answer the letter and did not buy a gun, and their long-term friendship was put an end to. And the reason for this was not ideological or literary differences. The common-law wife of Nekrasov, Avdotya Panaeva, got involved in a lawsuit over the inheritance of the ex-wife of the poet Nikolai Ogaryov. The court awarded Panaeva a claim for 50 thousand rubles. Nekrasov paid this amount, preserving the honor of Avdotya Yakovlevna, but thereby his own reputation was shaken. Turgenev found out from Ogarev himself in London all the intricacies of the dark case, after which he broke off all relations with Nekrasov.

Nekrasov, the publisher, broke up with some other old friends - L. N. Tolstoy, A. N. Ostrovsky. At this time, he switched to a new democratic wave emanating from the camp of Chernyshevsky - Dobrolyubov. Fyokla Anisimovna, who became his late muse in 1870, named Zinaida Nikolaevna by Nekrasov in a noble way, also became addicted to her husband's hobby, to hunting. She even saddled a horse herself and went hunting with him in a rait-coat and tight-fitting trousers, with a Zimmerman on her head. All this delighted Nekrasov. But once, while hunting in the Chudovsky swamp, Zinaida Nikolaevna accidentally shot Nekrasov's beloved dog, a black pointer named Kado. After that, Nekrasov, who devoted 43 years of his life to hunting, forever hung his gun on a nail.

Bibliography of Nikolai Nekrasov:

Poems by Nikolai Nekrasov:

Woe to old Nahum
Grandfather
Cabinet of Wax Figures
Who lives well in Russia
Peddlers
peasant children
Frost, Red Nose (a poem dedicated by the poet to his sister Anna)
On the Volga
recent time
About the weather (Street impressions)
Russian women
Knight for an hour
Contemporaries
Sasha
Court
Silence

Plays by Nikolai Nekrasov:

Actor
Rejected
bear hunt
Theoclist Onufrich Bob, or the husband is not at ease
Youth Lomonosov

Tales of Nikolai Nekrasov:

Baba Yaga, Bone Leg

Biography of Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov

The talented Russian writer Nekrasov Nikolai Alekseevich was born on November 28, 1821 in the small town of Nemirovo, Podolsk province, into a large family of impoverished nobleman Alexei Sergeevich Nekrasov. My father was a lieutenant of the Jaeger regiment in Nemirov. Mother - Alexandra Andreevna Zakrevskaya, who fell in love with him against the will of her wealthy parents. The marriage took place without their blessing. But contrary to the expectations of Nekrasov's wife, family life spouse was unhappy. The poet's father was distinguished by his despotism towards his wife and thirteen children. He had many addictions, which led to the impoverishment of the family and the need to move to the village of Greshnev, family estate father, in 1824, where the unhappy childhood of the future prose writer and publicist passed.

At the age of ten, Nikolai Alekseevich entered the Yaroslavl gymnasium. During this period, he was just beginning to write his first works. However, due to low academic performance, conflicts with the leadership of the gymnasium, who did not like the satirical poems of the poet, and also because of the father’s desire to send his son to military school the boy studied for only five years.

By the will of his father, in 1838 Nekrasov came to St. Petersburg to join the local regiment. But under the influence of his friend at the gymnasium Glushitsky, he goes against the will of his father and applies for admission to St. Petersburg University. However, due to the constant search for sources of income, Nekrasov does not pass successfully entry exams. As a result, he began to attend classes at the Faculty of Philology, where he studied from 1839 to 1841.

All this time, Nekrasov was in search of at least some kind of income, since his father stopped allocating money to him. The novice poet took up writing low-paid fairy tales in verse, articles for various publications.

In the early 40s, Nekrasov managed to write small notes for the theater magazine Pantheon ..., and become an employee of the Otechestvennye Zapiski magazine.

In 1843, Nekrasov became close to Belinsky, who highly appreciated his work and contributed to the disclosure of his talent.

In 1845-1846, Nekrasov published two almanacs, Petersburg Collection and Physiology of Petersburg.

In 1847, thanks to the gift of writing excellent works, Nekrasov managed to become the editor and publisher of the Sovremennik magazine. Being a talented organizer, he managed to attract such writers as Herzen, Turgenev, Belinsky, Goncharov and others to the journal.

