Biography

Muravyov-Apostol, Sergei Ivanovich (10/09/1796 - 07/25/1826) - lieutenant colonel, one of the leaders of the Decembrist movement.

Born in St. Petersburg on September 28 (October 9), 1796. He was the fourth child in the family of the writer and statesman Ivan Matveyevich Muravyov-Apostol.

Participant Patriotic War 1812 and foreign campaigns of 1813-1814, participated in the battles at Vitebsk, Borodino, Tarutino, Maloyaroslavets, Krasny, Bautzen, Leipzig, Fer-Champenoise, Paris, had military awards. In 1817-1818 he was a member of the Masonic Lodge of the Three Virtues. He was among the founders of the Union of Salvation and the Union of Welfare and one of the most active members of the Southern Society; established contact with the Polish Patriotic Society and the Society of United Slavs. Agreed to the need to kill the king. He led successful propaganda among the soldiers, was one of the leaders of the Decembrists.

Became key figure uprisings of the Chernigov regiment. After the defeat of the uprising on January 3, 1826, he was captured; in last fight was badly wounded. Sentenced by the Supreme Criminal Court to quartering, replaced by hanging.

S. I. Muravyov-Apostol was executed at dawn on July 13 (25), 1826 in the Peter and Paul Fortress. He was one of the three unfortunates whose rope broke. Some time later he was hanged again. The exact burial place of S.I. Muravyov-Apostol, as well as other executed Decembrists, is unknown. According to one version, he was buried along with other executed Decembrists on Goloday Island.

The documents

Materials of the investigation S. I. Muravyov-Apostol. Decembrist revolt. The documents. T.IV, C.228-412

Muravyov-Apostol Sergey Ivanovich

(1795-1826), Decembrist, one of the founders of the Union of Salvation and the Union of Welfare, lieutenant colonel (1820). Brother of I. I. and M. I. Muravyov-Apostols. Member of the Patriotic War of 1812 and foreign campaigns. One of the directors of the Southern Society, the head of his Vasilkovskaya council. Organizer and leader of the uprising of the Chernigov regiment. Wounded in battle. Hanged on July 13 (25) in St. Petersburg.

