Dmitry Ivanovich
Dmitry Ivanovich
Tsarina Anastasia shows her newborn son to her husband
Predecessor:	Vladimir Andreevich (Prince Staritsky)
Successor:	Vladimir Andreevich (Prince Staritsky)
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Birth:	(1552 ) Moscow (?)
Death:	Lua error in Module:Infocards on line 164: attempt to perform arithmetic on local "unixDateOfDeath" (a nil value). R. Sheksna
Place of burial:	Archangel Cathedral (Moscow)
Genus:	Rurikovichi
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Father:	Ivan IV
Mother:	Anastasia Romanovna
Spouse:	No
Children:	No
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Tsarevich Dmitry Ivanovich, Dimitri Ioannovich (Older; October (1552 ) - June 4) - the first Russian prince, the first son of Ivan IV the Terrible and Tsarina Anastasia Romanovna. Died in infancy. Full namesake of his younger brother St. Dmitry Uglitsky, born 30 years later.

Biography

Born in 1552, during the victorious return of the tsar from the Kazan campaign - with the news of this to Vladimir, where Tsar Ivan was then, he galloped from the tsarina Vasily Yuryevich Trakhaniotov.

Name and birthday

His heavenly patron was St. Dmitry of Thessalonica (celebration on October 26) - as well as later for his more famous younger brother Dmitry Uglitsky in 1582.

“With all evidence, the prince, the first-born of the Terrible, was named“ in his ancestor the name of the Grand Duke Dmitry Ivanovich Donskoy ", as this is directly stated in one of the lists of the Sofia Chronicle. The boy turned out to be the full namesake of his great ancestor, both of them are called Dmitry Ioannovich. Undoubtedly, the triumphant end of the Kazan campaign played a significant role in the choice of this name - the victory over the Tatars won by Dmitry Donskoy and the victory of Ivan the Terrible were symbolically identified.

The exact birthday of the prince is unknown. The “Brief Chronicler” and the “Novgorod Second (Archive)” chronicle call October 26 (St. Dmitry’s day) the date of birth of the child, but firstly, these texts contain proven errors in dates, and secondly, the probability of birth on such a successful from an ideological point of view, the day is quite small.

The day of St. Huar (a rare saint who was not part of the family circle) falls exactly 8 days earlier than St. Dmitry, and the second princely name could well have been given “according to the eight-day circumcision” at the baptism of the child. However, one cannot completely exclude the version that the prince was born on October 11 or 12, received the name Uar on the 8th day, and Dmitry - as the closest princely name in the calendar.

However, this raises the question of why the younger Dmitry Uglitsky also bore the direct name Uar, and his date of birth is considered to be October 19. The reason why the younger prince received the same name as the deceased older brother is not clear; the coincidence that they were both born on October 19 is unlikely. “As for Dmitry Uglichsky, he, apparently, was conceived as a direct likeness of his first-born brother, who died early. (...) Based on what has been said, it seems very likely that St. Uar became the patron of the child, as he was the patron of his deceased first-born brother. Thus, both names - both Dmitry and Uar - Dmitry Uglitsky could receive "by inheritance", without a strict connection with the church calendar. If you follow this version, it turns out that the date of birth (October 19) of Dmitry Uglichsky in those annals where it is indicated was calculated retroactively, based on the knowledge of his names. However, they do not exclude that Warom was still only the youngest, and the fact that both were born in this way in October is a coincidence.

Duma Crisis

The Staritsky prince “initially refused to do this (although he was then forced by the “near” boyars), and his mother refused to attach his seal to her son’s “kissing letter”. Representatives of the king had to be sent to her three times. At the same time, the princess did not hide the fact that she did not consider the obligations given under pressure to be valid (“ something, de, for kissing, if involuntary"), and " spoke a lot of swear words“. All this made it possible to suspect that Vladimir Andreevich did not want to take the oath to make it difficult for himself to take the Russian throne under favorable circumstances.

When the tsar recovered and understood the situation, he became upset, but there were no reprisals, except for deepening prejudices against the old princes. Florya notes: “There is no doubt that the events that took place had a strong influence on the young monarch, as soon as he found it necessary to bring them detailed description in official history his reign. (...) The first reaction of Ivan IV to what happened was a desire to temporarily move away from his environment, saturated with intrigues. That is why the tsar insisted so stubbornly on his intention to go on a pilgrimage to the Kirillov Monastery immediately after his recovery.

Death

The exact composition of the royal train that went on a pilgrimage is not known. Only the route is clear. “The tsar left with his family - Anastasia, who had not yet recovered from the birth, and Dmitry, who was no more than seven months old (...). The pilgrims set off from Moscow in May 1553. The sovereign was also accompanied by his weak-minded brother Yuri Vasilyevich. Traditionally, the first goal was the Trinity-Sergius Monastery, then the royal "train" arrived in Dmitrov, where it passed through local monasteries, then - Nikolo-Peshnoshsky Monastery. On the rivers Yakhroma and Dubna, calling on the way to new monasteries, the tsar on ships went to the Volga, visited the Makariev Kalyazinsky Monastery, then Uglich (this city, as it turns out, always played a fatal role in the fate of Russian princes named Dmitry) and along the Sheksna River went up to the Kirillo-Belozersky monastery. At this stage, Empress Anastasia ran out of strength: the recent woman in labor could not go further. She was left to lie down in Kirillov, and the restless tsar rushed off to the Ferapontov Monastery. The queen's rest was short-lived: upon returning from Ferapontov, the royal retinue boarded the ships again and sailed back along the Sheksna to the Volga. At one of the parking lots, a tragedy occurred.

According to one version, which is also called legendary, in the Sheksna River, when leaving (or landing) from the ship - a plow, the tsarevich was carried by a nanny (or nurse) and two boyars, the queen's relatives - Danila Romanovich and Vasily Mikhailovich Zakharyin-Yuriev. When they entered the rickety gangplank, they immediately collapsed into the water. The adults got wet, and the child choked. Another version says that Dmitry fell ill and died on the road.

Kurbsky describes the death of a baby rather gloatingly: “And before reaching the Cyril Monastery, when they were still sailing along the Sheksna River, the son of John, according to the prophecy of St. Maxim, died. Here is the first "joy" through the prayers of Bishop Vassian Toporkov! Here is the receipt of bribes for vows that are not given according to reason and not pleasing to God! John arrived at the Cyril Monastery in sorrow and anguish, and then returned with empty handed in great sorrow to Moscow". However, the meetings of the tsar with religious figures, described by Kurbsky, are not mentioned in other sources, and modern researchers consider him to be his personal fiction for propaganda purposes.

"While Crimean Tatars with great force they suddenly invaded the country, causing great ruin everywhere, so that even the inhabitants of Moscow fled with the Grand Duke, who fled with all his treasures and court to Beloozero (Bielaozera) - a place protected by nature itself, in the middle of a large lake and very well fortified. Once the Grand Duke went to inspect the Muscovite camp, set up around the lake, he was followed in another boat by the princess with the child, and when the boats came abreast, he asked her for Demetrius to play with him, and when they handed over the child, he suddenly slipped out of her hands, fell into the water between both boats and immediately went to the bottom like a stone, and they could not even find him. So their first son died, about whom there was great sorrow throughout the state.

burial

The first Russian prince was buried in the Moscow Archangel Cathedral, in the same grave with his grandfather Vasily III - "and they laid him in the Archangel, at the feet of Grand Duke Vasily Ivanovich", buried on the salt of the temple near the deacon, and inside the deacon at the very wall, Ivan IV, during his illness, ordered to prepare a tomb for himself. On his tombstone, in contrast to the chronicle, a different date of death is indicated - June 6 (T.D. Panova writes that he was buried in the grave of Ivan III).

“In the same coffin, the tsar and Grand Duke Ivan Vasilyevich of All Russia, the son of Tsarevich Dmitry, was laid down in the summer of June 7062 on the 6th day” (Inscription on the tombstone of Ivan III).

“If we take into account the subordination of cathedral burials (in terms of the sacredness of the church space), the burial of an infant in the coffin of a grandfather was honorable. After all, the baby’s grandfather Vasily III lay separately from the Grand Dukes of Moscow - on the salt, in front of the doors of the future royal tomb, like the father of the first tsar, next to Ivan III - the grandfather of the first tsar and the cathedral wardens.

Later, when the walls of the Archangel Cathedral were painted, a fresco appeared over the place of his burial depicting scenes from the history of St. Huar, Cleopatra and John. V. N. Krylova, based on the fact that "Uar" was the name of Dmitry Jr., assumed that these murals were added only in early XVII century, during the transfer of his relics to the Archangel Cathedral. However, according to chemical analysis paints of 1965, it is generally accepted that all the paintings on the western and northern walls of the diakonnik were made at the same time, much earlier.

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Notes

1. PSRL 1853. T. IV. S. 314; T. XIII. S. 517 under 1553; T. XIX. pp. 473, 484; T. XXI. Part 2. S. 651.
3. Litvina A. F., Uspensky F. B. The choice of a name among Russian princes in the X-XVI centuries. Dynastic history through the prism of anthroponymy. - M .: "Indrik", 2006. - 904 p. - 1000 copies. - ISBN 5-85759-339-5.- pp. 389-395
6. PSRL, vol. XIII, part II, p. 526
8. PRSL. T. XXXIV. S. 229, cf. PRSL. T. XX. Second half. C, 541
14. PSRL. T. 13. S. 231-232, T.XX. Second half. S. 541
15. O. I. Podobedova. Moscow School of Painting under Ivan IV: Works in the Moscow Kremlin in the 40s-70s of the 16th century. Science, 1972
16. Panova T.D. . Necropolises of the Moscow Kremlin. Russist (2003). Retrieved March 27, 2011. .
18. Ancient Russian Vivliofika. M., 1791. Part XIX. S. 302
19. Samoilova T. E. Paintings of the 16th century in the tomb of Ivan the Terrible // Problems of studying the monuments of the spiritual and material culture. materials scientific conference, 1991. 2000. M., issue. 2. S. 110-111
20. Samoilova T. E. Princely portraits in the painting of the Archangel Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin: Iconographic program of the 16th century. M., 2004. S. 101-106

An excerpt characterizing Dmitry Ivanovich (the eldest son of Ivan IV)

