Those who believe in the punishment of the Lord hanging over the Sodom of the United States today have a very serious argument. Located in the heart of the US Yellowstone national park, famous for its forests, grizzly bears and hot springs, is actually a bomb - a supervolcano that is ready to explode in the next two years ...
According to American volcanologists, the eruption of the largest volcano in the world - the caldera of which is located in Yellowstone National Park, may begin in the near future. The volcano has not erupted for about 600 thousand years and its eruption can destroy two-thirds of the US territory, which can even begin a world catastrophe - the Apocalypse, according to American scientists.
A super-volcano under Yellowstone National Park in the US state of Wyoming began to grow at a record rate since 2004 and will explode with a force 1000 times more powerful than the catastrophic eruption of Mount St. Helens (St. Helens) in Washington state on May 18, 1980.
Scheme of the location of the giant volcano.
According to forecasts of volcanologists, lava will rise high into the sky, ash will cover nearby areas with a layer of 3 meters and a distance of 1600 kilometers. As a result, 2/3 of the US territory may become uninhabitable due to toxic air, millions will die, the rest will have to leave their homes.
Experts predict that the volcanic eruption will occur in the near future and will be no less powerful than all 3 times when the volcano erupted over the past 2.1 million years. Now the magma has come so close to earth's crust in Yellowstone Park, that the earth has risen more than one and a half meters, and in some places it literally radiates heat that cannot be explained by anything other than the upcoming eruption of a huge volcano.
July 22, 1980: Mount St. Helens explosion in Washington state. The volcano of the Yellowstone caldera during the eruption can explode with a force a thousand times more powerful and bring many more victims.
Yellowstone National Park is a bomb that could go off in the coming years. If this happens, the entire North American continent may perish. And the rest of the world will not seem enough.
It all started quite innocently. If not happy. In 2002, several new geysers with a healing hot water. Local tourism companies immediately launched advertisements for the natural phenomenon, significantly increasing the number of visitors to the park, which had already been about 3 million people a year.
However, already in 2004, the US government tightened the regime for visiting the reserve. On its territory, the number of guards has increased dramatically, and some areas have been declared closed to the public. But seismologists and volcanologists became frequent in them. They have worked in Yellowstone before, because the entire reserve with its unique nature is nothing but a huge patch on the mouth of an extinct supervolcano.The entire park with an area of 3825 sq. km and is a caldera measuring about 55 km by 72 km. And it was precisely because of its gigantic size that scientists at first did not even recognize it. Actually, hence the hot geysers, the water in which is heated by red-hot magma.
First of all, three new geysers brought concern, although before that, since the discovery of America, the number of hot springs had not changed.
Commissions for the study of volcanic activity increasingly visited Yellowstone. What they discovered there was not reported to the general public, but it is known that in 2007, a Scientific Council was created under the Office of the President of the United States, endowed with emergency powers. It included several leading geophysicists and seismologists of the country, as well as members of the Council national security, including the secretary of defense and intelligence officials.
The monthly meetings of this body were chaired personally by George Bush. In the same year, Yellowstone National Park moved from departmental subordination to the Ministry of the Interior to the direct control of the Science Council.
The increased attention of the American authorities arose because they realized that a giant volcano was waking up. And churning out new hot springs is just the beginning. Since seismologists have discovered a sharp rise in soil under the reserve. From 2007 to 2011, she swelled by 1.78 meters. This is despite the fact that over the previous 20 years, the rise of the soil amounted to no more than 10 cm. The conclusions of seismologists were confirmed by mathematicians. Based on information about previous eruptions of the Yellowstone volcano, they developed an algorithm for its vital activity. The result was shocking.
The fact that the intervals between eruptions are constantly shrinking has been known to scientists before. And, given the astronomical duration of such intervals, this information had no practical significance for mankind. The volcano erupted 2 million years ago, then 1.3 million years ago and for the last time 630 thousand years ago. The Geological Society of America expected its awakening not earlier than in 20 thousand years. The following calculations showed that a new catastrophe should be expected in 2074.
In 2008 Professor of Geology and Geophysics at the University of Utah Robert Smith"reassured" by saying that " ...as long as the supervolcano's magma (although it has been rising 8 cm per year since 2004) is located at a depth of 10 kilometers from its mouth, it is too early to worry, but if it rises to a level of 2-3 km, we will have serious reasons for concern».
Meanwhile, back in 2006 volcanologists Ilya Bindeman(Ilya N. Bindeman) and John Valey(John W. Valley) in a magazine "Earth and Planetary Science" claimed that the eruption will be very soon.
