Heavy metals are very dangerous toxic substances. Nowadays, monitoring the levels of various such substances is especially important in industrial and urban areas.

Although everyone knows what heavy metals are, not everyone knows which chemical elements still fall into this category. There are a lot of criteria by which different scientists define heavy metals: toxicity, density, atomic mass, biochemical and geochemical cycles, distribution in nature. According to one criterion, heavy metals include arsenic (a metalloid) and bismuth (a brittle metal).

General facts about heavy metals

More than 40 elements are known that are classified as heavy metals. They have atomic mass more than 50 a.u. Strange as it may seem, it is these elements that are highly toxic even at low cumulation for living organisms. V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Mo…Pb, Hg, U, Th… they all fall into this category. Even with their toxicity, many of them are important trace elements other than cadmium, mercury, lead and bismuth for which no biological role has been found.

According to another classification (namely, N. Reimers), heavy metals are elements that have a density greater than 8 g / cm 3. Thus, there will be fewer of these elements: Pb, Zn, Bi, Sn, Cd, Cu, Ni, Co, Sb.

Theoretically, heavy metals can be called the entire periodic table of elements starting with vanadium, but researchers prove to us that this is not entirely true. Such a theory is due to the fact that not all of them are present in nature within toxic limits, and confusion in biological processes is minimal for many. This is why many include only lead, mercury, cadmium, and arsenic in this category. The United Nations Economic Commission for Europe does not agree with this opinion and considers that heavy metals are zinc, arsenic, selenium and antimony. The same N. Reimers believes that by removing rare and noble elements from the periodic table, heavy metals remain. But this is also not a rule, others add gold, platinum, silver, tungsten, iron, manganese to this class. That's why I'm telling you that it's still not clear on this topic...

Discussing the balance of ions various substances in solution, we will find that the solubility of such particles is related to many factors. The main solubilization factors are pH, the presence of ligands in solution, and redox potential. They are involved in the processes of oxidation of these elements from one oxidation state to another, in which the solubility of the ion in solution is higher.

Depending on the nature of the ions, various processes can occur in the solution:

• hydrolysis,
• complexation with different ligands;
• hydrolytic polymerization.

Due to these processes, ions can precipitate or remain stable in solution. The catalytic properties of a certain element and its availability for living organisms depend on this.

Many heavy metals form fairly stable complexes with organic substances. These complexes are part of the mechanism of migration of these elements in ponds. Almost all heavy metal chelates are stable in solution. Also, complexes of soil acids with salts of various metals (molybdenum, copper, uranium, aluminum, iron, titanium, vanadium) have good solubility in a neutral, slightly alkaline and slightly acidic environment. This fact is very important, because such complexes can move in the dissolved state over long distances. Most exposed water resources- these are low-mineralized and surface water bodies, where the formation of other such complexes does not occur. To understand the factors that regulate the level of a chemical element in rivers and lakes, their chemical reactivity, bioavailability and toxicity, it is necessary to know not only the total content, but also the proportion of free and related forms metal.

As a result of the migration of heavy metals into metal complexes in solution, the following consequences may occur:

1. Firstly, the cumulation of ions of a chemical element increases due to the transition of these from bottom sediments to natural solutions;
2. Secondly, there is a possibility of changing the membrane permeability of the resulting complexes, in contrast to conventional ions;
3. Also, the toxicity of an element in the complex form may differ from the usual ionic form.

For example, cadmium, mercury and copper in chelated forms have less toxicity than free ions. That is why it is not correct to talk about toxicity, bioavailability, chemical reactivity only by the total content of a certain element, while not taking into account the proportion of free and bound forms of a chemical element.

Where do heavy metals come from in our environment? The reasons for the presence of such elements may be wastewater from various industrial facilities involved in ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, mechanical engineering, and galvanization. Some chemicals are found in pesticides and fertilizers and thus can be a source of pollution for local ponds.

And if you enter into the secrets of chemistry, then the main culprit in the increase in the level of soluble salts of heavy metals is acid rain (acidification). A decrease in the acidity of the environment (a decrease in pH) entails the transition of heavy metals from poorly soluble compounds (hydroxides, carbonates, sulfates) to more readily soluble ones (nitrates, hydrosulfates, nitrites, bicarbonates, chlorides) in the soil solution.

Vanadium (V)

It should be noted first of all that contamination with this element by natural means is unlikely, because this element is very dispersed in Earth's crust. In nature, it is found in asphalts, bitumens, coals, iron ores. Oil is an important source of pollution.

The content of vanadium in natural reservoirs

Natural reservoirs contain an insignificant amount of vanadium:

• in rivers - 0.2 - 4.5 µg / l,
• in the seas (on average) - 2 μg / l.

Anionic complexes (V 10 O 26) 6- and (V 4 O 12) 4- are very important in the processes of transition of vanadium in the dissolved state. Soluble vanadium complexes with organic substances, such as humic acids, are also very important.

Maximum allowable concentration of vanadium for the aquatic environment

Vanadium in high doses is very harmful to humans. The maximum allowable concentration for the aquatic environment (MAC) is 0.1 mg/l, and in fishery ponds, the MAC of the fish farm is even lower - 0.001 mg/l.

Bismuth (Bi)

Mainly, bismuth can enter rivers and lakes as a result of leaching processes of minerals containing bismuth. There are also man-made sources of pollution with this element. These can be glass, perfume and pharmaceutical factories.

The content of bismuth in natural reservoirs

• Rivers and lakes contain less than a microgram of bismuth per litre.
• But groundwater can contain even 20 μg / l.
• In the seas, bismuth, as a rule, does not exceed 0.02 µg/l.

Maximum allowable concentration of bismuth for the aquatic environment

Maximum allowable concentration of bismuth for the aquatic environment is 0.1 mg/l.

Iron (Fe)

Iron - chemical element not rare, it is contained in many minerals and rocks, and thus in natural reservoirs the level of this element is higher than other metals. It can occur as a result of weathering processes. rocks, destruction of these rocks and dissolution. Forming various complexes with organic substances from a solution, iron can be in colloidal, dissolved and suspended states. It is impossible not to mention the anthropogenic sources of iron pollution. Waste water from metallurgical, metal-working, paint and varnish and textile factories sometimes goes off scale due to excess iron.