“Well, fairy tales are different…” the girl-witch smiled sadly. - After all, it is people who compose them ... And the fact that they show us old and scary - it’s more convenient for someone, probably ... It’s easier to explain the inexplicable, and it’s easier to arouse hostility ... You, too, will cause more sympathy if they burn the young and beautiful rather than the old and terrible, right?
“Well, I’m also very sorry for the old women ... but not the evil ones, of course,” Stella said with her eyes downcast. – It’s a pity for any person when such a terrible end – and, twitching her shoulders, as if imitating a witch girl, she continued: – Did they really, really burn you?! Quite, completely alive? .. How must it hurt you ?!. What is your name?
Words habitually poured out of the baby in a machine-gun burst and, not having time to stop her, I was afraid that the owners would be offended in the end, and from welcome guests we would turn into a burden that they would try to get rid of as soon as possible.
But for some reason no one was offended. Both of them, both the elder and his beautiful granddaughter, answered any questions with a friendly smile, and it seemed that for some reason our presence really gave them sincere pleasure ...
My name is Anna, honey. And “really, really” I was completely burned once ... But that was a very, very long time ago. Almost five hundred Earth years have already passed...
I looked in complete shock at this amazing girl, unable to take my eyes off her, and tried to imagine what a nightmare this amazingly beautiful and tender soul had to endure! ..
They were burned for their Gift!!! Just because they could see and do more than others! But how could people do this? And, although I had long understood that no animal was able to do what a person sometimes did, it was still so wild that for a moment I completely lost the desire to be called this same “man” .. ..
It was the first time in my life when I really heard about the real Veduns and Witches, in the existence of which I always believed ... And now, having finally seen the real Witch in reality, I, naturally, terribly wanted "immediately and that's it - everything” to ask her !!! My restless curiosity "fidgeted" inside, literally squealing with impatience and begged to ask now and be sure "about everything"!..
And then, apparently without noticing it myself, I plunged so deeply into the alien world that suddenly opened up to me that I did not have time to correctly react to the suddenly mentally opened picture ... and a fire flared up around my body, terribly real in its terrible sensations. !..
The roaring fire “licked” my defenseless flesh with burning tongues of flame, exploding inside, and almost depriving me of my mind ... Wild, unimaginably cruel pain swept over my head, penetrating into every cell! unfamiliar suffering, which could not be appeased or stopped by anything. Blinding, the fire twisted my essence, howling with inhuman horror, into a painful lump, not letting me breathe! .. I tried to scream, but my voice was not heard ... The world collapsed, breaking into sharp fragments and it seemed that it could not be put back together ... The body blazed like a terrible festive torch ... incinerating, burning with it, my wounded soul. Suddenly, screaming terribly ... I, to my greatest surprise, again found myself in my "earthly" room, still chattering my teeth from the unbearable pain that suddenly fell from somewhere. Still stunned, I stood looking around in confusion, unable to understand who and why could do something like this to me...
But, despite the wild fright, I gradually still managed to somehow pull myself together and calm down a little. After a little thought, I finally realized that this, most likely, was just a very real vision, which, with its sensations, completely repeated the nightmare that had once happened to the witch girl ...
Despite the fear and still too vivid sensations, I immediately tried to return to the fabulous "ice palace" to my abandoned, and probably already very nervous, girlfriend. But for some reason, nothing worked ... I was squeezed like a lemon, and I didn’t even have the strength to think, not to mention such a “journey”. Angry at myself for my "softness", I again tried to pull myself together, when suddenly someone else's strength literally pulled me into the already familiar "ice" hall, where my faithful friend Stella was rushing about, jumping excitedly.
– Nu, that same you?! I was so scared!.. What happened to you? It’s good that she helped, otherwise you would still be flying “somewhere” now! – panting from “righteous indignation”, the little girl immediately blurted out.
I myself didn’t really understand yet how this could happen to me, but then, to my great surprise, the voice of the unusual mistress of the ice palace sounded affectionately:
- My dear, you are a Darina! .. How did you end up here? And you're alive!!! Are you still in pain? I nodded in surprise. - Well, what are you, you can’t watch this! ..
The girl Anna affectionately took my head, still “boiling” from the sizzling pain, in her cool hands, and soon I felt how the terrible pain began to slowly recede, and after a minute it completely disappeared.
– What was it?.. – I asked dumbfounded.
“You just looked at what happened to me. But you still do not know how to defend yourself, so you felt everything. You are very curious, this is your strength, but your misfortune, dear ... What is your name?
“Svetlana…” I said hoarsely, slowly coming to my senses. And here she is, Stella. Why are you calling me Darin? This is the second time I've been called that, and I'd really like to know what it means. If possible, of course.
- Don't you know? the witch asked in surprise. I shook my head negatively. – Darinya is “giving light and protecting the world”. And at times, even saving him...
“Well, I would at least save myself for now!” I laughed sincerely. - And what can I give if I myself don’t know anything at all. And I still make only mistakes ... I still can’t do anything! .. - and, after thinking, added sadly. And no one teaches! Unless, sometimes, my grandmother, and also Stella ... And I would so like to study! ..
“The teacher comes when the student is READY to learn, dear,” the elder said quietly, smiling. “And you haven’t figured out even yourself yet.” Even in the fact that you have long been open.
In order not to show how much his words upset me, I tried to immediately change the subject and asked the witch girl, persistently spinning in my brain, a delicate question.
“Forgive me for my indiscretion, Anna, but how could you forget such a terrible pain? And is it possible to forget this at all? ..
“I didn’t forget, honey. I just understood and accepted it... Otherwise, it would be impossible to continue to exist - sadly shaking her head, the girl answered.
- How can you understand this? Yes, and what to understand in pain? .. - I did not give up. - Was it supposed to teach you something special? .. Excuse me, but I never believed in such a "teaching"! In my opinion, only helpless "teachers" can use pain in this way!
I was seething with indignation, unable to stop my running thoughts! .. And no matter how hard I tried, I could not calm down.
Sincerely sorry for the witch girl, at the same time, I wildly wanted to know everything about her, which meant asking her a lot of questions about what could hurt her. It was like a crocodile, which, devouring its unfortunate victim, shed burning tears over it ... But no matter how ashamed I was, I could not help myself ... It was the first time in my short life when I almost I didn’t pay attention to the fact that I could hurt a person with my questions ... I was very ashamed of this, but I also understood that for some reason it was very important for me to talk to her about all this, and continued to ask, “closing on all eyes. ”... But, to my great happiness and surprise, the witch girl, not at all offended, continued to calmly answer my naive childish questions, without expressing the slightest displeasure.
“I understood the reason for what happened. And also the fact that this was also apparently my test ... Having passed which, this one was revealed to me wonderful world where my grandfather and I now live together. Yes, and much more...
“Did you really have to put up with this just to get here?!” Stella was horrified.
- I think yes. Although I can't say for sure. Everyone has their own way ... - Anna said sadly. – But the main thing is that I nevertheless passed it, having managed not to break down. My soul remained pure and kind, not angry at the world, and at the people who executed me. I understood why they were destroying us... those who were "different". Which they called Veduns and Witches. And sometimes also "demonic children"... They were simply afraid of us... They were afraid that we were stronger than them, and also that we were incomprehensible to them. They hated us for what we could do. For our Gift. And one more thing - they envied us too much ... And after all, very few people knew that many of our killers, themselves, secretly tried to learn everything that we could do, only they didn’t succeed. Souls, apparently, were too black...
- How is it - studied ?! But didn't they themselves curse you?.. Didn't they burn you because they considered you the creations of the Devil? Completely taken aback, I asked.
“So it was,” Anna nodded. “Only at first, our executioners brutally tortured us, trying to find out the forbidden, known only to us ... And then they burned us, tearing out many tongues so that they would not inadvertently divulge what had been done to them. Yes, you can ask your mother, she went through a lot, more than anyone else, probably ... That's why she went far after her death, of her own choice, which none of us could do.
“Where is your mother now?” Stella asked.
- Oh, she lives somewhere in the "foreign" worlds, I can never go there! Anna whispered with a strange pride in her voice. – But sometimes we call her, and she comes to us. She loves and remembers us... - and suddenly, with a sunny smile, she added: - And she tells such miracles!!! How I would love to see this!
"Can't she help you to go there?" Stella was surprised.
- I think - no ... - Anna was sad. – She was much stronger than all of us on Earth, and her “test” was much worse than mine, which is probably why she deserved more. Well, she was much more talented, of course ...
But why was such a terrible ordeal necessary? I asked carefully. Why was your Fate so Evil? You were not bad, you helped others who did not have such a Gift. Why did this happen to you?!
- In order for our soul to become stronger, I think ... To withstand a lot they could and did not break. Although there were also many broken ones... They cursed their Gift. And before they died, they renounced him...
– How is this possible? Is it possible to renounce yourself?! Stella immediately jumped indignantly.
– As much as possible, dear... Oh, as much as possible! - quietly said, before that only watching us, but not interfering in the conversation, an amazing old man.
“So grandfather confirmed it to you,” the girl smiled. - Not all of us are ready for such a test ... Yes, not everyone can endure such pain. But the point is not so much in pain, but in the strength of our human spirit ... After all, after the pain, there was still fear from the experience, which, even after death, tenaciously sat in our memory and, like a worm, gnawed the remaining crumbs of our courage. It was this fear, for the most part, that broke people who had gone through all this horror. As soon as, already in this (posthumous) world, they were only slightly intimidated, they immediately gave up, becoming obedient "dolls" in the hands of others. And these hands, of course, were far from being “white”... So, after that, “black” magicians, “black” sorcerers and various similar ones appeared on Earth when their essences returned there again. Magicians "on strings", as we called them... So, it was probably not for nothing that we passed such a test. Grandpa also went through all this ... But he is very strong. Much stronger than me. He managed to "leave" without waiting for the end. Just like mom did. It's just that I couldn't...
- How to leave? Die before it was burned?!. Is this possible? I asked in shock.
The girl nodded.
But not everyone can, of course. It takes a lot of courage to dare to end one's life... I just didn't have enough... But Grandpa shouldn't be bothered with that! Anna smiled proudly.
I saw how much she loved her kind, wise grandfather... And for a brief moment my soul felt very empty and sad. It was as if a deep, incurable longing had returned to her again ...
“I also had a very unusual grandfather ...” I suddenly whispered very quietly.
But bitterness immediately squeezed my throat, and I could no longer continue.
- Did you love him very much? the girl asked sympathetically.
I just nodded in response, indignant at myself for such an "unforgivable" weakness...
Who was your grandfather, girl? the old man asked kindly. - I don't see him.
“I don't know who he was... And I never knew. But I think that you don’t see him because after death he came to live in me... And, probably, that’s why I can do what I do... Although I can, of course, still very little. ..
- No, girl, he just helped you "open up." And everything is done by you and your essence. You have a big Gift, honey.
– What is this Gift worth if I know almost nothing about it?! I exclaimed bitterly. “If you couldn’t even save your friends today!?”
I frustratedly flopped down on the fluffy seat, not even noticing its “sparkling” beauty, all offended at myself for my helplessness, and suddenly I felt my eyes sparkle in treachery ... But I can’t cry in the presence of these amazing, courageous people why I didn’t want to! .. Therefore, in order to somehow concentrate, I began to mentally “grind” grains of unexpectedly received information in order, again, to hide them carefully in my memory, without losing a single important word, without missing some smart idea...
How did your friends die? the witch girl asked.
Stella showed the picture.
“They might not have died…” the old man shook his head sadly. “There was no need for that.
- How could it not have happened? - the disheveled Stella immediately jumped up indignantly. They were saving others good people! They didn't have a choice!
– Forgive me, little one, but THERE IS ALWAYS THE CHOICE. It is only important to be able to choose correctly... Look, and the elder showed what Stella had shown him a minute ago.
“Your warrior friend tried to fight evil here just as he fought it on Earth. But this is already a different life, and the laws in it are completely different. Just like the other and the weapon... Only you two did it right. And your friends are wrong. They could live a long time... Of course, every person has the right free choice and everyone has the right to decide how to use his life. But this is when he knows how he could act, knows all possible ways. Your friends didn't know. Therefore, they made a mistake and paid the highest price. But they had beautiful and pure souls, so be proud of them. But now no one will ever be able to return them ...
Stella and I were completely limp, and apparently in order to somehow “cheer us up”, Anna said:
“Do you want me to try calling my mother so you can talk to her?” I think you would be interested.
I was immediately ignited with a new opportunity to find out what I wanted!.. Apparently, Anna managed to get to the core of me completely, since this really was the only means that could make me forget everything else for a while. My curiosity, as the witch girl rightly said, was my strength, but also my biggest weakness at the same time ...
- Do you think she will come? .. - I asked with hope for the impossible.
We won't know until we try, right? No one will be punished for this, - Anna answered, smiling at the effect.
She closed her eyes, and from her thin sparkling figure stretched somewhere into the unknown, a blue thread pulsing with gold. We waited with bated breath, afraid to move, so as not to inadvertently frighten something ... Several seconds passed - nothing happened. I was about to open my mouth to say that today, apparently, nothing would work, when I suddenly saw a high transparent entity slowly approaching us through the blue channel. As she approached, the channel seemed to “roll up” behind her back, and the essence itself became more and more dense, becoming like all of us. Finally, everything around her completely curled up, and now a woman of absolutely incredible beauty stood before us! .. She was clearly once earthly, but at the same time, there was something in her that made her no longer one of us... already different - distant... And not because I knew that after her death she “left” to other worlds. She was just different.
- Hello, my relatives! – by touching right hand heart, the beauty greeted affectionately.
Anna beamed. And her grandfather, approaching us, glared at the stranger’s face with wet eyes, as if trying to “imprint” her amazing image into his memory, not missing a single smallest detail, as if he was afraid that he was seeing her for the last time ... He looked and looked without stopping, and seemed not even to breathe... And the beauty, unable to stand it any longer, threw herself into his warm arms, and, like a little child, she froze, absorbing the wonderful peace and goodness pouring from his loving , a tormented soul...

