Summer is the most favorite time of the year for schoolchildren and their parents. This is the long-awaited time of holidays and vacations. Summer is characterized by an increase in temperature indicators to a possible maximum, as well as distinctive features, natural phenomena. This season lasts three months. in different geographical latitudes it comes in different ways. In the Southern Hemisphere, the summer months are December, January and February. North of the equator, this season extends into June, July and August. In cold countries, the warm season can last no more than one month.

Natural phenomena in summer

Each season is characterized by certain climatic features. In winter, snow falls, frost sets in; in spring, trees begin to bloom, birds arrive, there is a flood; in autumn we notice leaf fall, constant rains. But what phenomenon observed in nature characterizes summer? This time of year is determined by several meteorological changes at once.

All summer natural phenomena (examples: thunderstorm, dew, rainbow, etc.) are associated with significant warming. At this time of the year, the weather is sultry, dry, nevertheless, it is considered favorable for a person. It should be noted that meteorological summer phenomena of nature are highly variable. Examples: rain, hail, wind. On days when the sun shines brightly and the sky is clear, cumulus clouds can gather in a matter of minutes and a real thunderstorm with thunder and lightning can begin. In the case of a brief downpour in half an hour, the temperature will rise again and the sun will continue to shine brightly.

Precipitation in summer is always in a short interval, but they are characterized by high intensity. Along with thunderstorms, strong winds with sharp gusts often rise. After precipitation, you can often see a phenomenon such as a rainbow. Dew often appears in the morning.

Wind

This natural anomaly is a stream of air, which is mainly directed relative to the horizontal surface of the earth. Wind is classified by power, speed, scale, level of distribution. To determine the category of an anomaly, its strength, duration and direction should be taken into account.

On land in the summer, winds are squally only during or before a severe thunderstorm. This is due to the collision of two air masses opposite in temperature and direction in different layers of the atmosphere. On the American continent, powerful hurricanes often occur at this time of the year. What phenomenon, observed in nature in summer, happens in the waters of the sea or ocean? There are most often short-term storms, which are characterized by intensity and strong gusts of wind. Often they raise waves up to several meters high.

It is noteworthy that global monsoons play an important role in changes in seasonal temperature indicators of winds. Their duration varies within a few months. Monsoons have different circulation and temperature, strength and direction. It depends on them what the season will be: warm or cold.

Clouds

As a result of condensation rises to the upper atmosphere. Particles crystallize under the influence of low temperatures and combine to form This is how clouds form in the sky (see photo of a natural phenomenon below).

Each cloud consists of particles of water and has a unique shape that changes under the influence of air flow and temperature. If the upper atmosphere is -100 degrees Celsius, then the clouds will consist of drop elements. Otherwise, ice crystals will predominate in their composition.

Summer clouds are usually divided into thunderstorm, rain, cumulus, cirrus, stratus and others. If the air elements are combined into clouds, then there is a high probability of precipitation. The heaviest showers fall from stratus and cumulus clouds. If the air masses have a homogeneous composition, then precipitation will be insignificant and short-term.

Rain

In the hot season, precipitation is considered a rather rare climatic anomaly. Rain itself represents a continuous vertical fall of water. Clouds are the starting point of movement. Rain is a cumulative natural phenomenon. Until the clouds collect a large amount of moisture, precipitation will not begin.

To date, it is customary to distinguish five types of summer rains:

1. Ordinary. Drops out without such pronounced features as power or duration.

2. Short term. Its main feature is considered to be transience. Such summer phenomena of nature both read and end unexpectedly.

3. Mushroom. Precipitation is determined by low intensity and transience. When it rains, the sun continues to shine.

4. Stormy. Determined by suddenness. In a short period, a large amount of water falls to the ground with special power. Showers are often accompanied by strong winds, lightning and thunder. In the summer, these rains are called thunderstorms.

5. Gradient. Along with water droplets, ice floes of various sizes fall to the ground. Such precipitation is characterized by transience and power, and adversely affects agriculture.

hail

Mixed rains with ice require special attention due to their danger to property and sometimes to people's lives. Hail is a type of precipitation when frozen water falls to the ground. Not to be confused with mixed rain and snow. Here, the connected ice particles can reach sizes up to several centimeters. Hail has high strength and transparency (you can see a photo of the natural phenomenon below). This makes it dangerous for both small animals and birds, as well as for larger individuals.

Precipitation of this type falls during a thunderstorm from large cumulus clouds. In turn, the clouds differ in black or ashy color and white tops. Hail is formed in ordinary rain clouds as a result of supercooling of moisture droplets. Ice particles gradually increase, fastening together. Precipitation with hail can last from a couple of minutes to half an hour. Large pieces of ice can completely destroy entire crops.

Thunderstorm

This meteorological phenomenon is one of the most powerful in positive temperatures. Rain with hail and thunderstorms are summer natural phenomena that are assigned to. Such precipitation is accompanied by strong sharp gusts of wind, sometimes squall.

Thunderstorms are characterized by lightning and thunder. A powerful charge of electricity is thrown from the clouds to the surface of the earth. Lightning is formed in the atmosphere due to the collision of negative and positive charges. The result is an electromagnetic induction of hundreds of millions of volts. When the charge strength reaches its maximum, a lightning strike is formed.

Thunder is a consequence of the rapid expansion of air as a result of the sharp heating of the particles around the electromagnetic arc. sound waves reflect off the clouds and cause a strong echo.

Rainbow

Today it is one of the most amazing and amazing natural anomalies associated with precipitation. A rainbow is a phenomenon that can occur both after rain, and during it or before it. The formation time of the phenomenon directly depends on the movement of shower clouds.