New measurement data showed that the rate of magma uplift has increased, tthe temperature of the soil in some places rose to the boiling point, crevices opened, through which hydrogen sulfide began to seep and carbon dioxide- volcanic gases contained in magma. All this forced to say that a terrible date approached. And the eruption will take place before 2016.
WORSE THAN NUCLEAR WAR
A typical volcano is a cone-shaped hill with a crater from which lava, ash and gases erupt. It is formed. When magma boiling in the depths breaks out to the surface through cracks and faults in the earth's crust. As it rises, the magma releases gases, turning into volcanic lava, and pours out through the top of the fault, usually called a vent. Freezing around the vent, the products of the eruption build up the cone of the volcano.
Supervolcanoes, on the other hand, have a feature that, until recently, no one even suspected of their existence. They are not at all like the cone-shaped “caps” with a vent inside that are familiar to us. These are vast areas of thinned earth's crust, under which hot magma pulsates. A simple volcano is like a pimple, a supervolcano is like a huge inflammation, on the territory of which several ordinary volcanoes can be located. To date, 20-30 supervolcanoes are known in the world. They may erupt from time to time, but these emissions can be compared to the release of steam from an overheated boiler. The main problems begin when the “cauldron” itself explodes. Since supervolcanoes do not erupt, but explode.
WHAT SUPERVOLCANO EXPLOSIONS LOOK LIKE?
From below, the pressure of magma on the thin surface of the earth gradually increases. A hump several hundred meters high and 15-20 kilometers in diameter is formed. Numerous vents and cracks appear along the perimeter of the hump, and then its entire central part collapses down into the fiery abyss.
Collapsed rocks like a piston will sharply squeeze out giant fountains of lava and ash from the bowels.
The force of this explosion exceeds the charge of the most powerful nuclear bomb. According to the calculations of geophysicists, if the Yellowstone mine explodes, the effect will exceed a thousand Hiroshima. The calculations are, of course, purely theoretical. During its existence modern man, we have not had to deal with such a phenomenon.One of the last eruptions, approaching the scale of the future, occurred in Sumatra 73 thousand years ago, when the explosion of the Toba supervolcano reduced the population of the Earth by about 15 times, when only 5-10 thousand people survived. The number of animals decreased by the same amount, 3/4 of the plant world of the Northern Hemisphere died. At the site of that explosion, a pit with an area of 1775 square meters was formed. km, which could fit two New York or London.
Yellowstone is twice the size of Toba. " Against the backdrop of a supervolcano eruption, everyone else seems to be dwarfs, and its power is a real threat to everyone living on this planet", - noted Bill McGuire, professor of geophysics, specialist in climate change from London University College. According to his calculations, produced in 1999, the volcano was supposed to wake up by 2074. The last time a supervolcano exploded in Yellowstone occurred during the time of the dinosaurs. Maybe that's why they died out.
The other day yellowstone national parkbegan to rapidly leave herds of bison, known for their sensitivity to future disasters. This behavior of wild animals caused a lot of rumors and fears among the inhabitants of the north-central states of the United States.EcoWars.tv Now the park has increased by about 1000 times the concentration of helium and the number of daily mini-earthquakes.
Moose ran after the bison - in huge numbers, which amazed even the park rangers:
AS IT WILL BE
A few days before the explosion, the earth's crust above the supervolcano will rise by several tens or even hundreds of meters. The soil will warm up to 60-70° C. The concentration of hydrogen sulfide and helium will increase sharply in the atmosphere.
The cloud of volcanic ash will be the first to escape, which will rise into the atmosphere to a height of 40-50 km. Then the ejection of lava will begin, pieces of which will be thrown to great heights. Falling, they will cover a gigantic territory. The explosion will be accompanied by a powerful earthquake and lava flows, developing speeds of several hundred kilometers per hour.
In the first hours of a new eruption in Yellowstone, an area within a radius of 1000 kilometers around the epicenter will be destroyed. Here, residents of almost the entire American Northwest (the city of Seattle) and part of Canada (the cities of Calgary, Vancouver) are in immediate danger.
On the territory of 10 thousand square meters. kilometers, streams of hot mud will rage, the so-called. "pyroclastic wave" This most deadly product of the eruption will occur when the pressure of the lava hitting high into the atmosphere weakens and part of the column collapses into the surroundings in a huge avalanche, burning everything in its path. It will be impossible to survive in pyroclastic flows. At temperatures above 400°
Human bodies will simply boil, the flesh will separate from the bones.
Hot slurry will kill about 200 thousand people in the first minutes after the start of the eruption. In addition, a series of earthquakes and tsunamis will bring huge losses, which will provoke an explosion. They will already claim tens of millions of lives around the globe. This is provided that the North American continent does not go under water at all, like Atlantis.
