In ancient Russia, orders were called the bodies of the central government controlled. They were also called chambers and courtyards, huts and palaces, thirds and quarters. It is assumed that orders as state institutions arose involuntarily, and the first mention of them in this role is found in 1512 in a letter sent to the Vladimir Assumption Monastery by the Grand Duke of All Russia Vasily III.

A certain number of people were ordered to do some specific things - this is how the definition of "order" appeared. The newly established orders acted on behalf of the sovereign and were the highest government places. Complaints about their actions were considered only by the king or the royal duma. Orders are the initial stages of the current ministries.

Origin and purpose

Ambassadorial Order arose in 1549 under Ivan IV. It existed until 1720. The Code of Laws of 1550 Ivan the Terrible introduces management, which was designed to provide for state needs. For almost 200 years, the framework of this system was preserved and was replaced only under the Great Reformer Peter I. The duties of the newly created order included relations with other states, ransoms and the exchange of prisoners, and supervision of certain groups of "service people", for example, the Don Cossacks.

Main functions

The embassy order also dealt with the administration of some lands in the south and east of the state. His responsibility included sending Russian missions abroad and receiving foreign missions. Foreign merchants were subordinate to him, during the entire time of their stay on our territory.

The preparation of the texts of international negotiations was also imputed to the duties of the order. He exercised control over the diplomatic missions.

Organ structure

Initially, the Ambassadorial order consisted of a duma clerk, under whose command were his "comrade" (deputy), 15-17 clerks (the lowest administrative rank) and several interpreters (translators). At the head of the newly created institution was the Order Clerk, also known as the Ambassador Clerk. Deacons in those days were called civil servants (in addition to clergymen), in particular, heads of orders or junior ranks in

Structure is gaining weight

The first Ambassadorial order was headed by Ivan Mikhailovich Viskovatov, who before this appointment served as an ambassador, a duma clerk, and was the keeper of the state seal. He was at the head of the order until his death in 1570. With the growth of the international weight of Russia, the importance of the Ambassadorial Order also increased, its staff increased significantly - in 1689, 53 clerks instead of 17 and 22 translators plus 17 interpreters (interpreter) served in it.

By the end of the 17th century, the Ambassadorial order gained so much strength that it became one of the most important constituent parts the central state apparatus of Russia. In this century, he has gone from the Chancellery for Foreign Relations to a state structure with significant independence and the broadest powers.

Milestones

The entire period of the existence of the Ambassadorial Order can be conditionally decomposed in accordance with three epochal intervals of that time. This is the Time of Troubles, the restoration of the Russian monarchy under Mikhail Romanov, the first Russian tsar from this dynasty, and the heyday of statehood that came under Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich.

Outstanding Representatives

From 1621, Ivan Tarasevich Gramotin, the then head of the Ambassadorial Department, began to prepare systematic information for the tsar on the state of affairs in other countries. They were drawn from the periodicals of the countries, as well as from the observations and conclusions of the ambassadors. These Vestovye Letters were essentially the first Russian newspaper. It is necessary to say a few words separately about this eighth chapter of the Ambassadorial Order. He began his career as a clerk, and three times under different kings he held the highest post of the Ambassadorial Department. In the Time of Troubles, he was one of the most prominent political figures.

Povytya

The structure of the order was divided into departments in charge of office work on territorial grounds (povytya). There were five in total. The functions of the Ambassadorial Order, according to these five administrative parts, were distributed as follows - the first part included the countries of Western Europe - England and France, Spain and the Holy Roman Empire, as well as the Papal State. The second povity dealt with relations with Sweden, Poland and Wallachia (the south of modern Romania), Moldova, Turkey and the Crimea, Holland, Hamburg.

Relations with Denmark, Brandenburg and Courland were dealt with by the 3rd branch in the order, which was in charge of the office work of these countries. Persia, Armenia, India and the Kalmyk state were under the jurisdiction of the 4th povyt. The last fifth was in charge of relations with China, Bukhara, Khiva, the Zhungar state and Georgia.

The volume of work is growing

From the very moment when the Ambassadorial Order was established, he was charged with general management foreign policy countries. From the second half of XVII centuries, the following orders are directly subordinate to him - the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Smolensk and Little Russia. The archive of the most important external and internal political documents accumulated over time was also stored here.

Heads of the order

With the growth of the international significance of Russia, the clerk of the Ambassadorial Order is replaced by a representative of the country's highest feudal class - the boyar, and since 1670 the institution itself has been called the "State Order of the Embassy Press".

During the entire existence of the Ambassadorial Order, 19 leaders have been replaced as its head. The last was the count and first chancellor of the Russian Empire, an associate of Peter the Great. As a result, the Embassy Office was created, which in 1720 was replaced by

Orders are prototypes of modern ministries and departments. The first mention of them is dated 1512, in the letter of Vasily the Third to the Vladimir Assumption Monastery.

The name comes from "ordering" people to do certain things. That is, already in the 16th century, the division of the civil service into sectors was introduced. One of the key departments of the Moscow State was the Ambassadorial Order. More about it in the article.

emergence

The ambassadorial order is the first analogue of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in the 16th century. The first written mention of it is dated 1549. It was then that the department was headed by Ivan Mikhailovich Viskovaty, and it was called not an order, but an embassy hut. It was located in the Kremlin, and only in the second half of the 17th century the Ambassadorial Order was transferred to Kitai-Gorod.

Functions

Functions of the embassy order:

• Implementation of diplomacy, organization of international meetings, reception of foreign ambassadors.
• Translation of "flying sheets" - international messages and letters. It was on their basis that the first Russian handwritten newspaper for the tsar and those close to him appeared - Chimes.
• Cases related to the residence and life of foreign ambassadors, merchants, artisans.
• Ransom and exchange of prisoners.
• In his submission were some cities and regions in the south and east of the country.
• Managed some customs duties.
• Supervised the taverns, monitored their income, conducted an audit.

Perhaps the tradition of bureaucracy and bureaucratic red tape in our country arose precisely from the organization of orders. Their peculiarity was that there was no clear distinction. From the above functions, it can be seen that the embassy order was in charge not only of international affairs, but also of others that were absolutely not related to them. This sometimes confused not only citizens, but also the officials themselves (clerks, clerks). The functions of departments were so intertwined that it was impossible to decide which order should solve this or that problem. This led to the fact that people filed petitions for months to no avail.

This was once stated by one of the smartest leaders of the embassy order - Ordin-Nashchokin, a diplomat and politician in the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich. He stated that one cannot simultaneously engage in great state affairs, and keep accounts of tavern stalls.

Separation of the order according to howlings

In the second half of the 17th century, the Muscovite state grew and grew stronger. It annexed many territories, established international relations with almost all major European and Eastern states. In addition, some territorial orders began to obey the embassy order:

• Little Russian.
• Smolensky.
• Order of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.

The order grew. It was divided into povyty (departments). Each was assigned to certain countries:

The list shows that the countries were grouped by importance. The first povyts included the most developed states at that time.

The embassy order in Russia, or rather, in Muscovy, kept all the most important documentation. That is, it served as a state archive. Also there were various seals.

The central place was given to diplomacy and international affairs.

Ambassadorial order: structure

The head of the order bore the title of a duma clerk.

This meant that he was rightfully present at the meetings (“sessions”) of the Boyar Duma. At them, the head of the order made reports on issues of his department, expressed his opinion on certain issues.

The duma clerk was assisted by several clerks, and those, in turn, by clerks. They headed the povyas, kept the documentation.

In the Embassy Prikaz worked translators (worked with foreign documents), interpreters (performed interpretation), gold painters (created special letters and documents), clerks. The state valued these categories of workers, encouraged succession among them, and paid them well for their work.

Interpreters and translators

Interpreters and translators, as a rule, were from among the "children of the boyars" (boyars without land estates) and urban nobles. Most of them were in captivity, where they learned languages. The most numerous were specialists in the Tatar language.

In 1871, there was a reduction in interpreters and translators. This is due to the fact that the Tatar and Kalmyk languages ​​have become less significant. The state no longer needs interpreters for them. European languages ​​began to be especially valued: French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, German, English, Polish.

There was also a rejection of "random languages": the languages ​​of small peoples, countries with which there were no serious diplomatic relations.

gold painters

Gold painters decorated with paints, gold, silver letters, decrees, diplomas. They produced handwritten books, letters of commendation.

Bailiffs

Bailiffs appeared in the second half of the 17th century. Their task is to search for and take into custody the defendants in court. Were under the jurisdiction of the embassy order, despite the existence of robbery.

Results

So, the Ambassadorial Order was created in the middle of the 16th century. Its main task is international affairs and diplomacy. However, among its functions, less significant internal affairs are observed.

Service in the order was prestigious. The salary is higher than in others, but the positions were highly specialized, inaccessible to the majority: interpreters, translators, gold painters, advisers. Continuity was encouraged in them, so not everyone could get here even with knowledge of languages.

The order existed until 1720. Subsequently, it was abolished, and its functions were transferred to the Collegium of Foreign Affairs.

I. STAGES OF ORGANIZING THE OFFICE

The embassy order, as the first foreign policy agency in Russia, which until then had been absent for 500 years and had no analogue, or even a prototype, a distant likeness, was not formed immediately, not on the basis of a strong-willed decision of the tsar or the boyar Duma, but took shape and changed gradually, depending on from specific needs throughout the entire time of its existence for more than 150 years, i.e. from 1549 to 1700 (in fact) and to 1717 (formally).

During this time, not only the structure and scope of work of this institution, the composition of the names of officials have changed, but the very name of this institution has also changed, which, however, has become customary to be called in popular and even in scientific literature. historical literature one term - Ambassadorial order, regardless of the date when it is mentioned. In fact, the names of this department changed as follows.

As you can see, the Posolsky Prikaz as an institution grew very quickly and existed for a very long time, stably, and its functions grew, which reflected the degree of expansion of its tasks, volume of affairs and personnel.

The Posolsky Prikaz acquired the most complete, developed forms by the 50-70s. 17th century It was during this period that its structure, its services were determined, and the composition of the staff and its functions acquired a stable, traditional character, which is why the Ambassadorial Prikaz and its activities are most often judged precisely by this period (especially in historical popular and encyclopedic literature) and often they mix it up, contaminate (“combine”) with the activities of the Posolsky Prikaz in other eras - earlier and later than this period - when it looked a little different. Already in the period of the decade 1671-1681. the leaders of the Posolsky Prikaz discovered a tendency to further increase the rank of their institution in state administration, highlighting it with a special name from other "ministries".

In popular historical literature, there is also a tendency to consider the Posolsky Prikaz a single institution for the entire time of its 170-year existence, or, in any case, not to emphasize that foreign policy affairs in the Moscow State, along with the Posolsky Prikaz, were also conducted by other departments closely connected with it, and that the Posolsky Prikaz itself, as a central institution, dealt not only with purely diplomatic, embassy affairs, but also with a host of administrative, economic, and financial ones. Only the reorganization at the beginning of the 18th century, the restructuring of the Posolsky Prikaz into the Collegium of Foreign Affairs, led to the “cleansing” of this department from a number of functions that were not characteristic of it and to its transformation (and even then not immediately) into a purely foreign policy, diplomatic department. Below we present the structure of the Ambassadorial order in different periods(as far as existing sources provide material for this), as well as a complete list of institutions involved in the XVI-XVII centuries. foreign policy issues along with the Ambassadorial Order and adjoining it in the nature of their activities, i.e., in relations with foreign countries.

2. ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE OF THE AMBASSADOR'S ORDER AND ITS PERSONNEL

Boss Ambassadorial order - the head of the foreign affairs department. He could be a duma clerk (in the beginning) or then more and more often - a boyar, a close boyar, that is, a person especially trusted by the tsar. At the beginning of the XVIII century. - chancellor, i.e., the highest official of the first rank in the state, the second person after the king in management. This clearly shows the growing role of foreign affairs in the overall state leadership in Russia.

Chief's comrades Order.

At the beginning, in the 16th century, they were clerks, in the 17th century, clerks, but not duma, but only embassies, at the end of the 17th century, boyars. The comrade (i.e., deputy) of the head of the Order was, as a rule, one, although it could be from one to three at the same time, or in parallel, or sequentially. At least one of them had to have such competence that, if necessary, he could replace the head either as acting or as the actual head of the Order.

Povytya- departments or departments of the Ambassadorial order. As a rule, from the middle of the 17th century, there were five povytia, although at the beginning, in the 16th century, there were only two or three of them, in the first half of the 17th century. - four, and by the end of the XVII - beginning of the XVIII century. there were even six.

At the same time, despite the stable number of changes, cases were distributed among them in different ways, i.e., firstly, different countries were included in separate departments at different periods, and secondly, administrative- economic functions between departments in different periods. However, the basic principle of dividing into departments from the very beginning of the existence of the Russian Foreign Ministry was regional studies.

At the head of the povyt was an old clerk, that is, the eldest of the clerks who worked in the povyt. In total, there were five old clerks in the Ambassadorial Order - strictly according to the number of povytiy. Each senior clerk was subordinate to 4 more junior clerks, from the last quarter of the 17th century. they began to be divided into middle clerks, junior (or young) clerks, and new non-commissioned, or "new" ones - trainees, trainees appointed to the ranks without salary, so that they "keep an eye on things", that is, for training. Total number The personnel thus engaged in diplomatic work in the central office of the Posolsky Prikaz were as follows: 5 old clerks - heads of departments (povyty), 10-12 juniors. Since 1689, states have been established: 5 old, 20 middle and young, and 5 new, that is, a total of 30 people. However, in practice, foreign policy cadres were always short of funds due to the lack of trained persons, and they were part of the Ambassadorial Prikaz in different time from 18 to 28 people. It was on them, on this small number of people, that the main burden of foreign policy work for a century and a half lay.