The colors of the rainbow are reflected at an angle of 42 degrees. The arc is visible through the curtain of rain on the opposite side from the sun's rays. The spectrum of the rainbow is represented by seven colors. That's how many components of sunlight. Mostly this phenomenon occurs as a result of short-term precipitation in the summer.

The human eye determines the colors of the rainbow through raindrops that act as a prism. This is a kind of large spectrum of natural origin.

Dew

In calm weather, as a result of cooling at night and warming in the morning, water droplets form on the surface of the earth, grass, flowers and other plants and objects with the first rays of the sun. This meteorological phenomenon is called dew.

At night, the earth's surface cools down. As a result, the vapor in the air begins to condense and turn into water, settling on objects. It is generally accepted that dew forms only when the sky is clear and the wind is light. It is worth noting that the lower the temperature, the more droplets will be.

Most often, this phenomenon is formed in the tropics, where it is accompanied by a humid climate and long cold nights.

Summer 2nd grade

AT school curriculum the introductory foundations of climatic anomalies are studied using the textbooks "The World Around". The first lessons are already held with second-graders. In such classes, they talk about what summer natural phenomena are, what are their signs and features.

Acquaintance with the seasons should take place with the inclusion of available examples in the program. In summer it gets warmer, the days are longer, the nights are shorter, birds begin to sing, mushroom rains fall, the water in rivers and lakes warms up, the grass turns green, and so on.

For eight-year-old children, summer natural phenomena are a mystery. Therefore, it is necessary to support theory with practice. For this, various excursions are organized. In June, you can introduce children to trees, insects, birds. July is the right time for a walk in the arboretum or forest, where you can listen to the sounds of nature. In August, it will not be superfluous to get acquainted with berries, mushrooms, fruits of trees.

Signs about summer phenomena

• If the south wind blows, then it is worth waiting for bad weather, if the west, then soon there will be a cold snap.
• To quickly stop a strong thunderstorm, you need to throw a broom out of the window in the direction of the rain.

• An object that catches fire after a lightning strike cannot be extinguished, since the devil burns there.
• A long wind with constant gusts - to the drowned man.
• If thunder is heard from the north, the summer is expected to be cold, if peals are heard in the south, then it will be hot.
• If large bubbles form from the rain in the puddles, this is a strong storm.

There are signs about natural phenomena related to the rainbow:

• If the arc is full and high, it is worth waiting for warming.
• Green rainbow - to a long downpour, red - to a heavy wind, yellow - to calm.

Natural phenomena are ordinary and sometimes supernatural weather and climate phenomena that occur naturally in all parts of the world. They can be the simplest for many, like rain or snow, or they can be devastating and incredible, like an earthquake or a volcanic eruption. However, even they may not be very important to people if they pass by and do almost no damage. Otherwise, the natural phenomenon is awarded the "title" of a natural disaster.

Natural phenomena began to be explored many centuries ago. Although, perhaps, their study began from ancient times. For example, in the 17th century, the naturalist Gilbert managed to prove that the Earth is a large magnet with its poles, and in the 18th century, B. Franklin discovered atmospheric electricity.
However, to this day little is known about natural phenomena. Scientists in many countries are studying them to predict the occurrence and prevent their possible occurrence.

The polar (northern) lights are one of the most beautiful optical phenomena in the world, which can be observed exclusively at high latitudes, not far from the poles. Usually the auroras are bluish-white, and only in exceptional cases can multicolored auroras be observed. Auroras arise as a result of the bombardment of the upper atmosphere by charged particles moving towards the Earth along the geomagnetic field lines from the region of near-Earth outer space. The northern lights can last from several hours to several days and are striking in their extraordinary beauty.

Lightning and fireballs. Any lightning is an electric current, which, depending on the conditions, can take various forms. Particularly amazing are ball lightning, which used to be called fireballs. The nature of the occurrence of ball lightning is still not exactly known. Sometimes they were observed even inside houses and planes. The behavior of ball lightning has also not been studied. Ball lightning can be fiery red, orange or yellow and float in the air for a few seconds until it disappears. Lightning is always accompanied by thunder and a bright flash of light and is most often observed during a thunderstorm. Each of us has repeatedly seen the usual, so-called linear lightning. But ball lightning is a rather rare phenomenon. In nature, for about a thousand ordinary, linear lightning, there are only 2-3 ball lightning.

Blue moon. We are all used to seeing an ordinary moon, but sometimes when the atmosphere is dusty, high humidity, or for other reasons, the moon looks painted in different colors. The blue and red moons are especially unusual. The blue moon is such a rare natural phenomenon that the English even have a saying "once upon a blue moon", which means about the same as ours "after rain on Thursday." The blue moon appears from the ashes and burning. For example, when forests burned in Canada, the moon was blue for a whole week.

"Fiery" rain (star rain). In fact, not stars fall from the sky, but meteorites, which, entering the earth's atmosphere, heat up and burn out. In this case, a flash of light occurs, which is visible at a fairly large distance from the surface of the Earth. Most often, a meteor shower of high intensity (up to a thousand meteors per hour) is called a stellar or meteor shower. A meteor shower consists of meteors that burn up in the atmosphere and do not reach the ground, and a meteor shower consists of meteorites that fall to the ground. Previously, they did not distinguish the first from the second, and both of these phenomena were called "rain of fire." An interesting fact: every year from fragments of meteorites and space dust The mass of the Earth increases by an average of 5 million tons.