The prince did not even live to be 9 years old. However, his short life and the mysterious death most seriously influenced the fate of the Russian state. The Great Time of Troubles, which called into question the very possibility of the existence of Russia as a single, independent power, is from beginning to end connected with the name of Tsarevich Dmitry.

Illegitimate

Strictly speaking, the youngest son of Ivan the Terrible bore the title of "tsarevich" only conditionally, and had no right to the throne.

his mother Maria Nagaya, was, according to different versions of historians, either the sixth or seventh wife of the king. The Church did not recognize this marriage as legal, which means that a child born on October 19, 1582 could not be the legitimate heir to the throne.

Dmitry Ivanovich was the full namesake of his older brother, the first-born Ivan the Terrible. The first Dmitry Ivanovich passed away without having lived even a year. The circumstances of his death are not exactly known - during his father's trip to the pilgrimage, the baby either died of illness or drowned as a result of an accident.

The second Dmitry Ivanovich survived his father - when Ivan the Terrible died, his youngest son was about one and a half years old.

Ascended to the throne Fedor Ivanovich ordered to send his stepmother and brother to Uglich, proclaiming him a specific prince.

Big ambitions of the Naga clan

Tsarevich Dmitry became the last specific prince in Russia, while his rights were seriously limited. Uglich was managed clerk Mikhail Bityagovsky appointed by the king.

Relations between Fyodor Ivanovich's entourage and Nagimi were, to put it mildly, strained.

Sending the dowager queen and prince to Uglich, they were given to understand that they would not tolerate any claims to the throne. The truth was on the side of Nagi's opponents, since, as already mentioned, Dmitry was considered illegitimate.

The Nagi clan, starting with the queen, was extremely hurt by this state of affairs, hoping to take high government posts.

But they still had hope. Fyodor Ivanovich was not distinguished by good health and could not produce an heir. And this meant that Dmitry, for all his illegitimacy, remains the only direct heir to the throne.

"He finds pleasure in seeing his throat slit as he bleeds."

Information about Dmitry himself is contradictory. Russian historians, for reasons that will be discussed below, drew the image of a kind of angel endowed with exceptional virtues.

Foreigners wrote somewhat differently. Englishman Giles Fletcher, who wrote a book about his trip to Russia, reported: “The younger brother of the tsar, a child of six or seven years old (as was said before), is kept in a remote place from Moscow, under the supervision of his mother and relatives from the house of the Nagy, but (as you can hear) life he is in danger from the attempts of those who extend their views on the possession of the throne in the event of the childless death of the king. The nurse, who had tasted some food before him (as I heard), died suddenly. The Russians confirm that he is definitely the son of Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich, by the fact that at a young age all the qualities of a father begin to be revealed in him. He (they say) delights in watching sheep and livestock in general being slaughtered, seeing his throat cut while it bleeds (whereas children are usually afraid of this), and beating geese and chickens with a stick until they won't die."

In addition to the cruelty of Dmitry, with which he reminded his contemporaries of his father and older brother Ivan, the topic of a possible attempt on the prince's life also pops up here. This is extremely important in connection with the events that occurred subsequently.

Fatal May 15

On May 15, 1591, Tsarevich Dmitry was found dead in the courtyard of the palace. The boy was mortally wounded in the neck.

The mother of the deceased, Maria Nagaya, as well as her relatives, announced that the tsarevich was stabbed to death by the people of the clerk Mikhail Bityagovsky on orders from Moscow. An alarm bell sounded over Uglich. An angry mob tore the alleged killers to pieces - Osip Volokhov, Nikita Kachalova and Danila Bityagovsky, the son of a deacon. Following this, they dealt with Mikhail Bityagovsky himself, who was trying to calm the crowd.

From the point of view of the tsarist authorities, there was a riot in Uglich. Brother-in-law of Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich Boris Godunov, who at that time was the actual head of the government, immediately sent a commission of inquiry to Uglich. The boyar was appointed head of the commission Vasily Shuisky.

The investigation into the case of the death of Tsarevich Dmitry is unique in that the materials of the investigation have survived to this day. About 150 people were interrogated - almost everyone who was involved in the events of May 15.

The investigation established

As a result of the investigation, the following was found. The prince had long suffered from attacks of "black sickness" - epilepsy. The last seizure occurred on May 12, that is, three days before death. Then Dmitry felt better, and on May 15, after attending mass, his mother allowed him to take a walk in the courtyard.

Mother was with the prince Vasilisa Volokhova, nurse Arina Tuchkova, bed Marya Kolobova and four peers of Dmitry, the sons of a nurse and a bed Petrusha Kolobov, Ivan Krasensky and Grisha Kozlovsky. The boys played "poke" - this ancient Russian game most of all resembles the so-called "knives", which are still played today. In general terms, the essence of the game is to throw a pointed metal object (knife or rod) into the ground in a certain way.

In Dmitry's hand was either a knife or a pile (a pointed four-sided nail). At this moment, the prince was overtaken by a new attack of epilepsy. During the attack, the boy involuntarily stuck the point into his throat, which caused death.

The final conclusion of the commission of inquiry is that Tsarevich Dmitry died as a result of an accident. Consecrated cathedral led by Patriarch Job approved the results of the investigation.

Weapon against Godunov

As punishment for the rebellion, Maria Nagaya was tonsured a nun under the name of Martha, her brothers were sent into exile, the most active participants in the rebellion from among the townspeople were executed or exiled to Siberia.

But that was only the beginning of the story. In 1598, without leaving an heir, Tsar Fedor Ioannovich died. The Rurik dynasty was cut short. The Zemsky Sobor elects a new tsar, Boris Godunov.

For opponents of the new monarch, the "Uglich case" becomes an excellent tool for generating distrust in Godunov among the people. One of the main intruders is Vasily Shuisky. The former head of the investigation into the death of Tsarevich Dmitry himself dreams of taking the throne, so he intrigues against Godunov with all his might.

And then he appears on the stage False Dmitry I, allegedly miraculously saved from the murderers of the prince. Many believe him, and as a result, in 1605, after the death of Boris Godunov and the massacre of his son Fedor, the impostor takes the throne. Vasily Shuisky once again changes his testimony, and recognizes the legitimate prince in False Dmitry.

Saint vs impostor

But already in 1606, Vasily Shuisky becomes the head of a new conspiracy, as a result of which False Dmitry will be killed, and the ambitious boyar finally sits on the throne.

However, Shuisky also faces the problem of the “miraculously saved” prince, now in the form False Dmitry II.

The tsar understands that the story of the tsarevich needs to end, and in such a way that the masses of the people believe that he is dead.

The prince was buried in Uglich, where few people could see his grave. Vasily Shuisky decides to rebury him in Moscow, and not just as a deceased member of the royal family, but as a holy martyr.

It was an elegant decision - with the revered relics of the saint, the myth of the "miraculous salvation" would be much more difficult to use.

By order of the tsar, a special commission was sent to Uglich under the leadership of Metropolitan Filaret- father Mikhail Romanov, the future founder of the new royal dynasty.

When opening the grave, the relics of the prince were found incorrupt and emitting incense. In his hand, the dead prince was clutching a handful of nuts - according to the version of the murder, the criminals caught the child when he was playing with nuts.

The relics were solemnly reburied in the Archangel Cathedral of the Kremlin. Those who came to the tomb of the prince began to declare miraculous healings, and in the same year he was canonized as a saint.

What you don't want to believe

Here, historians walk around the edge, for the faithful Tsarevich Dimitry of Uglitsia, a miracle worker of Uglich and Moscow and all Russia, is still a revered Russian saint today. Nevertheless, for the sake of historical truth, it is necessary to mention what contemporaries thought about the canonization of the prince.

The political meaning of what was happening was clear and lay on the surface - Vasily Shuisky struggled to push his supporters away from False Dmitry II. Very bad assumptions have come down to our time as to exactly how the remains of Dmitry turned out to be incorrupt. It was alleged that Metropolitan Filaret bought a son from one of the archers, who, in age, approached the age of Dmitry's death, and ordered him to be killed. The body of this child was presented as incorruptible relics. I don’t want to believe in this terrible version, but the times were very harsh. A little later, during the accession of Mikhail Romanov, the 3-year-old son of the “miraculously saved Tsarevich Dmitry” was publicly hanged, so few people stopped before killing children in that era.

Boris the condemned

So, the final version of Vasily Shuisky read that Tsarevich Dmitry was killed by supporters of Boris Godunov on his personal order. The tsar had no reason to rehabilitate Godunov - firstly, he was his political opponent, and secondly, only a murder victim could be canonized, but not an epileptic who died as a result of a seizure.

The canonization of Tsarevich Dmitry Shuisky himself did not save him: he was overthrown and ended his days in a Polish prison.

However, the version that the youngest son of Ivan the Terrible was killed by Boris Godunov's henchmen survived during the Romanov dynasty. Firstly, the Romanovs were also at enmity with Godunov, and secondly, the version about the guilt of Tsar Boris made him an “illegitimate” monarch, an instigator of the Time of Troubles, which ended with the accession of the “legitimate Romanovs”.

For more than two centuries, Godunov was unconditionally considered the murderer of Tsarevich Dmitry. His talent finally "sentenced" him Alexandra Pushkin in the tragedy Boris Godunov.

Was there a murder?

However, in the 1820s, the materials of the Uglich case discovered in the archive became available. Russian historian Mikhail Pogodin questioned the version of the murder of the prince. The materials of the investigation quite logically substantiated the fact that an accident had occurred.

It is also noteworthy that Boris Godunov himself sent the investigators to Uglich, demanding a thorough investigation. It turns out that Godunov was absolutely sure that no evidence would be found against him. Meanwhile, he could not possibly know exactly how the events in Uglich developed and what exactly the witnesses saw. It turns out that Godunov was interested in an objective investigation, knowing that it would confirm his innocence.

In addition, in 1591, Tsarevich Dmitry was by no means the only obstacle for Godunov on the way to the throne. Then there was still a reasonable hope that Fedor would have an heir. In May 1592 queen Irina gave birth to a girl, and no one could guarantee that this was the last child of the royal couple.

We must not forget that Tsarevich Dmitry was illegitimate from the point of view of the church. With such a competitor, Godunov could compete for the throne without hired killers.

For lack of evidence

Supporters of the version of the murder have another serious argument - modern doctors believe that a child with an epileptic attack would have dropped the knife and could not inflict a mortal wound on himself. But there is an answer to this - the wound could have arisen as a result of improper assistance by frightened boys or nannies, who provoked a fatal movement.

The massacre perpetrated on the suspects in the murder deprived the investigation of their testimony, which could become the most important in this case.

As a result, both versions of the death of Tsarevich Dmitry cannot be completely rejected.