When distributing functions from the old clerk (head of department) to the assistant (i.e., the junior clerk who had just transferred to this rank from among the trainee trainees, or “newcomers”), the consistently pursued principle of differentiation was maintained in strict dependence on knowledge and work experience . This was reflected primarily in the pay of diplomats. It ranged from 1600 rubles. (for the head of the department) up to 50 rubles. per year (for the referent) in comparable prices for late XIX in. In the last year of the work of the Posolsky Prikaz (1701), before its actual liquidation, 6 old clerks, 7 middle and 11 young clerks worked in it, which gives some idea of ​​the distribution of roles.

Distribution of responsibilities between the ranks. Povytia (departments) each dealt with a certain number of countries, like. usually far from equal. This depended at each historical stage on the specific state of international relations, on the presence of frequently changing contractors (partners), i.e., foreign powers with which Russia maintained relations, on the real significance and hence on the actual volume of work with a particular country, on the competence of individual old clerks, from their specific knowledge of certain countries and, finally, not least from the will of the tsar and the head of the order and their discretion about what should be an “equal” load for workers of each rank, what criteria were guided by and on what grounds it was determined and compared in each specific historical period.

If we take into account all these complex circumstances, then for us the structure of changes that has never been constant, but has changed and formed in a confused and unsystematic way, will become explainable. Although the basis of the work of povyty already from the end of the XVI century. the principle of specialization of departments by country clearly prevailed, but the very layout of these countries in povyt, their combination may seem to us meaningless, fantastic and simply inconvenient if we do not take into account the above circumstances and approach the assessment of the work of the then departments of the Ambassadorial Order from a modern point of view . Departments (povytya) were initially called by the names of their chiefs-clerks: Alekseev's povytya, Volkov's, Gubin's povytya, then by numbers; 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, So, already in mid-seventeenth in. (1646) there were 4 povyts (in the 70s - 5, in the 90s - 6). Responsibilities were distributed among them as follows:

1st generation: Kyzylbashi (Dagestan, Azerbaijani khanates, Persia), Denmark, Holland.

2nd generation: Bukhara, Yurgench (Khanate of Khiva), India, Crimea.

3rd generation: Sweden, Moldova, Greek authorities (i.e. Patriarch of Constantinople, Metropolitan of Kyiv).

4th generation: Lithuania and the Turkish sultan.

Inclusion of Moscow's relations with Denmark and Azerbaijan (Persia) in one department, "incomprehensible" at the present time, is in fact explained by the fact that these countries were in constant, stable friendly relations with Russia, and therefore the employees of this department had to develop and cultivate a certain diplomatic language, a certain soft, polite, respectful form of address in the preparation of documents.

On the contrary, in the 4th level, where it was necessary to speak rather harshly, but at the same time without breaking loose and not allowing insults, with two "eternal" enemies of Russia - with the Sultan and the Grand Duke of Lithuania, with Russia's most unpredictable neighbors - naturally , other qualities should have been developed among diplomats. Flexibility to change the form of relations on the go was not allowed by either tradition or prescription; and everything that concerned a change in policy was decided by the tsar, his Duma, and the strict observance of the instructions was left to the lot of the officials of the Ambassadorial Order. That is why all shades of diplomatic relations - from hostile to friendly to varying degrees - were divided into five possible categories, and the distribution of countries in these categories changed depending on specific historical circumstances. So, for example, having quarreled with the Moldavian ruler, the tsar could order to transfer the conduct of business with Moldavia to the 4th povyt, and this was already enough, because the officials of this povyt would automatically write to the Moldavian ruler in the same tone and in the same spirit as the Turkish Sultan or Grand Duke of Lithuania. Retraining employees of the same department, changing forms of work depending on the situation, was considered in the 16th and 17th centuries. extremely inconvenient and impractical: the clerks themselves could get confused, and this would be detrimental to the prestige of the king. The king did not have to change his orders in such a way that this change of policy was noticeable to his subjects: they were used to everything being unchanged and stable, otherwise they would either get lost or, conversely, lose respect for power as a stable institution. Only in the 80s. XVII century, when European-educated people begin to be placed at the head of the Ambassadorial Office and when the very nature and intensity of European affairs begin to differ too sharply from Asian affairs, and besides, the language factor, knowledge of individual European and Asian languages, begins to play an increasingly important role, while while before it was enough to know two or three "international" - Church Slavonic (for all Slavic and Orthodox countries), Latin (for all Western European) and Greek (for all Eastern and for relations with church hierarchs - the Patriarch of Constantinople and the Metropolitan of Kyiv), breakdown cases of individual povyty begins to acquire a modern regional character.

1st class: The Holy See, the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation, Spain, France, England and all matters of protocol.

2nd generation: Sweden, Poland, Wallachia, Moldavia, Turkey, Crimea, Holland, Hamburg, Hanseatic cities, Greeks and the visits of the "Greek authorities" (Patriarch of Constantinople).

3rd class: Denmark, Brandenburg, Courland and all matters related to the conduct of technical support for relations: translators, interpreters, dragomans, scribes, gold painters.

4th generation: Persia, Armenia, India, the Kalmyk state, the Don Cossacks, as well as everything related to communications: diplomatic mail and mail in general, couriers, messengers, messengers, messengers, the security service for diplomatic workers (“reprisal cases” ) and sales office.

5th generation: China, Bukhara, Urgench (Khiva), Siberian Kalmyks (Zhungar state), Georgia and providing equipment for embassy workers and decorating receptions (clothing, lace, linen factories, etc.).

Thus, in the 80s, XVII century, three departments dealt with European affairs, and two - with Asian ones. Here there was already a more rational organization of diplomatic work, in which the specialization of workers was possible not only in the form of work, but also in the country, in the very content of diplomatic work. Yet even at the end of the seventeenth century have not yet come to a decision on the separation from the diplomatic work of all auxiliary departments - security, communications, economic services, trade missions. They were given "to the load" little by little for each of the main promotions, not realizing to save the diplomats from the functions of caretaker or security guards that were not characteristic of them.

This structure remains, in fact, until the very end of the existence of the Ambassadorial order, for back in 1701-1702. there was the following division into povyts (departments), where, on the one hand, a shift towards even greater rationality in the division of countries is visible, and on the other hand, blind adherence to tradition in preserving the old order: 1st povyt: Papal Throne, German Empire, France , England, Portugal, Florence, Italy, Venice, electors of Germany, as well as protocol (ceremonial) business and medical support (quarantines, doctors, pharmacists).

2nd class: Greek questions (Constantinople), Denmark, Brandenburg, Courland, as well as security issues (bailiffs and watchmen) and technical support (translators, interpreters, scribes, gold scribes, etc.).

3rd generation: Poland, Sweden, Holland, Turkey, Crimea, Moldavia, Wallachia. (It is easy to see that all the most important, key foreign policy relations of that time were combined in this department, the tsar himself was often interested in this and conducted his affairs, and therefore both European and Asian affairs related to military-strategic and military-foreign policy issues were combined here. : it was a department of neighboring countries on the western border of the empire.) Holland got into this company for two reasons: firstly, it was a country that was distinguished at that time by the tsar himself (Peter I), and secondly, it was closely connected with the solution of military-diplomatic issues, from there came all the naval equipment and training necessary for the wars of Peter I at sea with both Turkey and Sweden; in addition, Holland competed with Sweden in trade in the Baltic.

4th tribe: Persia, Armenia, Don Cossacks, Hanseatic cities, Riga, regulation of the position of foreign merchants in Russia - dealt with the affairs of neutral countries.

5th generation: Georgia - Kartalinia and Georgia - Imereti, China, Central Asia - Bukhara, Urgench (Khiva) - had a purely Asian character.

6th povyte: Separately, issues of relations with the North and Siberia, the so-called. Stroganov affairs, that is, for the first time the government took into its own hands a vast area of ​​relations with the Siberian and northern peoples, which began to be in charge from the 15th century. in fact, various private individuals by personal proxy of the king. As a result, Russia's relations with the peoples of Siberia, including with various local (native) states, acquired distorted, colonial-coercive forms, proceeding not even from the state, but from private individuals who for centuries allowed arbitrariness for narrowly selfish purposes. Such were the relations with the Great Perm, Vym, Pelym, Kondinsky, Lyapinsky, Obdorsky, Surgut “principalities”, i.e. with the local state-tribal formations of the Mansi (Vogul) and Khanty (Ostyak) peoples, as well as with the Zhungar, Oirat and others tribal unions and states (khanates) located from the Urals to the borders of the Chinese Empire. Beginning in 1700, relations in this region were for the first time placed under the direct control of the state and therefore were included in the jurisdiction of the Posolsky Prikaz, its special, b-th, povyt.

Such was the structure of the Russian Foreign Ministry before its reorganization into the Collegium of Foreign Affairs.

In addition to the diplomats of the central office, various auxiliary workers constantly worked in the Embassy Prikaz, ensuring the technical implementation of diplomatic assignments and acts.

1. translators- this was the name given only to translators from various foreign languages ​​who prepared Russian texts of foreign letters and verified the identity of the texts of Russian treaties with their foreign version.

In addition to the actual diplomatic work, they were also busy compiling various reference and educational "state books". So, it was in the Ambassadorial Prikaz that the “Titular Book”, “Cosmography”, the collection of church-state canonical rules and laws “Vasiliologion” and other books that were enduring encyclopedic in nature and also associated with processing and collecting information from foreign sources were compiled. The interpreters were, in fact, the first press attaches of the then Foreign Ministry.

The number of translators from the moment the Posolsky Prikaz was organized until its dissolution at the beginning of the 18th century It fluctuated greatly, but grew all the time as the volume of work and the number of countries that entered into diplomatic relations with Moscow grew. There were from 10 to 20 translators from languages ​​(payment from three to five times higher than interpreters, interpreters):

1) Greek classical (ancient Greek, or Hellenic);

2) Greek colloquial (modern Greek);

3) Volosh (Valakh, Romanian);

4) Latin (classical);

5) Caesar's Latin (that is, from Vulgar Latin);

6) Polish;

7) Dutch;

8) English;

9) Caesar (Austrian-German);

10) Tatar;

11) Kalmyk;

12) Turkish (Turkish);

13) Arabic;

14) German (Lower Saxon);

15) Swedish.

2. Tolmachi- in total from 12 to 16. Everyone knew from 2 to 4 languages. Combinations: Tatar, Turkish and Italian - common for that time, as well as Latin, Polish, German. Translated from the following languages:

1) Tatar;

2) Nogai;

3) Khiva (Uzbek);

4) Persian (Farsi);

5) Turkish (Turkish);

6) Italian;

7) Dutch;

8) Caesar (Austrian-German);

9) Volosh (Romanian);

10) French;

11) Greek;

12) Kalmyk.

3. STATE INSTITUTIONS MANAGED FOREIGN AFFAIRS IN THE MOSCOW STATE in the XVI-XVII centuries.

In the Moscow state in the XVI-XVII centuries. along with the Ambassadorial Order, i.e., the department involved in diplomatic and political activity, other institutions gradually developed and operated, which one way or another had to come into contact with foreign countries on economic, border, military, administrative and other issues that were either local or specific. These institutions worked independently of the Posolsky Prikaz, many of them were even "older" than him, but always coordinated their activities with the Posolsky Prikaz. Thus, a whole network of a dozen departments was formed, which together formed the state apparatus, which kept in its field of vision all aspects of relations between the Moscow state and "abroad". Here is a list and description of all these institutions:

1. Ambassadorial order - the main department for the conduct of foreign affairs. Its functions included communication with the monarchs of foreign states, with their temporary and permanent representatives - messengers, ambassadors, envoys and residents, sending, meeting and equipping embassies, court protocol, foreign trade affairs (For more details, see the section on the structure of the Ambassadorial Order.)

2. The Pansky order was in charge of affairs related exclusively to Lithuania and Poland. The separation of this department from the Ambassadorial Order was explained by the peculiarity of the relations of Russia (the Muscovite State, Russia) with Poland and Lithuania as neighbors. Firstly, these were Moscow's main closest neighbors from the west, which, on the one hand, blocked Russia's exit to the West, and, on the other hand, were permanent open gates from the West to Russia. Secondly, these were the most ancient neighbors of Russia, with whom already from the X-XI centuries. there were dynastic alliances and at the same time there were continuous wars. These were "foreigners" who constantly interfered in Russian affairs. Thirdly, from the XIII century. these were countries that included most of the Russian historical territory, in fact, the entire territory Kievan Rus as it developed before the 11th century. Fourthly, on the territory of these "foreign" states lived not only a significant part of the Russian population (Russian, Belarusian in the Lithuanian-Russian state and South Russian, Ukrainian - in Poland), but also in church terms, the Lithuanian-Russian state was part of the Russian state for a long time. Metropolis, the head of which the Metropolitan was in Moscow. Fifthly, frequent relations with Moscow, a mixed Russian-Polish and Russian-Lithuanian population made these states (Lithuania and Poland) not as unknown as others for Russians, and language obstacles for relations with them in Moscow, in fact, never arose and to no extent - in the Muscovite state there were many people who spoke Polish. That is why Lithuania and Poland, both in the eyes of the people, and even more so in the eyes of the grand ducal and tsarist administration, were not foreign, but, as it were, semi-foreign states. And for communication with them, for all matters relating to them, therefore, the Pansky order was allocated from the composition of the Ambassadorial. He was active in 1614-1623.

3. The same “semi-foreign” departments with an even lesser degree of “foreign” affairs, and with a greater degree of economic and national issues, were the so-called regional orders adjacent to the Ambassadorial order: the Novgorod couple, the Smolensk order, the Kazan Palace, the Siberian order, the Little Russian order , Lithuanian and Livonian orders, which were in charge of the cities along the Western Dvina. The last two existed in 1657-1674. and in 1658-1662.