The amount of iron in rivers and lakes depends on chemical composition solution, pH and partly on temperature. Weighted forms of iron compounds have a size of more than 0.45 μg. The main substances that are part of these particles are suspensions with sorbed iron compounds, iron oxide hydrate and other iron-containing minerals. Smaller particles, ie colloidal forms of iron, are considered together with dissolved iron compounds. Iron in the dissolved state consists of ions, hydroxocomplexes and complexes. Depending on the valency, it is noticed that Fe(II) migrates in the ionic form, while Fe(III) remains in the dissolved state in the absence of various complexes.

In the balance of iron compounds in aqueous solution, the role of oxidation processes, both chemical and biochemical (iron bacteria), is also very important. These bacteria are responsible for the transition of Fe(II) iron ions to the Fe(III) state. Ferric compounds tend to hydrolyze and precipitate Fe(OH) 3 . Both Fe(II) and Fe(III) are prone to the formation of hydroxo complexes of the – , + , 3+ , 4+ , ​​+ type, depending on the acidity of the solution. Under normal conditions in rivers and lakes, Fe(III) is associated with various dissolved inorganic and organic substances. At pH greater than 8, Fe(III) transforms into Fe(OH) 3 . Colloidal forms of iron compounds are the least studied.

Iron content in natural waters

In rivers and lakes, the level of iron fluctuates at the level of n * 0.1 mg/l, but can rise near swamps to several mg/l. In swamps, iron is concentrated in the form of humate salts (salts of humic acids).

Underground reservoirs with low pH contain record amounts of iron - up to several hundred milligrams per liter.

Iron is an important trace element and many important biological processes depend on it. It affects the intensity of phytoplankton development and the quality of microflora in water bodies depends on it.

The level of iron in rivers and lakes is seasonal. The highest concentrations in water bodies are observed in winter and summer due to water stagnation, but in spring and autumn the level of this element noticeably decreases due to mixing of water masses.

Thus, a large amount of oxygen leads to the oxidation of iron from the divalent form to the trivalent form, forming iron hydroxide, which precipitates.

Maximum permissible concentration of iron for the aquatic environment

Water with a large amount of iron (more than 1-2 mg / l) is characterized by poor taste. It has an unpleasant astringent taste and is unsuitable for industrial purposes.

The MPC of iron for the aquatic environment is 0.3 mg/l, and in fishery ponds the MPC of fish farms is 0.1 mg/l.

Cadmium (Cd)

Cadmium contamination can occur during soil leaching, during the decomposition of various microorganisms that accumulate it, and also due to migration from copper and polymetallic ores.

Man is also to blame for the contamination with this metal. Waste water from various enterprises engaged in ore dressing, galvanic, chemical, metallurgical production may contain large amounts of cadmium compounds.

Natural processes to reduce the level of cadmium compounds are sorption, its consumption by microorganisms and precipitation of poorly soluble cadmium carbonate.

In solution, cadmium is, as a rule, in the form of organo-mineral and mineral complexes. Cadmium-based sorbed substances are the most important suspended forms of this element. Migration of cadmium in living organisms (hydrobionites) is very important.

Cadmium content in natural water bodies

The level of cadmium in clean rivers and lakes fluctuates at a level of less than a microgram per liter, in polluted waters the level of this element reaches several micrograms per liter.

Some researchers believe that cadmium, in small amounts, may be important for the normal development of animals and humans. Elevated concentrations of cadmium are very dangerous for living organisms.

Maximum allowable concentration of cadmium for the aquatic environment

MPC for the aquatic environment does not exceed 1 µg/l, and in fishery ponds the MPC for fish farms is less than 0.5 µg/l.

Cobalt (Co)

Rivers and lakes can become contaminated with cobalt as a result of leaching of copper and other ores, from soils during the decomposition of extinct organisms (animals and plants), and of course, as a result of the activity of chemical, metallurgical and metalworking enterprises.

The main forms of cobalt compounds are in dissolved and suspended states. Variations between these two states can occur due to changes in pH, temperature, and solution composition. In the dissolved state, cobalt is found in the form of organic complexes. Rivers and lakes have the characteristic that cobalt is represented by a divalent cation. In the presence of a large number of oxidizing agents in solution, cobalt can be oxidized to a trivalent cation.

It is found in plants and animals because it plays an important role in their development. It is one of the main trace elements. If there is a deficiency of cobalt in the soil, then its level in plants will be less than usual and, as a result, health problems may appear in animals (there is a risk of anemia). This fact is observed especially in the taiga-forest non-chernozem zone. It is part of vitamin B 12, regulates the absorption of nitrogenous substances, increases the level of chlorophyll and ascorbic acid. Without it, plants cannot grow required amount squirrel. Like all heavy metals, it can be toxic in large amounts.

The content of cobalt in natural waters

• Cobalt levels in rivers range from a few micrograms to milligrams per litre.
• In the seas, the average level of cadmium is 0.5 µg/l.

Maximum permissible concentration of cobalt for the aquatic environment

MPC for cobalt for the aquatic environment is 0.1 mg/l, and in fishery ponds the MPC for fish farms is 0.01 mg/l.

Manganese (Mn)

Manganese enters rivers and lakes through the same mechanisms as iron. Mainly, the release of this element in solution occurs during the leaching of minerals and ores that contain manganese (black ocher, brownite, pyrolusite, psilomelane). Manganese can also come from the decomposition of various organisms. Industry has, I think, the biggest role in manganese pollution (sewage from mines, chemical industry, metallurgy).

The decrease in the amount of assimilable metal in solution occurs, as in the case of other metals under aerobic conditions. Mn(II) is oxidized to Mn(IV), as a result of which it precipitates in the form of MnO 2 . Important factors in such processes are temperature, the amount of dissolved oxygen in the solution and pH. A decrease in dissolved manganese in solution can occur when it is consumed by algae.

Manganese migrates mainly in the form of suspensions, which, as a rule, indicate the composition of the surrounding rocks. They contain it as a mixture with other metals in the form of hydroxides. The predominance of manganese in colloidal and dissolved form indicates that it is associated with organic compounds forming complexes. Stable complexes are seen with sulfates and bicarbonates. With chlorine, manganese forms complexes less frequently. Unlike other metals, it is weaker retained in complexes. Trivalent manganese forms such compounds only in the presence of aggressive ligands. Other ionic forms (Mn 4+ , ​​Mn 7+) are less rare or not found at all under normal conditions in rivers and lakes.