Then the ash cloud from the volcano will begin to spread in breadth. Within a day, the entire territory of the United States up to the Mississippi will be in the disaster zone. At the same time, volcanic ash represents at least dangerous phenomenon. Ash particles are so small that neither gauze bandages nor respirators protect them from them. Once in the lungs, the ash mixes with mucus, hardens and turns into cement ...
As a result of the shedding of ash, territories located thousands of kilometers from the volcano may be in mortal danger. When the layer of volcanic ash reaches a thickness of 15 cm, the load on the roofs will become too great and the buildings will begin to collapse. It is estimated that from 1 to 50 people in each house will die immediately or be seriously injured. This will be the main cause of death in the bypassed areas around Yellowstone, where the ash layer will be no less than 60 cm.
A thick layer of ash will cover almost the entire territory of the United States - from Montana, Idaho and Wyoming, which will be wiped off the face of the Earth, to Iowa and the Gulf of Mexico. The ozone hole over the mainland will grow to such a size that the level of radiation will approach Chernobyl. All of North America will turn into scorched earth. The southern part of Canada will also be seriously affected.
The Yellowstone giant will provoke the eruption of several hundred ordinary volcanoes around the world. Other deaths will follow from poisoning. The eruption will continue for several days, but people and animals will continue to die due to suffocation and hydrogen sulfide poisoning. During this time, the air in the western United States will be poisoned so that a person can breathe in it for no more than 5-7 minutes.
Thousands of cubic kilometers of ash thrown into the atmosphere will cross the Atlantic by air in 2-3 weeks and Pacific Ocean, and a month later they will close the Sun all over the Earth.
NUCLEAR WINTER
Once upon a time, Soviet scientists predicted that the most terrible consequence of a global nuclear conflict would be the so-called. " nuclear winter". The same thing will happen as a result of the explosion of a supervolcano.
First, the incessant acid rain will destroy all crops and crops, kill livestock, dooming the survivors to starvation. Two weeks after the sun disappears into dust clouds, the air temperature is earth's surface fall in different areas the globe from -15° to -50 ° C and below. The average temperature on the Earth's surface will be about -25° C.
The “billionaire” countries India and China will suffer the most from hunger. Here, in the coming months after the explosion, up to 1.5 billion people will die. In total, every third inhabitant of the Earth will die in the first months of the cataclysm.
Winter will last from 1.5 to 4 years. This is enough to change the natural balance on the planet forever. Vegetation will die due to long frosts and lack of light. Since plants are involved in the production of oxygen, it will become very difficult for the planet to breathe. Animal world The earth will die painfully from cold, hunger and epidemics. Humanity will have to move from the surface of the earth for at least 3-4 years ...
For the population North America the chances of survival are minimal. In general, the inhabitants of the Western Hemisphere will be almost completely destroyed. The central part of Eurasia has the greatest chances. Most people, according to scientists, will survive in Siberia and the Eastern European part of Russia, located on earthquake-resistant platforms, remote from the epicenter of the explosion and protected from the tsunami.
UNGLORED END OF SODOMA USA
If the American authorities are aware of the problem, why are they not doing anything to prevent it? Why hasn't information about the upcoming catastrophe reached the general public yet?
It is not difficult to answer the first question: neither the States themselves nor humanity as a whole can prevent the impending explosion. Therefore, the White House is preparing for the worst-case scenario. According to CIA analysts, " as a result of the catastrophe, two-thirds of the population will die, the economy will be destroyed, transport and communications will be disorganized. With a near-total supply cut, the military potential remaining at our disposal will be reduced to a level sufficient only to maintain order on the territory of the country.».
As for alerting the population, the authorities recognized such actions as inappropriate. Saving an entire continent is an almost impossible task. The US population has now approached 300 million. Such a number of people will simply have nowhere to go, especially since after the catastrophe there will be no safe places on the planet left. Each state will have big problems, and no one wants to aggravate them by accepting tens of millions of refugees.
In any case, the Scientific Council under the President of the United States came to this conclusion. According to its members, there is only one way out - to leave the majority of the population to the will of fate and attend to the preservation of capital, military potential and the "elite". Therefore, a few months before the explosion, the best scientists, military, specialists in high technology and, of course, billionaires. Simple millionaires will have to save themselves. Ordinary people will actually be left to fend for themselves.
WHERE TO DO SIMPLE AMERICANS?
