The writing
To the best works A. Fadeev of the twenties refers to the novel "Defeat". “I can define them this way,” Fadeev said. - First and main idea: civil war there is a selection of human material, everything hostile is swept away by the revolution, everything incapable of a real revolutionary struggle, accidentally falling into the camp of the revolution, is sifted out, and everything that has risen from the true roots of the revolution, from the millions of people, is tempered, grows, develops in this struggle. There is a huge transformation of people."
This transformation of people is successful because the revolution is led by the foremost representatives of the working class, the communists, who clearly see the goal of the movement and who lead the more backward and help them to re-educate.
The importance of this topic is enormous. During the years of revolution and civil war, a radical change took place in the minds of people, reason ultimately triumphed over prejudice, the elements of "savagery", inevitable in any war, receded into the background before the majestic picture of the growth of the "reason of the masses", millions of working people were involved in an active political life.
"Defeat" by A. Fadeev is one of the first works of art reflecting the ideological content of the October Revolution. The action in "Matter" lasts approximately three months. There are only about thirty characters. This is unusually small for works that tell about the civil war. The focus of the author - the image of human characters. Main event - military rout partisan detachment- begins to play a significant role in the fate of the characters only from the middle of the work. The entire first half of the novel is a story of human experiences, due not to a particular military episode, but to a combination of conditions revolutionary era when the character actors outlined, the author shows the battle as a test of the qualities of people. And at the moment of hostilities, all attention is absorbed not by describing them, but by characterizing the behavior and feelings of the participants in the struggle. Where he was, what this or that hero was thinking about - the writer is busy with such questions from the first to the last chapter. No event is described as such, but necessarily taken as the cause or effect of the hero's internal movements. The events of the three most difficult months served as the real historical basis of the "Rout". The novel gives a general broad picture of the great reshaping of the world and man, which began on October 25, 1917. "Rout" is a book about the "birth of man", about the formation of a new, Soviet self-consciousness among a wide variety of participants historical events.
There are no random "happy" endings in Fadeev's novel. Acute military and psychological conflicts are resolved in it only by the heroic exertion of the physical and spiritual strength of the participants in the war. By the end of the novel, a tragic situation develops: the partisan detachment finds itself in an enemy environment. The way out of this situation required great sacrifices, bought at the cost of heroic death the best people detachment. The novel ends with the death of most of the characters: only nineteen survived. The plot of the novel, therefore, contains an element of tragedy, which is emphasized in the title itself. Fadeev used the tragic material of the civil war to show that the working masses did not stop at any sacrifice in the struggle for the victory of the proletarian revolution and that this revolution raised ordinary people, people from the people, to the level of heroes of historical tragedy.
The characters of "Mayhem" are organically soldered real event underlying the novel. The system of images as a whole gives rise to such a strong sense of naturalness that it seems to have developed as if spontaneously.
The small world of a partisan detachment is an artistic miniature from a real picture of a large historical scale. The system of images of The Defeat, taken as a whole, reflected the real-typical correlation of the main social forces of the revolution. It was attended by the proletariat, the peasantry and the intelligentsia, led by the Communist Party. Fadeev managed to find high poetry in the deeds and thoughts of the Bolshevik, in the activities of the party worker, and not in psychological additions to him and not in his external naturalistic decorations.
"The Defeat" not only continues to live in our days, but is also enriched by time, precisely because, along with the present, the book also contains the future. In the novel by A. Fadeev, the future, the dream became part of reality. "The Rout" is one of the first works of our literature in which socialist realism is present not in the form of separate elements, but becomes the very basis of the work. A. Fadeev's work on "The Rout" can serve as an example of the artist's great exactingness, the writer's correct understanding of his high responsibility to the reader.
The novel is the result of long thought and great creative work. “I worked a lot on the novel,” says the author, “rewriting individual chapters many times. There are chapters that I have rewritten over twenty times." But the author carried out a complex work related to clarifying the meaning of individual expressions, improving the style.
In the center of her attention are the complex moral problems of duty, fidelity, humanism, love that faced Fadeev's heroes and continue to excite us today.
Detachment commander Levinson is the hero of the novel. He is distinguished by revolutionary consciousness, the ability to organize the masses and lead them. Outwardly, Levinson is unremarkable: small, unsightly in appearance, in his face only eyes were attractive, blue, deep, like lakes. However, the partisans see him as a man of the "right breed". The commander knew how to do everything: to develop a plan for saving the detachment, and to talk with people about economic issues, and to play gorodki, and to give orders in time, and, most importantly, to convince people; he has political acumen. For educational purposes, he arranges a demonstrative condemnation of the actions of Morozka, proposes to make a decision obliging the partisans to free time help the population.