Manganese content in natural water bodies

The seas are considered the poorest in manganese - 2 μg / l, in rivers its content is higher - up to 160 μg / l, but underground reservoirs are champions this time - from 100 μg to several mg / l.

Manganese is characterized by seasonal fluctuations in concentration, like iron.

Many factors have been identified that affect the level of free manganese in solution: the connection of rivers and lakes with underground reservoirs, the presence of photosynthetic organisms, aerobic conditions, biomass decomposition (dead organisms and plants).

An important biochemical role of this element, because it is included in the group of microelements. Many processes are inhibited in manganese deficiency. It increases the intensity of photosynthesis, participates in nitrogen metabolism, protects cells from the negative effects of Fe (II) while oxidizing it into a trivalent form.

Maximum permissible concentration of manganese for the aquatic environment

MPC for manganese for reservoirs is 0.1 mg/l.

Copper (Cu)

Not a single microelement has such an important role for living organisms! Copper is one of the most sought after trace elements. It is part of many enzymes. Without it, almost nothing works in a living organism: the synthesis of proteins, vitamins and fats is disrupted. Without it, plants cannot reproduce. Still, an excess amount of copper causes great intoxication in all types of living organisms.

Copper levels in natural waters

Although copper has two ionic forms, Cu(II) occurs most frequently in solution. Usually, Cu(I) compounds are hardly soluble in solution (Cu 2 S, CuCl, Cu 2 O). Different aquaionic coppers can arise in the presence of any ligands.

With today's high use of copper in industry and Agriculture, this metal can cause pollution environment. Chemical, metallurgical plants, mines can be sources of wastewater with a high content of copper. Pipeline erosion processes also contribute to copper contamination. The most important minerals with a high content of copper are malachite, bornite, chalcopyrite, chalcocite, azurite, brontantine.

Maximum allowable concentration of copper for the aquatic environment

The MPC of copper for the aquatic environment is considered to be 0.1 mg/l; in fish ponds, the MPC of the fish farm of copper is reduced to 0.001 mg/l.

Molybdenum (Mo)

During the leaching of minerals with a high molybdenum content, various molybdenum compounds are released. High levels of molybdenum can be seen in rivers and lakes that are close to beneficiation plants and non-ferrous metal industries. Due to different processes of precipitation of sparingly soluble compounds, adsorption on the surface of different rocks, as well as consumption by aquatic algae and plants, its amount may noticeably decrease.

Mostly in solution, molybdenum can be in the form of the MoO 4 2- anion. There is a possibility of the presence of molybdenum-organic complexes. Due to the fact that loose finely dispersed compounds are formed during the oxidation of molybdenite, the level of colloidal molybdenum increases.

The content of molybdenum in natural reservoirs

Molybdenum levels in rivers range between 2.1 and 10.6 µg/l. In the seas and oceans, its content is 10 µg/l.

At low concentrations, molybdenum helps the normal development of the organism (both vegetable and animal), because it is included in the category of microelements. Also he is integral part various enzymes such as xanthine oxylase. With a lack of molybdenum, a deficiency of this enzyme occurs and thus negative effects can occur. An excess of this element is also not welcome, because normal metabolism is disrupted.

Maximum permissible concentration of molybdenum for the aquatic environment

MPC for molybdenum in surface water bodies should not exceed 0.25 mg/l.

Arsenic (As)

Contaminated with arsenic are mainly areas that are close to mineral mines with a high content of this element (tungsten, copper-cobalt, polymetallic ores). A very small amount of arsenic can occur during the decomposition of living organisms. Thanks to aquatic organisms, it can be absorbed by these. Intensive assimilation of arsenic from solution is observed during the period of rapid development of plankton.

The most important arsenic pollutants are considered to be the enrichment industry, pesticide and dye production plants, and agriculture.

Lakes and rivers contain arsenic in two states: suspended and dissolved. The proportions between these forms may vary depending on the pH of the solution and the chemical composition of the solution. In the dissolved state, arsenic can be trivalent or pentavalent, entering into anionic forms.

Arsenic levels in natural waters

In rivers, as a rule, the content of arsenic is very low (at the level of µg/l), and in the seas - an average of 3 µg/l. Some mineral waters may contain large amounts of arsenic (up to several milligrams per litre).

Most of the arsenic can contain underground reservoirs - up to several tens of milligrams per liter.

Its compounds are highly toxic to all animals and to humans. In large quantities, the processes of oxidation and oxygen transport to the cells are disrupted.

Maximum allowable concentration of arsenic for the aquatic environment

MPC for arsenic for the aquatic environment is 50 μg/l, and in fishery ponds, the MPC for fish farms is also 50 μg/l.

Nickel (Ni)

Nickel content in lakes and rivers is influenced by local rocks. If there are deposits of nickel and iron-nickel ores near the reservoir, the concentration can be even higher than normal. Nickel can enter lakes and rivers when plants and animals decompose. Blue-green algae contain record amounts of nickel compared to other plant organisms. Important waste waters with a high nickel content are released during the production of synthetic rubber, during nickel plating processes. Nickel is also released in large quantities during the combustion of coal and oil.

High pH can cause nickel to precipitate in the form of sulfates, cyanides, carbonates or hydroxides. Living organisms can reduce the level of mobile nickel by consuming it. The processes of adsorption on the rock surface are also important.

Water can contain nickel in dissolved, colloidal and suspended forms (the balance between these states depends on the pH of the medium, temperature and water composition). Iron hydroxide, calcium carbonate, clay adsorb nickel-containing compounds well. Dissolved nickel is in the form of complexes with fulvic and humic acids, as well as with amino acids and cyanides. Ni 2+ is considered the most stable ionic form. Ni 3+ is usually formed at high pH.

In the mid-1950s, nickel was added to the list of trace elements because it plays an important role in various processes as a catalyst. In low doses, it has a positive effect on hematopoietic processes. Large doses are still very dangerous for health, because nickel is a carcinogenic chemical element and can provoke various diseases of the respiratory system. Free Ni 2+ is more toxic than in the form of complexes (approximately 2 times).

Nickel level in natural waters

Maximum allowable concentration of nickel for the aquatic environment

MPC for nickel for the aquatic environment is 0.1 mg/l, but in fishery ponds the MPC for fish farms is 0.01 mg/l.