On November 19, 1582, the son of Ivan the Terrible, Tsarevich Ivan Ivanovich, died. This event became fatal for Russian history. And one of the most confusing.

fatal intercession

One of the main versions of the murder of his son by Ivan the Terrible is known to us from the words of Antonio Possevino, papal legate. According to this version, Ivan the Terrible found his son's wife, Elena, in an inappropriate form. Grozny's daughter-in-law was pregnant and lay in her underwear. Ivan IV became angry and began to "teach" Elena, hit her in the face and beat her with a staff. Here, according to the same Possevino, Ivan the Terrible ran into the wards and began to reproach his father with these words: “You imprisoned my first wife for no reason, you did the same with your second wife and now you are beating your third wife in order to destroy your son, which she carries in her womb. The end is known. The father's staff also took out his son, breaking his skull.

This version, which has become a textbook, is now being criticized. It was beneficial to present Ivan IV as a ruthless son-killer for at least two reasons: firstly, the Russian tsar appeared in an unseemly light, and secondly, such horrors, which were happening on the assurances of the same Possevino in Russia, legitimized the European Inquisition.

Political strife

According to another version, politics became the "stumbling block" between the son and his father. This version was voiced in his "History" by Nikolai Karamzin: "The prince, full of noble jealousy, came to his father and demanded that he send him with an army to expel the enemy, liberate Pskov, restore the honor of Russia. John, in a flurry of anger, shouted, “Rebel! You, along with the boyars, want to overthrow me from the throne, ”and raised his hand. Boris Godunov wanted to keep her. The king gave him several wounds with his sharp rod and hit the prince hard in the head with it. This unfortunate fell down, covered in blood! It is significant that this version, accepted by Karamzin as reliable, belonged to the same Antonio Possevino. The reliability of this completely literary presentation is even more doubtful than the first version; it has not been confirmed by any other evidence. A grain of truth, however, is present in this version. It is that the situation in last years The reign of Ivan the Terrible at court was, to put it mildly, tense. It was extremely difficult to survive in such an environment.

Who wrote history

It is amazing how surprisingly credulous Russian historians, and above all Karamzin, "wrote history", focusing on the evidence of Antonio Possevino, the legate of Pope Gregory XIII, the German Heinrich Staden and the Frenchman Jacques Marzharette. In all historical interpretations, especially foreign ones, one should look for who benefits from this. The same Staden, returning to Germany, outlined a plan for the conquest of Muscovy, proposing to destroy churches and monasteries, abolish the Orthodox faith, and then turn the inhabitants into slaves. With regret, it is worth recognizing the correctness of the historian Zabelin, who wrote: “As you know, we very diligently only deny and denounce our history and do not even dare to think about any characters and ideals. We do not allow the ideal in our history... Our whole history is a dark realm of ignorance, barbarism, superstitiousness, slavery, and so on...».

Poisoning?

In 1963, the tombs of Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich and Tsarevich Ivan Ioannovich were opened in the Archangel Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin. The subsequent reliable studies, medical-chemical and medical-forensic examinations of the honest remains of the prince showed that 32 times exceeded allowed content mercury, several times arsenic and lead. Due to the poor preservation of the bone tissue, it was impossible to reliably establish whether Ivan Ivanovich had a fractured skull. Taking into account the fact that the mother of Ivan the Terrible and his first wife also died of poisoning with selenium, the version with the poisoning of Ivan the Terrible's son seems to be the most probable. Another question: who was the poisoner?

Didn't kill

Ivan the Terrible did not kill his son. It was this version that was adhered to, for example, by the chief prosecutor Holy Synod Konstantin Pobedonostsev. Seeing the famous painting by Repin at the exhibition, he was outraged and wrote to the emperor Alexander III: "You can not call the picture historical, because this moment ... is purely fantastic." An analysis of what happened in 1582 confirms Pobedonostsev's idea that it is precisely "fantastic". Since Repin painted the picture, the version of "Ivan the Terrible killed his son" has become a kind of historical meme. It is so rooted in the mind that the idea of ​​Grozny's innocence in the death of his son is often simply not considered. By the way, the picture has a difficult fate. In February 1913, she was badly injured by the knife of the Old Believer Abram Baloshov, and more recently, Orthodox activists turned to the Minister of Culture with a request to remove the painting from the Tretyakov Gallery.

Repose of the son

The death of his son seriously affected Ivan IV. The untimely death of his son made him a "mortgage dead", he could not be buried, he was doomed to eternal suffering. In 1583, Ivan the Terrible came out with an unprecedented initiative - to introduce into the liturgical life of the monastic cloisters of the Moscow Metropolis the so-called "Synodika of the Disgraced" - an "eternal" commemoration of the victims of the Oprichnina. In fact, the king offered God a deal: for the sake of saving the soul of his dead son, to create relief from the death torments of the executed disgraced.

Dmitry Uglitsky
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Dimitry Uglitsky
Dimitri Ioannovich


Prince Uglitsky

Religion: Orthodoxy

Moscow

Uglich

Genus: Rurik
Father: Ivan IV
Mother: Maria Nagaya
Spouse: no
Commons-logo.svg Dimitry Uglitsky at Wikimedia Commons
"Tsarevich Dmitry" redirects here; see also other meanings.
This term has other meanings, see Dmitry Uglitsky (meanings).
This term has other meanings, see Dmitry Ivanovich.

Tsarevich Dmitriy Iva;novich (Dimitriy Ioannovich, direct name (by birthday) Ua;r; October 19 (29), 1582, Moscow - May 15 (25), 1591, Uglich) - Prince of Uglich, the youngest son of Ivan the Terrible from Mary Fedorovna Nagoya, his sixth or seventh wife (illegal).

He lived only eight years, but the political crisis, largely associated with his mysterious death ( Time of Troubles), lasted at least 22 years after his death (see False Dmitry).

Canonized in 1606 as the right-believing Tsarevich Dimitry of Uglich, "Wonderworker of Uglich and Moscow and all Russia" (commemoration day - May 15, according to the old style, in the XXI century - May 28, according to the new style). One of the most revered Russian saints.

1 life
1.1 Under Fedor
1.2 Death
1.3 Investigation
1.4 Burial and relics
1.5 After death
2 Canonization
2.1 Life
2.2 Iconography
2.3 Veneration
3 notes
4 Literature

Life
Measured icon of Tsarevich "Dmitry of Thessalonica"

He was born on October 19 (29), 1582 from the last wife of Ivan the Terrible, Maria Nagoya, whose marriage was not blessed by the church.

Since he was born from at least the sixth marriage of his father (while Orthodox Church considers only three consecutive marriages legal), he could be considered illegitimate and excluded from the number of contenders for the throne (see Legality of Ivan the Terrible's marriages).

Following his birth, a measured icon was painted - the third of the surviving ones (Museums of the Moscow Kremlin). It depicts his St. patron, Dmitry Solunsky, in whose honor the newborn was baptized (the name was chosen, perhaps, in honor of the glorious ancestor of Dmitry Donskoy). His princely name was Dmitry, and his direct name was War: it is traditionally believed that it was on the day of St. Uara October 19, he was born. The day of St. Huar (a rare saint who was not part of the family circle) falls exactly 8 days earlier than St. Dmitry, and the second princely name could well have been given “according to the eight-day circumcision” at the baptism of the child. However, one cannot completely exclude the version that the prince was born on October 11 or 12, received the name Uar on the 8th day, and Dmitry - as the closest princely name in the calendar.
Princely chambers in the Uglich Kremlin, where Dmitry lived with his mother Maria Nagoya

30 years before his birth, Ivan the Terrible already had one son named Dmitry (see Dmitry Ivanovich (eldest son of Ivan IV)) - this was the early-deceased first-born of the tsar, also born in October and somehow associated with St. Warom. This is one of the mysteries of anthroponymy - according to one version, on October 19, not Dmitry Uglitsky was born, but his older brother. The reason why the younger prince received the same name as the deceased elder is not clear; the coincidence that they were both born on October 19th is unbelievable. "As for Dmitry Uglichsky, he, apparently, was conceived as a direct likeness of his early-dead first-born brother." F. Uspensky puts forward the version that “St. Uar became the patron of the child, as he was the patron of his deceased first-born brother. Thus, both names - both Dmitry and Uar - Dmitry Uglitsky could receive "by inheritance", without a strict connection with the church calendar. If you follow this version, it turns out that the date of birth (October 19) of Dmitry Uglichsky in those annals where it is indicated was calculated retroactively, based on the knowledge of his names. However, they do not exclude that Warom was still only the youngest, and the fact that both were born in this way in October is a coincidence.
Under Fedor

After the death of his father in 1584 and accession to the throne of Fedor (and even before the wedding ceremony to the kingdom on May 24), the boy and his mother were removed by the regency council to Uglich, receiving him to reign (as earlier, Ivan the Terrible's younger brother Yuri Vasilyevich and Vasily's younger brother III - Dmitry Ivanovich Zhilka).

Jerome Horsey writes that "the queen was accompanied by a different retinue, she was released with a dress, jewelry, food, horses, etc. - all this in a big way, as befits an empress." The "New Chronicler" indicates that Uglich was allocated to the prince by his father, but it is not known how reliable this is.

In Uglich, he was considered the ruling prince and had his own court (the last Russian specific prince), officially - having received him as an inheritance, but apparently, the real reason for this was the fear of the authorities that Dmitry, wittingly or unwittingly, could become a center around which all dissatisfied people would rally reign of Tsar Fedor. This version is confirmed by the fact that neither the prince himself nor his relatives received any real rights to the "lot" except for receiving part of the income of the county. Real power was concentrated in the hands of "service people" sent from Moscow under the leadership of the clerk Mikhail Bityagovsky.

After his elder brother, Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich (who had only one daughter, Feodosia Fedorovna), Dmitry remained the only male representative of the Moscow line of the Rurik dynasty. Foreign traveler Giles Fletcher points to the makings of his character, reminiscent of the late "terrible" king:

The younger brother of the tsar, a child of six or seven years old (as was said before), is kept in a remote place from Moscow, under the supervision of his mother and relatives from the house of the Nagy, but (as is heard) his life is in danger from the attempts of those who spread their views to the possession of the throne in the event of the childless death of the king. The nurse, who had tasted some food before him (as I heard), died suddenly. The Russians confirm that he is definitely the son of Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich, by the fact that at a young age all the qualities of a father begin to be revealed in him. He (it is said) delights in watching sheep and livestock in general being slaughtered, in seeing the throat cut while it bleeds (whereas children are usually afraid of this), and in beating geese and chickens with a stick until they won't breathe.
-; Fletcher J. About the Russian State

The circumstances of the death of the prince are still controversial and not fully clarified.

On May 15 (25), 1591, the tsarevich played “poke”, and the company was made up of small robyatka residents Petrusha Kolobov and Vazhen Tuchkov - the sons of the bed-and-nurse, who were with the person of the queen, as well as Ivan Krasensky and Grisha Kozlovsky. The Tsarevich was taken care of by his mother Vasilisa Volokhova, nurse Arina Tuchkova and bed-keeper Marya Kolobova.

The rules of the game, which have not changed to this day, are that a line is drawn on the ground, through which a knife is thrown, trying to make it stick into the ground as far as possible. The one who made the farthest throw wins. If you believe the testimony of eyewitnesses of the events given during the investigation, the prince had a “pile” in his hands - a pointed tetrahedral nail. The same was confirmed by the tsarina's brother Andrei Nagoi, who, however, transmitted the events from other people's words. There is a slightly different version, recorded from the words of a certain Romka Ivanov "with comrades" (who also spoke, in all likelihood, from other people's words): the prince was amusing himself with a pile in the ring.

Regarding further eyewitnesses, they are mostly unanimous - Dmitry had an attack of epilepsy - in the language of that time - “black sickness”, and during convulsions he accidentally hit himself with a “pile” in the throat. In the light of modern ideas about epilepsy, this is impossible, because at the very beginning of an epileptic seizure, a person loses consciousness and is unable to hold any objects in his hands. It is quite possible that because of the fear that the prince would not get hurt by the “pile” lying under him on the ground, they tried to pull it out from under the prince and accidentally mortally wounded him in the neck, or, perhaps, because of this awkward attempt, the prince , at that moment "convulsing", he himself came across a "pile".