These areas, considered as buffer areas, were managed in an integrated manner not by central orders, but by specially adapted institutions uniform for each area. So the principle of autonomy of these territories and at the same time their connection with Moscow have ancient traditions,

4. The Poloniannichiy order was also related to foreign problems, since it was in charge of cases of prisoners of war, both Russians in foreign states, and foreign prisoners of war held in the Muscovite state. Since this department kept records, correspondence, exchange, redemption and collection of redemption money, as well as their exchange for foreign currency (since all payments were made in "efimki", that is, in thalers of the German Empire), then the relations of the Poloniannichesky order with abroad were quite intense and covered not only Western, but also Asian countries - the Horde, Nogaev, Crimea, Turkey, Bukhara, Khiva, Persia. The order of the Lithuanian maid affairs was especially distinguished in 1634-1636.

5. Another "foreign" order was Foreign, "in charge" in 1624-1701. all foreigners who lived in Russia, i.e. merchants, artisans, doctors, artists, scientists, personnel of embassy courts, as well as troops of a foreign system, i.e. hired royal guards and selected (ceremonial) and technical troops consisting of foreigners - Germans, Western Slavs, Albanians, partly Swiss and Scots. There were also people working in this department who should have known foreign languages, foreign orders, customs, and last but not least, those familiar with the economic situation in Europe (so as not to overpay for the services of foreign specialists).

6. The Order of Secret Sovereign Affairs (1654-1676) led in fact the preliminary preparation of the most important foreign policy issues. The king himself was its head. Liquidated after the death of Alexei I.

The initial name of all these central institutions was Izba, that is, each of them occupied from the very moment of its formation a separate house - a hut and at first did not combine its premises with any other department. Since it was for these “ministries” that they first of all tried to build more representative stone rather than wooden buildings (taking care of the safety of documentation, which was always threatened by the danger of fire in wooden buildings), they were soon renamed from huts to chambers, and others to palaces. , since they began to acquire auxiliary administrative premises, and only after the death of Ivan IV the Terrible, in 1587, they were given the general name of orders, which in the then language meant managing a category of affairs. This name and the Ambassadorial order, and the orders accompanying it, which conducted various aspects of relations with foreigners, were preserved until the 18th century.

So, along with the Ambassadorial Order, foreign affairs were in charge to varying degrees in the 16th-17th centuries. the following institutions (in alphabetical order):

1. Foreign order.

2. Kazan Palace.

3. Lithuanian order.

4. Livonian order.

5. Little Russian order (1662-1722).

6. Novgorod couple.

7. Pansky order.

8. Polonnichiy order.

9. Siberian order.

10. Smolensk order.

11. Secret affairs.

Thus, as the main foreign policy department, in fact, the Posolsky Prikaz, founded in 1549, existed until 1700, that is, 151 years. In its place, a different institution was created in terms of structure, but retaining its main purpose - the foreign policy department - the Embassy Office under the royal person. Formally, the Ambassadorial Order, that is, its other branches (huts) and services, except for the diplomatic one, lasted until December 15. 1717

4. LEADERS OF FOREIGN POLICY OF THE RUSSIAN STATE IN THE XVI-XVII centuries.

Heads of the Ambassadorial Order

2.1.1549-2.8.1562 – Viskovaty Ivan Mikhailovich: Undersecretary of the Embassy, ​​from 1561 a printer.

9.1562-28.8.1570 - Andrey Vasiliev: Duma clerk.

11.1570-17.6.1594 - Andrey Yakovlevich Shchelkalov: Duma clerk, since 1587 - Close thoughts "big clerk".

1572-1582 (second printer), "travelling" - Olferyev-Beznin Roman Vasilyevich: printer since 1572, a duma nobleman, later - ambassador at large.

30.6.1594-5.1601 - Shchelkalov Vasily Yakovlevich: near and embassy duma clerk; embassy clerk; printer from 1595

5.1601-8.5.1605 - Vlasyev Afanasy Ivanovich: Duma clerk.

8.5.1605-6.1606 (second time in the government of False Dmitry I) - Vlasyev Afanasy Ivanovich: chancellor, treasurer and embassy clerk; great secretary and treasurer of the courtyard (since July 1605).

8.1605-14.2.1606 - Gramotin Ivan Tarasevich (Kurbatovich): Duma clerk.

25.6.1608-8.1610 - Tretyakov Peter Alekseevich: Duma clerk, head of foreign policy of False Dmitry II (defector from Shuisky).

8.6.1606-3.1611 - Telepnev Vasily Grigorievich: Duma clerk, from 8.1610 - "Chancellor", head of Shuisky's foreign policy.

11/20/1611-9.1612 - Gramotin Ivan Tarasevich: printer and clerk of the Duma.

1610-6.1613 - Androsov Fedor: Duma clerk, acting. early Ambassadorial order in the absence of printers.

6.1613-16.5.1618 - Tretyakov Peter Alekseevich: Duma clerk, the first head of the Ambassadorial Department under the Romanovs.

5.1618-21.12.1626 - Gramotin Ivan Tarasevich: Duma clerk.

12/22/1626-7/30/1630 - Telepnev Efim Grigorievich: Duma clerk, printer.

9/21/1630-12/25/1631 - Likhachev Fedor Fedorovich: Duma clerk (since 1629).

1.10.1632-17.4.1634 - Gryazev Ivan Kirillovich: Duma clerk.

19.5.1634-19.7.1635 - Gramotin Ivan Tarasevich: printer and clerk of the Duma; thoughtful gentleman.

21.9.1635-1.9.1643 - Likhachev Fedor Fedorovich: Duma clerk; from October 27, 1641 - a printer; since 1643 - Duma nobleman and printer.

1.9.1643-27.12.1646 - Lvov Grigory Vasilyevich: Duma clerk.

6.1.1647-2.6.1648 - Pure (or Pure) Nazariy Ivanovich: Duma clerk, Duma embassy clerk, at the same time the head of the Novgorod couple.

4.7.1648-4.1653 - Volosheninov Mikhail Dmitrievich: Duma clerk.

28.9.1653-10.3.1667 - Ivanov Almaz (Ivan) Andreevich: Duma clerk, from 1648 - acting. early Prikaz, a printer since 1667. At the same time he managed the Print Prikaz.

1653-1665 (at the same time, as acting) - Larion Dmitrievich Lopukhin: Duma embassy clerk, acting head. Order in the absence of A. Ivanov and in the royal office.

18.2. (15.7.) 1667-21.2.1671 - Ordin-Nashchekin Afanasy Lavrentievich: close boyar. Royal large seals and state embassy affairs protector.

22.2.1671-3.7.1676 - Matveev Artamon Sergeevich: Duma nobleman, roundabout; boyar; from 1674 - close boyar; protector of embassy affairs.

4.7.1676-21.12.1680 - Ivanov Larion Ivanovich: Duma clerk; interim head Ambassadorial order with assistants - clerks V. Bobinin, Em. Ukraintsev, P. Dolgovo and Domnin.

12/21/1680-5/6/1681 - Volynsky Vasily Semenovich: close boyar, guardian of the embassy press, governor of Obdorsky; transferred to the province in Veliky Novgorod.

6.5.1681-15.5.1682 - Ivanov Larion Ivanovich: Duma clerk, acting. early Ambassadorial order.

17.5.1682-6.9.1689 - Vasily Vasilyevich Golitsyn: close boyar; governor of Novgorod; royal large seals and state great embassy affairs protector (since 1685).

6.9.1689-19.4.1699 - Ukraintsev Emelyan Ignatievich: Duma clerk (from 1689 acting, from 1697 - head of the Ambassadorial order).

1697-1699, 1702-1705 - Lev Kirillovich Naryshkin: boyar, replaced the tsar in all foreign affairs in his absence (E.I. Ukraintsev remained the 1st head of the Ambassadorial order in these cases); then managed the Ambassadorial order and the Collegium in the absence of F.F. Golovin.

19.4.1699-18.2.1700 - Golovin Fedor Alekseevich: manager of embassy affairs; the last administrator of the Posolsky Prikaz.

5. ACTIVITIES OF THE AMBASSADOR'S ORDER ON THE ESTABLISHMENT OF DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS BETWEEN THE STATE OF MOSCOW AND FOREIGN COUNTRIES

A. Establishment of diplomatic relations with European countries and regular peaceful (diplomatic or tributary) relations with the countries of the East

Over the entire 150-year history of its activity, the Posolsky Prikaz established relations with 10 new European states and 8 Asian ones, while before the formation of the Posolsky Prikaz, relations were established with 18 countries in just 70 years, that is, in half the period.

If we take into account that out of 10 countries that entered into relations with Russia during the period of the Ambassadorial Prikaz, only 5 can be considered real countries with which the Ambassadorial Prikaz “worked” (since the Order of Malta could not be considered a “country”, and Bavaria, Hanover , Genoa and Sardinia can actually be recorded in the assets of the Ambassadorial Office of Peter I, and not the apparatus of the Ambassadorial Prikaz), it must be admitted that the Ambassadorial Prikaz was almost ... inactive. In Asia, the quantitative results of the activities of the Ambassadorial Order in establishing diplomatic relations with new countries look even more discouraging: if we exclude the puppet semi-states, semi-colonies, which were absorbed by Moscow half a century later, then Persia and Georgia remain, relations with which were maintained extremely irregularly and became permanent only with XVIII century, i.e. for chronological framework activities of the Ambassadorial Order.

These quantitative results of the work of the Ambassadorial Order allow us to draw a conclusion about the nature and direction of the activity of this department. The department, of course, did not sit idle, but worked at full capacity and even, as we know from the documents, with great tension. But the main task of Russian diplomacy was to control and monitor relations with foreign countries, and not to encourage these relations, not to develop and stimulate them. On the contrary, the task was to keep relations with any power within rigid, strictly defined limits. And the observance of these rules was vigilantly monitored by the clerks and the clerk of the Foreign Ministry.

Another important task of Russian diplomacy was the gradual gathering of powers, the tireless acquisition and annexation of new territories to the Russian state. In this matter, Russian diplomats showed exceptional zeal, perseverance and purposefulness, consistency and patience, and often selflessness, that is, the best, brightest state and human qualities. This fact cannot but be noted and emphasized, because the Russian state, Russia as a great power, is a monument to the activity of the diplomats of the Posolsky Prikaz.

For decades, even sometimes half a century, for centuries they have been stubbornly, persistently moving towards their goal, without forcing events in order to prevent any mistake, which has always been considered an unforgivable mistake in Russian diplomacy. Better less, but better, you drive more quietly - you will continue - these are the principles that seriously guided the Ambassadorial Order, never striving for quick, but transient and ephemeral success, for external effects. So, for example, the complete annexation of the tribal states of the Ob region - a task that seemed to be “doomed” to success in advance - nevertheless dragged on for 50 years, but went exceptionally smoothly, without any excesses; the annexation of Georgia (Kakheti, Kartaliniya, Imereti) took more than a century, but it took place in full agreement and unity with the ruling circles and estates of this state, with the consent and approval of the entire Georgian people.

It was in this truly bee, painstaking work of collecting and incorporating new territories into the Russian state that the meaning and historical meaning throughout the activities of the Posolsky Prikaz as a foreign policy department.

The activities of the Ambassadorial Order in relation to European countries are especially indicative. It is an excellent illustration of the working methods of this institution.

If we carefully look at the above table, we will notice that the establishment of relations with new European countries during the existence of the Ambassadorial Order was always preceded by lengthy, preliminary, “probing” negotiations, often dragging on for years. They talked about whether it is possible and worth recognizing the foreign state that turned to the king with a request to enter into diplomatic relations. Often, such an appeal was generally followed by a sharp rebuke from the Moscow boyars, who declared on behalf of the tsar that it was “unhandy”, unprofitable, unnecessary for our state to enter into relations with someone.

The embassy order found out, checked and rechecked by all means available at that time whether this kingdom-state, which asked to enter into relations with Russia, was solid, and whether “acquaintance” with it would lower the dignity of the Muscovite kingdom and its tsar.

As a result of this captious, strict policy, Moscow established relations with such countries as Great Britain (as it began to be called from the time of the Tudors!), Holland - at that time the possession of Spain under Philip II and Isabella of Spain - that is, with the two largest states Europe of that time, politically strong and economically extremely useful for relations with Russia. As for their political orientation, the reactionary regime of Philip II in Europe (covering Spain, Portugal, the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, Milan, Belgium and the Netherlands) needs no special "presentation", its historical significance is well known.

With regard to the "small" states - Tuscany and Switzerland - and here the Moscow diplomats showed themselves completely up to par, not making a mistake in choosing friends. Tuscany and Switzerland responded to the principle of "small spool, but expensive." These were the best training centers in Europe at that time the highest qualification. It was from here that the military, engineers, architects, builders, artisans, doctors, scientists, artists, artists were recruited into the Moscow State, used both directly as specialists in their profession and as teachers preparing Russian specialists in the same industry.

At the same time, countries such as Courland, which Moscow diplomats did not consider at all to be a state, because its territory was only equal to two counties (Mitavsky and Goldingensky), and its head was not at all a noble person, but an impoverished grandson of the former Livonian germeister Gotthard Kettler, a longtime enemy of the Russian state, were not at all needed by Russia as "friends", but could become, if they were "caressed", unprofitable freeloaders. And therefore, Moscow diplomats forced Duke Jacob I for 11 whole years to persuade the clerks of the Ambassadorial order to send them valuable gifts and other “commemorations” so that they would only put in a good word about him and his duchy before His Royal Majesty.

So “poor relatives” and other “unprofitable” states that were unnecessary “for business”, but only able to increase the number of foreign counterparties, were sifted out as an empty ballast for Russia’s foreign affairs by the vigilant diplomats of the Ambassadorial Order. They did not pursue the size of the diplomatic corps at all and did not think about expanding the staff of their department, modestly working to maintain relations with three dozen countries, which was quite enough at that time.