Tin (Sn)

Natural sources of tin are minerals that contain this element (stannin, cassiterite). Anthropogenic sources are plants and factories for the production of various organic paints and the metallurgical industry working with the addition of tin.

Tin is a low-toxic metal, which is why eating from metal cans we do not risk our health.

Lakes and rivers contain less than a microgram of tin per liter of water. Underground reservoirs may contain several micrograms of tin per liter.

Maximum permissible concentration of tin for the aquatic environment

Maximum allowable concentration of tin for the aquatic environment is 2 mg/l.

Mercury (Hg)

Mainly, elevated level mercury in water is seen in areas where there are deposits of mercury. The most common minerals are livingstone, cinnabar, metacinnabarite. Wastewater from manufacturing plants different medicines, pesticides, dyes may contain important amounts of mercury. Thermal power plants (which use coal as fuel) are considered another important source of mercury pollution.

Its level in solution decreases mainly due to marine animals and plants, which accumulate and even concentrate mercury! Sometimes the mercury content in marine life rises several times higher than in the marine environment.

Natural water contains mercury in two forms: suspended (in the form of sorbed compounds) and dissolved (complex, mineral compounds of mercury). In certain areas of the oceans, mercury can appear as methylmercury complexes.

Mercury and its compounds are highly toxic. At high concentrations, it has a negative effect on the nervous system, provokes changes in the blood, affects the secretion of the digestive tract and motor function. The products of mercury processing by bacteria are very dangerous. They can synthesize organic matter based on mercury, which are many times more toxic than inorganic compounds. When eating fish, mercury compounds can enter our body.

Maximum permissible concentration of mercury for the aquatic environment

MPC of mercury in ordinary water- 0.5 µg/l, and in fishery ponds, the maximum concentration limit for fish farms is less than 0.1 µg/l.

Lead (Pb)

Rivers and lakes can be polluted with lead in a natural way when lead minerals are washed off (galena, anglesite, cerussite), and in an anthropogenic way (burning coal, using tetraethyl lead in fuel, discharges from ore-dressing factories, wastewater from mines and metallurgical plants). The precipitation of lead compounds and the adsorption of these substances on the surface of various rocks are the most important natural methods for lowering its level in solution. From biological factors, hydrobionts lead to a decrease in the level of lead in solution.

Lead in rivers and lakes is in suspended and dissolved form (mineral and organo-mineral complexes). Also, lead is in the form of insoluble substances: sulfates, carbonates, sulfides.

Lead content in natural waters

We have heard a lot about the toxicity of this heavy metal. It is very dangerous even in small quantities and can cause intoxication. Lead enters the body through the respiratory and digestive systems. Its excretion from the body is very slow, and it can accumulate in the kidneys, bones and liver.

Maximum allowable concentration of lead for the aquatic environment

MPC for lead for the aquatic environment is 0.03 mg/l, and in fishery ponds the MPC for fish farms is 0.1 mg/l.

Tetraethyl lead

It serves as an antiknock agent in motor fuels. Thus, vehicles are the main sources of pollution with this substance.

This compound is highly toxic and can accumulate in the body.

Maximum allowable concentration of tetraethyl lead for the aquatic environment

The maximum permissible level of this substance is approaching zero.

Tetraethyl lead is generally not allowed in the composition of waters.

Silver (AG)

Silver mainly enters rivers and lakes from underground reservoirs and as a consequence of the discharge of wastewater from enterprises (photographic enterprises, enrichment factories) and mines. Another source of silver can be algicidal and bactericidal agents.

In solution, the most important compounds are the silver halide salts.

Silver content in natural waters

In clean rivers and lakes, the silver content is less than a microgram per liter, in the seas - 0.3 µg / l. Underground reservoirs contain up to several tens of micrograms per liter.

Silver in ionic form (at certain concentrations) has a bacteriostatic and bactericidal effect. In order to be able to sterilize water with silver, its concentration must be greater than 2 * 10 -11 mol / l. Biological role silver in the body is still not well known.

Maximum allowable concentration of silver for the aquatic environment

The maximum permissible silver for the aquatic environment is 0.05 mg / l.

The prevalence of manganese is quite high, it ranks 14th among the most common minerals. There is its presence in many products and naturally in water, as it dissolves perfectly. And, like any element in food, it can be beneficial or harmful. So, purification of water from manganese and keeping it in a satisfactory norm is of high importance.

GOST: manganese in drinking water

• in centralized systems - ≤ 0.1 mg/l;
• manganese in water from wells and other open sources - ≤ 0.5 mg/l.

In nature, manganese can form up to 8 types of oxides, from MnO to Mn5O8, and is a constituent of copper and iron ores. The formation of oxides depends on the composition of the medium and external physical parameters. The most stable oxide - MnO2, which is also the most common in the bowels of the earth, was called pyrolusite.

Due to the wide use of the mineral in metallurgy and chemical production, special attention is paid to its content in industrial effluents. The amount of manganese in wastewater should not exceed 0.01 mg/dm3.

Manganese in water: effects on the body and visual determination of its presence

As is known from medical practice, even a toxic substance, in a small amount, can have a beneficial effect on the body, but exceeding its norm will lead to irreparable consequences.

Useful functions of manganese in the body

Depending on age, the allowable daily doses vary and are:

Manganese can be obtained from both water and food. The territory of Russia does not have areas with a poor content of Mn, there is even an excess of manganese in the water. The participation of the mineral in the physiological processes of living organisms is irreplaceable. Its main functions:

• correction of glucose levels, inducement to the synthesis of ascorbic acid;
• curbing the development of diabetes;
• support activities nervous system and brain;
• production of cholesterol and assistance in the functioning of the pancreas;
• the formation of connective, cartilaginous and bone tissue;
• regulation of lipid metabolism and prevention of fatty liver;
• involvement in cell division and renewal;
• curbing the activity of cholesterol and preventing the growth of "plaques";
• activation of enzymes for the body to assimilate vitamins B1, C and biotin.

It can be used as an antioxidant when interacting with Fe and Cu. Retain manganese in the body P and Ca. Eating a meal high in carbohydrates leads to a rapid depletion of Mn stores in the body. The amount of manganese in water can have both positive and negative effects. Under some conditions, a lack of manganese is formed, the norm in water does not cover its daily requirement for nursing mothers and athletes.