According to the nurse Arina Tuchkova,
“She didn’t save it, when a black disease came to the prince, and at that time he had a knife in his hands, and he was stabbed with a knife, and she took the prince in her arms, and she did not have the prince in her arms. »

The same version, with some variations, was repeated by other eyewitnesses of the events, as well as one of the tsarina's brothers, Grigory Fedorovich Nagoi.
Icon "Tsarevich Dimitry of Uglich in his life". GIM, 17th century
Left: 1. The Tsarevich is taken out of the palace 2. The murder of the Tsarina, the nurse tries to save Demetrius 3. The Bityagovskys on horseback are trying to escape from Uglich.
Right: 1. Sexton strikes the bell. The Bityagovskys are trying to knock down the door in the bell tower 2. Residents of Uglich are stoning the murderers of Dimitry 3. Grad Uglich

However, the tsarina and her other brother, Mikhail, stubbornly adhered to the version that Dmitry was stabbed to death by Osip Volokhov (the son of the tsarevich's mother), Nikita Kachalov and Danila Bityagovsky (the son of the clerk Mikhail, who was sent to oversee the disgraced royal family) - that is, by direct order of Moscow .

The excited crowd, rising on the alarm, tore the alleged killers to pieces. Subsequently, by order of Vasily Shuisky, the tongue of the bell, which served as the alarm, was cut off (as a person), and he, together with the Uglich rebels, became the first exile in the newly founded Pelym prison. Only in late XIX century, the disgraced bell was returned to Uglich. Currently, it hangs in the Church of Tsarevich Dimitri "On Blood".

The body of the prince was taken to the church for the funeral, next to him "relentlessly" was Andrei Alexandrovich Nagoy. On May 19 (29), 1591, 4 days after the death of the prince, an investigative commission arrived from Moscow consisting of Metropolitan Gelasius, head local order Duma clerk Elizar Vyluzgin, roundabout Andrei Petrovich Lup-Kleshnin and the future Tsar Vasily Shuisky. The conclusions of the Moscow commission at that time were unequivocal - the prince died in an accident.
Investigation
Uglich Kremlin, Church of Dmitry on Blood 1692
Main article: Uglich case

The investigation file drawn up by the commission was preserved under the name "Uglich case", during which about 150 people were involved in the investigation. The uncles of the prince were interrogated - Nagy, mother, nurse, clergymen close to the court or who were in the palace at the initial moment of events. The preparation of the white copy was basically completed already in Uglich. “The investigation file has been preserved almost completely, only a few initial pages have been lost. The manuscript, as the study showed, is in the main part a white copy of the materials of the investigation, submitted for consideration by the joint meeting of the Boyar Duma and the Consecrated Cathedral on June 2 (12), 1591. The case was reported by Gelasius at a meeting of the Consecrated Cathedral, by decision of which it was transferred to the discretion of the king.

It should be borne in mind that this commission of inquiry was drawn up on behalf of Boris Godunov himself, who was accused of killing the prince. It is usually believed that the existence of the prince as a contender for the throne was unprofitable for the ruler of the state, Boris Godunov, who seized absolute power in 1587, however, some historians argue that Boris considered the prince to be illegitimate for the above reason and did not consider him as a serious threat.

“The first stories that set out a different version of events - the murder of the prince on the orders of Boris Feodorovich Godunov, are included in the stories written in the spring and summer of 1606, after the deposition and murder of False Dmitry I, surrounded by the new tsar, Vasily Ioannovich Shuisky.”

With the end of the Time of Troubles, the government of Mikhail Fedorovich returned to the official version of the government of Vasily Shuisky: Dmitry died in 1591 at the hands of Godunov's mercenaries. It was also recognized as official and by the church. This version was described in N. M. Karamzin's History of the Russian State). In 1829, the historian MP Pogodin ventured to defend Boris's innocence. The original of the criminal case of the Shuisky Commission, discovered in the archives, became the decisive argument in the dispute. He convinced many historians and biographers of Boris (S. F. Platonov, R. G. Skrynnikov) that the death of Ivan the Terrible's son was an accident. Some criminologists argue that the testimony recorded by the Shuisky commission gives the impression of being dictated, and an epileptic child cannot injure himself with a knife during a seizure, because at this time the palms are wide open. The version according to which Tsarevich Dmitry remained alive and disappeared (in this regard, it was assumed, for example, that False Dmitry I was not an impostor, but the real son of Ivan the Terrible), discussed back in the 19th - early 20th centuries, still has supporters.
Burial and relics
Precious lid of the prince's shrine from the Archangel Cathedral (detail). Masters Pavel Alekseev, Dmitry Alekseev, Vasily Korovnikov, Timofey Ivanov, Vasily Malosolets under the direction of Gavrila Ovdokimov. 1628-1630 years. Workshops of the Moscow Kremlin, Silver Chamber. The contribution of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich to the Archangel Cathedral. (Museums of the Moscow Kremlin)
Grave and icon in the Archangel Cathedral of the Kremlin

Tsarevich Dmitry was buried in Uglich, in the palace church in honor of the Transfiguration of the Lord. Around the grave of the prince and the chapel set over it, a children's cemetery arose.

On July 3 (13), 1606, "the holy relics of the passion-bearer Tsarevich Dimitri were found incorrupt." After his canonization, his remains were transferred to the Archangel Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin and began to be revered as a relic (see the "Canonization" section).

A fragment of the tombstone of Tsarevich Dmitry Ivanovich from the Archangel Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin is in the State Historical Museum (N 118451). It says:
« IN THE SUMMER OF 7099 OF THE MONTH OF MAYA ON THE 15TH DAY THE BLESSED PRINCESS PRINCE DMITRY IVANOVICH WAS MURDERED IN COAL ... »

In 1812, after the capture of Moscow by the French troops and their allies, Dmitry's shrine was re-opened, and the relics were thrown out of it. After the invaders were expelled, the relics were found again and installed in the same place in the same silver shrine. mid-seventeenth century, which has survived to the present day.
After death

With the death of Dmitry, the Moscow line of the Rurik dynasty was doomed to extinction; although Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich subsequently had a daughter, she died in infancy, and he had no sons. On January 7 (17), 1598, with the death of Fedor, the dynasty ended, and Boris became his successor. From this date, the Time of Troubles is usually counted, in which the name of Tsarevich Dmitry became the slogan of various parties, a symbol of the "right", "legitimate" tsar; this name was adopted by several impostors, one of whom reigned in Moscow.

In 1603, False Dmitry I appeared in Poland, posing as Dmitry miraculously escaped; the government of Boris, which had previously hushed up the very fact that Tsarevich Dmitry lived in the world, and commemorated him as a “prince”, was forced to serve him funeral services for propaganda purposes, commemorating him as a prince. In June 1605, False Dmitry ascended the throne and officially reigned for a year as "Tsar Dmitry Ivanovich"; Dowager Empress Maria Nagaya recognized him as her son. Data on her rejection of her son vary and are ambiguous.

After that, the same Vasily Shuisky became king, who fifteen years ago investigated the death of Dmitry, and then recognized False Dmitry I as the true son of Ivan the Terrible. Now he claimed the third version: the prince died, but not because of an accident, but was killed on the orders of Boris Godunov. The prince became a saint (see below, in the "Canonization" section).

This action did not achieve its goal, since in the same 1606 a new “Dmitry” appeared in the Polish city of Sambor, who in fact was a Moscow nobleman Mikhail Molchanov, who, however, did not appear in Russia under the royal name, but already in In 1607, False Dmitry II (Tushinsky Thief) appeared in Starodub, and in 1611, False Dmitry III (Pskov Thief, Sidorka) appeared in Ivangorod. The name of "Tsarevich Dmitry" (whom he did not identify with any of the real impostors) was used by his "voivode" Ivan Isaevich Bolotnikov. According to some reports, in 1613-1614, the Cossack leader Ivan Zarutsky, who was the guardian of the widow of the first two False Dmitrys, Marina Mnishek, and her young son, Ivan, known as "Vorenok", pretended to be Dmitry. With the execution of this unfortunate child (1614) the shadow of the prince
Dimitry Uglitsky
Dimitri Ioannovich
1899. Tzarevich Dmitry by M. Nesterov.jpg
Tsarevich Dmitry. Painting by M. V. Nesterov, 1899.
Prince Uglitsky
Predecessor: Yuri Vasilyevich (Prince of Uglitsky)

Religion: Orthodoxy
Birth: 19 (29) October 1582
Moscow
Death: 15 (25) May 1591 (aged 8)
Uglich
Burial place: Archangel Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin
Genus: Rurik
Father: Ivan IV
Mother: Maria Nagaya
Wife: noDmitry and his "descendants" ceased to hover over the Russian throne, although later the Polish gentry Faustin Luba pretended (in Poland) to be the son of Marina Mnishek and False Dmitry II.
Canonization
Dmitry Uglitsky
Saint Dmitry icon.jpg
Saint Tsarevich Demetrius in his life in 21 hallmarks. 18th century State Museum history of religion, St. Petersburg
Birth

15 (25) May 1591 (aged 8)
Uglich, urban settlement Uglich, Uglich district, Yaroslavl region, RSFSR
revered

Uglich
Canonized

1606
Day of Remembrance

May 15 (murder), June 3 (transfer of relics), October 19 (birth), Sunday before August 26 - in the Cathedral of Moscow Saints, May 23 - in the Cathedral of Rostov-Yaroslavl Saints
Patron

Uglich, Moscow
Attributes

Royal crown, royal robes
Commons-logo.svg Category at Wikimedia Commons

In 1606, Tsar Vasily Shuisky sent a special commission to Uglich under the leadership of Metropolitan Filaret to confirm the death of the prince. The impetus for this was the desire, in the words of the king, “to block the mouth of the lying and blind the eyes of the unbeliever to those who speak, as if the living will escape (the prince) from murderous hands,” in view of the appearance of an impostor who declared himself a true prince.

Dmitry's grave was opened, and an "extraordinary incense" spread throughout the cathedral. The relics of the prince were found incorrupt (in the tomb lay a fresh corpse of a child with a handful of nuts clutched in his hand). (There were rumors that Filaret bought the son of Roman from the archer, who was then killed, and his body was placed in the tomb instead of the body of Dmitry).

The solemn procession with the relics moved towards Moscow; near the village of Taininskoye, she was met by Tsar Vasily with his retinue, as well as Dmitry's mother, nun Marfa. The coffin was opened, but Martha, looking at the body, could not utter a word. Then Tsar Vasily approached the coffin, identified the prince and ordered the coffin to be closed. Martha came to her senses only in the Archangel Cathedral, where she announced that her son was in the coffin. The body was placed in a shrine near the grave of Ivan the Terrible - "in the chapel of John the Baptist, where his father and his brothers."

Immediately, miracles began to happen at Dmitry's tomb - the healing of the sick, crowds of people began to besiege the Archangel Cathedral. By order of the king, a charter was drawn up describing the miracles of Dmitry Uglichsky and sent to the cities. However, after the near-death patient brought to the cathedral touched the coffin and died, access to the relics was terminated. In the same 1606, Dmitry was canonized as a saint.

Thus, since the 17th century, he has become one of the most revered Russian saints:

“The worship of his image symbolized the continuity of the Moscow state policy. In addition, in a time fraught with religious schism, marked by an active search for truth and goodness, the “innocent murder” of St. The noble prince took on the meaning of sacrifice for the inviolability of spiritual traditions: “God glorifies his saints, our reverend and God-bearing father and martyrs, and gives them recompense and the gift of healing against their labors and torment.”