Mirages. Despite their prevalence, mirages always evoke an almost mystical sense of wonder. We all know the reason for the appearance of most mirages - superheated air changes its optical properties, causing light inhomogeneities called mirages. Mirage is a phenomenon long explained by science, but continues to amaze the imagination of people. The optical effect is based on a special distribution of air density along the vertical. Under certain conditions, this leads to the appearance of virtual images near the horizon. However, you instantly forget all these boring explanations when you yourself become a witness of a miracle that is born before your eyes.

Mudflow (arab. - "stormy stream") is a mass flow with a high concentration of mineral particles, rock fragments, stones. This mass is a cross between a liquid and a solid mass. These streams arise suddenly, usually in the area of ​​dry meadows and basins of small mountain rivers, although most often in the mountains during heavy and heavy rain.

Mudflows can be caused by:
1) Heavy rainfall.
2) Melting of glaciers or snow cover.
3) Deforestation in mountainous areas (tree roots hold back the soil of mountainous areas, thereby preventing the occurrence of mudflows), which is closely related to the two previous reasons.

A potential mudflow source is mudflow basins or mudflow channels with a large amount of crumbly material and the conditions of its accumulation, turning into active mudflows as a result of the occurrence of certain flooding conditions (rainstorms, glaciers, etc.). That is, if it is simpler to explain, dangerous mudflow areas are those whose streams, with a sudden appearance of a large amount of water, begin to carry with them various fragments of trees, stones, debris and / or other things.

Tsunamis are long waves generated by a powerful impact on the entire water column in the ocean or other body of water. Most tsunamis are caused by underwater earthquakes, during which there is a sharp displacement (raising or lowering) of a section of the seabed. Tsunamis are formed during an earthquake of any strength, but those that arise due to strong earthquakes (with a magnitude of more than 7) reach a large force. As a result of an earthquake, several waves propagate. First scientific description The phenomenon was given by Jose de Acosta in 1586 in Lima, Peru after a powerful earthquake, then a tsunami 25 meters high burst onto land at a distance of 10 km.

One of the most unusual celestial anomalies, which has become the subject of discussion and debate by many scientists, is the Asperatus clouds. Sometimes they take on a shape that resembles a crumpled piece of paper, whipped cream, or swirling "horns". For such an awesome and unusual view they were given the nickname "devil clouds".

For the first time these gloomy and mysterious clouds were seen in 1953. Previously, there was no information about their existence, so people did not know what to prepare for. Some considered them an omen of the apocalypse, others expected the invasion of terrible hurricanes and tornadoes. But nothing of the kind happened - the clouds dispersed on their own, without rain, noise and dust.

Soon, devilish clouds began to appear in different parts of the planet, so scientists started talking about them seriously. The phenomenon existed, but there was no explanation for it. In addition, there was not even any scientific name, but only what the eyewitnesses came up with. Because of their uneven shape, it was decided to give the name "Undulatus asperatus", which means "wavy-rough" in translation.
Now scientists are faced with a new task - to determine the cause of the appearance of devilish clouds. So far it has been possible to establish only that they contain a lot of moisture.

The fires of St. Elmo are a mysterious, very beautiful and at the same time frightening natural phenomenon, which is nothing more than an electric glow. It can occur on the sharp ends of the masts or yards of ships, towers, cliff tops or tall trees at a time when there is a large electric field strength in the atmosphere.

Scientists have found their explanation for the fires of St. Elmo. In science, they are known as point or corona discharge. It arises in an electric field with a sharp inhomogeneity. The role of electrodes in this case is performed by pointed objects. Elmo's lights can look different: like fireworks, like a dancing flame, or like a calm flickering glow. In most cases, eyewitnesses describe them as white and blue lights, but there were also bright scarlet "instances". They do not cause fire, do not burn and disappear, basically, a minute after the appearance. Often, the glow is accompanied by a hiss or crackle, reminiscent of the sound of burning brushwood or grass.



The 10 most unique natural phenomena that are included in the top of this list are ten wonderful wonders created by nature, biology, physics, chemistry and other fields. You can personally see and experience all these wonders. To do this, you just need to go to a specific area of ​​\u200b\u200bour beautiful planet, which is called Earth.

In our world there are a huge number of miracles created in natural natural conditions, some of which can cause an ocean of positive emotions and admiration. 10 natural phenomena and events spread all over the world create an unsurpassed atmosphere, immersed in which, a person experiences great pleasure from the world around him.

(10 photos of natural phenomena and phenomena + video)

One of the most exciting and unique natural phenomena that can be observed near the North and south poles(around the Arctic and Antarctic Circle) is the northern lights. It arises from charged atoms and particles in the upper atmosphere, which predominantly originate in these areas of the Earth. To put it simply, this phenomenon occurs when the solar wind comes into contact with magnetic field Earth. Undoubtedly, one of the best places to observe this beautiful phenomenon is Lapland (Northern Finland). In this place you will encounter wild nature, uninhabited areas where clear transparent skies, devoid of city lighting, air pollution and telecommunications signals, create unique conditions for observing this natural phenomenon. The Aurora Borealis is a romantic marvel as it originates at high altitude and is a multi-colored (yellow, green, blue, red and purple) river flowing among countless stars.

If you want to plunge into the world of illusions and dreams, feel a sense of inspiration, tubular clouds of an unusual shape will help you with this. The unique shape of these clouds is somewhat like huge pipes with different shades (from white to darker). The color of such clouds depends on their thickness. Tubular clouds can be observed in many places where thunderstorms begin to form. Their indescribable beauty is especially noticeable at sunset, when they are formed into groups of balls with a smooth structure.