Harm from excess manganese in water

What is the danger of manganese in water for physiological functions, it reduces the absorption of iron and competes with copper, and this is anemia and drowsiness. Considerable harm is also done to the central nervous system, which is expressed in a decrease in efficiency and the development of early amnesia. The heavy metal Mn, in large doses, can damage the lungs, liver and heart, and stop lactation in lactating women.

Health is one of the main aspirations of a person, but everyday problems created by manganese compounds can annoy a lot. Visual determination of manganese in drinking water, is performed by inspecting plumbing fixtures and utensils that have been in contact with tap liquid for a long time.

Most often, the mineral accompanies ferrous iron and forms insoluble compounds with it. Black coatings form on plumbing, food utensils, scale builds up quickly in electrical appliances, and the patency of pipes decreases. Too high a level of pollution, visible already when water is drawn from the tap, and even felt by taste and smell. In these cases, it is necessary to immediately make an analysis of the water, manganese and iron should be the main parameters to be studied in it.

Water purification from iron and manganese

In tap or artesian water, the mineral is in the form of a divalent positive ion (Mn2 +), which dissolves well in liquids. To remove manganese from water, it is converted into insoluble forms - trivalent or tetravalent. The dense precipitate is removed with granular catalytic media or ion exchange resins.

Manganese water filters and filtration methods

Methods used in demanganization:

Aeration. It is used in the presence of ferrous iron in the water. Under the action of aeration, iron is oxidized and converted into hydroxide. The resulting compound binds divalent manganese and precipitates it. Solid impurities are filtered through quartz sand.

catalytic oxidation. It is carried out with hydroxide of 4-valent manganese.

Reagents-oxidizers. It uses ozone, sodium hypochlorite, chlorine itself and its dioxide.

ion exchange. It is carried out by two types of resins: anion-exchange (OH–) and cation-exchange (H+).

Distillation. Based on the difference between the boiling points of water and its impurities. Mineralization of water is required after the procedure.

Depending on the results of the analysis for the volume of manganese in water, a filter with a specific filtration method is selected. Or aftertreatment of water is carried out by a complex of filtering components that consistently reduce fluid contamination.

Manganese water pollution - serious problem when preparing water for use.

The source of manganese pollution is the rise of deep water during tectonic movements of the earth. But this is not as common as pollution sewage from lands where manganese-containing fertilizers are used. Manganese is a heavy metal and an increase in its concentration threatens with serious consequences for the body. At the same time, the increase in the amount of manganese in water can be determined externally in appearance and taste only at very high level his concentration. Then the water becomes cloudy with a yellowish tinge and tart.

In the body, manganese promotes blood-forming functions, regulates the activity of the sex glands and the pituitary gland. However, the amount of manganese required for these functions is very small. Any excess leads to serious consequences. The dose that has toxic properties for humans is equal to 40 mg per day. The lethal dose has not yet been determined. In principle, this element is considered the least toxic of all heavy metals, and its content in natural conditions is rarely overestimated. Usually, all poisonings occur due to regular technological production emissions. Symptoms do not appear immediately. Only after a few years you can notice a clear clinical cratina increase in the accumulation of manganese in the body.

Maximum Permissible Concentration manganese in drinking water and water for domestic use in Russia, Ukraine and other CIS countries is 0,1 milligram per liter of water. In some European countries, the requirements have been tightened.

Harm to human health

Firstly elevated manganese content leads to disruption of the nervous system. Symptoms are fatigue, drowsiness, memory loss. The body cannot absorb excess manganese.

Secondly, an increased content of manganese in water can cause an elementary allergy both to manganese and to other substances in the complex.

Thirdly, manganese can cause urolithiasis, blockage of blood vessels, disruption of the vegetative-vascular system, problems with the liver and endocrine glands. All these symptoms are caused by deposits of salts of heavy metals.

Fourth, indirectly due to disruption of the blood vessels, coupled with allergies, manganese provokes pulmonary and bronchial diseases.

An excess of manganese is one of the causes of increased fragility and fragility of bones.

In rare cases, an excessive concentration of manganese causes "manganese madness". The person behaves inadequately, aggressively, inconsistently.

Harm to household appliances and communication networks

Unlike an excess of iron in water, manganese does not entail such severe consequences for technology and communications.

Its excess is expressed in spots and a brownish sediment on the surface of the plumbing. In the long term, manganese deposits can clog pipes. The only difference is that the blockage from manganese is much more difficult to remove. Sometimes manganese can become a dye in the wash and ruin things.

Removing manganese from water

The determination of the amount of manganese in water is carried out in chemical laboratory. In appearance, as mentioned above, this factor cannot be determined.

Oxidation is used to purify water from manganese. With its help, manganese is converted from an inactive divalent form into a tri- and tetravalent form. This manganese then precipitates as a precipitate, which in turn is safely removed by the filter.

Methods used to extract salts and manganese ions from water:

1. Aeration followed by mechanical filtration;

2. Reagent treatment with potassium permanganate followed by coagulation weak acids such as silicic acid. It is used at high concentrations of pollutant.

3. Reverse osmosis is applied at very high concentrations of manganese in the source water.

4. Filtration through a bed that has been coated with a layer of 4-valent manganese hydroxide.

When using water from a well, the appearance of dark grains is sometimes noted. Naturally, the question arises as to whether this can be harmful to health, and what to do in this situation.

What to do if black or gray grains appear in the water?

The appearance of noticeable grains in the water, an unusual smell and a change in color is a signal of the presence of harmful impurities. Therefore, first of all, it is necessary to reduce the amount of water used to a minimum and conduct an analysis. You can make it in a private laboratory or sanitary station. Depending on the type of analysis, the result will have to wait 3-7 days.

Black-gray grains in water most often signal that the permissible level of manganese in it has been exceeded. In drinking water, this indicator should not exceed 0.1 mg / l. In underground sources, this metal accompanies iron and is similar in properties to it.

How manganese affects the human body

For human health, the excess concentration of manganese is harmful. In addition to black-gray grains, an indicator of an increased content of manganese is a weak yellow tint of water and an unpleasant aftertaste. Moreover, the latter is also noticeable in tea or coffee, and not just untreated water. The main negative impact of water with high calcium content is on the nervous system. According to scientific research, in children who constantly used manganese in high doses, there is a decrease in intellectual abilities.