The writing of the first life of the saint is dated by the end of the same 1606. It became part of the Chet-Menaias of German (Tulupov), one of the lists of which was created in 1607. “Life includes not only a story about the life and death of a saint, close to the story of stories, but also a story“ many miraculous" relics of the prince to Moscow. The story as part of the Life has been preserved in 2 versions - short and lengthy, which differ among themselves in details. In many lists of the Life, the story of the acquisition and transfer of the relics of Dmitry Ivanovich is omitted, but there is a preface and a final “Laudable Word”.

“Somewhat later, the Life of Dmitry Ivanovich was created as part of the Chet'i-Menaias of John Milyutin. His main sources were the 1st Life of Dmitry Ivanovich and the New Chronicler. The text of this Life was widely used in ancient Russian writing. The prologue Life of D. I. was compiled on the basis of the lengthy Lives and placed under May 15 in the 1st edition of the March half-year of the Prologue (Moscow, 1643). From the edition of 1662, the memory of the transfer of the relics of D. I. under June 3 is placed in the Prologue.
Iconography

A tomb icon was immediately placed over the burial of the prince in the Archangel Cathedral, depicting him in a spread - in prayer (an early list is in the Kaluga Museum). Dmitri is traditionally depicted wearing rich royal robes and wearing a crown. Icons depicting the saint from the front are distinguished by their characteristically short proportions and large round faces.

A researcher of Ural art writes that “the iconography of the saint was especially widespread in the Stroganov estates in the Urals. The earliest in the Ural group of works is a shroud from the Solvychegodsk Historical and Art Museum, dating from 1651-1654. This is a signed and dated veil with the mention of the name of Dmitry Andreevich Stroganov"

In the early icons with hagiography, only the scene of the “innocent murder” is present from hagiographic scenes. “In the future, a complete hagiographic iconography of the holy noble Tsarevich Demetrius is formed. B. V. Sapunov writes about twelve lists preserved in the museums of central Russia.” The protographer, in his opinion, was a “cell” icon of the beginning of the 17th century, commissioned by the grandmother of the future Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov, Maria Shestova, who was tonsured, by decree of Boris Godunov, in the Cheboksary Nikolsky maiden monastery, where she soon died. All twelve icons are accompanied by texts from the New Chronicler. Tsarevich Dmi; triy Iva; novice (Dimitri Ioannovich, direct name (by birthday) Wa; r; 19 (29) October 1582, Moscow - 15 (25) May 1591, Uglich) - Prince of Uglich, the youngest son of Ivan the Terrible from Maria Feodorovna Nagoya ...

On October 29, 1582, Ivan the Terrible's son Dmitry was born, who was destined to become the last offspring (in the male line) of the royal Rurik dynasty. According to accepted historiography, Dmitry lived for eight years...

On October 29, 1582, Ivan the Terrible's son Dmitry was born, who was destined to become the last offspring (in the male line) of the royal Rurik dynasty. According to accepted historiography, Dmitry lived for eight years, but his name hung like a curse over the Russian state for another 22 years. We recall 7 fatal consequences of the death of the prince.

Russian people often have the feeling that the Motherland is under some kind of spell. “Everything is wrong with us – not like normal people.” At the turn of the XVI-XVII centuries in Russia they were sure that they knew the root of all troubles - the curse of the innocently murdered Tsarevich Dmitry was to blame.

Nabat in Uglich

For Tsarevich Dmitry, the youngest son of Ivan the Terrible (from his last marriage to Maria Naga, who, by the way, was never recognized by the church), everything ended on May 25, 1591, in the city of Uglich, where he, in the status of a specific prince of Uglich, was in an honorable exile . At noon, Dmitry Ioannovich threw knives with other children who were part of his retinue. In the materials of the investigation into the death of Dmitry, there is evidence of one youth who played with the tsarevich: “... the tsarevich played de poking with a knife with them in the backyard, and an illness came on him - an epileptic ailment - and attacked the knife." In fact, these testimonies became the main argument for the investigators to qualify the death of Dmitry Ioannovich as an accident. However, the arguments of the investigation would hardly have convinced the residents of Uglich. Russian people have always trusted signs more than the logical conclusions of "people." And there was a sign ... And what another! Almost immediately after the heart of the youngest son of Ivan the Terrible stopped, the alarm rang over Uglich. The bell of the local Spassky Cathedral rang. And everything would be fine, only the bell would ring on its own - without a bell ringer. This is according to a legend, which the Uglichans for several generations considered a true story and a fatal sign. When the inhabitants learned of the death of the heir, a riot began. The Uglichites smashed the Prikaznaya hut, killed the sovereign's clerk with his family, and several other suspects. Boris Godunov, who actually ruled the state under the nominal Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich, hastily sent archers to Uglich to suppress the rebellion. Not only the rebels got it, but also the bell: they tore it off the bell tower, tore out the “tongue”, cut off the “ear” and publicly main square punished with 12 lashes. And then he, along with other rebels, was sent into exile, to Tobolsk. The then Tobolsk voivode, Prince Lobanov-Rostovsky, ordered that the bell-eared bell be locked in the command hut, with the inscription “first exiled inanimate from Uglich” written on it. However, the massacre of the bell did not save the authorities from the curse - everything was just beginning.

End of the Rurik dynasty

After the news of the death of the prince spread throughout the Russian Land, rumors spread among the people that the boyar Boris Godunov had a hand in the "accident". But there were daredevils who suspected of a "conspiracy", and the then tsar - Fyodor Ioannovich, the elder half-brother of the deceased prince. And there were reasons for this.

40 days after the death of Ivan the Terrible, Fedor, heir to the Moscow throne, began to actively prepare for his coronation. By his order, a week before the wedding to the kingdom, the widow-tsarina Maria and her son Dmitry Ioannovich were sent to Uglich - "to reign." The fact that the last wife of Tsar John IV and the prince were not invited to the coronation was a terrible humiliation for the latter. However, Fedor did not stop there: for example, the content of the prince's court was sometimes reduced several times a year. Just a few months after the beginning of his reign, he orders the clergy to remove the traditional mention of the name of Tsarevich Dmitry during divine services. The formal basis was that Dmitry Ioannovich was born in his sixth marriage and, according to church rules, was considered illegitimate. However, everyone understood that this was just an excuse. The ban on mentioning the prince during divine services was perceived by his court as a wish for death. There were rumors among the people about failed assassination attempts on Dmitry. So, the Briton Fletcher, while in Moscow in 1588-1589, wrote that his nurse died from the poison intended for Dmitry.

Six months after the death of Dmitry, the wife of Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich, Irina Godunova, became pregnant. Everyone was waiting for the heir to the throne. Moreover, according to legend, the birth of a boy was predicted by numerous court magicians, healers and healers. But in May 1592, the queen gave birth to a girl. Rumors circulated among the people that Princess Theodosia, as the parents named their daughter, was born exactly a year after the death of Dmitry - on May 25, and the royal family delayed the official announcement for almost a month. But this was not the worst sign: the girl lived only a few months, and died in the same year. And here they already began to talk about the curse of Dmitry. After the death of his daughter, the king changed; he finally lost interest in his royal duties, and spent months in monasteries. People said that Fedor was apologizing for his guilt before the murdered prince. In the winter of 1598, Fedor Ioannovich died without leaving an heir. The Rurik dynasty also died with him.

Great Famine

The death of the last sovereign from the Rurik dynasty opened the way to the kingdom of Boris Godunov, who was actually the ruler of the country while Fyodor Ivanovich was still alive. By that time, Godunov had gained a reputation among the people as the “murderer of the prince”, but this did not bother him much. Through cunning manipulation, he was nevertheless elected king, and almost immediately began with reforms. In two short years, he carried out more transformations in the country than previous kings in the entire 16th century. And when Godunov already seemed to have won people's love, a catastrophe struck - from unprecedented climatic cataclysms, the Great Famine came to Russia, which lasted for three whole years. The historian Karamzin wrote that people “like cattle plucked grass and ate it; the dead had hay in their mouths. Horse meat seemed like a delicacy: they ate dogs, cats, bitches, all kinds of uncleanness. People became worse than beasts: they left families and wives so as not to share the last piece with them. They not only robbed and killed for a loaf of bread, but also devoured each other… Human meat was sold in pies in the markets! Mothers gnawed at the corpses of their babies!..” In Moscow alone, more than 120,000 people died of starvation; numerous gangs of robbers were operating throughout the country. Not a trace of the people's love for the elected tsar was born - the people again talked about the curse of Tsarevich Dmitry and the "cursed Boris".

End of the Godunov dynasty

1604 finally brought a good harvest. It seemed the troubles were over. It was the calm before the storm - in the fall of 1604, Godunov was informed that the army of Tsarevich Dmitry was moving from Poland to Moscow, miraculously escaping from the hands of Godunov's killers in Uglich back in 1591. The “worker”, as Boris Godunov was popularly called, probably realized that Dmitry’s curse was now embodied in an impostor. However, Tsar Boris was not destined to meet face to face with False Dmitry: he died suddenly in April 1605, a couple of months before the triumphant entry into Moscow of the “surviving Dmitry”. There were rumors that the desperate "cursed king" committed suicide - poisoned himself. But Dmitry's curse also extended to Godunov's son, Fyodor, who became king, who was strangled along with his own mother shortly before False Dmitry entered the Kremlin. It was said that this was one of the main conditions of the "prince" for a triumphant return to the capital.

The end of the people's trust

Until now, historians are arguing whether the “king was not real”? However, we will probably never know. Now we can only talk about the fact that Dmitry did not manage to revive the Rurikoviches. And again, the end of spring became fatal: on May 27, the boyars, under the leadership of Vasily Shuisky, staged a cunning conspiracy, during which False Dmitry was killed. The people were told that the tsar, whom they had recently idolized, was an impostor, and they staged a public posthumous reproach. This absurd moment finally undermined the people's trust in the authorities. Simple people they did not believe the boyars and bitterly mourned Dmitry. Shortly after the assassination of the impostor, at the beginning of summer, terrible frosts hit, which destroyed all the crops. A rumor spread around Moscow about the curse that the boyars had brought to the Russian Land by killing the legitimate sovereign. The cemetery at the Serpukhov Gates of the capital, where the impostor was buried, became a place of pilgrimage for many Muscovites. There were many testimonies about the "appearances" of the resurrected tsar in different parts of Moscow, and some even claimed to have received a blessing from him. Frightened by popular unrest and a new cult of the martyr, the authorities dug up the corpse of the “thief”, loaded his ashes into a cannon and fired towards Poland. The wife of False Dmitry Marina Mnishek recalled that when the body of her husband was being dragged through the Kremlin gates, the wind tore off the shields from the gates, and unharmed, in the same order, installed them in the middle of the roads.
Shuisky's end

Vasily Shuisky became the new tsar, a man who in 1598 conducted an investigation into the death of Tsarevich Dmitry in Uglich. The man who concluded that the death of Dmitry Ioannovich was an accident, having finished with False Dmitry and received royal power, suddenly admitted that the investigation in Uglich had evidence of the violent death of the prince and direct involvement in the murder of Boris Godunov. Saying this, Shuisky killed two birds with one stone: he discredited - even if already dead - his personal enemy Godunov, and at the same time proved that False Dmitry, who was killed during the conspiracy, was an impostor. Vasily Shuisky even decided to reinforce the latter with the help of the canonization of Tsarevich Dmitry. A special commission was sent to Uglich on the head of Metropolitan Filaret of Rostov, which opened the grave of the prince and allegedly found in the coffin the incorruptible body of a child that exuded fragrance. The relics were solemnly brought to the Kremlin's Archangel Cathedral: a rumor spread throughout Moscow that the boy's remains were miraculous, and the people went to St. Dmitry for healing. However, the cult did not last long: there were several cases of death from touching the relics. Rumors spread around the capital about false relics and about Dmitry's curse. The crayfish with the remains had to be removed from sight in the reliquary. And very soon several more Dmitriev Ioannovichs appeared in Russia, and the Shuisky dynasty, the Suzdal branch of the Rurikovichs, who for two centuries were the main rivals of the Danilovich branch for the Moscow throne, was interrupted by the first king. Vasily ended his life in Polish captivity: in the country towards which, on his orders, the ashes of False Dmitry I were once shot.