The most beautiful creature on Earth is by far the Monarch Butterfly. They can only evoke feelings of love and admiration. These butterflies will show you the bright weaves of black and orange flowers. Most often they are found in Mexico, the USA and Melanesia (northeast Australia). by the most the best place Monarch butterflies are the only place to watch Monarch butterflies when they migrate from Canada to Mexico and back. Walking through the parks of California, you can witness when the leaves and branches of trees are painted black and orange colors, as Monarch butterflies are completely dotted.

Have you ever observed strange formations of snow and ice, which are pillars up to 2 meters high? These amazing pillars are called penitentes. They can be observed in the region of the most elevated places (up to 4,000 meters high) of the central Andes in the territory between Argentina and Chile. You can see these wonderful natural phenomena while hiking in the mountains. Excursions of this kind will help you learn more and explore the peculiar phenomenon of the Andes - penitentes.

In the National Park called "Death Valley" in California, you can observe such a natural phenomenon as moving stones. In this park, among the unusual mountain landscape, you can see one of the most mystical and picturesque dry lakes of Racetrack Playa. The main feature of this lake is the stones moving along its dry bottom. Traces of stones are clearly visible on the surface of the desert. This phenomenon is one of the geological mysteries, which, according to scientists, is created by winds and other natural factors. If you managed to visit this unusual place, surrounded by dramatic mountain peaks, over which shapeless clouds float, you can consider yourself really lucky.

No less striking are the Supercell clouds. These storm clouds can appear almost anywhere where there is a humid climate characterized by frequent thunderstorms. Some of the most famous places to see super clouds are in the central states of the United States, which are part of Tornado Alley. The plains of Nebraska and Dakota will allow you to fully appreciate this natural phenomenon. The natural variation of daylight will enchant you as you watch the Supercells at sunset. Take a look at the collection beautiful photos, which reveal wonderful world these clouds.

The most beautiful and graceful fiery phenomenon, which is created with the help of vertical whirlwinds, is a fiery tornado. However, do not forget that the amazing beauty of this natural phenomenon is both fraught with danger and destruction. This natural phenomenon can be observed in a fire or a burning forest, where a tornado is born, the wind speed of which is over 160 kilometers per hour. This is a rather rare phenomenon, which is both magnificent and tragic. The fiery tornado is an attraction for photographers and extreme enthusiasts.

A natural phenomenon like sandstorms is quite typical for some areas of the Earth. Sandstorms are created with strong winds and storms that prevail in dusty areas with arid climates. During such storms, sand particles are picked up by strong winds, which accelerate their movement in the atmosphere. One of the most famous places where you can observe such natural phenomena are found in northern Africa (Sahara desert), as well as deserts in Asia. This phenomenon can be called surprising without exaggeration. However, fierce storms are quite dangerous, since small particles of sand penetrate almost everywhere. It is impossible to imagine a more inspiring landscape than watching sandstorms in the area of ​​the Great Pyramids of Egypt.

A natural phenomenon - a rainbow is able to give everyone colorful emotions. Rainbow is one of the most common natural phenomena, which can consist of small arcs with thin multi-colored layers, as well as huge arcs stretching for hundreds of kilometers. The double-arched rainbow is a majestic yet inspiring optical illusion. This natural phenomenon occurs due to small tiny particles of water and the rays of the sun and is most often observed after rain, when water evaporates under the bright rays of the sun. Most often, this natural phenomenon can be observed in the area of ​​​​water basins - lakes, rivers and other reservoirs.

The natural world around us is simply teeming with various secrets and mysteries. Scientists have been looking for answers for centuries and sometimes trying to explain, but even the best minds of mankind still defy some amazing natural phenomena.

Sometimes one gets the impression that incomprehensible flashes in the sky, spontaneously moving stones do not mean anything special. But, delving into the mysterious manifestations observed on our planet, you understand that it is impossible to answer many questions. Nature carefully hides its secrets, and people put forward new hypotheses, trying to unravel them.

Today we will look at physical phenomena in wildlife that will make you take a fresh look at the world.

physical phenomena

Every body is made up of certain substances, but note that different actions affect the same bodies differently. For example, if paper is torn in half, paper will remain paper. But if you set it on fire, then the ashes will remain from it.

When the size, shape, state changes, but the substance remains the same and does not transform into another, such phenomena are called physical. They may be different.

Natural phenomena, examples of which we can observe in everyday life, are:

• Mechanical. The movement of clouds across the sky, the flight of an airplane, the fall of an apple.
• Thermal. caused by temperature changes. In the course of this, the characteristics of the body change. If you heat ice, it becomes water, which turns into steam.
• Electrical. Surely, when you quickly take off your woolen clothes, you have at least once heard a specific crack, similar to an electric discharge. And if you do all this in a dark room, you can still observe sparks. Objects that, after friction, begin to attract lighter bodies are called electrified. Northern lights, lightning during a thunderstorm are prime examples
• light. Bodies that emit light are called. This includes the Sun, lamps, and even representatives of the animal world: some types of deep-seated fish and fireflies.

The physical phenomena of nature, examples of which we have considered above, are successfully used by people in everyday life. But there are those that still excite the minds of scientists and cause universal admiration.

Northern lights

Perhaps this rightfully bears the status of the most romantic. High in the sky, multi-colored rivers form, which cover an endless number of bright stars.

If you want to enjoy this beauty, then it is best to do it in the northern part of Finland (Lapland). There was a belief that the cause of the occurrence was the wrath of the supreme gods. But the legend of the Sami people about the fabulous fox, which hit its tail on the snow-covered plains, was more popular, because of which colored sparks soared up and lit up the night sky.

Clouds in the form of pipes

Such a phenomenon of nature can drag any person into a state of relaxation, inspiration, illusions for a long time. Such sensations are created due to the shape of large pipes that change their shade.