The other day information appeared that the US government allegedly offers to pay foreign countries$ 10 billion a year for 10 years, if they agree to provide urgent asylum for the Americans when the Yellowstone supervolcano begins to operate (it is on this date for the next eruption that the doctor insists Jean-Philippe Perrillat from the National Center scientific research in Grenoble, France).
The African National Congress (ANC) of the government in South Africa has already received a request from the US that South Africa will receive a designated amount of $10 billion (about R100 billion) over 10 years in exchange for providing temporary housing to millions of Americans. Countries that will participate in the plan include Brazil, Argentina and Australia.
The South African Cabinet has decided to reject the US request for the time being. Press Secretary of the South African Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Dr. Sipho Matveve(Matwetwe), said that South Africa « will not be part of the plan because there is a risk that millions of white Americans could be sent to our country in emergency, and we believe that this is a threat to black national culture and identity ... We are sympathetic to the American problem with Yellowstone, but we have our own problems in South Africa. 200 million whites people in America, and if too many of them move to the countries of South Africa ... it will destabilize the country and perhaps even bring back apartheid. South Africa is not for sale».
GOD SAVE LIBERIA
The above information became known thanks to the efforts of an American scientist and journalist Howard Huxley, who has been dealing with the problems of the Yellowstone volcano since the 80s, has well-established connections in the circles of geophysicists, like many well-known journalists, was associated with the CIA and is a recognized authority in scientific circles. Realizing what the country was heading towards, Howard and his associates created the Civilization Saving Fund. Their goal is to warn humanity of an impending catastrophe and give everyone a chance to survive, not just members of the elites. Over the years, the Foundation staff have accumulated a lot of information. In particular, they figured out exactly where the cream of American society will go after the disaster.
The island of salvation for them will be Liberia, a small state in western Africa, traditionally following in the fairway American politics. For several years now, massive cash injections have been going into this country. It has a network of excellent roads, airports, and, it is said, an extensive system of deep, well-maintained bunkers. In which the American elite is going to sit out for several years until the situation stabilizes and they begin to restore their influence in the world. It is possible that the same plan can be attributed to - a huge armored safe in the rocks of Svalbard, built with the money of American billionaires to store the seeds of most plant species.
Allegedly, this is why the White House and the Scientific Council are now trying to solve urgent military problems. The coming catastrophe will be perceived by most religious people as God's punishment for America. Surely many will want to finish off the "shaitan" while the Judeo-Protestant "elite" will lick their wounds. You can't think of a better excuse for jihad.
This is one of the reasons why, since 2003, preemptive strikes have been carried out against a number of Muslim countries in order to destroy their military potential. The problem is that due to the aggressive policy, the United States has more and more ill-wishers ...
ONLY NUMBERS
Yet in 2006 the Air Force celebrated, supervolcanoes can claim billions of lives and devastate continents:
The explosion of Yellowstone is 2500 times more powerful than the force of the last eruption of Etna.
The Yellowstone caldera will emit 15 times more ash than the Krakatoa volcano, which killed 36,000 people.
Visibility will decrease to 20-30 cm due to the formed ash curtain.
The caldera formed after the explosion of the Yellowstone volcano will fit Tokyo - the most Big city in the world.
The radius of the total destruction of all living things in the first minutes after the start of the eruption is 1200 km.
The force of the eruption of the Yellowstone volcano is estimated at 1000 atomic bombs that exploded at the same time.
After the Yellowstone disaster, 1 out of 1000 earthlings will survive ...
The most pessimistic scenario for the awakening of a supervolcano is as follows: it will be an explosion comparable to the explosion of 1000 atomic bombs. The ground part of the supervolcano will collapse into a funnel with a diameter of fifty kilometers. An ecological catastrophe will occur on Earth. For the US, the eruption of Yellowstone will mean the end of existence.
The saddest thing is that not only alarmists, but also experts are talking about such consequences. Yakov Levenshtern from the Yellowstone Volcanic Observatory (USA) said that more than 1 thousand km³ of magma fell out into all previous supervolcano eruptions (there were three of them). This is enough to cover most of North America with a layer of ash up to 30 cm (at the epicenter of the disaster). Loewenstern also noted that the air temperature throughout the The earth will fall by 21 degrees, visibility for several years will be no more than half a meter. An era similar to nuclear winter will come.
Hurricane Katrina showed that the US civil defense system is not ready for such large-scale cataclysms - and the civil defense of no country will be able to prepare for them.
Domestic scientists do not get tired of predicting the eruption of a supervolcano. The head of the Department of Dynamic Geology of the Geological Faculty of Moscow State University, Nikolai Koronovsky, in an interview with Vesti, told what would happen after the eruption:
“The winds are predominantly westerly, so everything will go to the east of the USA. Will cover them. will decrease solar radiation, so the temperature will have to drop. The famous eruption of the Krakatau volcano in the Sunda Strait in 1873 lowered the temperature by about 2 degrees in the equatorial part for a year and a half, until the ash dissipated.