MURAVIEV-APOSTLE Sergey Ivanovich

Muravyov-Apostle Sergei Ivanovich (1795-1826), Decembrist, lieutenant colonel. Brother of I. I. and M. I. Muravyov-Apostols. Member of the Patriotic War of 1812 and foreign campaigns. One of the founders of the Union of Salvation and the Union of Welfare. One of the directors of the Southern Society, the head of the Vasilkovskaya council. Republican. Organizer and leader of the uprising of the Chernigov regiment. Wounded in battle. Hanged 13 (25) July.
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Muravyov-Apostle Sergei Ivanovich, Decembrist.
Military career
The son of I. M. Muravyov-Apostol - a diplomat, senator, writer. He was educated in Paris, where his father was on a diplomatic mission. In 1810 he entered military service in the corps of railway engineers, participant in the Patriotic War of 1812 (cm. Patriotic War of 1812) and foreign campaigns of 1813-14, participated in the battles at Vitebsk, Borodino, Tarutino, Maloyaroslavets, Krasny, Bautzen, Leipzig, Fer-Champenoise, Paris, had military awards. In 1817-18 he was a member of the Masonic Lodge of the Three Virtues. He served in the Life Guards Semyonovsky regiment, during the uprising the soldiers of the regiment in 1820 kept his company from speaking out, but, like all Semenov officers, after the regiment was cleared, he was transferred to the army, first as a lieutenant colonel in Poltava, and then in Chernigov infantry regiment, who lodged in the city of Vasilkov, Kyiv province, where he received a battalion in command. Contemporaries unanimously spoke of him as a man of great intelligence, rare charm and kindness of soul. Muravyov was a resolute opponent of corporal punishment, did not resort to them himself and fought them in every way (it was said that he even bribed the regimental executioner so that he would not be zealous during the executions). He was loved by both soldiers and fellow officers, had a reputation as an exemplary officer, and knew how to get along even with such odious personalities as his regimental commanders Schwartz and Goebel, who were distinguished by cruelty and narrow-mindedness.
Decembrist
Muravyov was one of the founders of the Salvation Union (cm. SALVATION UNION), participated in the Moscow conspiracy of 1817, when the proposal of I. D. Yakushkin was discussed (cm. YAKUSHKIN Ivan Dmitrievich) about the attempt on the life of Alexander I (cm. ALEXANDER I Pavlovich), was one of the leading members of the Welfare Union (cm. UNION OF WELFARE)(member and guardian of the Indigenous Council). The transfer to the service in the province for some time alienated Muravyov from the activities of the secret society, and after the dissolution of the Union of Welfare, he joined the Southern Society (cm. SOUTHERN SOCIETY), but until 1823 did not show much activity. Since 1823, Muravyov, together with his close friend M. P. Bestuzhev-Ryumin (cm. BESTUZHEV-RYUMIN Mikhail Petrovich) launched an active activity; the Vasilkovskaya council headed by them became the most numerous in the Southern society. At meetings of the leaders of the southern Decembrists, Muravyov and Bestuzhev-Ryumin insisted on the early start of an uprising in the troops (led by officers - members of the Southern Society), and referred to the experience of the revolution in Spain in 1820, which began with a military uprising in the provinces, argued with P.I. Pestel (cm. PESTEL Pavel Ivanovich), who believed that the coup should begin in the capital, and offered plans for the performance. In the summer of 1825, the Society of United Slavs was attached to its council. (cm. SOCIETY OF UNITED SLAVES). Since the autumn of 1825, Muravyov was introduced to the Directory of the Southern Society. The names of Sergei and Matvey Muravyov-Apostles were named in Mayboroda's denunciation, and on December 19, 1825, the St. Petersburg Investigative Committee ordered their arrest. On December 29, they were arrested by the colonel of the Chernigov regiment Gebel, but the officers of the regiment - members of a secret society - freed them by force, Gebel was wounded, and Muravyov led the uprising that began in this way in the Chernigov regiment (cm. CHERNIGOV REGIMENT UPRISING). During the uprising, the regimental priest read out the “Orthodox Catechism” compiled by Muravyov, in which it was proved that the duty of a Christian is to fight against the wrong authorities, and republican ideals were confirmed by quotes from the Bible. Muraviev remained at the head of the rebels until the very end, during the suppression of the uprising he was seriously wounded, arrested and brought to St. Petersburg. He was sentenced to death and hanged.
Muraviev was not married, but in a letter to his father from the fortress he asked him to take care of the two boys he had adopted. Most likely, these were his illegitimate sons; their further fate is unknown.

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Sergei Ivanovich Muravyov-Apostol

Sergei Ivanovich Muravyov-Apostol. Born on September 28 (October 9), 1796 in St. Petersburg - executed on July 13 (25), 1826 in the Peter and Paul Fortress (St. Petersburg). Russian military man, lieutenant colonel, one of the leaders of the December 1825 uprising.

Sergei Muravyov-Apostol was born on September 28 (October 9 according to the new style) in 1796 in St. Petersburg in an old noble family. According to another version, he was born on October 23 (November 3), 1795.

Father - Ivan Matveyevich Muravyov-Apostol, prime minister, chief ceremonial master, official in the board of foreign affairs.

Mother - Anna Semyonovna.

He was the great-great-grandson of the hetman of the left-bank Ukraine Danylo Apostol. It was from the latter that the Muravyov clan received a prefix to the surname. At one time, the father of I. M. Muravyov married a noble girl, the daughter of the famous Ukrainian hetman Danila Apostol. The stern hetman cursed the fugitive and disinherited her, but the hetman's grandchildren forgot about the curse and fraternized. Mikhail Apostol cordially received Ivan Matveyevich and subsequently refused him a village with serfs, along with which the surname was supposed - since then the Muravyovs have also become Apostles.

Sergei was the fourth child in the family.

He spent his childhood with his older brother Matvey in Paris, studied at the Hicks boarding school in Paris. He showed brilliant abilities and diligence. He wrote poems in French and Latin.

In 1809 he returned to Russia.

In the autumn of 1810, both brothers were admitted to the opened St. Petersburg Institute of the Corps of Railway Engineers.

The Patriotic War of 1812 interrupted the training. Like most other pupils, promoted to ensign in 1811, he was in the army.