At this time, Nekrasov's work was imbued with compassion for the common people, most of his works are devoted to the hard working life of people: "Peasant Children", "Railway", "Frost, Red Nose", "Poet and Citizen", "Pedlars", "Reflections at front entrance" and others. Analyzing the writer's work, one can come to the conclusion that Nekrasov in his poems touched on acute social problems. Also, the poet assigned a significant place in his works to the role of a woman, her difficult lot.

After the closure of Sovremennik in 1866, Nekrasov managed to rent Domestic Notes from Kraevsky, borrowing at least high step than "Contemporary".

The poet died on January 8, 1878 in St. Petersburg, without overcoming a long-term serious illness. Evidence of the great loss of such a talented person was a manifesto of several thousand people who came to say goodbye to Nekrasov.

In addition to Nekrasov's biography, check out other materials:

“Stuffy! Without happiness and will…”, analysis of Nekrasov’s poem
"Farewell", analysis of Nekrasov's poem
“The heart is breaking with flour”, analysis of Nekrasov’s poem

Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov is a Russian writer and poet who made the whole world admire his works.

Origin

Nikolai Nekrasov was born into a noble family, which at that time had a fairly large fortune. The birthplace of the poet is the city of Nemirov, located in the Podolsk province.

The writer's father, Alexei Sergeevich Nekrasov, was a military officer and a wealthy landowner who was very fond of gambling and cards.

The mother of N. Nekrasov, Elena Zakrevskaya, came from a wealthy family, the head of which was a respected person. Elena was distinguished by her broad outlook and impressive beauty, so Zakrevskaya's parents were against marriage to Alexei, but the wedding took place against the will of her parents.

Nikolai Nekrasov loved his mother very much which can be seen in the works "Last Songs", "Mother" and in other poems and poems. It is the mother who is the main positive person in the world of the writer.

Childhood and education of the poet

The writer spent his childhood with his brothers and sisters in the Greshnevo estate, which belonged to his family.

Young the poet saw how ordinary people suffer under the yoke of the landowners. This was the inspiration for his future works.

When the boy turned 11 years old, he was sent to the gymnasium, where he studied until the 5th grade. Nekrasov studied poorly, but his first poems already filled the pages of notebooks.

Serious step. The beginning of creativity

N. Nekrasov's next step was to move to St. Petersburg, where he expressed a desire to attend lectures at the university.

The writer's father was a strict and principled man who wanted his son to become a military man. Son went against the will of his father, depriving themselves of financial assistance and respect from the family.

In a new city to survive I had to earn money by writing articles. This is how the beginning poet met the famous critic Belinsky. After a couple of years, Nekrasov becomes the owner of the famous literary publication, which had a great influence, Sovremennik, but soon the censorship closes the magazine.

Active activity of the writer. Contribution to literature

Having earned a significant amount of money, Nekrasov decides to publish his first collection of poems "Dreams and Sounds". The collection did not please the people, so it was a complete failure, but the poet did not get upset and took up writing prose works.

The Sovremennik magazine, in which Nikolai Nekrasov edited and wrote texts, greatly influenced the life of the writer. At the same time, the poet creates several collections of personal poems. For the first time fame was brought to Nekrasov by his creations "Peasant Children" and "Pedlars".

The Sovremennik magazine showed the world such talented people as I. Goncharov and other writers and poets. Leo Tolstoy and Fyodor Dostoevsky became known to the whole world thanks to Nikolai Nekrasov, who decided to print them on the pages of the magazine.

In the 40s of the 19th century, another publication, Domestic Notes, began to collaborate with Nikolai Nekrasov.

Young Nekrasov saw how hard it was for a simple peasant, so this did not go unnoticed in the writer's works. A striking feature of Nekrasov's work is usage colloquial speech in works: poems and stories.

Nekrasov for ten recent years life releases many famous works about the Decembrists and the common people: “Who feels good in Russia”, “Grandfather”, “Russian women” and others.

Writer's death

In 1875, N. Nekrasov was diagnosed with intestinal cancer. The poet dedicates his last collection "Last Songs", created in terrible agony, to Zinaida Nikolaevna - his wife.

On December 27, 1877, Nikolai Nekrasov overcame the disease. The grave of a writer who made a huge contribution to literary life located in Saint Petersburg.

If this message was useful to you, I would be glad to see you