About 640,000 years ago, when the North American continent was shaken by volcanic eruptions and earthquakes, a giant crater with a total area of 2,000 km² appeared near the Rocky Mountains. Over time, it turned into a plateau, where today a bubbling mass is bubbling, fumaroles, geysers, mud fountains and hot springs are beating from under the ground. This is how Yellowstone Park appeared, the photo of which is presented in this article.
A bit of history
There is a legend that 200 years ago a hunter crossed the Rocky Mountains in search of prey and came to the Yellowstone Plateau. Now only he understood the stories of the Indians about the "country of smoke and water", only now he believed in them. The picture that opened up to him inspired superstitious fear in him. Canyons filled with frozen lava, rocks sparkling with obsidian, petrified forests combined with water bubbling in the craters of volcanoes, as well as foamy jets of steam rising from crevices. The smell of rotten eggs hovered over this other world - a kind of "aroma" of hydrogen sulfide. In the future, the story of St. John's wort about this amazing and strange area caused ridicule and distrust among those around him. How can this be in the world created by God? And if so, where is Yellowstone Park located?
Only after 50 years reports scientific expeditions were able to confirm the stories of this unrecognized eyewitness. After that, on the territory with such an amazing landscape, located on the lands of three Idaho and Wyoming, the US Congress in 1872 founded the world's first National Park, which was called Yellowstone National Park, which translates as "yellow stone". Thus began the development of a conservation ethic in America, as well as the preservation of wilderness areas. Today, everyone can not only find Yellowstone Park on the map, but also visit it. In 1976, this place was given the status of a biosphere reserve. Two years later, it was included in the UNESCO list.
Description
Five roads lead to Yellowstone National Park, which has the shape of a square, and you can get here from any part of the world.
In the north, there are amazingly beautiful gorges, in which the Madison and Yellowstone rivers flow along the bottom, breaking down hundreds of waterfalls in canyons. The largest of them is the Lower Waterfall, whose height is as much as 94 m! Mammoth hot springs are also located in the same place.
Calcites
In this place, the rock is rich in calcite. For thousands of years, calcium has been dissolved in the hot water of the bubbling springs here. In this way, picturesque terraces, sparkling with crystals, were formed, whose steep slopes were decorated with cascades resembling stalactites. It seems that amazing limestone figures should be white, but many of them are painted in all shades of the rainbow spectrum. This is due to the admixture of microorganisms and metals that live in Mammoth Springs. Their color depends on the temperature of the water, therefore, some terraces are painted in a violet-blue palette, while the next ones shine with canary yellow and fiery scarlet hues.
In the northeastern part of the park, you can find the largest petrified forest on the planet. This happened due to the fact that during the eruption, which happened a long time ago, the ash completely covered the trees, after which they mineralized, turning into idols.
West Yellowstone
Also, Yellowstone Park is known for its village of West Yellowstone, which is located at the western gate of this reserve. From here you can get to the most famous geyser fountains, which we will talk about below.
Grand Canyon
If we needed contour map North America, then in the eastern part of Yellowstone we would note the Grand Canyon. Its length is 20 km, and its depth is 360 m! The park got its name from here - the sun's rays are reflected in the rocky yellow rocks. In the south of the park there is a mountain range completely covered with snow. He surprises with his slender extraordinary beauty.
Geysers
Yellowstone is one of the five places on the planet in which there are huge fields of geysers (the contour map of North America of these places consists of volcanic layers). Here the magma has come close to the surface, hence the temperature of the water ejected to the surface is much higher than the boiling point, more like a vapor than a liquid. Interestingly, small fountains regularly “work”, while large ones spontaneously. There are about 3000 of them.
The steamboat, the largest geyser in the world, throws out 5000 tons of water at 50-100 m, while the frequency of this is unpredictable - from 4 days to half a century.
Another impressive geyser is Excelsior, which is located in the center of a beautiful fountain. Its height reaches 90 m, while this process is accompanied by various special effects - roar, roar and trembling of the earth.
The stunning spring, which is called the Eye, is the real king of this valley. Microorganisms and bacteria that are in hot water, it is painted in rich bright colors. In shape, it resembles a large eye. There is a feeling that someone from under the ground is watching what is happening on it.
Ebb and flow
Yellowstone National Park stands out on the map for another miracle - a huge lake of the same name.