Sergei Ivanovich Muravyov-Apostol, under the command of engineer-general P. N. Ivashev, participated in the battles at Vitebsk, Borodino, Tarutino, and Maloyaroslavets. He was in the detachment of Adjutant General Count Ozherovsky in the battle of Krasnoy. He was awarded the golden sword "For Courage" (Berezina) and the Order of St. Anna, 3rd degree.

Came from the war as a lieutenant.

He returned to the institute of the Corps of Railway Engineers to complete the course - in the spring of 1813, the first graduation of military engineers took place. After that, Sergei Ivanovich Muravyov-Apostol returned to the active army and took part in the foreign campaign of the Russian army - in the battalion of Grand Duchess Ekaterina Pavlovna, he took part in the battles of Lutzen (Order of St. Vladimir 4th class with a bow), Bautzen, Leipzig, Fer-Champenoise, Paris (Order of St. Anne 2nd class).

In 1814, with the rank of captain, he was under the cavalry general N. N. Raevsky - he was an orderly under the head of the vanguard. He returned to Russia with the Grenadier Corps under the command of Lieutenant General Paskevich.

According to legend, during the occupation of Paris in 1814 by the allied forces, 18-year-old Sergei Ivanovich Muravyov-Apostol came to the salon of the fortune-teller Mademoiselle Lenormand, well-known throughout Europe. He asked: "What will you tell me, madam?" Lenormand sighed: "Nothing, monsieur." Muravyov insisted: "At least one phrase!". And then the fortuneteller said: “Good. I will say one phrase: you will be hanged! Muravyov was taken aback, but did not believe: “You are mistaken! I am a nobleman, and in Russia noblemen are not hanged!” "The Emperor will make an exception for you!" Lenormand said sadly. This "adventure" was vigorously discussed among the officers until I went to the fortune teller. When he returned, he laughingly said: “The girl has lost her mind, being afraid of the Russians who occupied her native Paris. Imagine, she predicted a rope with a crossbar for me!

In March 1815, he was transferred as a lieutenant to the Life Guards Semyonovsky Regiment. From 2/2/1817 - captain, from 12/15/1819 - captain.

After the uprising of the Semyonovsky regiment, from November 2, 1820, he was transferred as a lieutenant colonel to the Poltava infantry regiment, and then in May 1822 to the Chernigov infantry regiment, commander of the 2nd battalion in Vasilkov, Kyiv province.

In 1817-1818 he was a member of the Three Virtues Masonic Lodge (member - from 01/02/1817, ceremonial leader - from 06/14/1817; left the lodge on 12/22/1818).

Was among the founders of secret organizations "Union of Salvation" and "Prosperity Union", and then one of the most active members Southern society- was one of the directors, the head of the Vasilkovskaya council; established contact with the Polish Patriotic Society and the Society of United Slavs. Agreed to the need to kill the king. He led successful propaganda among the soldiers, was one of the leaders of the Decembrists.

He became a key figure in the uprising of the Chernigov regiment. He was arrested by Lieutenant Colonel Gebel on December 29, 1825.

He was arrested for the second time on the battlefield on January 3, 1826, when he was seriously wounded in the head by buckshot. He was delivered shackled first - to Mogilev (01/10/1826), then to St. Petersburg (01/19/1826).

On the night of January 21, 1826, he was placed in the Peter and Paul Fortress - in No. 8 of the Alekseevsky ravelin.

He was convicted outside the ranks and July 11, 1826 sentenced by the Supreme Criminal Court to be quartered, replaced by hanging. Was executed at dawn on July 13 (25), 1826 in the Peter and Paul Fortress. He was one of the three executed whose rope broke and, like the others, was re-hanged.

The exact burial place of S.I. Muravyov-Apostol, as well as other executed Decembrists, is unknown. According to one version, he was buried along with other executed Decembrists on Goloday Island.

Personal life of Sergei Muravyov-Apostol:

Was not married. Didn't have children.

Decembrist, retired lieutenant colonel (since 1823). Brother S.I. Muravyov Apostle. Member of the Patriotic War of 1812 and foreign campaigns of the Russian army of 1813-14. One of the founders of the "Union of Salvation" ...