You can see it in those places where a storm front begins to form. This natural phenomenon is most often observed in countries with a tropical climate.

Stones that move in Death Valley

There are various natural phenomena, examples of which are quite explainable from a scientific point of view. But there are some that defy human logic. One of the mysteries of nature is considered. This phenomenon can be observed in the American national park called Death Valley. Many scientists try to explain the movement by strong winds, which are often found in desert areas, and by the presence of ice, since it was in winter that the movement of stones became more intense.

During the research, scientists made observations of 30 stones, the weight of which was no more than 25 kg. In seven years, 28 out of 30 boulders moved 200 meters from the starting point.

Whatever the guesses of scientists, they do not have a definite answer regarding this phenomenon.

Ball lightning

Appearing after a thunderstorm or during it, is called ball lightning. There is an assumption that Nikola Tesla managed to create ball lightning in his laboratory. He wrote that he had not seen anything like this in nature (it was about fireballs), but he figured out how they form, and even managed to recreate this phenomenon.

Modern scientists have not been able to achieve such results. And some even question the existence of this phenomenon as such.

We have considered only some natural phenomena, examples of which show how amazing and mysterious our world around us is. How much more unknown and interesting we have to learn in the process of development and improvement of science. How many discoveries await us ahead?

Instruction

Phenomena nature are any changes that occur in animate or inanimate nature. They are classified according to the nature of the impact, origin, duration, regularity of action, scale of distribution.

By origin, they are divided into climatic, geological and geomorphological, biological, space and biogeochemical. The most common natural phenomena are climatic (typhoon,) and geological and geomorphological (tsunami, soil erosion, earthquakes,).

According to the duration of their action, they can be divided into: - instant, which usually last a few seconds and minutes (earthquake, volcanic eruption); - short-term, they can last several hours or days (squall, flood, full moon, rain, intense heat; - long-term, lasting months and years (climate change, river drying up).

Of particular danger to humans are natural disasters. These include a tornado, lightning, typhoon, mudflow. They have a destructive effect and can lead to serious man-made accidents.

Of particular interest are the so-called unusual phenomena nature. Among them, rain is a stream of meteors, which, upon entering the atmosphere, instantly burn out in it and form an enchanting glow in the sky. Unusual phenomenon m nature the lunar rainbow is also considered - the light that is reflected from the full moon. It can only be observed in places with high humidity. Aurora, halos, mirages can also be attributed to amazing and rare phenomena.

Sources:

• natural phenomena

Lightning- This is a powerful electric discharge that occurs when clouds are highly electrified. Lightning discharges can occur both within a cloud and between neighboring clouds that are highly electrified. Sometimes a discharge occurs between the earth and an electrified cloud. Before a lightning flash, electric potential differences arise between the cloud and the ground or between neighboring clouds.

One of the first to establish the interaction of electrical discharges in the sky was the American, who also held an important post - Benjamin Franklin. In 1752, he conducted an experiment with a kite. The tester attached a metal key to his cord and launched a kite in thunderstorms. some time later, in the key, emitting a sheaf of sparks. Since then, it has been studied in detail by scientists. This amazing can be extremely dangerous, causing serious damage to power lines and other tall buildings. The main cause of the occurrence lies in the collision of ions (impact ionization). The electric field of the cloud has a very high intensity. In such a field, free electrons get a huge acceleration. Colliding with atoms, they ionize them. The result is a stream of fast electrons. Impact ionization forms a plasma channel through which the main current pulse passes. An electrical discharge occurs, which we observe in the form of lightning. The length of such a discharge can reach several kilometers and last up to several seconds. Lightning always accompanied by a bright flash of light and thunder. Very often lightning occurs during a thunderstorm, but there are exceptions. One of the most unexplored natural phenomena associated with electric discharges by scientists is ball lightning. It is only known that it occurs suddenly and can cause significant damage. So lightning is so bright? Power electric current when struck by lightning, it can reach 100,000 amperes. In this case, huge energy is released (about Joules). The temperature of the main channel reaches almost 10,000 degrees. These characteristics give rise to a bright light that can be observed during a lightning discharge. After such a powerful electrical discharge, a pause occurs, which can last from 10 to 50 seconds. During this time, the main channel almost goes out, the temperature in it drops to 700 degrees. Scientists have found that the bright glow and heating of the plasma channel propagate from the bottom up, and the pauses between the glows are only tens of fractions of a second. That is why a person perceives several powerful impulses as a single bright flash of lightning.

Related videos

sel- a phenomenon related to the category of natural disasters; a stream suddenly falling from the mountains, consisting of water mixed with the products of the destruction of rocks (clay, earth, sand and stones). The danger of mudflow lies in its enormous destructive power, combined with the element of surprise.