The main direction of the work of the Posolsky Prikaz was to prevent the infiltration of various Western "seditions" into Russia, to isolate foreigners in Russia and Russians from foreigners, and also to collect military, political and economic data on the situation in the countries of Europe and Asia.

Only under Peter I, even before the complete elimination of the Ambassadorial Order, did a change occur in the previous methods of work and in the principles of establishing diplomatic relations with foreign countries. Peter 1 introduced foreign policy a lot of subjectivism and voluntarism, regardless of the old Russian traditions. He established diplomatic relations with everyone who either asked for it or was personally familiar to him in one way or another. That is why, already in the first years of his reign, he established relations with a mass of petty German monarchs, whom he met during his stay and raids in Western Europe (we don’t even indicate them, because most of these “states” simply disappeared from the political map after Northern war, and especially after the Napoleonic wars at the end of the XVIII - early XIX in.). It is precisely because of these qualities of Peter I that among the “friends” of Russia or countries that have diplomatic relations with it, there was any “rogue” like the decrepit Republic of Genoa, the semi-puppet “kingdom” of Sardinia and Sicily, sandwiched between the Austrian Empire and Prussia, Bavaria or the tiny Order of Malta , relations with which could only tickle the pride of such monarchs as Peter I and his "great-grandson" Paul I. The old clerks of the Ambassadorial Order would not allow establishing relations with such countries. Under the old tsars, for all their supposedly slavish subordination to the will of the sovereign, they (i.e., the apparatus of the Posolsky Prikaz) possessed the ability to force the monarch to make only those decisions that were traditional for Russian diplomacy, and had the full opportunity, with facts in hand, to prove all the disadvantages recognition of the country that was not needed, useless or even harmful to Russia.

Peter the Great broke this tried and tested, faultless, albeit terribly routine, slowly operating machine. During his lifetime, he removed professional diplomats from decision-making in foreign affairs. But this practice did not last long - only a quarter of a century.

The Collegium of Foreign Affairs, which replaced the Ambassadorial Order soon after the death of Peter I, turned, as we will see below, into a body with sovereign power planning, building and deciding in principle all foreign policy affairs, not at all taking into account the weak-willed German monarchs on the Russian throne. Moreover, all the affairs of the Collegium were decided not at all collectively, but absolutely single-handedly by the most powerful and strongest person in this Collegium - its head or his deputy. And he was guided solely by the historical interests of Russia, although it also happened that along the way, but without violating state interests, this or that chancellor also decided his personal affairs (for example, A. I. Osterman, A. P., Bestuzhev-Ryumin, N. I. Panin).

B. The first permanent missions of foreign states in Russia, permitted by the Ambassadorial Order

1) Trade agents, consuls, but not diplomats

1. England - 1585

2. Denmark - 1627

3. France - 1629 The first petition of the French king to open a permanent consulate. Rejected by Moscow - there is no need, France is far away, there are few French in Moscow

4. Holland - 1631 The first Dutch request for a trading agency. Not formally rejected but left unanswered

5. Sweden - 1631

6. Schleswig-Holstein - 1634 Agreement on the exchange of permanent agents. Holstein agent from January 1639 in Moscow. In 1641, the representation was closed due to disadvantage for Holstein

7. Brandenburg - 1675

8. Holland - 1678

2) The first permanent diplomatic missions in Moscow of foreign states

1. Sweden - Sept. 1666 Resident Johan de (af) Lilienthal

3. Poland - Sept. 1673 Ablegate (envoy) Pavel Svidersky

B. Creation of the first Russian permanent missions in European states by the Ambassadorial Order

1634 - Sweden (in Stockholm).

1673 - Commonwealth (in Warsaw).

1699 - Holland (in The Hague).

1700 - Denmark (in Copenhagen).

1701 - Austrian Empire (in Vienna).

1701 Turkish Empire (in Istanbul).

1702 - France (in Paris).

1706 - Great Britain (in London).

Almost until the beginning of the XVIII century. there were only two permanent missions - in Sweden and in Poland, that is, in the two most important neighboring states. As you can see, in the matter of creating missions, especially permanent ones, the Ambassadorial Order had different principles than when establishing diplomatic relations. Diplomatic relations were mainly and easily entered into with distant, but large prestigious countries. However, it was considered pointless to keep permanent missions there precisely because of their remoteness and the uselessness of intelligence given to distant friends. On the contrary, they considered it necessary to keep missions as an outpost of foreign policy intelligence and surveillance with close neighbors, and, moreover, with potential enemies: here the missions were really necessary "for the cause", and therefore no expense was spared on them.

In this respect, too, Peter I broke the logical, business-like, precisely Russian, order of organizing the diplomatic service, based on considerations of common sense. He established a permanent mission in the most friendly country to him and in the country most distant from Russia - in Holland, moreover, in a small country, not at all in a great power. For there he had many acquaintances and personally he liked the country. So the subjective, voluntaristic decision of the tsar broke the firm principles of Russian diplomacy, and she began to follow the Western "fashion", the Western principles of diplomatic relations. The founding of missions in Copenhagen, Vienna, Paris, London was a clear tribute to Western European diplomatic customs and went completely apart from the Ambassadorial Order, for these missions were supplied and subordinated exclusively to the royal Embassy Office.

The establishment of a permanent mission in Turkey, in a Muslim country, was also new. This was news to Russian diplomacy, but in principle it still corresponded better to its inner spirit than the creation of missions in Paris and London. After all, Turkey was an enemy and, moreover, a neighboring state, and it was necessary, logical and generally beneficial to keep an observation post there, although Russian diplomats in a Muslim country were very connected.

conclusions

Summing up the results of the activities of the first foreign policy department of Russia - the Ambassadorial Order from its creation in the form of an apparatus of 5-7 people (including the "minister" himself) and until the transfer of all affairs by this institution to the Foreign Collegium, when its staff reached 75-80 people, it should be emphasized that that, firstly, the Posolsky Prikaz practically created all the foundations of the diplomatic service in all its manifestations and handed over to its successor, the Foreign Collegium, an actually completed institution that needed only to be improved and supplemented, but in which all the main parts had already been created - the central apparatus, its departments - and the principles of their work were developed, their personnel were determined from the minister to the referent, translator and scribe. Secondly, diplomatic relations were established with all the most important and necessary European countries. Thirdly, permanent diplomatic missions were created in all the great powers of that time - Austria, Turkey, Sweden, Great Britain, France, Denmark and in all the main neighboring countries - in Sweden, Poland, Turkey, that is, the necessary and sufficient a minimum of a foreign network of diplomatic missions, which could only be supplemented as needed and the changing international situation.

Therefore, it would not be an exaggeration to say that the Posolsky Prikaz, despite all its archaic nature, turned out to be an effective and advanced institution and, with its modest but purposeful work, gradually prepared the main backbone, a strong foundation for the Russian Foreign Ministry, with which it was not ashamed and quite reliable to enter into new, enlightened XVIII century. In its diplomacy, in its level, Russia was already at the beginning of this century at the most perfect height, and this only provided the basis for the successes of Peter I, can serve as a good explanation for them, but was not at all created as a result of his activities in this field, but was a consequence of the fact that in the Foreign Ministry for a number of previous generations, for almost a century and a half, exceptionally talented people worked and trained personnel, the flower of Russian thought, Russian education and Russian organizational talent.

Peter I broke something in this already existing building, gave something, on the contrary, new impulses, somewhere expanded, and somehow narrowed the scope of his activities, but on the whole did not change the basic condition that the Foreign Ministry continued the tradition of attracting the best forces to the state administration was preserved, that the largest and most talented personalities were involved here, and there was, also traditionally, always more freedom of thought and less bureaucracy than in any other domestic political institution in Russia. It was precisely this circumstance that ensured the “survival” of the Russian Foreign Ministry in its struggle with the diplomacy of other countries. And it was precisely this that ensured the successful work of Russian diplomats on the whole, although the risk of a personal nature, the “dangerous nature” of the diplomatic service did not decrease at all in the 18th century: disgrace, exile, arrests and executions of leading diplomats continued throughout the next century, although not in such cruel forms as during the period of the Ambassadorial order.

The reason for the invitation to the studio "Radio Russia" Alexander Vladimirovich Yakovenko, Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs of Russia, became the Day of the diplomatic worker, which is celebrated on February 10 ...

(Listen to the audio recording of this conversation)

- We have a lot of all sorts of professional holidays, but the Day of the Diplomatic Worker as a professional holiday is known less than others. Why is this holiday celebrated on February 10, what is its history?

YAKOVENKO: The holiday is relatively young: the decree was signed in 2002. Since that time, Russian diplomats have been celebrating their professional day. Although the choice of the date of the holiday is far from accidental, it is directly connected with the history of the Russian diplomatic service, namely with the creation of the first foreign policy department of Russia. On this day in 1549, the earliest mention in historical documents of the Posolsky Prikaz is the first state structure in the history of our country that dealt with foreign affairs.

Actually, from that time the countdown began; The country's leadership decided to celebrate February 10 as the Day of the Diplomatic Worker. By the way, there is an interesting feature here: this professional holiday is called Diplomatic Worker's Day, and not just Diplomat's Day. The diplomatic service is not only diplomats, it is people of various professions - the same translators, people who ensure the work of embassies. Therefore, this is a common holiday not only for people who are negotiating. This is a holiday for diplomatic couriers who carry diplomatic mail, and other embassy employees. It is important that all of them be attached to a professional celebration.

- In our country, employees of many structures have a uniform: both investigative bodies and prosecutors, even railway workers. What is the difference between the uniform of diplomats?

YAKOVENKO: She is really very beautiful and has long history. It was both in tsarist times and in the days of the Soviet Union. The light uniform was used in countries with a hot climate, primarily in Asia and Africa, where it is quite difficult to wear thick cloth. The dark uniform was used on other occasions and in other countries. But the decision to recreate the form of a Russian diplomat was made just in the days of the signing of the decree in 2002. The form of a modern Russian diplomat resembles the Soviet one, but, of course, it is different: a different symbolism, a coat of arms, although the concept itself has been preserved.

There is no summer uniform - it is only dark, and diplomats wear it on three occasions. First of all - when the ambassador arrives in the country and presents his credentials; this is the first visit to the head of state, and the Russian ambassador comes to the meeting in uniform. By the way, have you noticed that some of the foreign diplomats who have uniforms, presenting accreditation certificates, also come to the meeting with the President of Russia in uniform?

The second time that uniforms are allowed is on public holidays. The Ambassador, while in the host country, may come to a reception in honor of a public holiday in uniform. Naturally, this emphasizes the peculiarity of the solemn moment, and many ambassadors take advantage of this. Although this happens infrequently. And, of course, now that we have established the Day of the Diplomatic Worker, on a holiday all diplomats wear uniforms.

I must say that only the top leadership has a uniform: in this case, these are ambassadors extraordinary and plenipotentiary, the highest diplomatic rank of the Russian foreign service; there are also extraordinary and plenipotentiary advisers of the 1st and 2nd class. In Soviet times, all this was equated with high general ranks. If you take this whole hierarchy, everything today looks like this. Probably, one should not draw parallels with a military uniform, but, of course, this demonstrates the level of a diplomat. By the way, the uniform is embroidered with gold thread...

- What about the role of Russian diplomacy in international relations? For example, Soviet Foreign Minister Andrei Gromyko was known as "Mr. No", a man with a very tough position. In your opinion, is the current Russian diplomacy more flexible than the Soviet one? It is clear that in any case, national interests are defended, but there are nuances...

YAKOVENKO: Regarding Gromyko, I do not quite agree with his interpretation as "Mr. No"; this is basically the Western interpretation of Gromyko. The fact is that he worked in a certain coordinate system, and he could not draw any other line than the line of the state. And if he did not agree with some elements - and then there was a rather tough confrontation, there was cold war, a serious confrontation (and everyone remembers this) - then a large number of various agreements were still reached. In particular, in 1945, the UN Charter was signed, where Russia was an active participant in the creation of this organization. A large number of disarmament agreements were signed, a host of other agreements were reached that met the interests not only of our country, but also of other states ...

RGADA documents on the history of public service in Russia. XVI - XVII centuries.

The history of Russia, as a strong and powerful state, is inextricably linked with the history of the system of government and administration, the driving force of which was service people who gave all their strength and skills for the good of the Fatherland. Even in ancient times, the combatants of Russian princes served not only in the military field, but also collected tribute in peacetime, assisted the prince in the administration of justice, ruled cities, that is, they performed the duties of future civil officials. As a reward for their service, they were given estates and complained of estates. In the era of Moscow centralization, the grant of patrimony, together with the local system, contributed to the concentration at the disposal of the Moscow sovereigns of both the best service forces of various Russian regions, and many foreigners who came to seek their fortune in the service of Moscow.

At the turn of the XV-XVI centuries, the unification of Russian lands around Moscow was basically completed. The formation of the Russian state was accompanied by the gradual construction of the state apparatus, which grew out of the grand ducal court. When appointed to the highest positions in the central and local government apparatus and in the army, localism played an important role, which as a system was formed in the 15th century. According to him, the place of the feudal lord on the service-hierarchical ladder of ranks was determined primarily by his generosity, the merits of his ancestors in the service of the Grand Duke. The abolition of localism in 1682 played an important role in establishing the principle of personal service.

With the growth of the territory of the Moscow state, the management system became more complicated, which, in turn, required a qualified approach to solving urgent problems. There was a need to create government bodies with certain functions. From the personal assignments (orders) of the prince to the boyars, as well as to unborn, but competent clerk officials, orders arose as an organ of the central state apparatus. The history of the emergence of the command system of administration attracted the attention of many prominent historians of Russia (S. M. Soloviev, V. O. Klyuchevsky, S. A. Belokurov, M. N. Tikhomirov, A. A. Zimin, S. O. Schmidt, A. K. Leontiev, N. P. Eroshkin, etc.), but the question of the time of creation of orders is still controversial.