- (1793 1886), Decembrist, one of the founders of the Union of Salvation and the Union of Welfare, member of the Southern Society, retired lieutenant colonel (1823). Brother of I. I. and S. I. Muravyov Apostles. Member of the Patriotic War of 1812 and foreign campaigns. Participant … encyclopedic Dictionary

Muravyov Apostol: Muravyov Apostle, Ivan Matveyevich (1768 1851) Russian writer, statesman and public figure, senator. Muravyova Apostle, Anna Semyonovna (1770 1810, ur. Chernoevich) wife of the previous one. Their children: Ants Apostle ... Wikipedia

1. MURAVYOV APOSTLE Ippolit Ivanovich (1806-26), Decembrist, member of the Northern Society, ensign. Brother of S. I. and M. I. Muravyov Apostles. Member of the uprising of the Chernigov regiment. Wounded in battle, shot himself. 2. MURAVYOV APOSTLE Matvey Ivanovich (1793 ... ... Russian history

Muravyov-Apostol M.I.- MURAVYOV APOSTOL Matvey Ivanovich (1793–1886), Decembrist, one of the founders of the secret associations in the Union of Salvation and the Union of Welfare, member. South wow, retired lieutenant colonel. Brother I.I. and S.I. Ant Apostles. Member Fatherland. wars of 1812 and foreign ... ... Biographical Dictionary

I Muravyov Apostol Matvey Ivanovich, Decembrist, retired lieutenant colonel (since 1823). Brother of S. I. Muravyov Apostol (See Muravyov Apostle). Member of the Patriotic War of 1812 and foreign ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

one . Matvey Ivanovich (April 25, 1793 - February 21, 1886) Decembrist. Retired lieutenant colonel. Brother of S. I. Muravyov Apostol. Member of the Fatherland. wars of 1812 and abroad. campaigns 1813 14. One of the founders of the Union of Salvation, a member of the indigenous council of the Union ... ... Soviet historical encyclopedia

The uprising took place in St. Petersburg on December 14, 1825, on the day of the coronation of Emperor Nicholas I. An uprising brutally suppressed. After him, several dozen people remained lying on the frosty square, one and a half hundred were exiled to Siberia, five more participants in the uprising were hanged by order of the tsar, thereby violating the moratorium on the death penalty that had been in force for half a century. But in fact, the Decembrist uprising had its continuation - and the second act of dramatic events unfolded on the territory of Ukraine, a few tens of kilometers from Kyiv. And it is connected with the activities of the brothers Matvey, Sergei and Ippolit Muravyov-Apostles.

The Muravyov-Apostol clan has its roots in the Cossack hetman Daniil Apostol, a very enterprising and economic hetman. During his reign, he won so many rights and liberties for representatives of the Cossack elders that even St. Petersburg nobles envied the Little Russians: money from entrepreneurial activities flowed into the pockets of the Cossack nobility and created conditions for the development of the Ukrainian nobility. The grandson of Daniel the Apostle, Matvey Artamonovich, married a representative of the Russian noble family Muravievs, and their son Ivan, famous writer and statesman late Catherine - early Alexander era, already wore double surname: Ants-Apostol. In literary circles, Ivan Matveyevich was known under the pseudonym Vievarum - a mirror anagram of the name Muravyov.

Of the entire large family of Ivan Matveyevich, we were interested in three sons: the eldest - Matvey, born on April 25, 1793, the middle one - Sergey, who was born on September 28, 1795, and the youngest - Ippolit, born on July 13, 1806. All three brothers subsequently became active participants in the Decembrist movement.

Ants-Apostle Sergey Ivanovich

In 1812, Matvey and Sergei participated in the war with Napoleon and in the campaign of Russian troops in Europe. They took part in a number of battles: near Vitebsk, at Maloyaroslavets, Tarutino, Borodino, Bautzen, Leipzig, Fer-Champenoise, Paris ... The brothers return, fanned with glory, with officer ranks and military awards.

In 1817, Matthew and Sergei became members of the Three Virtues Masonic Lodge. True, during the investigation, Sergei admitted that he took part in the work of the lodge very reluctantly and irregularly. Later, both brothers become active figures in the secret societies "Union of Salvation" and "Union of Welfare". Matvey Muravyov-Apostol in 1823-1825 was a representative of the Southern Society of Decembrists in St. Petersburg, he actively negotiated the unification of the Northern and Southern Societies ...