In Levinson's difficult moments of hesitation, no one noticed the confusion in his soul, he did not share his feelings with anyone, he himself tried to find the right solution. Rationally, he also acts with the mortally wounded Frolov: by killing him, Levinson believes, they will save the partisan from unnecessary suffering. Under the influence of the commander of the detachment, fighters - partisans, for example, Morozka, are tempered in the revolutionary struggle, rise to heroic deeds. The fearless scout Metelitsa, having got into trouble, defends himself to the last, and before his death he thinks that "he did all the biggest and most important things for the sake of people and for people."
Pavel Mechik turned out to be a stranger to the partisans. Brought up by a bourgeois environment, he could not be imbued with the power of revolutionary ideas, could not understand revolutionary humanism, and at the end of the novel he slides into direct betrayal. “Suddenly Nivka snorted in fright and shied away into the bushes, pressing Mechik to some flexible rods ... He raised his head, and the sleepy state instantly left him, replaced by a feeling of incomparable animal horror: Cossacks ... "The sword was sentinel, but escaped without warning the detachment of the ambush.
The writer worked a lot and fruitfully in the thirties. He was elected chairman of the Writers' Union after the death of M. Gorky.
During the Great Patriotic War Alexander Fadeev does not remain aloof from the problems of the country, he goes to the front, writes essays and articles. And it is quite natural that after the liberation of Krasnodon from the fascist invaders, when the whole country found out about the Young Guard organization, it was Fadeev who was offered to write about the feat of these young heroes.
The writer enthusiastically set to work. Less than a year later, the book was published, but it was criticized by Stalin for the fact that Fadeev, writing about the struggle of the Komsomol against the Nazis, did not note the leading and guiding role of the Communist Party. Fadeev revised and supplemented the novel. For many years, the "Young Guard" served as a textbook example of the life and struggle of Komsomol members against the fascist invaders. Thanks to the talent of the writer, the whole world learned the names of the heroes Soviet Union: Oleg Koshevoy, Ivan Zemnukhov, Ulyana Gromova, Sergey Tyulenin, Lyubov Shevtsova, Anatoly Popov...
Hundreds of boys and girls were brought up by their example. Their names were called the streets and squares of cities, motor ships and pioneer camps. After the war, Fadeev worked on the novels The Last 13 Udege and Ferrous Metallurgy. Time for creativity has fallen, as there is a lot of work in the Writers' Union, in an administrative position. Time is changing, repressed writers are returning, they demand an answer for their innocent stay in prisons and camps. And from the first they ask Fadeev, who failed to defend them. The writer does not stand it, he voluntarily leaves this life. One can condemn Fadeev for many things, but do we have my right? What would we do if we were in his place? Mayakovsky said: “I am a poet. That's what's interesting." We must learn not to judge and hang labels, but to look at writers and poets in terms of their creativity.
Fadeev, born in the harsh time of the revolution and civil war, managed to reflect and truthfully show it in his works. Whether we like it or not, it cannot be "crossed out" from the history of Russian literature. This is our heritage that we need to know. And time will arrange the assessments, this is his prerogative.
Other writings on this work
Analysis of the chapter "Nineteen" in A. Fadeev's novel "Defeat" Analysis of the novel by A. A. Fadeev "Defeat" Analysis of the episode "Frolov's Death" Heroes of Fadeev's novel "Rout" Heroic and tragic in A. A. Fadeev's novel "Rout" The Civil War in the novels by A. Fadeev "Rout" and M. Bulgakov "The White Guard" Civil war in A. Fadeev's novel "Rout". Chronicler of Revolution and War Favorite hero of A. Fadeev in the novel "Rout" The innovation of the image of Levinson (based on the novel by A. Fadeev "Defeat") Moral problems in the novel "The Rout" Images of heroes in the novel "The Defeat" Images of the novel by A. Fadeev "Defeat" Revolution and its heroes in Soviet literature Roman A. Fadeev "Defeat" The system of images in the novel by A. A. Fadeev "Rout" Comparative characteristics of Frost and Mechik (based on the novel by A. Fadeev "The Rout") Comparative characteristics of Frost and Mechik (based on the novel by A. Fadeev "The Rout") The fate of the intelligentsia in the revolution on the example of A. Fadeev's novel "Rout" The theme of the civil war in the novel by A. A. Fadeev "Rout" The theme of revolution and civil war in A. Fadeev's novel "Rout" The tragedy of a man in the civil war (based on the novel by A. A. Fadeev "The Rout") Characteristics of the Sword (based on the novel by A. Fadeev "Defeat")Nails would be made of these people -
Stronger would not be in the world of nails…
(N. Tikhonov. "The Ballad of Nails")
Introduction
The revolution is too huge an event in its scale not to be reflected in literature. And only a few writers and poets who were under its influence did not touch this topic in their work.