It is located in the center of the plateau. Huge reservoirs have water in which either moves away from the coast, or floods it. Yellowstone Lake doesn't follow the rules. Here the water changes the line in zigzags - on some coast there can be both high and low tide at the same time. At the same time, the plots often change their places.
The greatest scientists still cannot solve this riddle. One of the assumptions explains this behavior of the reservoir by geological activity. The quirks of the reservoir do not interfere with the fish that live in it - there is a huge amount of it there to the delight of numerous fishermen.
Plants and wolves
At the beginning of the last century, poaching led to the extermination of wolves there. Breeding deer and elk devastated the coast of the Lamar River, while eating all the local plants. Then, as if by a chain, beavers began to die out, having lost their food - trees. The reservoirs that were created by these industrious rodents dried up, since no one else was satisfied with the dams. Without water, succulent plants that grizzly bears fed on began to disappear. Thus, Yellowstone Park was on the verge of a real environmental disaster.
After that, the National Park Service of America brought wolves here from Canada. In a short period, they significantly reduced the populations of elk and deer. Plants appeared again in the valley, after which it began to recover.
At the present moment in this reserve you can see different animals: elk, bison, grizzly bears, deer, bighorn sheep, coyotes, beavers and wolves. Other animals also live here: lynxes, cougars. There are many birds in the park - about 200 different species: pelican, trumpeter swan, etc.
Facilities for tourists
Entering Yellowstone Park, each vacationer receives a guide that helps him navigate the vast territory. Almost the entire area can be bypassed on an asphalt road covering the "eight" all interesting places: caldera and lake, thousands of geysers, petrified forests, waterfalls and hot springs. The park is surrounded by a highway with a total length of 150 km.
It should be noted that sightseeing usually takes 4 days. In this place you can rent a car, take a horse, and walk along the trails, the total length of which is 1770 km. You should be prepared that along the way there are various wild animals- the virgin nature is revealed to the traveler in its most dangerous grandeur.
It offers excursions, boat trips, cave visits, horseback riding, fishing - for any visitor there will be something to their liking, which will allow them to spend time with interest, as well as gain health and strength.
Arriving at Yellowstone Park, you need to be prepared for the fact that the admission fee will depend on the total time spent there. Hotels, hunting lodges, bars, bungalows, restaurants, cafes, gas stations and shops are at the service of vacationers. Accommodation can be booked in advance at this location. The park is open for visits from May to the end of September, when up to 3 million tourists visit here.
Some volcanologists believe that the caldera may wake up in the coming years. It will be a catastrophe, the scale of which can be equated to the apocalypse. The predictions are as follows: half of the US will be wiped off the planet. Europe will also suffer as volcanic ash enters the stratosphere and covers the sun for a long time, after which a “volcanic winter” will come to the whole Earth.
Hurry up to admire this miracle of nature, while there is still this opportunity!
I read that scientists said that the explosion will definitely happen before 2016. Since the end of March 2014, an increase in seismic activity has been noted there. In addition, local geysers also became noticeably more active. Large ungulates began to scatter from the territory of the national park. According to scientists, the force of the explosion of the Yellowstone volcano will be 2500 times stronger than the release of Etna 8 thousand years ago, when the tsunami formed distorted the coast of three continents in a few hours. When Yellowstone explodes, its consequences can be compare only with the explosion of a dozen atomic bombs at once. The earth's crust will rise by several meters, and the soil will warm up to a temperature of +60 degrees. Pieces of earth rock will be thrown to a great height, and then they will cover a huge part of the earth. Then the atmosphere itself will change - the content of helium and hydrogen sulfide will increase. Within a few hours after the explosion of Yellowstone, an area of about 1000 km2 will completely burn out. We are talking about the northwestern United States and a small part of Canada. More than 10 thousand sq. km. will be buried under the streams of hot mud, or as it is also called pyroclastic waves, it will burn everything in its path with a powerful avalanche. It is she who is the most deadly during the eruption.
AS IT WILL BE
A few days before the explosion, the earth's crust above the supervolcano will rise by several tens or even hundreds of meters. The soil will warm up to 60-70°С. The concentration of hydrogen sulfide and helium will increase sharply in the atmosphere.
The cloud of volcanic ash will be the first to escape, which will rise into the atmosphere to a height of 40-50 km. Then the ejection of lava will begin, pieces of which will be thrown to great heights. Falling, they will cover a gigantic territory. The explosion will be accompanied by a powerful earthquake and lava flows, developing speeds of several hundred kilometers per hour.