With the expansion of the range of tasks of the prince's confidants (from the beginning of the 16th century), they were given "for writing" smaller officials - clerks, united in a special room - "hut", "courtyard". Such an office, together with the official who headed it, was the core of the future order. They had become by the middle of the 16th century. to permanent central institutions - orders with their own staff and their own office work. The most important orders that existed from the end of the 15th century until the abolition of the order administration at the beginning of the 17th century were the Razryazny, Pomesny and Posolsky.

Almost from the first years of the XVI century. you can trace the service activities of discharge clerks ( See: P. N. Milyukov. The oldest bit book. M., 1901), during which the Discharge Order was formed, which was in charge of military affairs. In particular, the Discharge was supposed to take care of the recruitment and formation of regiments, keep records of all military people in peacetime, set the amount of monetary and local salaries, etc. In addition to exclusively military functions, the Discharge Order dealt with the affairs of the personnel of the state apparatus. This order also kept a personal record of representatives of all noble ranks in the service of the king. And this service was sometimes very difficult, especially for small provincial nobles. For 20-30 years they carried it to the distant borders of the Russian state. Yes, and the capital's nobility was constantly in the "state service."

The provision of service people with a local salary, the amount of which was established by the Discharge, was administered by another central order - the Local Order, which was initiated by the Local Hut and the position of the local clerk. Anyone who was determined to serve, submitted a petition to the Discharge Order with a request to allocate a land estate to him. In the Razryad, they made inquiries about him, and then sent a replies or a decree to the Local Order about dissociating a certain amount of land from him.

With the formation of the Russian centralized state, its international relations also increased. This led to the appearance of the post of ambassadorial clerk (1486), and then the Ambassadorial order. The embassy files, selected by individual countries, currently form one of the most valuable collections of the RGADA. Not only clerks of various articles served in the Ambassadorial Prikaz, but also translators (for written translation) and interpreters (for interpretation). "State service" for them consisted not only in order work. Deacons and clerks of the Posolsky Prikaz participated in embassies as comrades together with ambassadors and envoys, were part of the first Russian residences at foreign courts, the most experienced officials received independent diplomatic missions in the ranks of messengers. The embassy service was not the privilege of only clerks of the Ambassadorial order. His ranks were periodically replenished by clerks of other orders, who had the appropriate knowledge and qualifications.

The source for the formation of the bureaucratic bureaucracy was, first of all, the ordered families, in which children inherited the profession and sometimes even the position of their father - clerk, while the future civil servant studied under the guidance of his father not only writing, but also foreign languages, the intricacies of official work, from love and loyalty to the Fatherland and the tsar were passed from generation to generation. In the absence of provisions and special instructions on the organization of work in orders, continuity contributed to the transfer of administrative experience in the organization of management, which had been accumulated for decades, served as the basis for the activities of officials in orders.

The staff of orders was replenished from the nobility, the children of the clergy, from service people on the instrument and townspeople. A necessary condition for service in government bodies was a certain level of education, which they received in the family and in schools at monasteries and churches. Among the clerks and clerks there were well-educated and gifted people. Order officials often possessed literary talent, wrote historical and journalistic essays, and in the performance of diplomatic missions compiled valuable geographical descriptions and maps. In the person of clerks and clerks, a new bureaucracy was created, which had experience, general and special knowledge. As a specialist in the history of the service bureaucracy of the 16th century notes. Doctor of Historical Sciences N. F. Demidova, when recruiting the staff of state institutions, government guidelines played a huge role regarding the environment from which these states were scooped ( See: Demidova N. F. Mandatory schools of primary education in Moscow in the 17th century. M., 1994. S. 52). The most important, from this point of view, is the royal decree, set out in memory in the Discharge Order on December 7, 1640: “Send to all orders of memory, so that the priests and deacon’s children, and living rooms and cloth hundreds of merchants, and all sorts of black hundreds of townspeople, and arable people and their children should not be accepted as clerks "( Russian Historical Library. SPb., 1889. T. 11. No. 3. S. 234). The restrictive policy of the government in recruiting the service bureaucracy on the ground continued throughout the 17th century; during the mass analysis of clerks at the end of the century, only those clerks who belonged to the "clerk's rank" (i.e. were hereditary clerks) were left in the service. Analysis of the Moscow orders of the second half of the century was a certain way of regulating the growth in the number of clerks, their distinguishing feature was a strictly production principle - finding out the professional suitability of an official for order work. Moreover, the government did not consider it necessary to find out the social roots of the Moscow bureaucracy, given, apparently, the fact that it was formed under the direct supervision of the judiciary and the Discharge. All clerks who fell under the decree were supposed to be returned to the composition of the social environment to which their parents belonged. Another source for replenishing the staff of the Moscow orders with highly qualified and educated clerks was the system of transferring employees from local institutions to Moscow.

Already by the middle of the XVII century. the civil (civilian) service stood out from the service, which among the service bureaucracy was regarded as less honorable than service in regiments, military expeditions and embassies. One of the sources for understanding what the service people, officials in orders, invested in the concept of “state service”, in particular, are the oaths published below (“crucifix records”) of allegiance to the Moscow rulers.

Already in the 1598 oath to Tsar Boris Godunov, special inscriptions appeared for palace officials and clerks, which related to the range of their official duties. For the first time, the oath to Boris Godunov was taken not in "domestic temples", as before, but in the Assumption Cathedral. The oath took place for many days in a row from morning to evening - there was no break even during the church service. Muscovites saw in this innovation an insulting violation of traditions, but the custom introduced by Godunov was established for subsequent times.

The increase and complication of the functions of orders required from their employees an ever higher level of education and special training. Mandatory work required a high technique of calligraphic writing, knowledge of several languages, arithmetic, legal proceedings, that is, something that private and church schools could not give. Undoubtedly, within the walls of orders, "young" clerks learned the wisdom and secrets of order work under the guidance of more experienced officials,

A significant event in the history of education in Russia in the 17th century. was the opening of the school of Hieromonk Timothy in 1681 at the Moscow printing yard, which, along with the school of the Epiphany Monastery of the Likhud brothers and the Spassky Monastery of Simeon of Polotsk, became the predecessor of the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy, opened in 1687. Direct relation to the organization of these schools and The academies had ecclesiastical authorities. Allocating funds for school work, the patriarchal administration recorded their vacation in accounting documents - account books stored in the RGADA. The school of Simeon of Polotsk, formed in the mid-60s, is considered in literature to be specially designed for the training of especially trusted officials of the personal office of the tsar, clerks of the Order of Secret Affairs, the services of this school were also used by the patriarchal administration. The school of Hieromonk Timothy, in contrast to the highly specialized school of Simeon of Polotsk, was open to a fairly wide range of people. It taught "patriarchal and hierarchal clerks and all sorts of ranks of people in the Greek language and literacy."

The first teachers of the Academy were the Greek brothers Ioannikei and Sofroniy Likhud, who arrived in Moscow from Turkey in 1685 on the recommendation of the Eastern Patriarchs. The Likhud brothers taught all subjects, they also compiled textbooks on grammar, rhetoric, psychology, physics, etc. The Academy was located in the Zaiko-Novospassky Monastery in Kitay-gorod. The most diligent and diligent students of the Academy received awards from the tsar, and at the end of the course they complained about ranks and were assigned to the noble class. Representatives of many well-known boyar and clerk families entered the Academy, especially after the decree of Peter I that boyars and other officials should send their children to the Likhuds to learn the Italian language.

The Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy was the largest cultural and educational center in Russia in the last quarter of the 17th - early 18th centuries.

The Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts in the funds of state institutions contains the main documents on the history of the formation and evolution of the Russian public service from ancient times to late XVIII in. Day after day, the records management of state institutions recorded evidence of the appointments and movements of officials, their requests for awards, the level of knowledge and professional training.

The RGADA documents published below are part of an extensive source base for studying not only general problems public service, but also private issues of education, training, personal initiative and ethics of employees. Texts are published with the preservation of the spelling of the authors; the words in square brackets have been restored in meaning.

The publication was prepared by N. Yu. BOLOTINA.

№ 1

Oath (crucifixion) to Boris Godunov with inscriptions for clerks in orders and clerks of "ambassadorial and discharge"

I kiss this holy and life-giving cross of the Lord on that, on everything, therefore to me, my sovereign, my tsar and Grand Duke Boris Fedorovich of all Russia and his tsarina and Grand Duchess Marya Grigorievna and their children, Tsarevich Prince Fyodor Borisovich of All Russia and the princess Grand Duchess Aksinya Borisovna and whose children to them henceforth, God will give the sovereign to serve and straighten up about everything without any tricks, because in this record it is written to your stomach according to this kiss of the cross, and I will not teach the language to my sovereign and Grand Duke Boris Fedorovich of All Russia and his queen and Grand Duchess Mary and the children of sovereigns to your prince and prince Fedor and princess and grand duchess Aksinya serve and straighten this cross-kissing, or some other famously doing past this cross-kissing and do not awaken on me the mercy of God and the most pure Mother of God and the great Russian miracle-workers Peter and Oleksei and Jonah and all the saints and do not wake me the blessing of His Holiness Patriarch Iev of Moscow and All Russia and metropolitans and archbishops and bishop ovs and archimandrites and abbots and the whole consecrated ecumenical council, neither in a dress, nor in anything else, do anything dashing or spoil it, don’t give a dashing potion and roots, and don’t tell me to give a dashing potion and give roots, but who will teach me a potion and give a dashing root or someone will teach me to speak, so that over my sovereign, the tsar and the great prince Boris Fedorovich of all Russia and over the queen and the great

Princess Marya and over their children their sovereigns over Tsarevich Prince Fyodor and over Tsarevna Grand Duchess Aksinya, what dashing thing he wants to do or who wants to spoil it, and I can’t listen to that person in any way and don’t take the potion and roots from that person, and even my own people and with department and with every dashing potion and root, do not send sorcerers and sorcerers and sorcerers and sorcerers and do not get for the state tsar and grand duke Boris Fedorovich of all Russia and for tsaritsino and tsarevich and tsarevna for every dashing, so do I have the sovereign of my tsar and grand duke Boris Fedorovich All Russia and its Queen and Grand Duchess Mary and their royal children, Tsarevich Prince Fedor and Tsarevna and Grand Duchess Aksinya, do not spoil the legacy with any witch's dreams and do not send any dashing down the wind with the department and do not lure the trace, with which deeds are no cunning.

As the Sovereign Tsar and Grand Duke Boris Fedorovich of All Russia and his Tsaritsa and Grand Duchess Marya and their children, Tsarevich Prince Fedor and Tsarevna and Grand Duchess Aksinya where they will go or where they will go and do not wipe out my trace with magic and do not intend and do not intend with any evil intent and magic do neither by which deeds nor by cunning according to this kissing of the cross, and whoever wants to think or do such a witch’s deed, and then I’ll know about that person and tell my sovereign to his great king and great. to Prince Boris Fedorovich of all Russia or his boyars or neighbors, and don’t hide it from me in any way, but tell me really without any tricks, but I’ll tell you or from the side I’ll hear from some person who will teach me to think about such an evil deed and plot against the Sovereign Tsar and Grand Duke Boris Fedorovich of All Russia and over his Tsarina and Grand Duchess Marya and over their children over Tsarevich Prince Fedor and over Tsarevna and Grand Duchess Aksinya for every dashing or whoever wants the Sovereign Tsar and Grand Duke Boris Fedorovich of All Russia or his tsarina and Grand Duchess Mary and their children Tsarevich Prince Fedor and Tsarevna and Grand Duchess Aksinya with root and dashing potion and sorcery and magic and marvel and spoil that one and bring it to my sovereign Tsar and Grand Duke Boris Fedorovich of all Russia or to his boyars or to neighbor people really, without any tricks for this kiss on the cross, and don’t hide it for me with no deeds or tricks, but they won’t be able to catch it and tell me about that person to the sovereign of my tsar and Grand Duke Boris Fedorovich of All Russia or his boyars or neighbors, to whom the word should be conveyed to the Sovereign Tsar and Grand Duke Boris Fedorovich of All Russia or to his great boyars or to close people really without any tricks on this cross kiss.

So I pass by the sovereign of my tsar and Grand Duke Boris Fedorovich of All Russia and his tsarina and Grand Duchess Mary and their children of their sovereigns Prince Fedor Borisovich of All Russia and the princess and Grand Duchess Aksinya and those children whom God will give them as sovereign ahead, Semion Bekbulatova 1 and his children and no one else in the Muscovite state and do not want to see or think or think with him the truth, be friends or refer to Semion Bekbulatov or letters or words do not order any dashing or deeds or any cunning for this kissing of the cross, but who should I will learn to talk about it or someone will learn to think and think with someone that Semyon or his son or someone else should be planted in the Muscovite state, but then I will know or hear from anyone, and I will seize him and bring him to the sovereign, the king and the great to Prince Boris Fedorovich of all Russia or to his sovereign boyars or to neighbor people, but tell me about it really, without any tricks, out of unfriendliness, I won’t start on anyone, but out of friendship I’m not out of self-interest, but what I hear or see about what dashing about Sovereign Tsar and Grand Duke Boris Fedorovich of All Russia and about his queen and Grand Duchess Marya and about their royal children God bless your tsar and Grand Duke Boris Fedorovich of all Russia or his sovereign boyars or neighbors, and do not do this to me in any way by any cunning for this kiss of the cross.