Manganese also has a harmful effect on other organs. For example, this element is processed and accumulated by the liver, which affects its work. Manganese penetrates the bones, intestines, kidneys, brain. If you do not prevent the intake of manganese in high doses, this will eventually lead to poisoning. The main symptoms of this are:

• Loss of strength and apathy;
• Dizziness and headaches;
• Decreased appetite;
• Constant change of mood;
• Pain and cramps in the back.

The heating system and water pipes are also negatively affected. Plaque forms on their surface, which makes it difficult for water to flow. Over time, plaque begins to flake off. It is they who appear in the water in the form of grains.

What to do if the concentration of manganese in the water is increased

Due to the harmful effects of manganese on human health, it is important to approach water treatment responsibly. Appropriate equipment is selected taking into account the results of the analysis. The principle of their action is based on the oxidation of manganese. Due to this, it precipitates, which is then mechanically removed.

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Hold in a private house plumbing is not difficult now - if there was time and financial possibilities. Many people use wells as a source of water. Well, if you are lucky, and the water in the well meets sanitary and other standards. And if not, and it contains harmful chemical substances? The same manganese is found in water is not so rare. And if its concentration is too high, the water must be purified. Today we will talk about how to do it better.

From this article you will learn:

How does elevated manganese in water affect the human body

Why manganese is dangerous in water, and what are the standards for its content

How can manganese be determined in water

What methods are used to purify water from manganese

What filters are used to purify water from manganese

What effect does manganese in water have on the human body

People learned to use manganese for their own purposes a very long time ago. Another naturalist from ancient rome Pliny the Elder wrote about a type of magnetic iron ore that could be used to lighten glass. Perhaps Pliny would have gone further in his research, but he died during the eruption of Vesuvius. In the 16th century, the famous alchemist Albert the Great called this mineral magnesia. And only at the end of the eighteenth century, the Swedish scientist Karl Schelle determined that magnesia had nothing to do with magnetic iron ore, but was a compound of an unknown metal. The first metallic manganese in 1774 was received by Schelle's friend, the chemist Johan Gottlieb Gann.

Manganese is a very common element, ranking fourteenth in abundance on the planet. It is literally everywhere: in the earth, in water, in plants and animals. The properties of manganese are such that it can be used in a wide variety of areas of life - from industry to medicine. Even in everyday life, the use of manganese is not uncommon.

There is very little manganese in the human body, a microscopic amount, but its importance is difficult to overestimate. For example, without manganese, we would not be able to absorb vitamin B1, which is responsible for the functioning of the nervous and digestive systems of the body. Even the normal functioning of the heart depends on B1, and therefore on manganese. With insufficient amounts of it, the risk of developing diabetes increases. Also, this microelement helps the normal development of the skeletal system.

We cannot do without a certain dose of manganese in the body. And this number has long been calculated by medical scientists:

The norm per day for an adult is up to 5 mg;

For a child under 15 years old - 2 mg;

For a child up to a year - 1 mg.

However, as Hippocrates said: "Everything is a medicine, and everything is a poison - it's all about the dose." Same with manganese. A large amount of this trace element in the body will not bring a person anything good. If the manganese content is exceeded eight times, brain functions are impaired. The most dangerous is systematic manganese poisoning.

How manganese appears in natural waters

There are not so many safe sources of water for drinking today. As a rule, any natural water has to be purified, which is what water treatment plants do. In some areas of our country, the soil is especially rich in manganese salts, and when using water from underground sources in these areas, a corresponding problem arises. Excess manganese from water must be removed to maintain human health.

Manganese is not often found in its pure form, but it is part of a large number minerals. Some acidic and ferruginous ores also contain manganese. It would seem, what does this have to do with water sources, how does manganese get into them? There are two main ways:

Natural. Manganese is washed out by water from the minerals containing it. Also, in very significant quantities, it can enter the water from decomposed aquatic animals and plant organisms (especially blue-green ones).

Man-made. These are wastes of chemical enterprises and metallurgical plants discharged into water bodies. Some agricultural fertilizers also contain manganese, which then enters the water.

Is there a lot of manganese in the water as a result? Much depends on the area and on what kind of water is meant. Least of all in sea ​​waters- about two micrograms per cubic decimeter. In the river - from 1 to 160 mcg. But the absolute champion here is groundwater. They can contain hundreds or even thousands of micrograms per cubic decimeter. Quite often, manganese is found in water along with iron, although its concentration is lower.

The amount of manganese in water is not constant, it changes depending on the season. In winter and summer, the content of heavy metals in water bodies is higher due to stagnant water. But in spring and autumn, the situation is exactly the opposite. There are other factors that affect the level of manganese in drinking water. For example:

Temperature;

The amount of oxygen;

pH ( pH value);

How actively aquatic organisms absorb or, conversely, excrete manganese;

Are reservoirs connected to local lakes or rivers;

The amount of manganese that got into drains, etc.

According to the World Health Organization, the amount of manganese in water should not exceed 0.05 milligrams per liter. Unfortunately, they are not followed everywhere. In the USA, for example, manganese content in some places exceeds the permissible level by ten times. In Russia, the established norm for drinking water is no more than 0.1 milligrams per liter. However, the same figure is also relevant for household water.

What threatens the excess of manganese in water

When there is too much manganese in water, it is bad for not only human health. Much more chemically resistant household appliances and even the plumbing system also suffer.

The influence of manganese on the plumbing system and household appliances:

Due to manganese deposits, the permeability of water pipes is deteriorating, and their service life is reduced.

The same applies to the heating system: manganese deposits in pipes reduce heat transfer.

Pipes can become completely clogged - "thanks" to manganese bacteria. Everything happens in the same way as in the case of the action of iron bacteria.

A large amount of manganese in water is bad for electrical appliances. Scale in the kettle or washing machine often formed just because of this substance.

If black spots appear on plumbing or household appliances, this may be an indication that the manganese content in the water is too high.

Human health is much more fragile than household appliances. That is why the water you use must be carefully monitored. If suddenly a slightly yellowish tint appears near the water and it becomes unpleasant in taste, not only by itself, but even in tea or coffee, this is a sure sign that the concentration of manganese in it is unacceptably high.

What exactly is dangerous excess manganese in the human body? First of all, a negative effect on the nervous system. For children, this is especially dangerous. Studies have shown that a high concentration of manganese in a child's body can affect his intellectual abilities.