In the first hours of a new eruption in Yellowstone, an area within a radius of 1000 kilometers around the epicenter will be destroyed. Here, residents of almost the entire American Northwest (the city of Seattle) and part of Canada (the cities of Calgary, Vancouver) are in immediate danger.
On the territory of 10 thousand square meters. kilometers, streams of hot mud will rage, the so-called. "pyroclastic wave" This most deadly product of the eruption will occur when the pressure of the lava hitting high into the atmosphere weakens and part of the column collapses into the surroundings in a huge avalanche, burning everything in its path. It will be impossible to survive in pyroclastic flows. At temperatures above 400 ° C, human bodies simply boil, the flesh will separate from the bones.
Hot slurry will kill about 200 thousand people in the first minutes after the start of the eruption. In addition, a series of earthquakes and tsunamis will bring huge losses, which will provoke an explosion. They will already claim tens of millions of lives around the globe. This is provided that the North American continent does not go under water at all, like Atlantis. Then the ash cloud from the volcano will begin to spread in breadth. Within a day, the entire territory of the United States up to the Mississippi will be in the disaster zone. At the same time, volcanic ash is no less dangerous phenomenon. Ash particles are so small that neither gauze bandages nor respirators protect them from them. Once in the lungs, the ash mixes with mucus, hardens and turns into cement ...
As a result of the shedding of ash, territories located thousands of kilometers from the volcano may be in mortal danger. When the layer of volcanic ash reaches a thickness of 15 cm, the load on the roofs will become too great and the buildings will begin to collapse. It is estimated that from 1 to 50 people in each house will die immediately or be seriously injured. This will be the main cause of death in the bypassed areas around Yellowstone, where the ash layer will be no less than 60 cm.
The Yellowstone giant will provoke the eruption of several hundred ordinary volcanoes around the world. Other deaths will follow from poisoning. The eruption will continue for several days, but people and animals will continue to die due to suffocation and hydrogen sulfide poisoning. During this time, the air in the western United States will be poisoned so that a person can breathe in it for no more than 5-7 minutes.
Thousands of cubic kilometers of ash thrown into the atmosphere will cross the Atlantic and the Pacific Ocean in 2-3 weeks, and a month later they will close the Sun all over the Earth.
NUCLEAR WINTER
Once upon a time, Soviet scientists predicted that the most terrible consequence of a global nuclear conflict would be the so-called. "nuclear winter". The same thing will happen as a result of the explosion of a supervolcano.
First, the incessant acid rain will destroy all crops and crops, kill livestock, dooming the survivors to starvation. Two weeks after the sun hides in dust clouds, the air temperature on the earth's surface will drop in different parts of the globe from -15° to -50°C and below. The average temperature on the Earth's surface will be about -25°C.
The “billionaire” countries India and China will suffer the most from hunger. Here, in the coming months after the explosion, up to 1.5 billion people will die. In total, every third inhabitant of the Earth will die in the first months of the cataclysm.
Winter will last from 1.5 to 4 years. This is enough to change the natural balance on the planet forever. Vegetation will die due to long frosts and lack of light. Since plants are involved in the production of oxygen, it will become very difficult for the planet to breathe. The animal world of the Earth will die painfully from cold, hunger and epidemics. Humanity will have to move from the surface of the earth for at least 3-4 years ...
For the population of North America, the chances of survival are minimal. In general, the inhabitants of the Western Hemisphere will be almost completely destroyed. The central part of Eurasia has the greatest chances. Most people, according to scientists, will survive in Siberia and the Eastern European part of Russia, located on earthquake-resistant platforms, remote from the epicenter of the explosion and protected from the tsunami.
For many centuries, mankind has been watching with interest and anxiety one of the most unusual and threatening creations of nature - volcanoes. There is a huge variety of them all over the planet, among which there are both dormant or extinct, and active specimens. For example, only in the USA there are about 100 volcanoes of varying degrees of activity, including the largest of them - Yellowstone.
Where is
In the northwestern part of North America, in the states of Montana, Idaho and Wyoming, there is Yellowstone National Park - an international nature reserve, which is part of the UNESCO World Heritage Sites. It was created in March 1872, is considered the very first national park, covers an area of about 898.3 thousand hectares. It is here that the most dangerous volcano in America is located, which is simply enormous (about 72 km by 55 km), while occupying almost a third of the entire area of \u200b\u200bthe park.
Yellowstone (Yellowstone) caldera (Yellowstone Caldera) is an active volcanic system, included in the list of 20 supervolcanoes around the world. The power of the eruption of each of this list is capable of provoking dramatic climate changes on planet Earth.
Caldera - pit large sizes, which in appearance resembles a circus arena, has a volcanic origin, steep walls and a flat bottom. It is formed after the collapse of the walls of the crater during a giant ejection.