sel, sil or mudflow - all these are the names of the same phenomenon in the form of a mass rapidly falling from the mountains, half consisting of water, half of clay, sand, small and large stones. sel arises suddenly and dries up after 1-3 hours, but in this short time on its way it sweeps away everything from the face. The destructive power of the mudflow is enormous. The water-mud stream pulls out trees, destroys dams, houses. sel moves with great noise, shudders from the blows of stone blocks. In this case, the mudflow movement is not continuous, but undulating (separate shafts). Mudflow moves very quickly, and sometimes only 20-30 minutes pass from the moment of its inception to the outlet of the stream into the valley. Depending on the composition, mudflows are divided into: Mud - a mixture of water with earth and a small amount of stones; Mudstone - a mixture of water with earth, gravel, pebbles, medium-sized stones; Water stone - a mixture of water with large stones and boulders. The entire area of ​​occurrence and action of mudflow is called a mudflow basin. A mudflow is formed in the event of the coincidence of three conditions: Accumulation of a significant volume of water in the mountains; The presence on the mountain slopes within the mudflow basin of a sufficient amount of sand, stones, pebbles, gravel, i.e. easily moved masses; The steepness of the mountain slopes in the area of ​​the mudflow basin is at least 10-15˚. Rapid melting of mountain glaciers and snows; Emissions and ; Explosive work carried out in the mountains; felling on slopes; Large-scale construction work. It is impossible for a person who is on the path of a mudflow to escape. Salvation is only in an early departure from the path of the mudflow. Unfortunately, it is not possible to predict the occurrence of mudflow in our time. Therefore, having heard the noise of a mudflow, you must immediately rise from the bottom of the valley to the mountains, up and away from the mass of water rushing down with earth and stones. It should also be taken into account that large stones and whole boulders can be thrown out of the stream to the sides.

Related videos

Sources:

• What is mudflow in 2019

At all times people have seen mirages. In ancient times, they explained them by the intervention of gods or spirits. Today it is known that otherworldly forces have nothing to do with it. A mirage is an optical phenomenon in the atmosphere, a play of light rays, due to which imaginary images of objects appear in the field of view.

This phenomenon occurs because light, passing through layers of air of different density, is refracted. In this case, distant objects may appear as if raised. They can also be distorted and take on the most fantastic forms. Although such natural phenomena are usually associated with deserts, they can often be observed in the mountains, above water, even in megacities. These fairy tales can be seen wherever there are drastic changes. Mirages of several types. The first includes the lower (lake) mirages- when a distant, flat surface takes on the appearance of open water. A similar illusion arises in deserts, on asphalt. Above the heated surface, a kind of puff cake is formed from the air. light waves, passing through the layer closest to the most heated and rarefied, are distorted, since their speed depends on the density of the medium. Lake mirages- the most common. The second type of mirage is called upper, or distant. They are more picturesque in comparison with the lower ones, but occur much less frequently. Distant objects appear upside down in the sky, and sometimes a direct image of the same object also appears above them. In such an air screen, cities, mountains, which are hundreds of from observers, can be reflected. Such mirages are typical for cold regions when there is a warm layer of air above the cold layer. In superior mirages, objects are seen more clearly. Side mirages occur near vertical surfaces that are strongly heated by the sun. This species often appears on Lake Geneva. Another type of mirage has received beautiful name Fata Morgana. These are the most beautiful of such phenomena. Sometimes there is a layer of cold air above the warm waters, in which magical castles, fabulous palaces, and gardens appear. These fantastic pictures are changing. According to Arabic legends, the evil fairy Morgana loved to tease thirsty travelers, she lured them to the hottest places, showing ghostly fountains, blooming oases, palaces with lush gardens. Science finds it difficult to give a reliable explanation for these mirages. Fata Morgans also include numerous " flying dutches", which sailors sometimes see. No less mysterious phenomenon is chrono mirages. They reflect events in the past. Received special notoriety mirages past battles and battles. Despite the frequency of these natural phenomena, it is very difficult to study them. It is not known where and when the mirage and how long it will last. It must be said that this beautiful and mysterious sight can be very dangerous. History knows many cases when mirages killed or drove their victims insane.

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• Mysterious phenomena nature

To answer the question, what is natural system nature, you first need to find out what is system, system tika, natural nature and who was the first to decompose and organize the world that surrounds us.

So, the system is a set of elements that are connected with each other and form a certain integrity. The system can designate both real and abstract concepts. Any object that consists of components can be considered as a subsystem of the whole, highlighting its individual parts and their interaction. What is natural nature - this question is more difficult to answer unambiguously. Nature and naturalness are very close to each other. After all, nature is all living things around us, and even ourselves. To say that nature is not means to challenge oneself and one's naturalness. So, nature itself, that is, organisms, is a natural system. They, in turn, being components nature, are subject to classification on the basis of certain principles that lay the foundation of the system. That is, natural system nature there is an attempt by the curious to decompose the world in which, "on the shelves" and to attribute each of its manifestations to components that are consistently subordinate to each other. Theoretically, it is assumed that system on the one hand, it underlies phenomena, on the other hand, it is only a stage on the path of scientific research. In accordance with the principle of cognitive inexhaustibility nature natural system. On the other hand, any attempt to classify nature assume that the structure nature knowable to the end, which means that the construction of a complete and comprehensive natural system nature Maybe. nature today is built on a hierarchical basis. All levels of the hierarchy have their own names. There are seven of these levels. It is generally accepted that any organism belongs to all seven levels. This principle of building the Linnean hierarchy, since it was Carl Linnaeus who was the founder of the traditions of modern scientific system tics.

Winds, depending on their strength and speed, can change everything around. Where are the reasons for their occurrence? Since ancient times, people have seen in the winds the presence of the living forces of the Universe and the cosmos, the influence of the gods.

Instruction

Wind is the movement of air, which is characterized by speed. To determine it, sailors use the Beaufort scale, consisting of 12 points, where the zero mark is completely calm, and 12 points determines. There is also the Fujita scale or F-scale, which consists of thirteen categories from F0 to F12. It is used in the classification of tornadoes, taking into account wind speed and damage. In this case, the value between F0 and F1 corresponds to 11 and 12 points of the Beaufort scale of wind speeds. F5 is the maximum category that is assigned to a tornado. The rest are introduced only as theoretical ones.