And where is my sovereign, the Tsar and Grand Duke Boris Fedorovich of All Russia and his Tsarina and Grand Duchess Marya and their royal children Tsarevich Prince Fedor Borisovich of All Russia and Princess and Grand Duchess Aksinya order to be in their royal service and I, being in his sovereign service to the sovereign to serve and straighten your tsar and Grand Duke Boris Fedorovich of all Russia without any tricks and treason, do not commit and do, and do not do any dashing and on the sovereign tsar and Grand Duke Boris Fedorovich of all Russia and on his queen and Grand Duchess Marya and on their royal children, on the tsarevich, on Prince Fedor and on the princess and Grand Duchess Aksinya, and whom God will give them children, sovereign in advance, neither to think nor think, and not to bring anyone to him or semetis and not unite for any dashing and crowd and conspiracy and all dashing intent do not come, but where will I know the osprey or the evil intent on the sovereign of his tsar and Grand Duke Boris Fedorovich of All Russia and on his queen and Grand Duchess Ma and on their children, on Tsarevich Prince Fedor and on the princess and Grand Duchess Aksinya, what a dashing intention and with those people who will be in that crowd and in every evil intention will appear to me until death. So I don’t come to the sovereign tsar’s and the Grand Duke Boris Fedorovich of All Russia, the boyar of my neighbors and to all kinds of people with a crowd and a conspiracy and all dashing and evil intentions, don’t come and don’t intend and don’t kill, and don’t order anyone to kill any person to death by which cunning according to this cross-kissing.

So to me from the sovereign of my tsar and Grand Duke Boris Fedorovich of All Russia and his queen and Grand Duchess Mary and from the royal children of their sovereigns from Tsarevich Prince Fedor and from the princess and Grand Duchess Aksinya to another sovereign, neither to the Turks nor to the Caesar to the Lithuanian King Zhigimont and to other kings neither to the Spanish nor to the French nor to the Czech nor to the Danish nor to the Ugric nor to the Svean king and to Anguilla and to others neither to the Germans nor to the Crimea nor to Nagai nor to the other peoples that the states cannot leave or it’s hard for me and no one can commit treason, but where is my sovereign and the tsar and grand duke Boris Fedorovich of all Russia and his royal children, prince prince Fedor and princess and grand duchess Aksinya order to be in their sovereign service in which city in the campaign to be, and to me from my sovereign. Tsar and Grand Duke Boris Fedorovich of All Russia and from his tsarina and Grand Duchess Mary and from their children from Tsarevich Prince Fedor and from Tsarevna and Grand Duchess Aksinya you can’t leave for any state and city regiments can’t go to any state for that reason.

So where is my sovereign and the tsar and Grand Duke Boris Fedorovich of all Russia orders to be at some order or in court, and being at his sovereign’s affairs, I really don’t strive for friendship with anyone, and for hostility, don’t take revenge on anyone. And let me rule my sovereign, my tsar and Grand Duke Boris Fedorovich of all Russia and his tsarina and Grand Duchess Marya and their tsar’s children, Tsarevich Prince Fedor and Tsarevna and Grand Duchess Aksinya, and whom God will give them children, the Sovereign in advance, and their lands of good desire in everything really and to your belly according to this cross kiss. (...)

And here is the deacon's attribution of all orders.

And that the Sovereign Tsar and Grand Duke Boris Fedorovich of All Russia granted me, ordered me to be in the dyatsekh, and I, being in his sovereign affairs, to the sovereign of his Tsar and Grand Duke Boris Fedorovich of All Russia and his Empress and Grand Duchess Marya and their children, Tsarevich Prince Fedor To Borisovich of All Russia and to the princess and Grand Duchess Aksinya and to those children whom God will give them sovereigns in advance, want good things in everything and do all sorts of things and judge really, out of friendship do not strive for anything in anything, and out of unfriendliness do not take revenge on anyone and all sorts of sovereign treasuries and do not steal money, and take care of sovereign treasuries, and the sovereign treasury is by no means served by anything [Inserted above the line: to nothing], and do not take promises and commemorations from anyone from anything, and do not carry the secret affairs of the sovereign and all sorts of things to anyone and do not tell and rule me to the sovereign, your tsar and Grand Duke Boris Fedorovich of All Russia and his queen and Grand Duchess Marya and their children, Tsarevich Prince Fyodor Borisovich of All Russia and Princess and Grand Duchess Aksinya and whom God will give them children before the sovereign and their lands to want good in everything really and to their belly according to this kiss of the cross. [...]

And this is an assignment to embassy up to the rank clerk.

So, being with his sovereign tsar’s and Grand Duke Boris Fedorovich of all Russia at the embassy and at the rank cases, do all sorts of things really and to anyone of the sovereign’s embassy and rank secret and all sorts of things Russian to every person and foreigner do not carry and do not say anything in any way nor any cunning for this cross-kissing. And where will my sovereign, the Tsar and the Grand Duke Boris Fedorovich of all Russia, send me his royal affairs with ambassadors or envoys or messengers to the Caesar or to the Pope and to the French and to the Danish and Sveian king or to other states in which any states and me, being a state affair, to hunt with zeal according to his royal order and not bring those sovereign affairs to anyone or do nothing past the sovereign decree and with whom foreigners do not refer to any famously and do not talk with them about the sovereign tsar and Grand Duke Boris Fedorovich of all Russia and about his queen and Grand Duchess Marya and about their royal children, about Tsarevich Prince Fyodor Borisovich of All Russia and about the Princess and Grand Duchess Aksinya and about their states, no dashing and embassy affairs and news of any and all sovereign affairs, do not tell anyone any business nor any cunning and to his stomach according to this cross kiss. [...]

RGADA. F. 156. Op. 1. D. 78. L. 1-9, 17, 18, 21, 22. Original.

№ 2

Assignment to the oath to Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich for clerks of the Ambassadorial order

First half of the 17th century

Kissing record of the Ambassador's order by clerk.

Yaz, imrek, kiss [Further crossed out: this] holy and life-giving cross of the Lord [Inserted above the line: great] Sovereign to his Tsar and Grand Duke Mikhail Fedorovich of All Russia [Inserted above the line: Autocrat] and the Empress Empress and Grand Duchess Evdokeya Lukyanovna and their sovereign children, the Blessed Tsarevich Prince Alexei Mikhailovich and the Blessed Princess and Grand Duchess Irina Mikhailovna and the Blessed Princess and Grand Duchess Anna Mikhailovna and the Blessed Princess and Grand Duchess Tatyana Mikhailovna, and whose children henceforth God will give them sovereign on then serve me as your sovereign, and want to be straight and good in everything really without any tricks [Inserted above the line: before his death], and it’s hard for me to them, my sovereign, not to want in anything and some tricks that you can’t fix, don’t do and don’t think about [Inserted above the line: volume] who cares. And what am I, imryak, according to the sovereign tsar and Grand Duke Mikhail Fedorovich of all Russia, by decree ordered [Further crossed out: to me] be [Further crossed out: in the Ambassadorial order, in the order of the Grand Palace] at his state affairs in clerks and me [Further crossed out: to me], being at the evo sovereign [Inserted above the line: embassy and secret all sorts of things, do not tell anyone and do not carry, crossed out: and don't tell anyone] and that the sovereign’s treasury does not lend to anyone and is not self-serving, and in income and expenditure, write money and all kinds of income really without reduction and without increase, and do not ascribe a surplus to the expenditure, and in everything in the sovereign’s treasury look for profits, and which sovereigns [Inserted above the line: embassy] and secret deeds will be ordered, or from whom I hear or see, and I about that [Inserted above the line: therefore] do not say anything to anyone and do not carry it through, and in all their state health from all danger, protect this kiss.

So, my name, in judgment and in all kinds of criminal cases, tell the truth and not be friends with friends, but don’t put an enemy in anything and don’t start anything on your own, and where I hear or tell the sovereign of my tsar and Grand Duke Mikhail Fedorovich of all Russia and on their sovereign, the queen and grand duchess Evdokei Lukyanovna and on their sovereign children of all kinds of people, or a conspiracy, or some other kind of evil intent, and I should tell those people about it to the sovereign or evo sovereign boyars and neighbor people, really, but you can’t hide it and in vain don't mess with anyone.

And where does the Sovereign Tsar and Grand Duke Mikhailo Fedorovich of all Russia command me, name, to be in his sovereign service, and I will therefore serve his sovereign to serve and straighten up and want goodness in everything [Inserted above the line: really] without any cunning and without the sovereign's edict, do not refer to any business with anyone and do not stick to theft with any business, and do not change to the Crimea and Lithuania and the Germans and to other states, do not leave [Inserted above the line: and with his sovereign enemies instead of crossed out: and with the sovereign's enemies] not to be known, and without the sovereign's decree, about any deeds by letters and words and by no letter, do not refer, but do everything really according to this kiss of the cross.

Yaz, name, I kiss this holy and life-giving cross [Inserted above the line: Lord's] on that, on everything, as in this entry, it is written according to that to me and do everything really and until the death of my stomach according to this kiss on the cross.

RGADA. F. 159. Op. 1. D. 870. L. 1-5. Draft.

№ 3

Case on the petition of the godfathers 2 Ivan Petrov and Nikifor Fofanov about rewarding them for their service

December 1614

Tsar Sovereign and Grand Duke Mikhail Fedorovich of all Russia is beaten with a brow by your serfs by your sovereign krechatniks Ivashko Petrov and Mikiforko Fofanov. Sent, sir, we are your serfs for your tsar's service in the Crimea from the Krechets with your tsar's ambassador with Prince Grigory Kostentinovich with Volkhonsky and with Diyak with Peter and Ovdokimov 3 . And your sovereign’s gerfs brought you to the Crimea great, and going to the Crimea, we serfs your horses fell off and skinned themselves, now we have reached your serfs [In the text: breathed] from the Crimea on foot and naked with Prince Ivan Volkhonsky. Merciful Tsar Sovereign and Grand Duke Mikhailo Fedorovich of All Russia, perhaps we are his lackeys for our service and for the loss of our royal salary in addition to our old money and for going out, as God informs you sovereign. King, sovereign, have mercy, perhaps.

Summer 7123rd (1614) December on the 20th day. According to the Sovereign Tsar and Grand Duke Mikhail Fedorovich of All Russia, I decree the memory of the deacon of the Duma Peter Tretyakov and Sava Romanchukov, in the Order of the Grand Palace 4 to the boyar to Boris Mikhailovich Saltykov and to the deacon to Ivan Bolotnikov and his comrades. In memory, behind your Savina's inscription, it is written: it was ordered to write out from the verstalnovo list that Ivan Petrov and Mikifor Fofanov, a baptist, have a mixed salary, and send that extract to [Text break, probably: us] in the Ambassadorial order. And in the Order of the Grand Palace, in the list of courtyard people of the current 123rd (1614/15) year, it is written: salary to Ivan Petrov [Inserted above the line: old] crossbred three hundred and fifty four, and monetary fifteen rubles, and Mikifor Fofanov in the past in the 120th] (1611/12) year, according to the typesetting of boyar Boris Mikhailovich Saltykov and clerks Ivan Bolotnikov with his comrades, a salary of again crossbred two hundred and fifty four, and money ten rubles.

Skrepa: Diac Patrekey Nasonov.

I salute the Sovereign Tsar and Grand Duke Mikhail Fedorovich of All Russia, baptismalists Ivan Petrov and Mikifor Fofonov. They were sent to the sovereign's service in the Crimea with gyrfalcons, the sovereign's ambassadors with Prince Grigory Volkonsky and the clerk with Peter Ovdokimov, and the sovereign's gyrfalcons brought them to the Crimea great. And in the Crimea, de going by horses, they fell down, and they themselves came out of the Crimea on foot and naked.

And the sovereign, the tsar and Grand Duke Mikhailo Fedorovich of all Russia, would grant them with his sovereign salary, a mixed addition and a cash salary, as God informs the sovereign.

And written out as an example.

Last year, in the 114th (1605/06) year, gyrfalcon workers were sent to Kizylbashi 5 with Prince Ivan Romodanovsky Ostafey Sychov and Mikhailo Paskin, and they came from Kizylbash last year in the 118th (1609/10) year. And the sovereign’s salary was given to them in addition to their old salary for service and for exit:

Ostafei Sychov. The sovereign's salary was given to him to 350 honors ... [Text break] four... [Text break] to 14 rubles 4 rubles.

Michael Paskin. The sovereign's salary was given to him to 200 cheti 50 cheti, money to 8 rubles 2 rubles.

And in memory from the Order of the Grand Palace, attributed to the deacon Patrekey Nasonov of the current 123rd (1614/15) year, it is written: the baptist of the old cross-breed and monetary salary to Ivan Petrov is 350 four, money is 15 rubles, Mikifor Fofonov is a cross-bred salary of 250 four, money is 10 rubles .

Lands for the Crimean service were written [The text is illegible, possibly: given] Ivan Petrov 50 four, money 4 rubles, and 5 rubles for service and good cloth. Mikifor Fofanov 50 four, money 2 rubles and medium cloth.

RGADA. F. 138. Op. 1.1613. D. 1. L. 27-30. Script.

№ 4

Decree memory of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich on the transfer of the interpreter from Kazan to Moscow in the Ambassadorial order

Summer 7149 (1640) - December 5th [day]. By decree of the Sovereign and Tsar and Grand Duke Mikhail Fedorovich of All Russia, I will decree the memory of the boyar Prince Boris Mikhailovich Lykov and the clerk Fyodor Panov and Sergei Makeev. The Sovereign Tsar and Grand Duke Mikhailo Fedorovich of all Russia ordered to take [Inserted above the line: from Kazan to Moscow] to his sovereign's business in the Ambassadorial order to translators [further in the text it is crossed out: from Kazan] Tatar Dzhana Alei Abyz. And according to the Sovereign Tsar and Grand Duke Mikhail Fedorovich of All Russia, order the boyar Prince Boris Mikhailovich Lykov and the deacon Fedorov Panov and Sergei Makeev to send the sovereign’s letter to Kazan to the boyar and governors to Prince Ivan Ondreevich Golitsin and comrades, and order that Kazan Tatar Dzhan Alei Abyz send from Kazan to Moscow on carts.