Last Curse

Trouble in Russia ended only in 1613 - with the establishment of a new Romanov dynasty. But did Dmitri's curse dry up along with this? The 300-year history of the dynasty suggests otherwise. Patriarch Filaret (in the world Fyodor Nikitich Romanov), the father of the first "Romanov" Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich, was in the thick of "passions for Dmitry". In 1605, he, imprisoned by Boris Godunov in a monastery, was released as a “relative” by False Dmitry I. After Shuisky’s accession, it was Filaret who brought the “miraculous relics” of the prince from Uglich to Moscow and planted the cult of St. Dmitry Uglitsky - in order to convince Shuisky that False Dmitry, who once saved him, was an impostor. And then, standing up in opposition to Tsar Vasily, he became the “named patriarch” in the Tushino camp of False Dmitry II.

Filaret can be considered the first of the Romanov dynasty: under Tsar Mikhail, he bore the title of "Great Sovereign" and was actually the head of state. The reign of the Romanovs began with the Troubles and the Troubles ended. And the second time in Russian history royal dynasty interrupted by the assassination of the prince. There is a legend that Paul I closed the prediction of the elder Abel concerning the fate of the dynasty in a casket for a hundred years. It is possible that the name of Dmitry Ioannovich appeared there ....

Alexey Pleshanov

The materials of the investigation of the mysterious death of Tsarevich Dmitry Ivanovich entered into historical use under the name "Uglich column". During the transition to a new document storage system under Peter I, the inconvenient-to-use “column” (scroll) was cut by archivists into sheets and stitched into notebooks. In 1913, handwritten documents were published in a book format under the title "Investigation case in 1591 about the murder of Tsarevich Dimitri Ivanovich in Uglich."

Image

Many researchers believe that the reason for the death of the youngest son of Ivan the Terrible in the “search” materials was falsified by the commission of inquiry. However, the editor of the book “The Investigative Case of 1591 about the murder of Tsarevich Dimitry Ivanovich in Uglich”, the well-known museum specialist Vladimir Klein, in the preface to the publication indicated that the loss of several fragments of the testimonies of the interrogated Uglichians, as well as the sheets mixed up during gluing, were the result of the negligence of archivists when cutting and layout of notebooks.

“The investigative act in question is a business copy made and edited in Uglich,” it was he who was presented by the commission at a joint meeting of the Consecrated Cathedral (a meeting of the highest hierarchs of the Russian Orthodox Church) and the Boyar Duma on June 2, 1591, Klein argued.

Today, in order to get acquainted with the investigative acts of 1591, there is no need to conduct research in the archives. Law firm "Yustina" within the framework of the project "Russian trials”continues to publish authentic materials of the most high-profile judicial and investigative cases from the history of Russia. This year, the second book in the series, The Case of the Murder of Tsarevich Dimitri, was published.

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The townspeople beat the murderers of Tsarevich Dmitry with stones. Miniature from a handwritten Life

By the principle of checks and balances

Tsarevich Dmitry died at noon on May 15, 1591, in front of eight people, as follows from the materials of the "search commission". However, the question of what happened in the backyards of the princely choirs in the Uglich Kremlin, where a nine-year-old boy played with his peers under the supervision of a nanny, a wet nurse and a bed maid - an accident or death at the hands of a murderer - remains a source of discussion for researchers today.

After the death of Dmitry, and then his brother Fyodor I Ivanovich, the middle son of Grozny, who reigned until his death in 1598, the royal dynasty of Rurikovich was stopped. Ultimately, this opened the way to the throne for the boyar Boris Godunov, Fyodor's brother-in-law, who during the life of the tsar (who, according to his contemporaries, was weak in health and mind), actually ruled the Russian state.

Until 1613, when the Zemsky Sobor "put Mikhail Romanov on the throne", inter-dynastic turmoil continued in the country, accompanied by the intervention of neighboring states - Poland and Sweden. At the same time, in the course of the struggle for supreme power, the name of the deceased younger Rurikovich came up every now and then, who were accepted by impostors-False Dmitry (one of them reigned on the Russian throne in 1605-1606).

The miraculous rescue of the prince from death is one of the most dubious versions of the Uglich events, the possibility of which, however, was not ruled out by some researchers, thereby recognizing the fact of the assassination attempt. But the commission of inquiry came to a predictable conclusion: Dmitry's death was not violent.

The "search" commission, headed by the boyar Prince Vasily Shuisky, the future tsar, arrived from Moscow in Uglich on the evening of May 19. It included okolnichy Andrei Kleshnin, clerk Elizar Vyluzgin, and Metropolitan Gelasy of Sarsk and Podonsk. The prince, according to some historians, was a secret ill-wisher of Godunov, because of which several representatives of the Shuisky family suffered, including himself.

Thus, by the very fact of his appointment, Godunov demonstrated that he was in no way involved in the death of the prince and was not afraid of an independent “search”. Other researchers argue that Shuisky's opposition to power is nothing more than a historical legend, but in fact Shuisky's father was at one time close to Ivan the Terrible, under whom Godunov rose, and Prince Vasily, in turn, enjoyed the location of Godunov. However, even in this case, the tsar's co-ruler had reason to agree with the candidacy of the prince.

Evidence of closeness to the tsar's favorite and Kleshnin has also been preserved - the okolnichy more than once carried out Godunov's secret orders. On the other hand, he was the son-in-law of Mikhail Nagogoi, one of Dmitry's uncles, the de facto organizer of the Uglich riot after his death, which was already known in Moscow. It is worth noting that soon after the commission returned to Moscow, Kleshnin took tonsure in a remote monastery, where he took a number of strict vows and wore chains.

“By what custom did Tsarevich Dmitry die?”

The procedure for investigating crimes at that time was regulated by the Sudebnik of Ivan IV. It was adopted at the Zemsky Sobor in 1549 and approved in 1551 by the Church-Zemsky Stoglavy Sobor. Its norms prescribed a hierarchical system of "questions".

They were conducted in a certain sequence: first, representatives of the clergy in descending rank gave testimony - from archimandrites to deacons, then "children of the boyars", clerks, elders, kissers and peasants. Interrogations of members of the same family were also conducted in order of seniority. However, based on the layout of the interrogation sheets in the Uglich case, it is difficult to judge whether the commission adhered strictly to this order.

In total, Shuisky's investigative commission interrogated from 140 to 150 people of various classes - from Archimandrite Fedor and members of the Nagy family to courtyard servants. At the same time, many testified from other people's words, but the procedure of face-to-face confrontations was already in service with the then bodies of inquiry. True, judging by the materials of the “questions”, the commission resorted to it quite rarely.

Version one

The Uglich "search" case reflects two versions of the death of the younger offspring of Ivan the Terrible, worked out by the Shuisky commission. According to the first, the prince, during the game of “poke” (the players alternately throw a knife from the tip so that it turns over in the air and sticks into the ground in a circle), in a fit of epilepsy, which he suffered from, “attacked” his throat on his knife.

Indications

The evidence for this version was based on the testimony of eyewitnesses of the incident - the nanny Vasilisa Volokhova, the nurse Arina Tuchkova, the bed-keeper Marya Kolobova, the attorney Semyon Yudin and four boys who played “poke” with the prince (while the oldest of them testified for all - son of the bed-maker Petrushka Kolobov).

From the testimony of Volokhova: “And they threw him to the ground, and then the prince stabbed himself in the throat with a knife, and beat him for a long time, but then he was gone.” From the testimony of Tuchkova: “And she didn’t save it, when the black disease came to the prince, and at that time he had a knife in his hands, and he was stabbed with a knife ...”.

From the testimony of Kolobova: “Tsarevich Dmitri walked around the yard on Saturday, played with the tenants with a knife, and she did not save him, as a black disease came to the tsarevich, and at that time he had a knife in his hands, and he stabbed himself with a knife ... "From the testimony Solicitor Semyonka Yudin: "... [Tsarevich] was amusing himself with the tenants, with a small child with a small poke of a knife, and falling ill came on him, and threw him on the ground, and beat him for a long time, and he stabbed himself with a knife." From the testimonies of the boys: “And the tenants of the princes who played with the prince, Petrushka Samoilov, the son of Kolobov, Bazhenko Nezhdanov, the son of Tuchkov, Ivashko Ivanov, the son of Krasensky, Grishka, Ondreev, the son of Kozlovsky, said: the de prince was playing a poke with a knife with them in the back yard, and a disease came upon him, an epilepsy, and attacked the knife ... ".

Version two

According to the materials of the investigation, the version of the murder and the names of the alleged killers (“Osip Volokhov, yes Mikita Kachalov, yes Danilo Bityagovskoy”) originally came from Tsarina Maria Nagoy and was distributed by one of her brothers, Mikhail.

Indications

From the testimony of hegumen Savvaty: “The tsarevich lies in the Savior [church] stabbed to death and the tsarina said: they slaughtered the tsarevich Mikita Kachalov, and Mikhailov, the son of Bityagovsky Danilo, and Osip Volokhov.”

From the testimony of Volokhova: "... And how the prince, in an illness in black, was stabbed with a knife, and Queen Mary ran into the courtyard and beat her, Vasilisa, Queen Mary herself with a log, and she broke her head in many places, and began to sentence her, Vasilisa, as if her son, Vasilisin, Osip, with Mikhailov's son, Bityagovsky, and Mikita Kachalov, Tsarevich Dmitry were slaughtered ... "

From the testimony of Mikhail Nagogo: “... Maya on the 15th day, on Saturday, at the sixth hour of the day, they rang in the city at the Savior [...] and he looked forward to what was burning, he ran to the prince’s courtyard, and the prince was slaughtered [ali] Osip Volokhov, yes Mikita Kachalov, yes Danila Bityagovskoy…”.

To check the version of the murder, the members of the commission limited themselves to two questions to “Petrushka Kolobov and his comrades”: “Who were behind the prince in those days?” The boys replied that besides them, Dmitry was next to his mother, nurse and bed keeper. Then the investigators clarified: “Yes, Osip, Vasilisin’s son, Volokhov, yes Danilo, Mikhailov’s son, Bityagovsky, were they behind the prince at that time?” "... Osip Volokhov and Danil Mikhailov's son, Bityagovsky, at that time did not follow the prince and did not go after the prince," - such was the answer that satisfied the commission.

“And the townspeople rushed after Mikhail Bityagovsky”

After a careful reading of the text of the "Uglich column" it becomes obvious that main goal commission was to establish the circumstances of the massacre of the clerk Mikhail Bityagovsky and fourteen other Uglichians, as well as the degree of involvement in the riots of Tsarina Mary and her relatives. Historians suggest that the city clerk Rusin Rakov, an official and an active participant in the events, met Shuisky's commission on the way to Uglich, and its head was aware of the role of the Nagy in what happened and hurried to record it in the "interrogation protocols."