The reason for the occurrence of wind is the temperatures and barometric pressure of adjacent air areas. Moving from one area to another, the air changes strength, speed and direction, deviating due to the rotational movement of the earth. According to the Bays-Ballo law, in the Northern Hemisphere this deviation is directed to the right, and in the Southern Hemisphere - to the left. The direction of the wind is indicated by the side of the world from where it blows. Usually it is determined by various devices. Sometimes a weather vane is used.

During the day, on the coasts of the planet, there is a constant change of coastal winds. They are called breezes. At night they blow from land to sea, and during the day - on the contrary, from sea to land. On the coasts of the Black and Mediterranean Seas, northern winds of bora or borea are known. In the summer in the Alps there are foehns - scorching, southerly winds from Asia and Africa. Their breath lasts for several hours a day, bringing fine sand and ash. At the same time, the temperature rises to 40 ° C and above. Hair dryers cause great harm to people, local flora and fauna.

The constant winds of tropical countries are trade winds and monsoons. The trade winds are blowing all year round. The reason for their occurrence is the rotation of the Earth and the sun's heat. Monsoons are the winds of the seasons. For example, in Indian Ocean the northeast monsoon prevails, and in summer the southwest monsoon.

In addition, in the Eastern teachings, the wind is a symbol of the spirit, its strength and the living breath of the Universe, which supports and unites all living things. The wind is the personification of the incorporeal, intangible, elusive, changeable. It is associated with thread, rope, etc. The winds are the messengers of the gods, indicating the presence of a deity. In combination with fire, the wind of the gods of mountains and volcanoes. Feng Shui teaching is no coincidence the science of winds and waters. AT Ancient China The god of the wind, Feng-Po, was considered the source of the breath of the cosmos and the mouth and tongue of Heaven.

Lilith tempts a person upon her return only when he is on the wrong path. If you realize this, then you have a chance to correct your version of life for a more favorable and correct one. In other words, as always, there are two sides of the same coin.

Of course, there is always a counterbalance to the "dark forces". In this case, it is the White Moon Lulu. Astrologers believe that she is the ambassador of our guardian angel.

In a horoscope, it is very important to take into account all the smallest details. But whatever it is and whatever it is, everything depends precisely on our actions and deeds that we do today, on this day, at this hour, at this minute. Think about what your life is, and maybe you will make it better. Good luck!

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• Black Moon and White Moon in the horoscope

The blobfish is scientifically called psychrolutes marsidicus. This deep-sea animal is considered a wonder of nature because of its amazing appearance, which earned it the official title of the ugliest creature in the world. Of course, this is a subjective opinion, but everyone who has ever seen this fish agrees with him.

Description of the drop fish

Psychrolutes marsidicus belongs to the order of scorpion-like fish that live at the very bottom of the oceans. These fish live at a decent depth, sometimes more than a thousand meters, where the water pressure is significantly increased. The drop fish is endemic to Australia and Tasmania, that is, nowhere but the waters around these lands.

The species Psychrolutes marsidicus is still poorly understood. But scientists already know how it can exist at great depths: it lacks a swim bladder, which turns out to be unnecessary at high pressure, and a certain body structure allows it to withstand a large load without using a lot of energy. Psychrolutes swims slowly, spends a lot of time immobile in anticipation of prey - it hunts small marine invertebrate creatures.

The blobfish species is endangered. Although these fish are inedible, they are often caught, usually along with other catches such as crabs. And since this species is slow, the population takes a long time to recover. Psychrolutes marsidicus sits on the eggs until the offspring hatch from it, and even after that continues to take care of the little ones.

Appearance of a fish-drop

The size of the psychrolutes is small - about thirty centimeters long. And the appearance of a drop fish is its most amazing feature. Her body is a gelatinous, jelly-like mass that looks like a shiny gel. And since it is completely absent, and the muscles are also absent, this mass does not look very good.

But main feature, giving the drop fish an ugly look, this is the expression of its “face”. A huge jelly-like process in the form of a nose, "" eyes and the structure of the mouth, giving the fish a gloomy, offended and unhappy look, together create the image of the ugliest creature in the world. The soft, reddish mucous folds of the mouth resemble pouty lips, and beneath them is a large "chin". A smooth large nose hangs over the mouth, the location of the eyes on the head is also involved in creating a dull look.

From above or from the side, these fish look more or less, but when you look at her head from the front, a smile involuntarily arises, and a distressed facial expression evokes sympathy.

Due to its unusual appearance, the drop fish has become popular all over the world and has led to many jokes. And the society for the protection of the ugly recognized this fish as the ugliest in the world and reminds all nature lovers that it is necessary to protect not only cute, but also scary creatures.

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A rainbow is one of those unusual optical phenomena with which nature sometimes pleases a person. Since ancient times, people have tried to explain the appearance of a rainbow. Science has largely come closer to understanding the process of occurrence of a phenomenon, when in mid-seventeenth century, Czech scientist Mark Marzi discovered that the light beam is heterogeneous in its structure. Somewhat later, Isaac Newton studied and explained the phenomenon of dispersion of light waves. As is now known, a light beam is refracted at the boundary of two transparent media having different densities.

Instruction

As Newton established, a white light beam is obtained as a result of the interaction of rays of different colors: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet. Each color is characterized by a specific wavelength and vibration frequency. At the boundary of transparent media, the speed and length of light waves change, the oscillation frequency remains the same. Each color has its own refractive index. The red beam deviates the least from the previous direction, orange a little more, then yellow, etc. The violet ray has the highest refractive index. If a glass prism is installed in the path of a light beam, then it will not only deviate, but also break up into several rays of different colors.

Does diffusion occur in solids?