Ants-Apostle Matvey Ivanovich

Very soon, Sergei Muravyov-Apostol turned into a real leader of a secret movement, one of the main opponents of Pavel Pestel. Pestel and Muravyov were irreconcilable disputants. The fact is that Pestel's Russkaya Pravda, as a draft of the future Constitution of Russia, was not progressive, but reactionary. Sometimes the thought arises: thank God that the Decembrists did not win during the uprising! Otherwise, Russia would have been waiting for the path through which France passed during the Jacobin dictatorship. Pestel refused the role of "Russian Washington". He certainly wanted to be a "Russian Cromwell" or "Russian Robespierre." The chauvinism of Pestel's Constitution was striking. Not a single people on the territory of Russia had the right to self-determination - everyone had to merge into a single Russian people. Caucasians, divided into "violent" and "peaceful", were subject to assimilation. Muslims were deprived of traditional customs, in particular polygamy. The exception was Poland - but subject to a revolution there and the elimination of large land ownership. Only in this case Poland received the right to secede from Russia.

Progressive moments in the Constitution faded into the background. And the abolition of serfdom, and the introduction of private and communal land tenure, and the declaration of private property inviolable, and the republican form of government - all this fades before the truly dictatorial regime proclaimed by Pestel, as well as before emergency measures against the population planned for implementation in Russia. Later, two women historians argued about the role of the Decembrist movement. Militsa Nechkina in her scientific papers claimed that the Decembrists were an extremely progressive movement. Sophia de Tol took a different point of view, referring to the Decembrists in a Voltaireian way: "Crush the reptile!" Obviously, the truth lies somewhere in the middle.

Sergei Muravyov-Apostol not only opposed Pestel. He decided to write a separate chapter of the Constitution - the one that concerned just the land reform. In 1823 - only after the inclusion of Muravyov's amendments - the Constitution was adopted as a document. At the same time, Sergei Muravyov-Apostol insisted on the need for an immediate uprising. “Delay is like death” - a hundred years before Lenin, these words were constantly repeated by Sergei Muravyov-Apostol. He was ready to make an attempt on Tsar Alexander during a review of troops in Bobruisk - but his comrades in a secret society were categorically against it. Not the time! Pushkin later wrote: “And Muravyov, inclining him, / Full of audacity and strength / Hastened the minutes of the outbreak” ...

Matvey Muravyov-Apostol during the investigation said: “Sergei always had the idea of alienating Pestel from Petersburg at the beginning of actions, so as not to let him fulfill his intention to exterminate the entire royal family ... His relations with Pestel were rather cold, and, to make things even more not to get away from him, he did not openly tell everyone, but, by the way, he spoke very frankly about this to Pestel.

Especially friendly relations with Sergei Muravyov-Apostol developed with nineteen-year-old ensign of the Poltava regiment Mikhail Bestuzhev-Ryumin. It was Muravyov and Bestuzhev who opposed Pestel and demanded that he abandon the idea of destroying the royal family and the entire upper class of the empire if the coup was successful. Later, Bestuzhev tried to save his friend during the investigation: “Here I repeat that by enticing Muravyov with my ardent disposition, I plunged him into everything criminal. I am ready to prove this to Muravyov himself in the presence of the Committee with striking arguments. The only thing he consented to before befriending me was to join the Society. But since he was not active in character and always had an aversion to cruelty, Pestel often asked me to persuade him to do this or that. Unfortunately, Muravyov had too favorable an opinion of me and believed me much more than himself. This is what the Society knows.”

... Most of the Decembrists did not burden themselves family relationships. Of the five hanged Decembrists, only Kondraty Ryleev started a family (after his execution, Nicholas the First appointed an allowance for his widow, Natalya Tevyashova, and his daughter - they were at the imperial boarding school until their daughter came of age). Pestel was thinking about marriage. Bestuzhev and Kakhovsky experienced an unhappy love. Sergei Muraviev-Apostol had two illegitimate children - with a certain Ukrainian peasant woman from the village of Khomutets, not far from Mirgorod. Shortly before the Decembrist uprising, he even tried to take one of the boys to the Caucasus for treatment.

After the suppression of the uprising Senate Square Sergey Muravyov-Apostol, by order of the tsar, was arrested in the village of Trilesy and taken to the garrison prison in the city of Vasilkov. Arriving in Vasilkov, the younger Muravyov-Apostol, Ippolit, revolted, and several officers released Sergei from custody.