The territory of the system is located above the hot spot - the place where the movement of the hot liquid rock of the mantle occurs in the direction of the Earth's surface, this area is covered with a plateau. Observations of scientists show that the hot spot is moving to the eastern and northeastern part of the continent, and the entire North American plate is shifting towards the west and southwest.
How it works
In 1960-1970, while studying satellite images of the territory of the biosphere reserve, the ruins of the Yellowstone crater were noticed. Upon further research, experts found that under it there is a huge bubble of hot magma, and its depth is more than 8000 m. The temperature of the magma inside is 800 degrees Celsius, which allows you to heat thermal springs and release water vapor, carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide from under the earth's crust.
Here is the world's largest valley of geysers, one of the five largest around the globe.
The source of power for the volcanic system is a huge vertical plume, which is a stream of molten solid rock of the mantle with a temperature of about 1600 degrees Celsius.
The melting of part of the plume into magma in the upper layers closer to the earth's crust contributes to the formation of mud pots and geysers. The plume section is a 660 km long column with branches on the sides, which has a funnel-shaped extension at the top.
eruptions
Experts in the course of studying the activity of the largest volcano in the United States came to the unanimous opinion that there have already been 3 global eruptions that are striking in their scale and number of victims.
The ash that covers the entire surface of the earth after the explosion prevents the passage of the light of the Sun, as a result of which a period called "volcanic winter" begins.
First
After the eruption, which was about 2.1 million years ago, the Island Park caldera and the Hackleberry Ridge tuff formations arose. It is believed that it was so powerful that the fourth part of the American continent was covered with ash from the explosion, the height of the magma ejection reached the upper layers of the stratosphere (50 km above ground level), and mountain ranges were torn apart.
Second
About 1.3 million years ago, Yellowstone ejected about 280 cubic kilometers of volcanic mixture, after which the large Henrys Fork caldera formed.
Third
It happened 640,000 years ago, experts believe that it was 2 times weaker than the first. The consequence of this catastrophe was the failure of the top of the crater and the formation of a caldera. This huge depression has a circumference of almost 150 km. The tuff terrain of Lava Creek was also formed.
The eruption of a supervolcano is considered the second global cataclysm in terms of power and damage, which is second only to the fall of an asteroid in terms of destruction.
earthquakes
Every year, earthquakes occur in the park, their number varies between 1000-2000 times, but they are so insignificant that visitors hardly notice them.
Despite the danger and threat of a blowout, thousands of tourists from all over the world come to this amazing place every year to admire the beauty and bright colors of nature, as there are simply incredible landscapes around.
New catastrophes and forecasts of seismologists
In the course of research, scientists have established the probability of new disasters in Yellowstone National Park - 0.00014% per year. The calculations were based on two time intervals between three large-scale emissions. However, specialists in geology and seismology unanimously assert that processes of this kind in modern world are not regular, and also not amenable to control, forecast and management. Nevertheless, every year various information appears in the network and periodicals that the supervolcano is waking up. A catastrophe that may occur in the near future is capable of delivering a powerful blow to the territory of North America, destroying life and changing the climate.
The most pessimistic forecast of experts suggests that during the subsequent eruption of Yellowstone, a release of magma in a volume equal to 1000 cubic kilometers is possible. Such a powerful burning avalanche can destroy life at a distance of 1600 km from the center of the disaster, covering a significant part of the country (2/3) with a layer of volcanic ash of 3 m.
Director Roland Emmerich in November 2009 presented the world with a fantastic film "2012", which shows the colossal destruction caused by the Yellowstone eruption.
Measures to prevent new disasters
Scientists believe that, despite the calculated low probability of new catastrophic situations, Yellowstone still poses a very serious threat to the United States. In the country, at the state level, under the control of NASA, a number of measures have been developed aimed at preventing new crashes.
Scientists of this organization have found that the main lever that holds back possible emissions is water, which carries away excess energy from magma in the form of geysers. It is estimated that about 70% of the energy is spent in this way, and the remaining 30% goes to melting the rocks, which will eventually lead to a new eruption. According to experts' calculations, this residual amount is equal to the power of several gigawatts, which can be obtained with the operation of 6 combined heat and power plants.
Experts propose to start construction of the newest geothermal power plant on the territory of Yellowstone for further intake of excess energy. However, to implement such a project, it is necessary to spend a whopping $3.5 billion and apply horizontal drilling technology in such a way as not to affect the caldera shell. Today, the project is being discussed and finalized, and, perhaps, in the near future, experts will finally approve specifications project for its subsequent implementation.