AT solids diffusion also occurs, but much more slowly. So, if you put smoothly polished plates of gold and lead on top of each other and press them with a load, after 4-5 years lead and gold will mutually penetrate each other by 1 mm. There are also steppes where they can extend over vast territories.

In places of close occurrence of groundwater, under conditions of an effusion regime, there is a strong evaporation of water from the soil surface. If groundwater contains minerals, then after evaporation, salts settle in the capillaries of the soil. Over time, the percentage of their content increases. Sometimes salt marshes can form due to improper irrigation, mineralization of halophyte plants rich in sodium, chlorine and sulfur, salt application by wind, etc.

What are saline soils

In appearance, salt marshes are divided into plump, black and wet. For plump salt marshes, it is characteristic high content sodium sulfate, due to which the topsoil becomes loose. Black salt marshes contain a lot of soda. This soil is poorly permeable to moisture; during irrigation, brown puddles form on it.

A characteristic feature of wet solonchaks is a dark hard crust on the surface, under which there is a layer of waterlogged soil. In such a salt marsh, a high content of calcium chloride and magnesium, due to their ability to absorb water vapor from the air, the soil is saturated with moisture.

Saline soils and agriculture

The solution of salts, which are rich in solonchaks, prevents the flow of nutrients to the roots of plants. In the spring, such soil does not dry out for a long time, and when dried, it becomes covered with a hard crust and becomes extremely difficult to process. On highly saline soils, the crop may not sprout at all or die.

To improve saline soils, it is necessary to carry out reclamation, that is, washing the soil from salts. Land reclamation is usually carried out in autumn, from September to December. It is desirable that after washing salty water was washed from the site to another location.

For land reclamation, a well-dug area is divided into sectors of 10-20 square meters, then they are surrounded by bulk rollers and filled with water. Land reclamation will be effective if the site has good natural drainage, otherwise brine it will simply go deeper into the soil and eventually may rise again.

Reasons for the formation of tornadoes

The mechanism of occurrence of a tornado is still not fully understood. A powerful atmospheric vortex is formed when moist, warm air enters and collides with cold, dry air that has formed over a piece of land or sea. At the point of contact of various air masses, water vapor condenses, water droplets are formed and heat is locally released.

Warm air rises, forming a rarefaction zone into which warm and humid air, clouds and cold and dry air below are drawn in. This leads to the development of an avalanche-like process of thermal energy release. As a result, a characteristic funnel is formed, inside which the air rises at high speed, twisting in a spiral. A vacuum is created in the funnel, drawing in more and more cold air.

As it descends to the ground, the funnel, acting like a giant vacuum cleaner, draws in whatever the air current can raise. The discharge zone constantly moves in the direction from which cold air enters. From the side, the bizarre curves of a moving tornado are noticeable. Precipitation during this phenomenon, as a rule, is small or completely absent. largest number tornadoes observed in the central states of the United States, in coastal regions Western Europe and in the European territory of Russia.

Tornado classification

The most common are whip-like. Their smooth and thin funnel is like a flexible, twisting hose. The length of the funnel is much greater than its diameter. As a rule, such vortices are quickly destroyed and cannot cause significant damage.

Blurry tornadoes are similar to a cluster of rotating clouds that have descended to the ground. The diameter of such a vortex can exceed its height. As a rule, these are very powerful tornadoes that can cause enormous damage due to high wind speeds.

Composite tornadoes are often observed in the central states of the United States. Several smaller tornadoes form around the central vortex, which is usually vague. Most often, these are powerful tornadoes that cause significant damage to vast territories.

Firestorms are a rare natural phenomenon. They are formed as a result of an extensive fire or volcanic eruption. The whip-like one absorbs fire, which rises along a narrow funnel to a smoky cloud. Such whirlwinds are capable of spreading forest fires for tens of kilometers.

Depending on the substance drawn into the vortex funnel, water, earth and snow tornadoes are distinguished.

Each season is accompanied by characteristic natural phenomena that mark the seasonal changes in nature. So, one of the signs of the onset of winter is traditionally called snow - one of the many types of precipitation. earth's atmosphere, which has the form of crystalline water ice.

Despite its size (about 5 mm on average), it has perfect symmetry, but special attention of researchers is attracted by bizarre shapes and a variety of patterns formed by the interweaving of its faces. In this sense, each snowflake is unique. It is already known that all have clear geometric lines that form a hexagon. This is because the water molecule also has a hexagonal shape. Freezing and turning into an ice crystal, molecules that are in close proximity are captured in a chain according to the same principle. Of course, the bizarre shape is affected by both the level of humidity and the air temperature, but today there is no doubt that a snowflake is a collection of links in a chain of frozen water molecules.

Basic properties

Snow consists of small particles of ice, and therefore is a free-flowing and granular substance. By its structure, it is a rather soft and pliable material, if it is not compacted as a result of any external influence, such as rain or strong winds. After several cycles of melting and freezing, the snow becomes heavy and turns into a dense mass of ice. The presence of snow cover lowers the ambient temperature. This is because the white color of the snow reflects sunlight, and that insignificant amount of heat, which is nevertheless absorbed, goes to melt the snow, and not to increase its temperature.

Another property of the snow cover is the absorption of sound and the reduction of the impact of external noise on the landscape. This is due to the fact that between the snowflakes there are air bubbles that dampen vibrations. Walks in frosty weather on the snow cover are accompanied by a characteristic creak. It is emitted by snow crystals, which, when squeezed, rub against each other, deform and break.

Snow is of great importance in the process of natural life. It is a kind of natural insulator that retains the heat of the earth accumulated in summer, even in the most severe frosts. Thus, preventing plants and small animals from dying. In addition, it creates the necessary supply of moisture needed during spring awakening.

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