When in county town Vasilkov, where the Chernigov regiment, part of the 9th division, was stationed, a message came about the suppression of the uprising in St. Petersburg, the Muravyov-Apostol brothers - lieutenant colonel Sergei Muravyov-Apostol, retired lieutenant colonel Matvey Muravyov-Apostol, lieutenant Ippolit Muravyov-Apostol (who still not even 20 years old) - together with Ensign Mikhail Bestuzhev-Ryumin, they decided to act without delay. Having disarmed the command and sent some of the officers who disapproved of the uprising to the guardhouse, Sergei Muravyov-Apostol turned to the soldiers of the Chernigov regiment: “We, brothers, are going to do a good deed!” The soldiers fully supported Muravyov. On December 30, the 2nd grenadier and 5th musketeer companies of the regiment under the command of Sergei Muravyov-Apostol entered Vasilkov, seized weapons, ammunition, food and the regimental treasury; three more companies of the regiment joined the rebels.

On December 31, 1825, a strange document was read in the center of Vasilkov - Tsar Nicholas was declared deprived of power, and Jesus Christ was declared the only king of the universe. All other monarchs are mere usurpers of His power. Later, the Catechism, the main document of the uprising, was distributed to all those present:

"Question. Why did God create man?

Answer. In order for him to believe in him, to be free and happy.

Question. Why are the Russian people and the Russian army unhappy?

Answer. Because the kings stole their freedom.

Question. How, then, to take up arms with all a pure heart?

Answer. Take up arms and follow the one who speaks in the name of the Lord ... and, having overthrown the iniquity and wickedness of tyranny, restore a government similar to the law of God.

The surrounding peasants accepted the uprising with enthusiasm. They honored Sergei Muravyov as a liberator, wished him good health, in churches rural priests (many of whom would later be defrocked) ordered prayers for the health of Muravyov-Apostol. But Muravyov himself considered it superfluous to involve the peasants in the uprising - he was afraid of a repetition of the Pugachevshchina and the fact that the peasants would come out of submission.

Meanwhile, the officers of the Kyiv garrison refused to support the uprising. The cousin of Sergei Muravyov-Apostol, hussar colonel Artamon Muravyov, also refused. In Kyiv, several leaders of the uprising were detained - during the distribution of the Catechism. Bestuzhev-Ryumin narrowly escaped arrest.

About 1000 soldiers and 17 officers moved to Brusilov and Zhitomir, trying to connect with the rebel regiments stationed in Zhitomir. The command sent by the tsar to suppress the uprising understood that the formation of the rebels must be avoided at all costs. On January 2, 1826, government troops stopped the rebels on the outskirts of Brusilov and forced them to turn towards Belaya Tserkov. General Mikhailovsky-Danilevsky wrote: “If Muravyov had acted decisively, he could have come to Belaya Tserkov, where the countless treasures of Countess Branitskaya were located and where four thousand people were waiting for him to join him, dissatisfied with their position. These were for the most part old Little Russian Cossacks, whom Branitskaya had unfairly strengthened behind her. On January 3, soldiers waist-deep in snow tried to move a second time towards Zhytomyr, where the 8th Infantry Division was already waiting for them, ready for an uprising.

Near the village of Ustimovka, government troops met the rebels. At first, grapeshot was fired at Chernigov residents. Then the cavalry moved in. By the middle of the day, the outcome of the battle was decided. Several hundred dead and wounded lay on the field. 865 soldiers and 6 officers were court martialed. Ippolit Muraviev-Apostol and several officers committed suicide by shooting themselves so as not to fall into the hands of the tsar's supporters. A contemporary described the events: “Bystritsky received a severe concussion in his right leg; Bestuzhev's overcoat was shot through in several places. This serves as proof under what deadly fire the Chernigov regiment stood and how little the officers thought about their lives. There were rumors that the hussars made attacks on the unarmed Chernigovites and cut them down without mercy. The duty of truth compels us to say that this is not at all fair. They, catching up with some, surrounded, others, who fled, gathered in one place. Seriously wounded Sergei Muraviev-Apostol and Mikhail Bestuzhev-Ryumin were arrested and sent to St. Petersburg. Matvey Muraviev-Apostol was detained later, but his participation in the active operations of the Chernigov regiment was not proven - by that time he was already retired.