On l. 1 entry: "The sovereign's memory was sent with the interpreter from Grigory Pensky."

RGADA. F. 141. 1640 D. 52. L. 1. Original.

№ 5

An entry about clerks who were promoted to the rank for the "Riga Service", serving in Moscow in orders

Complained to the clerks after the Riga services and now in Moscow in orders, but they have never been to the services after that. In Reitar 6 Grigory Bogdanov; at the Ondrej Selin Palace, Denis Savlukov; in Rozboynoye 7 Dmitry Shipulin; in the Local Andrey Ansimov; in the Grand Parish Ivan Yartsev, Ivan Cherneev; in Chelobite 8 Matvey Lvov; in the Armory 9 Bogdan Orefiev; in Monastyrsky 10 Andreyan Erokhov, Philip Ortemyev; in Zemsky 11 Afonasey Bashmakov; in Kamenny, the warrior Bulychov, from the palace clerks, was in Pskov; in the Ustyug couple Alexander Anisimov; in the Kostroma couple Ivan Chistago; in the New Quarter 12 Larion Ivanov; at the salt distribution Mikita Yadin, Osip Karpov, Bogdan Efimov; out of work Peter Malygin, Mikita Naumov, Isai Dubinin, Mikifor Velikosenskaya, Alexander Alekseev.

RGADA. F. 210. Op. 9. Moscow table. D. 350. L. 351-352. Script.

№ 6

Petition of the clerk of the order to the Galician couple of Vasily Nikitin 13 on the award of his salary for service in the regiments and the order

After 1664/65

The Tsar Sovereign and Grand Duke Alexei Mikhailovich of all the Great and Small and White Russia, the Autocrat, is beaten by your serf by order of the Galician couple, clerk Vaska Nikitin. I work for you, the great sovereign, I am your serf at your great sovereign’s affairs in Moscow in orders and at your great sovereign’s services since 7159 (1650/51), and at your great sovereign’s services I was, your serf, with the boyar and governors with Prince Boris Andreevich Repnin with comrades in 7170 (1661/62) and in 7171 (1662/63) in the Novgorod regiments, and in 7172 (1663/64) and in 7173 (1664 / 65) Godeh in Belegorod.

Yes, I, your serf, have been sent to Ozov for your great sovereign affairs, and your great sovereign’s salary is thirty rubles to me, your serf’s monetary salary, and I’m not verstan your serf with a mixed salary. The merciful Sovereign, the Tsar and Grand Duke Alexei Mikhailovich of All Great and Small and White Russia, Autocrat, perhaps I was his serf for my clerk work and services, the Sovereign led me with a local salary to set how you inform the great and merciful Sovereign of everything. Tsar sovereign, have mercy, have mercy.

RGADA. F. 210. Sevsky table. Stb. 254. L. 210. Original.

№ 7

Service record of the translator of the Ambassadorial order Fyodor Fedorov

September 7180 (1671) on the 10th [day]. The interpreter Fyodor Fyodorov told the Ambassador's order. Last year, in the year 7170 (1662/63), when the ambassador of the King of England visited the great sovereign in Moscow 14 , and at that time I was near the city of Arkhangelsk, and at the same time from Moscow to the city of Arkhangelsk a sovereign letter was sent to the governor, ordered to find an Arkhangelsk translator and interpreter of the Aglian language from the city. And at that time, the voevoda, Prince Osip Ivanovich Shcherbatoy, took me as an interpreter to the Aglian ambassador and sent me with him as an ambassador to Moscow, and how I arrived with him as an ambassador to Moscow, and at that time I was taken to the Ambassador’s order as an interpreter and ordered me to stern ten money a day, and an annual salary of ten rubles, and I was ordered to stand by that ambassador at the prefix until my vacation, and I was ordered to escort that ambassador to the border of Sweden. And how I came back to Moscow, seeing off the ambassador, and I was given the sovereign's letter to Vologda, ordered to take my fiancé and children to Moscow, and to be in the Ambassador's order in interpreters, and I was sent to serve overseas in the land of Aglin with envoys as a steward with Vasily Yakovlevich Dashkov for the clerk with Dmitry Shipulin 15 . And in another row I was sent to serve in the same in the Aglin and Galan lands with Mikhail Golovin, who was sent with Mikhail 16 , and for those services I have not been granted anything to the daily feed and to the annual cash salary, and I have been serving in the Ambassadorial Office as interpreters since 7172 (1663/64). That is my story, and Artyushka Kurganov wrote the story according to Evo Fedotov at the command of the Ambassador to the order of the hay squeaker.

RGADA. F. 138. Op. 1. 1671. D. 30. L. 1. Original.

№ 8

Entry in the Ambassadorial Order on the professional unsuitability of clerks

The clerks, who are not fit for the Ambassadorial order, are bad at writing, and they do not go to the order, but a theft has been announced between them.

Parsley Orekhov - 6th

Afonka Sheshenin - not Verstan

Ivashko Toropov - not verstan [Crossed out in the text: Mishka Belyaninov - not verstan]

July 7181 (1673) on 21 de [day] by decree of the great sovereign of the roundabouts Artemon Sergeevich Matveev 17 , listening to this letter, he ordered those clerks, for their laziness and swindle, to refuse the order, so that there would be no fornications from them in the future. And to tell Mishka Belyaninov if he won’t learn to go and sit in the order, or learn to hold on to some kind of swindle, and he will be set aside to be with the punisher, and tell all the clerks of a lesser article, so that they sit in the order without laziness and do not hold on to any bad.

RGADA. F. 138. Op. 1. 1672. D. 18. L. 117. Original.

№ 9

The case on the petition of the clerk of the Ambassadorial order P. Belyaninov 18 , who taught Tsarevich Fedor Alekseevich "cursive writing", on the issuance of a grain salary

The Tsar Sovereign and Grand Duke Alexei Mikhailovich of All Great and Small and White Russia, the Autocrat, is beaten by your serf, the son of your great sovereign, the noble sovereign Tsarevich and Grand Duke Feodor Alekseevich of all Great and Small and White Russia, teacher Pamfilko Belyaninov. In the past, the sovereign, in the year 7180 (1671/72), by your sovereign grace, it was instructed for your servant to give your great sovereign a salary and holiday money and bread for the year 7180 (1671/72) against the first articles of the Posolsky order of the clerks. And to me, your servant, your great sovereign, the salary of the cash salary and holiday money for the 7180th (1671/72) year from the Novgorod order were issued in full, but the grain salary was not given. The merciful sovereign, the tsar and Grand Duke Alexei Mikhailovich of all Great and Small and White Russia, the Autocrat, perhaps I was his serf, the sovereign brought me his great sovereign's grain salary last year in 7180 (1671/72) against the Posolsky order of the clerks to issue the first articles. Lord, have mercy.

And in the Ambassadorial Order it was written out.

In November 7179 (1671), on the 21st of November, by decree of the Grand Sovereign Tsar and Grand Duke Alexei Mikhailovich of All Great and Small and White Russia, the Autocrat was taken to the son of Evo Sovereign, to the rightful Sovereign Tsarevich and Grand Duke Feodor Alekseevich of all Great and Small and White Russia of the Ambassador to the order of the clerk Pamfil Belyaninov to teach his sovereign Tsarevich cursive writing from the first place. And the salary of the great sovereign, Pamphilus, was, as he was in the clerk, 60 rubles, and festive 5 and 6 and 7 rubles for the holiday. Yes, in the past, in the 7180th (1671) year of October, on the 10th day, the great sovereign of Posolsky granted the order of the clerks of the great sovereign with his salary again against their salaries. And the first place was awarded to the clerk 60 four rye, oats, too. And by decree of the great sovereign of his great sovereign, the salary of the son of his sovereign, the blessed sovereign, tsarevich and grand duke Feodor Alekseevich, to the teacher Pamfil Belyaninov for the year 7179 (1671/72), the salary is 60 rubles and the holiday money was issued from the Novgorod order in full, against the same as it was given to him, as he was in the clerks.

And the great sovereign, the tsar and the grand prince Alexei Mikhailovich of all Great and Small and White Russia, the Autocrat, Pamfil Belyaninov beats with his forehead. Last year, in the year 7180 (1671/72), by his sovereign grace, he was instructed to give his great sovereign a salary in cash and holiday money and bread in the year 7180 (1671/72) against the first articles of the Posolsky order of clerks, and to him de great sovereign, the salary of the cash salary and holiday money for the 7180th (1671/72) from the Novgorod order were issued in full, but no grain salary was given.

And the great sovereign would have granted, ordered his great sovereign to give him a grain salary for the last year 7180 (1671/72) against the Posolsky order of the clerks to issue the first articles.

On the 16th day of the summer of 7181 (1673), on January 16, the sovereign tsar and Grand Duke Alexei Mikhailovich of All the Great and Small and White Russia, Autocrat, I decree the steward and colonel and head of the Moscow archers Yuri Petrovich Lutokhin and the deacon Ivan Kazarinov were granted by the great sovereign the tsar and the great Prince Alexei Mikhailovich of All Great and Small and White Russia, Autocrat of the teacher of the son of his sovereign, the noble sovereign Tsarevich and Grand Duke Feodor Alekseevich of All Great and Small and White Russia Pamfil Belyaninov, ordered him to give his great sovereign a grain salary on the last on the 7180th (1671 / 72) year fifty-five four rye, oats, too, in an acceptable measure. And according to the Sovereign Tsar and Grand Duke Alexei Mikhailovich of All Great and Small and White Russia, the Autocrat decreed the steward and colonel and head of the Moscow archers Yuri Petrovich Lutokhin and deacon Ivan [Kazarinov] to do this.

On l. 67 entry: "By decree, as a brother of money in salaries."

On l. 68 entry: "For the attribution of the clerk Yuryev Pozdyshev given to Pamfil himself."

RGADA. F. 138. Op. 1. 1672. D. 18. L. 68. Original.

№ 10

An entry in the account book of Patriarch Joachim about the issuance of salaries to Hieromonk Timothy and the Greek Manuel Grigoriev 19 for the training of service officials in the Greek language

His Holiness the Patriarch granted in the Cross Chamber 20 Hieromonk Timothy and Greek Manuel Grigoriev, who at the Printing Yard teach students of the patriarchal and bishops' clerks and all sorts of ranks of people the Greek language and literacy, two rubles each, a total of four rubles. Yes, as a disciple of their most holy partyarch, a clerk, and all sorts of ranks of people, forty people for osmi altyn, two dengi each, a total of ten rubles. Given to the reception of Ivashka Veshnyakov. The treasurer, Elder Paisius of Siyskoy, brought that money to the Holy Patriarch in the Chamber of the Cross, and about the note of that money for the expenditure of the treasurer’s litter.

RGADA. F. 235. Op. 2. D. 105. L. 241-241v. Script.

№ 11

Entries in the account book of the Patriarchal State Order 21 on the visit of Patriarch Joachim to schools at the Epiphany and Spassky monasteries

September 3rd day. His Holiness the Patriarch went to the Epiphany Monastery, which is behind Vetoshny Row, to inspect where to build a school for teaching students Greek book writing [...]

According to the decree of His Holiness the Patriarch and according to the litter on the petition of the treasurer of the elder Paisius of the Siysky district of the Suzdal district of the village of Ivanovsky, the peasant Vaska Ivanov bought from him for the guest house of the Printing House a school student Vaska Ivanov with a companion of twenty people for shirts of linen canvas two hundred arshins. And for those canvases, Vaska gave him money per arshin, a total of six rubles. Ivashk Neustroev received a painting on the canvases of students in a luxurious pillar under the petition of the peasants: Vasily Ivanov took the money, at his command he painted from Putivl the Assumption priest Mikhail Filipav.

June 3rd day. His Holiness the Patriarch went to the Spasov Monastery, which is in China behind the Icon Row, to inspect the place where to build stone ceilings for teaching Greek book writing by a student.

And in that monastery, by decree of His Holiness the Patriarch, a student of the Slavonic teachings, who are studying with the monk Selyvestre, Ivan Semyonov and his comrades twenty-three people each shti money, a total of twenty-three altyns. Ivashka Neustroev gave that money as a student to the reception, and the treasurer, the elder Paisiy of Siyskoy, fixed the decree on their note for expenses.

RGADA. F. 235. Op. 2. D. 118. L. 153, 272v.-273. Script.

№ 12

Extracts from the account book of the Patriarchal order on the organization of schools at the Nikolaevsky and Spassky monasteries in Moscow

December 1687

According to the painting behind the litter of the treasurer of the elder Paisius of the Siysky cloth row to the merchant Parfen Sergeev, which, by order of the most holy patriarch, was bought from him for a new stone school, which was built in the Nikolaevsky monastery behind the Icon row on the upholstery of the place of the most holy patriarch, which was placed in that school, cherry cloth measuring eight arshins ten inches, and for the upholstery of the pulpit, on which that place was placed and on the chairs for which the students study, in addition to the old cloth, in addition, half of the Anbur green cloth. And for those cloths, Parfyon gave him twenty rubles for three altyns, two money for an arshin, for a total of six rubles, one altyn with money, and for half, five rubles and a half; wallpaper eleven rubles seventeen altyn five money. [...]

According to a letter from the treasurer of the elder Paisius of Siysky Icon row to the merchant Mikhail Frolov, which was bought from him for a new stone school, which was built in the Spassky Monastery behind the Icon row, in which students learn Greek book writing, shti sheet icons on paints, in two deesis, three icons per deesis, and eleven different icons, including five icons of the Savior, three images of the Most Holy Theotokos of Iverskaya, the image of the Most Holy Theotokos of the Don, the image of the Annunciation of the Most Holy Theotokos, the image of the Three Ecumenical Hierarchs. And for those icons to Michael for a deesis with an icon case, two rubles per deesis for eleven different icons, eleven altyns per icon; total three rubles twenty one altyn. In total, he gave Mikhail for the above icons seven rubles and twenty-one altyns. [...]