Indications

From the testimony of Mikhail Nagogo: “And on the same day, the Maya on the 19th day, in the evening [...] [questioned] Mikhail Nagovo: […] why did he order to kill Mikhail Bityagovsky, and Mikhailov’s son, Danil, and Mikita Kachalov, and Danila Tretyakov, and Osip Volokhov, and the townspeople, and the Mikhailov people, Bityagovsky, and the Osipovs, Volokhov; and why did he order [...] to collect knives, and squeaks, and an iron club, and sabers, and put them on [killed] people […]? Nagoy, denying himself, replied that “those of all the people who were beaten were beaten by the mob; but he, Mikhailo the Naked townsman [m], did not order any people to beat them; [...] and he collected knives, and squeaked, and sabers, and an iron stick, and put the city clerk Rusin Rakov on the beaten people ... "

His testimony was refuted by Grigory Nagoi: “And yesterday de, on Tuesday, Maya on the 19th day, his brother, Mikhailo Nagoi, ordered the city clerk Rusin Rakov to collect knives and ordered chicken blood to be bloody; Yes, he ordered to get an iron club. And his brother, Mikhailo Nagoi, ordered those knives and club to be put on those people who were beaten: on Osip Volokhov, and on Dani [la] on Mikhailov’s son, Bityagovsky, and on Mikita on Kachalov, and on Danil on Tretyakov in order to what if these people slaughtered Tsarevich Dmitry.

From the testimony of Nagogo, the scale of the massacre is clearly visible: “And Grigory Fedorov, the son of Nagovo, said in an interview:“ ... Many people from the townspeople and villagers came running into the yard and began to say, it’s not known who, that it was as if Tsarevich Dmitry Mikhailov’s son, Bityagovsky, Danilo, were slaughtered, yes Osip Volokhov and Mikita Kachalov; and Mikhailo Bityagovsky taught to speak, and the townspeople rushed after Mikhail Bityagovsky, and Mikhailo ran away to the Brusenaya hut in the yard, and the townspeople broke down the doors and Mikhail was dragged out, and then they killed him to death, and Danil Tretyakov was killed right there with Mikhail together; and Mikhailov's son, Danil Bityagovsky, and Mikita Kachalov were killed in the deacon's room in the Razryadnaya hut; and Osip Volokhov was brought up to the tsarina, to the church, to the Savior, and then they killed him to death in front of the tsarina; and the people of the Mikhailovs, Bityagovsky, four people, and the Osipovs, Volokhov, two people, and the townspeople of three people, where they were confiscated, killed with mob, no one knows where; and he doesn’t know why those people were beaten…”

The murders were accompanied by robbery and robbery: “And all the people in the world went to Mikhailov’s yard of Bityagovsky, and they plundered Mikhailov’s yard, and drinking from the cellar in barrels, and they pricked the barrels, and nine of Mikhailov’s horses were taken from Mikhailov’s yard.” The lynching was temporarily suspended by Archimandrite Fyodor and Abbot Savattiy, who arrived at the Uglich Kremlin. At the moment when the wife of the clerk Bityagovsky, “having stripped, naked and dragged with a simple hair” with the children to the square in front of the palace, the monks “grabbed” Bityagovsky with her daughters “and took them away and did not let them be killed.” But after their departure, the massacre resumed.

The answer to an unasked queen question

In the "Uglich column" there is no testimony of Maria Nagoya. The queen had "judicial" immunity, which even the patriarch could not deprive her of. Only she alone could explain why, in the very first minutes after Dmitry's death, she called Danila Bityagovsky and other relatives of the deacon the killers. However, historians have a surprisingly unanimous answer to this unasked question.

“I begged over the sovereign’s decree for money from the treasury”

Upon the accession to the throne of Fyodor Ivanovich, Dmitry, together with his mother and her relatives Nagimi, by the decision of "all the most important people" (regency council), was sent to Uglich in the status of a specific prince, but was deprived of the right to dispose of the income of his principality, and the Uglich court began to receive money "for use" from the royal treasury. Real power was concentrated in the hands of "service people" headed by the clerk Bityagovsky, who were sent from Moscow. In the testimony of the commission, the tsarina's lawyer said that Nagoy Mikhail constantly "asked for money from the treasury in excess of the sovereign's decree," and Bityagovsky "refused him," which resulted in "quarrels and abuse." Interestingly, the last skirmish between Nagim and the deacon took place on the morning of May 15th.

Bityagovsky’s widow testified about the conflict of interests between the Nagy clan and Bityagovsky in a petition to the tsar: “My husband Mikhailo spoke many times and scolded Mikhail [Nagy] for the fact that he constantly gets sorcerers and sorcerers to Tsarevich Dmitry, and the sorcerer ... Ondryushka Mochalov constantly lived at Michael and Gregory ... and about you, sovereign, and about Tsaritsa Mikhailo Nagoy ordered that sorcerer to tell fortunes ... ".

"Who benefited from it?"

Much less unanimity is shown by researchers regarding one of the starting postulates of the investigation, “Who benefits from this?” However, the main discussion is around whether or not Boris Godunov was involved in the death of the Tsarevich.

He, being the de facto ruler of the Russian state since 1587, as most historians believe, sought to de jure elevate his family to the throne, on the way to which Dmitry could become an obstacle, and this can be considered a motive. One of the first major Russian historians, Nikolai Karamzin, in his "History of the Russian State" expounded the version that the tsar's minnow was still afraid that after the death of Fedor I, his brother would take the throne and tried to eliminate him physically. At first, with the help of Volokhova’s mother, they tried to poison the prince with a slow-acting potion, and when this plan failed, Godunov ordered a certain Vladimir Zagryazhsky and Nikifor Chepchugov to kill Dmitry. After they refused, Kleshnin found another performer for Godunov - the clerk Bityagovsky, "marked on his face with the seal of atrocity."

However, not all historians agree that Godunov had reason to wish the death of the prince. The fact is that Maria Nagaya was the eighth wife of Ivan the Terrible. This marriage, as well as several previous ones, was not blessed by the Orthodox Church, and it was considered illegal, and the child was illegitimate and did not pose a threat to Godunov's dynastic aspirations, these researchers argued.

From the point of view of today's criminal process

Most representatives of historical science, like Karamzin, did not believe the conclusions of the investigation about the unintentional suicide of the prince. Historian Sergei Solovyov noted: “The investigation was carried out in bad faith. Is it not clear that they were in a hurry to collect more evidence that the prince stabbed himself to death in a fit of epilepsy, not paying attention to contradictions and hiding the main circumstances. (Soloviev S.M. History of Russia since ancient times. Book IV (T.7-8). M., 1960. S. 321-322.).

According to another well-known historian, Vasily Klyuchevsky, the commission “conducted the case stupidly or in bad faith, carefully asked about minor details and forgot to investigate the most important circumstances, did not find out the contradictions in the testimony, generally terribly confused the case.” (Klyuchevsky V.O. Course of Russian history. Lecture XLI / / Klyuchevsky V.O. Works in 8 volumes. T. III. M., 1957. P. 22.).

In turn, historians of the later, 20th century, Alexander Tyumenev and Ruslan Skrynnikov, believed that the commission’s investigation was complete and reliable, was not biased, and did not leave “white” spots in this historical drama. (Tyumenev A.I. Revision of the news about the death of Tsarevich Dmitry // journal of the Ministry of Public Education. Part 15.1908. May; Skrynnikov R.G. Russia on the eve of the Time of Troubles. M.1981.)

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Grand mal and another version of the death of the prince

An interesting study was undertaken by a well-known specialist in the field of criminal law, Doctor of Law Ivan Krylov (1906-1996). He analyzed the materials of the Uglich investigative case from the position modern methods forensic research (by the way, it was he who indicated that at least one more version has the right to exist: the prince died as a result of a careless murder that occurred from a knife throw by one of the participants in the game).

Krylov turned to one of the country's largest specialists in pediatric epilepsy, Dr. medical sciences Rem Kharitonov with the question: could the prince, if the knife was really in his hands during the seizure, inflict mortal wound? After getting acquainted with the investigative file, Kharitonov firmly answered: he could not, since during a large convulsive seizure (grand mal) the patient always releases the objects in his hands. The conclusion of Professor Kharitonov, according to Krylov, refutes the testimonies of witnesses that the prince "was stabbed with a knife" (Krylov I.F. There were also forensic legends. 1987. P. 93.).

Other criminologists, who studied the Uglich case from the point of view of today's criminal process, called obvious, in their opinion, flaws that do not allow us to draw an unambiguous conclusion about what happened to Tsarevich Dmitry. These included the absence of a description of the place where the tragedy occurred, the knife with which the prince allegedly wounded himself. There is also no description of the wound of Tsarevich Dmitry, its nature and localization, therefore, it is impossible to conclude whether the wound could have been inflicted on him by such an object.

"Prince Dimitri was killed by God's judgment"

On June 2, 1591, Metropolitan Gelasy reported the results of the investigation into the death of the prince at a joint meeting of the Consecrated Cathedral and the Boyar Duma. In turn, the decision of the council about what happened in Uglich on May 15, 1591 was announced by Patriarch Job: “Before the sovereign Mikhail and Grigory Nagy and the Uglich townsmen, treason was obvious: Tsarevich Dimitri was killed by God's judgment; and Mikhail Nagoi of the sovereign's clerks, the clerk Mikhail Bityagovsky with his son, Nikita Kachalov and other nobles, residents and townspeople who stood for the truth, ordered to be beaten in vain.

For such a great treacherous deed, Mikhail Nagoi with his brother and the peasants of the Uglich, through their faults, have come to any punishment. But this is a zemstvo, city matter, then God knows and the sovereign, everything is in his royal hand, and execution, and disgrace, and mercy, about how God will inform the sovereign ... ".

Everyone, including the bell, was punished "by fault"

The tsar's verdict "for guilt" was as follows: Tsarina Maria was tonsured a nun, the Nagikh brothers were sent into exile, the townspeople who took part in murders and robberies, who were executed, and who were exiled "to live" in Siberia, after which the city on the Volga was depopulated. The bell was also "punished", which called the Uglichians "with axes, and with sabers, and with horns." They threw him off the bell tower, whipped him, tore out his “tongue”, cut off one “ear” and sent him to Tobolsk for 300 years (currently he hangs in the Uglich church of Tsarevich Dimitry on Blood).

"Zaklan byst" from "the crafty servant Boris Godunov" ...

As shown further developments, the circumstances of the death of the young prince with changes in the dynastic, hierarchical and political situation were rewritten more than once. For example, Prince Shuisky adhered in turn to all three versions of the Uglich case. As head of the commission of inquiry, he relentlessly maintained that the prince himself stabbed himself in an epileptic fit. Then, for political reasons, recognizing False Dmitry I as the son of Ivan the Terrible, he declared that he had not seen Dmitry's body in Uglich. Finally, having ascended the throne in 1606 after the overthrow of the impostor, he publicly announced that the tsarevich had been "slain" by the "crafty slave Boris Godunov." This version remained official even under the Romanov dynasty. In 1606, the “priest prince” was canonized, the church considered the rumors about his accidental suicide as heresy.

Historian Nikolai Kostomarov (1817-1885) wrote that “the investigative case matters for us no more than one of the three testimony of Shuisky, and, moreover, such a testimony, whose power was destroyed twice by himself” (Kostomarov N.I. About the investigative case on the case of the murder of Tsarevich Dimitri // Bulletin of Europe. V.5. 1873.). However, today these documents are interesting, if only because they allow you to touch the ancient Russian criminal law, form your own opinion about the versions of the development of events centuries ago that have come down to us with distortions, draw analogies and comparative characteristics with modernity.

And Tsarina Anastasia Romanovna.

The first Russian tsarevich was buried in Moscow's Archangel Cathedral, in the same grave as his grandfather Vasily III. On his tombstone, in contrast to the chronicle, a different date of death is indicated - June 6.

Notes

Categories:

• Personalities in alphabetical order
• Born in 1552
• Deceased June 4
• Deceased in 1553
• Ivan the Terrible
• Rurikovichi
• Heirs who did not take the throne
• Russian princes
• Members of monarchical houses who died in childhood

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