If the concentration of the metal in the body is too high, general poisoning may occur. Main symptoms its the following:

A person's appetite decreases;

Headache and dizziness;

There are cramps, back pain;

There are mood swings;

The patient has a general breakdown and apathy.

If you constantly drink water with a high concentration of manganese, then:

The condition of the skeleton may worsen;

It is possible to reduce muscle tone, even develop muscle atrophy;

It is not excluded the appearance of allergies;

The kidneys, liver, small intestine, and even the brain can be affected;

There is a high risk of developing cancer and Parkinson's disease.

Why is the high content of manganese in water dangerous for the human nervous system

Manganese is heavy metal, which tends to gradually accumulate in the body. With the constant use of water with an excessive concentration of manganese, sooner or later the human nervous system will suffer. Here you can highlight three stages of illness:

In the first stage, disorders of the nervous system are functional in nature. A person gets tired faster, he periodically or even constantly wants to sleep. Arms and legs weaken, symptoms of vegetative dystonia appear. There is increased sweating and salivation. Facial muscles, on the contrary, can be weakened, which will inevitably affect facial expressions. Muscle tone also decreases, numbness is felt in the arms or legs.

The mental activity of such a patient also changes, although this is not always noticeable to an outside observer. This is expressed in the following terms:

The area of ​​interest of such a patient becomes more limited;

Activity also decreases;

The ability for associative thinking is dulled;

Memory weakens.

It is significant that the patient cannot adequately assess his condition. Therefore, focal neurological symptoms of intoxication are quite difficult to diagnose even for a specialist. In this case, if the cause of the disease is not identified in time (namely, a high concentration of manganese in the body), then the disease can be started. Then the damage can become irreversible.

In the second stage of the disease, the symptoms of toxic encephalopathy increase. Namely:

The person becomes more and more apathetic;

He is increasingly sleepy;

General weakness progresses, efficiency decreases;

The mnestic-intellectual defect deepens;

There are signs of extrapyramidal insufficiency: slowness of movements, weakening of facial expressions, involuntary muscle contraction, etc.

In addition, the activity of the endocrine glands is disrupted, signs of numbness of the extremities become more pronounced. The second stage of the disease is very dangerous. The fact is that even if the cause of the disease is found and there is no more contact with manganese, the process does not stop there. Moreover, for a few more years it will only develop. It will eventually be possible to suspend the disease, but most likely it will not be possible to achieve a final recovery.

The last stage of poisoning - manganese parkinsonism - is characterized by severe disorders of motor functions. In the patient:

The pronunciation is broken;

Speech becomes monotonous, handwriting becomes slurred;

The face is mask-like;

Very low physical activity;

Spastic-paretic gait (a person spreads his legs too wide when walking, he sways from side to side);

Paresis of the feet - when while walking the foot can "drag" along the ground.

In addition, involuntary excessive muscle movements occur - mainly in the legs. Sometimes, on the contrary, muscle tone is significantly reduced. The mentality of the patient also changes. People who have been poisoned with manganese experience apathy or, conversely, are overly complacent and even euphoric. Unreasonable laughter or crying is possible. Often a person does not understand that he is sick, or believes that his illness is not serious. The mnestic-intellectual defect progresses. The patient does not determine the time well, his memory deteriorates, problems arise both in professional and social activities.

The consequences, as you can see, are very severe. That is why it is so important to determine the cause of the disease in time. And if it is a high concentration of manganese in the water, you need to take immediate action. It should be remembered: the human body receives manganese not only by eating food cooked in "bad" water. In this case, even just brushing your teeth or washing your face with contaminated water is very dangerous.

To purify water from manganese, use

How to determine manganese in water

It is no coincidence that manganese is called eternal companion gland. If there is iron in the water you use, manganese is also there. But not vice versa. Even when there is no iron in the water, manganese may well be present. We have already talked about the consequences of an overabundance of this element in the human body. Therefore, water from manganese must be purified.

How to notice that there is a high concentration of manganese in the water without doing a special chemical analysis? There are several signs to look out for:

Water becomes cloudy and dark if manganese compounds are present in it;

Notice the smell. If it seems unusual to you, this is already an alarming sign;

If the water is left to stand, a black precipitate will fall to the bottom of the dish;

When there is a lot of manganese in the water, then after a long contact with it, your hands and nails will definitely turn black.

And this is not all the signs. If such water is boiled, then a black coating will remain on the dishes. Water with a high manganese content not only has a strange smell, but also an unpleasant astringent taste. Dark spots on plumbing, deposits in water pipes or even their complete blockage are also the “fault” of this element. Do you feel that the apartment has become colder? It is possible that manganese deposits have appeared inside the heating system, which complicates the heat transfer process.

The presence of at least one of these signs is already a reason to think well. In this case, it is necessary to immediately limit the consumption of water with the possible presence of manganese in it. And be sure to do an analysis by contacting a sanitary station or a private laboratory. Results will be provided to you in approximately 3-7 days.

How is water purified from manganese

To begin with, experts conduct an analysis of water for the concentration of manganese, and only after that they choose the most suitable way its cleaning.

Manganese in terrestrial rocks is most often in the form of a salt, which is highly soluble in water. Therefore, in order to purify water from manganese, it is necessary to make sure that this element ceases to be soluble. This is where chemistry comes in. Divalent manganese is converted to tri- or tetravalent manganese by oxidation. Manganese hydroxides with valences 2 and 3 are almost insoluble in water.

There are several methods for oxidizing manganese:

With the help of strong oxidizing agents that increase the redox potential of the medium. At this value, the pH of the water is not regulated.

Weak oxidizing agents are used with a simultaneous increase in the pH value of the water.

Raise the pH value of the water, using strong oxidizing agents at the same time.

Bivalent manganese is converted to tetravalent manganese hydroxide and deposited on the filters. In addition, he himself turns into a catalyst, which accelerates the process of oxidation of the divalent manganese remaining in the water with the help of dissolved oxygen.

Methods for removing manganese from water

Manganese aeration

This method is very affordable, and therefore the most common. Serious aeration of manganese is carried out, then filtration. First, free carbon dioxide is isolated from the water under vacuum, which increases the pH to 8.0–8.5 units. After that, it's the turn of the filter. It is used as a granular filler, for example, quartz sand.