According to the verdict of the tribunal, 4 officers were sentenced to life imprisonment, about 100 people were subjected to corporal punishment. 805 people were then transferred to the Caucasus. The regiment was re-formed. In Umansky, Vasilkovsky and Belotserkovsky counties, two more years lasted peasant uprisings. Ultimately depressed. But the rebellious villages were declared "royal", and serfdom on their territory was eliminated.

In St. Petersburg, Ivan Muravyov-Apostol obtained permission to meet with his sons, who were in the Shlisselburg fortress. According to historians, he forgave them and understood. After that, the father of the family, who actually lost three sons, left Russia and, formally remaining a senator, lived the rest of his life in Italy and Austria.

Emperor Nicholas later wrote: “Gifted with an extraordinary mind, having received an excellent education, but in a foreign way, he was in his thoughts impudent and arrogant to the point of madness, but at the same time secretive and unusually firm. Severely wounded in the head, when he was taken with a weapon in his hands, he was brought in chained. Here they took off his chains and brought him to me. Weakened from the grievous wound and fetters, he could hardly walk. Knowing him in the Semyonovsky regiment as a clever officer, I told him that it was all the more difficult for me to see an old comrade in such a sad situation, because I had personally known him for an officer, whom the late sovereign distinguished, that now it should be clear to him to what extent he is criminal, which is the cause of the misfortune of many innocent victims, and exhorted him not to hide anything and not to aggravate his guilt by persistence. He barely stood; We sat him down and began interrogating him. With complete frankness, he began to tell the whole plan of action and his connections. When he said everything, I answered him:

Explain to me, Muravyov, how you, an intelligent, educated person, could forget even one second before to consider your intention to be fulfilled, and not what it is - criminal villainous folly?

He bowed his head, made no answer, but shook his head...

According to contemporaries, during the interrogation by Emperor Nikolai, Sergei Muravyov expressed the painful situation of Russia so sharply that Nikolai extended his hand to him and offered him pardon if he did not do anything against him in the future. Sergei Muraviev refused any pardon, saying that it was he who rebelled against arbitrariness and therefore would not accept any arbitrary mercy.

Sergei Muravyov-Apostol and Mikhail Bestuzhev-Ryumin - together with Pavel Pestel, Kondraty Ryleev and Pyotr Kakhovsky - were executed on July 13, 1826. Before his death, Sergei Muravyov-Apostol knelt down, prayed and said loudly: “God! Save Russia and her tsar!” When the sentence was carried out, three ropes broke - Muravyov, Bestuzhev and Ryleev fell down. Bestuzhev broke his leg. Muravyov exclaimed: “Damn the country in which they don’t know how to plot, judge, or hang!” Contrary to the charters and traditions, all three were hanged a second time.

Matvey Muravyov-Apostol was sentenced to 25 years of hard labor. In 1856, he returned - after an amnesty announced after the death of Nicholas. After the return of Matvey Muravyov-Apostol, Nekrasov will write the poem "Grandfather" - according to researchers, it was dedicated specifically to Matvey Ivanovich.
In the 1860s and 70s, Matvey Ivanovich, who lived first in Tver, and then in Moscow, maintained relations with the revolutionaries and the intelligentsia. For them, he is a symbol of the era. Living legend. At the same time, Matvey Muravyov-Apostol was under covert police surveillance until the end of his life ... It is no coincidence that in those years the censored song “How the fog fell” was popular:

“It is not the wind that makes noise in the damp forest,

Ants goes to a bloody feast...

Horse! my horse! Ride to holy Kyiv-grad

There are comrades - there is my dear brother ...

Take my last breath to them

And say: "I could not bear the chains,

It is impossible to survive the thought of sorrow,

That he could not buy liberty with blood!

Matvey Ivanovich died at the age of 94 on February 21, 1886. With him, a heroic and controversial era passed into the past - Napoleonic Wars, secret societies, Masonic lodges, rebellion, nobility and courage, Siberian ores… One more page including Ukrainian history!

Kost BONDARENKO, candidate of historical sciences

Biography

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Sergei Ivanovich Muravyov-Apostol

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