In the current year of 1687, in the month of December, it was bought in the Spasskaya Monastery for the stone school business that in China, the city, in the lower three floors, three oak tables, twenty-five altyns were given, in the large shelf, a lime table on chiseled legs, twenty-three altyns were given: two money; in the same big fee to steal ties with minium thirteen pounds, given for a pound for osmi money; oil and drying oil for six altyns for four money, from dyeing ten altyns were given to hire carpenters to remake the table that was brought from the Printing Yard, where students study Russian literacy, and those ovens shutters, and at the top of the teachers to create a gate than to carry water up and firewood. Twenty-six altyns were given for the work of the stove-makers from the repair of ten stoves that were repairing the stoves at the school, a ruble was given. Carpenters were hired at the top of the teachers to rally the boards in all closets, they also made shutters to ten windows, they also made a closet; they need a ruble fifteen altyn for their work. Carpenters were hired in the lower and middle floors to make four tables, and a large bench of four fathoms, and four small ones, and a closet; given for work twenty-six altyn four money. Four large glass windows were repaired, sixteen altyn four money were given for the work from the repair. In total, according to this painting for the above, seven rubles. [...]

RGADA. F. 235. Op. 2. D. 127. L. 334 rev.-335 rev., 348 rev.-349. Script.

№ 13

Diploma of Tsars John and Peter Alekseevich to the steward and voivode Ya.

... Prince Yakov Grigorievich Kozlovsky. In the past year, in 7186 (1677/78), by the personal decree of the brother of our great sovereigns of blessed memory, the great sovereign tsar and grand prince Feodor Alekseevich of all Great and Small and White Russia Autocrat and by the selection of the steward, who is now our okolnichi, Vasily Savich Narbekov Yes, the clerk Artemy Volkov was ordered in Temnikovo in the clerk's hut to be a clerk to the indicated number of the clerk's rank, and not an old clerk's tax people and not a priest's child and grandchild. And now, the great sovereign has done it to us knowing that in Temnikovo in the order's hut, old, taxy posat people and priests' children and grandchildren, ten or more, are sitting as clerks. And how will our great sovereigns receive a letter from you, and you would have ordered in Temnikovo in the order’s hut to be the clerk of the specified number according to the analysis of your clerk’s rank, and not to the heavy old peasant people and not to the priest’s children and grandchildren. Yes, he ordered those hard-working ancient people to be written to the tax as before, and he ordered the priestly children and grandchildren to be at the churches of God in the clerks. And how many people will be left and whoever names, he made a book with a genuine cleansing, and about that he wrote to us as a great sovereign, and that book and an answer ordered to submit in the order of the Kazan court 22 to our handsome prince Boris Alekseevich Golitsin 23 with comrades. Written in Moscow in the summer of 7197 (1689) June on 11 de [day].

On about. l. 1 entry: “In Temnikov, our stolnik and governor, Prince Yakov Grigorievich Kozlovsky”, “7197 (1689) the year of July on the 20th day”, “I watched Matyushka Buinakov”.

RGADA. F. 1167. D. 1851. L. 1. Without beginning. Script.

№ 14

The case on the petition of the clerk of the Ambassadorial order M. Rodostamov 24 about an increase in salary for work of high skill

The Great Sovereign Tsar and Grand Duke John Alekseevich, Peter Alekseevich of all the Great and Small and White Russia The autocrats are beaten by your serf of your state Ambassadorial order, clerk Mishka Rodostamov. I have been working in the Ambassadorial Prikaz since 7191 (1682/83) with my brother in a row, and besides that, I write sheets, and your great sovereigns’ salary is a salary of 100 rubles for me, 100 of rye bread, oats, too, yes for holiday for three rubles. And others, my lords, my brothers, who do not even write on the sheet, they have been given higher salaries, and I have been reduced. Merciful great sovereigns, tsars and grand dukes John Alekseevich, Peter Alekseevich of all the Great and Small and White Russia Autocrats, please me, your serf, order the sovereigns for my orderly work and for a sheet letter to make their great sovereigns salary in addition, that you are a great sovereign and God will inform me. Great sovereigns, have mercy.

And it was written out in the state Embassy order.

In the past, in the 7191st (1683) year of July, on the 27th day [day], by decree of the great sovereigns, clerk Mikhail Rodostamov was ordered to be the top printing house in the Ambassadorial Prikaz as clerk. And the great sovereigns of monetary and grain salaries were given him a new salary: money 12 rubles, rye bread 12 four, oats, too, festive 2 rubles and a half for a holiday, And in the past in 7196 (1687/88) year, by decree of the great sovereigns he was Michael in their great sovereigns' service with an envoy with Prokofy Voznitsin 25 at residence in Poland. And for that parcel, they gave him a salary from the great sovereigns to the new cash salary of 12 rubles, plus 3 rubles. And how he arrived from that parcel and he was given an addition to the cash salary for 15 rubles 3 rubles, for bread for 12 four rye, oats also 6 four rye, oats also; for the holidays half a ruble for the holiday. In total, he now has a salary of 18 rubles, rye bread 18 four, oats, too, festive 3 rubles for a holiday, and salt 5 pounds.

And the Grand Sovereign, the Tsar and the Grand Duke John Alekseevich, Peter Alekseevich of all the Great and Small and White Russia, the Autocrat of the State Ambassadorial order, clerk Mikhail Rodostamov beats his brow, he has been working in the Ambassadorial Order since 7191 (1682/83) with his brother in a row Yes, he writes sheets in addition to his brothers, and their great sovereigns’ salaries are 18 rubles, rye bread 18 four, oats, too, and festive 3 rubles for a holiday, and other brothers who don’t even write on a sheet , more salaries were made, and he was condemned against them. And so that the great sovereigns granted him, ordered for his work and for the sheet letter to give their great sovereigns a salary in addition to the salary, as God informs them about it as a great sovereign.

And written out to him as an example.

Last year, in 7191 (1682/83), the great sovereigns were given the salary of the state Ambassadorial order to the clerk Nikita Alekseev 26 , Leonty Payusova 27 for ordered work to their former salary of 5 rubles per person, bread against money.

Yes, in the year 7193 (1683/84) the great sovereigns were given salary additions to the salary for official work to clerk Ivan Cheredeev 28 3 rubles, Mikhailo Volkov 29 6 rubles; bread for both against money, but for Ivan there are festive rubles for the holiday.

In 7195 (1686/87), the great sovereigns were given a salary to the clerk Ivan Cheredeev for orderly work in addition to the previous salary of 11 rubles 4 rubles, bread against money, and he was ordered to give this addition to the reduced salaries in order.

In 7195 (1686/87), the same year, great sovereigns were given a salary to clerk Ivan Ratkov for the Polish embassy service and for order work, in addition to the salary of 13 rubles, 6 rubles, bread against money, but festive ones, and with the former, 3 rubles and a half for the holiday.

In 7197 (1688/89) the great sovereigns were given salaries to clerk Mikhail Larionov 30 for command work to the salary of evo to 13 rubles 5 rubles, bread 5 four rye, oats, too; Yes, according to the same extract, he was given an addition for the parcel that he was with the King of England, with the elector of Brandenburg, with the Prince of Aran at the Galan stats, and with Prince Florensky with the deacon Vasily Posnikov 6 rubles, bread against money. In total, he was given an addition of 11 rubles, bread against money, and a ruble for the holiday money for the holiday, two pounds of salt. In the year 7200 (1691/92), the great sovereigns were given a salary to the scribe Stepan Chasovnikov for the Don parcel to the salary of evo to 27 rubles 5 rubles.

And according to the certificate in the Ambassador's order and with the salary book of the clerk of the salary of the clerk Nikita Alekseev, money is 40 rubles, bread against money, and holidays for specified holidays at 5 and 6 and 7 rubles for the holiday, salt 9 pounds.

Write out that now we will pay clerks Mikifor Velyakov, Ivan Ratkov, Mikhail Volkov, Mikhail Larionov.

In the salary book of the past 7200 (1691/92) it is written. Great Sovereigns of the salary of the Ambassadorial order, we will clerk cash salaries: 30 rubles to Nikifor Venkov 31 , 19 rubles each Ivan Ratkov, Mikhailo Volkov, 24 rubles Mikhailo Larionov. And bread is against money for everyone.

On September 30, the great sovereigns granted Posolsky to the order of the clerk Mikhail Rodostamov. They ordered him to give his great sovereigns salaries [for orderly work and a seat and for a sheet letter that he wrote many of their great sovereigns letters to different states and to the hetman to Ivan Stepanovich many articles] [Placed in square brackets in the text] to the former salary of three rubles, and the grain salary of rye and oats is to be paid to him against his salary. And give him an allowance in order to the retired clerk salary.

RGADA. F. 138. Op. 1. 1692. D. 6. L. 1-7. Script.

№ 15

Statement of the distribution of clerks for service in orders and regiments based on the results of the "analysis"

In the Posolsky Prikaz, clerks were left for official affairs: the old ones: Maxim Alekseev, Ivan Gubin; middle class and young: Ivan Ratkov, Ivan Favorov, Lev Volkov, Lavrentey Protopopov [Names crossed out: Vasily Stepanov, Alexander Simanov, Boris Kartsov].

And in the Big Regiment of the boyar and governor Alexei Semenovich Shein 32 Sent: Stepan Chasovnikov, Averkey Leontiev, Semyon Ivanov, Dmitry Sartakov, Alexei Alekseev, Ivan Avramov, Mikhaila Avramov, Kirilo Kovyrshin, Yakov Voznitsyn, Vorfolomey Polkov, Gavrilo Derevnin [Strikethrough: Nikita Maksimov].

The clerks to the Order of Little Russia were left: the old ones: Ivan Cheredeev, Petr Kurbatov [Strikethrough: Kondrat Nikitin]; middle class and young: Grigory Yudin, Ilya Nikiforov, Andrey Nikitin, Ilya Sivtsov, Ivan Yuriev.

Order of Great Russia: Vasily Zhadaev.

And in the Big Regiment of the boyar and governor Alexei Semenovich Shein and his comrades were ordered to be.

Old: Great Russian and Little Russian orders: Kondrat [yu] Nikiti [well], Vnifatya Panfeniev, Boris Alekseev, Ivan Petrov. Middle class and young: Alexei Menshikov, Grigory Bogdanov, Fedot Rogov, Afonas Inekhov, Osip Gavrilov, Stepan Frolov, Vasily Bogdanov, Fyodor Borisov, Timofey Khokhlov, Ivan Inekhov, Kondrat Fedorov, Andrey Pavlov, Boris Bautin, Mikhail II, Fadey Bogdanov.

Volodimersky and Galitsky orders of clerks were left in those orders for one person to the old clerk in the order: Semyon Nikitin, Andrey Ivanov, and with them one person of young clerks: Ivan Prokhorov, Stepan Vetlitsky. And those clerk orders were sent to the regiments: Kozma Zhuravlev, Vasily Alekseev, Pyotr Pomortsov, Yakov Davydov, Larion Dobrynin, Yakov Lazarev, Andrey Stepanov.

From Ustyug order, we will clerk, who, according to the order, are in the service of the great sovereign: the old ones: Vasily Tabuntsov, Vasily Protopopov; young: Boris Zykov, Ivan Gordeev, Vasily Bulatnikov, Grigory Eliseev, Alexey Gorodetskoy, Danilo Protopopov, Semyon Fokin, Yakov Nikitin, Gavrilo Klimontov, Petr Ivanov, Ivan Vetlutskoy, Luka Mezhaev, Vasily Kozlov, Nikita Chizhev, Mikhailo Istomin.

Yes, in the order left for official cases: the old ones: Ivan Ipatiev, Timofey Osipov; young: Tikhon Petrov, Maxim Ivanov, Stepan Turcheninov. The clerks ordered the same: Ivan Gusev is ill, Ivan Shchotkin is in the parcel.

By order of the Principality of Smolensk, clerks were sent to the regiments on Khodynka: Grigory Bogdanov, Kuzma Soviets, Artemey Zolotoy, Andrey Slobodin, Yegor Chistoy, Grigory Slobodin, Stepan Bezsonov, Ivan Bogdanov, Pimin Krapivin, Dmitry Surovtsov, Andrey Minin.

In parcels from Moscow for sovereign affairs: Leontey Berezin, Mikita Zverev.

The order left: Grigory Surovtsov, Ivan Gramotin, Timofey Shishlyaev, Mikhailo Belikov.

Yes, Dmitry Ermolaev remained in Moscow due to illness.

The painting of Novgorodsky by order of the scribes who were sent to the service of the great sovereign: Ivan Isakov, Ivan Bogdanov, Artemy Zykov, Filimon Fomin, Andrey Ievlev, Ivan Stepanov, Fyodor Trunev, Ivan Ivanov, Dementei Kavalov, Luka Kirilov, Pyotr Shibaev, Alexei Ivanov, Anisim Vasiliev , Sergey Denisov, Alexander Stragorodtskoy, Sidor Ptitsyn, Vasily Malchanov, Grigory Petrov, Grigory Feofanov, Grigory Grekov, Fedosey Ryakhovskaya, Mikhailo Volodimerov.

Yes, the old clerks were left for official affairs: Fedor Kishmutin, Ivan Stolbitskoy; young: Trifon Yalmenev, Dementey Treskin; yes sick: Grigory Shibaev, Stepan Brekhov.

RGADA. F. 138. Op. 1. 1698. D. 16. L. 5-12. Script.