However, this method is not suitable for all cases. It is not used if the permanganate oxidizability of water is more than 9.5 mgO2 / l. To use this method, the presence of ferrous iron in water is required, which, when oxidized, turns into iron hydroxide. It, in turn, absorbs divalent manganese and oxidizes it. Another condition: compliance with a strict ratio between manganese and ferrous iron - seven to one. However, the last point can be artificially corrected by adding iron sulfate to the water.

catalytic oxidation

The tetravalent manganese hydroxide (formed on the filter surface by the metering pump) oxidizes the divalent manganese oxide. The trivalent oxide obtained after this is oxidized with the help of dissolved oxygen to a state insoluble in water.

Demanganation with potassium permanganate

It can be used for purification of both underground and external waters. Potassium permanganate oxidizes manganese dissolved in water, turning it into oxide, which dissolves in water much worse. Manganese oxide, in turn, is a good catalyst for dissolving divalent manganese. To get rid of 1 mg of the latter, you need 1.92 mg of potassium permanganate. With this ratio, 97 percent of divalent manganese will be oxidized.

After that, the water must be filtered using a special coagulant, then a sand filler is additionally used. Sometimes ultrafiltration equipment is also used.

Introduction of oxidizing reagents

Various reagents are used to oxidize manganese in water. But mostly it is chlorine, its dioxide, sodium hypochlorite and ozone. It is very important to take into account the pH level of the water. If chlorine is added to water with a pH of at least 8.0–8.5, then a good effect will have to wait about an hour and a half. Sodium hypochlorite works the same time. Often treated water needs to be alkalized. This is done in cases where oxygen acts as an oxidizing agent and the pH of the water does not reach 7 units.

Calculations show that for the conversion of divalent manganese to tetravalent, 1.3 mg of the reagent substance should be taken per mg of manganese. But this is in bare theory; in practice, much more oxidizer is usually required.

Chlorine dioxide or ozone, when treated with water, act much faster - only about a quarter of an hour. True, only if the pH of the water is 6.5–7.0 units. According to stoichiometry calculations, 1.35 mg of chlorine dioxide or 1.45 mg of ozone will go to 1 mg of divalent manganese. But again, more ozone will be required than in theoretical calculations. This happens because in the process of ozonation, manganese oxides decompose ozone.

In general, there are several reasons why more reagents are required than indicated in the calculations. Many factors influence the process of manganese oxidation in water. For example, this is the pH level of water, the presence of organic matter in it, the duration of the reagents used. A lot depends on the equipment that is used for the process. Practice shows that potassium permanganate usually needs to be taken 1-6 times more, ozone - 1.5-5 times, and chlorine oxide may even be required in 1.5-10 times the amount.

Ion exchange

Ion exchange involves hydrogen or sodium cationization of water. To effectively remove manganese salts dissolved in water, it must be treated in two layers of ion-exchange material. Two resins are used for this: cation-exchange resin with H+ hydrogen ions and anion-exchange resin with hydroxyl ions OH-. They are used simultaneously and sequentially. This mixture of resins replaces water-soluble salts with hydroxide OH- and hydrogen H+ ions. When these ions are combined, the most ordinary water molecules are obtained without the presence of salt in them.

At the moment, this method of getting rid of water from impurities of manganese and iron is the most promising. The main thing in it is to choose the right combination of ion exchange resins.

Distillation

This method is based on the conversion of water into steam with its subsequent concentration. We all know that the boiling point of water is 100°C. But this does not mean that it will be the same for other substances. This method of water purification from manganese is based on the difference in boiling points. Pure water boils first and turns into steam. Other elements evaporate only after most of the water has boiled away. Thus, we get pure, without impurities, water. The technology is simple and understandable to everyone, but very energy-consuming.

Filters for water purification from manganese

Filters in this case are not so easy to choose. Here it is necessary to act according to the system. First, determine the composition of the water to be purified from manganese. Second, designate minimum requirements to the quality of the water after it has been filtered. Thirdly, when choosing a cleaning system, you need to pay attention to the following points:

on the pH level of the water;

The amount of oxygen in the water or carbon dioxide;

Is there ammonia or hydrogen sulfide in the water;

The characteristics of the water supply are also important: its performance and water pressure.

After that, you can proceed to the choice of filter material for purifying water from manganese. There are a few of them that are the most popular.

SUPERFEROX

SUPERFEROKS filtering material is designed to remove iron and manganese ions dissolved in water, as well as to reduce water turbidity and color. The basis of the filter medium is a durable natural material "pink sand" with a catalytic film deposited on its surface, consisting of higher oxides manganese. The action of SUPERFEROKS is based on 2 principles: sorption (due to the porous structure of the material) and catalytic oxidation. When water is filtered, manganese oxides in the catalytic film accelerate the process of oxidation of ferrous iron to ferric iron with the formation of the corresponding hydroxide. Due to the porosity of the material structure, the formation of ferric hydroxide occurs both on the surface of SUPERFEROX grains and inside its pores, which leads to an increase in dirt capacity and an acceleration of the process of water iron removal. The resulting iron hydroxide is able to catalytically oxidize divalent manganese with the formation of practically insoluble hydroxides Mn(OH)3 and Mn(OH)4. When the filter resource is exhausted, in order to restore the properties of the filtering medium, it is necessary to regenerate the installation with a reverse flow of raw or purified water (more efficiently with a water-air mixture).

Ferosoft B

Multi-component ion-exchange loading FeroSoft is designed for a comprehensive solution of problems in water treatment systems. This load consists of several ion-exchange resins of different granulometric composition that allow you to effectively remove hardness salts (Ca2+ and Mg2+), iron impurities (Fe3+ and Fe2+), manganese (Mn2+), organic compounds. The download is designed to solve the most common problems with drinking water, is most suitable for use in water treatment systems of country houses and cottages.

Where to buy filters for water purification from manganese

It is difficult for an unprepared person to independently choose a suitable filter for water purification. Fortunately, there are specialists for this.

Biokit employs professionals to help you choose the best option. Moreover, there is no fundamental difference, this is already existing system water treatment, or it is still at the design stage. The optimal decision will be based on the provided data.

Biokit also offers a wide range of reverse osmosis systems, water filters and other equipment that can restore tap water to its natural characteristics.

Our specialists are ready to help you:

Connect the filtration system yourself;

Understand the process of choosing water filters;

Pick up replacement materials;

Troubleshoot or solve problems with the involvement of specialist installers;

Find answers to your questions over the phone.

Entrust water purification systems from Biokit - let your family be healthy!