It must also be borne in mind that October Revolution- the most important stage in the history of mankind - gave rise to the most complex phenomena in literature and art.
With all his passion as a communist writer and revolutionary A.A. Fadeev sought to bring closer the bright time of communism. This humanistic faith in a beautiful person permeated the most difficult pictures and situations in which his heroes fell.
For A.A. Fadeev, a revolutionary is not possible without this striving for a brighter future, without faith in a new, beautiful, kind and pure person.
Fadeev wrote the novel "Rout" for three years from 1924 to 1927, when many writers wrote laudatory works about the victory of socialism. Against this background, Fadeev wrote, at first glance, an unfavorable novel: during the civil war, the partisan detachment was physically defeated, but morally he defeated the enemies with his faith in the correctness of the chosen path. It seems to me that Fadeev wrote this novel in such a way as to show that the revolution is defended not by a frenzied crowd of ragamuffins, smashing and sweeping away everything in its path, but by courageous, honest people who have brought up in themselves and others a moral, humane person.
If we take a purely external shell, the development of events, then this is really the story of the defeat of Levinson's partisan detachment. But A.A. Fadeev uses one of the most dramatic moments in history to narrate partisan movement in the Far East, when the combined efforts of the White Guard and Japanese troops inflicted heavy blows on the partisans of Primorye.
You can pay attention to one feature in the construction of "The Rout": each of the chapters not only develops some kind of action, but also contains a complete psychological development, an in-depth description of one of the characters. Some chapters are named after the names of the heroes: "Frost", "Sword", "Levinson", "Intelligence Snowstorm". But this does not mean that these persons act only in these chapters. They take an active part in all events in the life of the entire detachment. Fadeev, as a follower of Leo Tolstoy, explores their characters in all difficult and sometimes compromising circumstances. At the same time, creating more and more new psychological portraits, the writer seeks to penetrate into the innermost corners of the soul, trying to foresee the motives and actions of his characters. With each turn of events, new sides of character are revealed.
Frost
Frost! Peering into the face of a dashing partisan, we experience that happy feeling of discovering a bright human type that a truly artistic work brings. It gives us aesthetic pleasure to follow the vicissitudes of this man's spiritual life. His moral evolution makes one think about many things.
Before joining the partisan detachment, Morozka "did not look for new roads, but followed the old, already verified paths" and life seemed to him simple, uncomplicated. He fought bravely, but sometimes he was burdened by Levinson's exactingness. He was generous and selfless, but did not see anything wrong with filling a bag with melons from a peasant's chestnut tree. He could get drunk, and scold a comrade, and rudely offend a woman.
Combat life brings Morozka not only military skills, but also a sense of his responsibility to the team, a sense of citizenship. Observing the beginning panic at the crossing (someone spread a rumor that gases were being released), out of mischief, he wanted to “play” the peasants even more “for fun”, but changed his mind and undertook to restore order. Unexpectedly Frost
"I felt like a big, responsible person ...". This consciousness was joyful and promising. Frost learned to control himself, "he involuntarily joined that meaningful healthy life, which, it seemed, Goncharenko always lives ... ".
Morozka still had a lot to overcome in himself, but in the most decisive one, he is a true hero, a faithful comrade, a selfless fighter. Without flinching, he sacrificed his own life, raised the alarm and warned the detachment of an enemy ambush.
Snowstorm
Blizzard. A shepherd in the past, an unsurpassed scout in a partisan detachment, he also forever chose his place in the fire of class battles.
In the course of work on "The Rout" the image of Metelitsa was rethought by the author. Judging by the draft manuscript, at first Fadeev intended to show, first of all, the physical strength and energy of his hero. Metelitsa was embittered by the old life, did not trust people and even despised them, considered himself - proud and lonely - immeasurably higher than those around him. While working on the novel, the writer frees the image of Metelitsa from such "demonic" traits, develops those episodes in which his hero's bright mind and breadth of thinking are revealed. His impetuous and nervous strength, which could have been of a destructive nature, under the influence of Levinson received the right direction, was put at the service of a noble and humane cause.
And Metelitsa is capable of much. One of the key scenes in the novel is the scene where a military council is shown, at which the next military operation was discussed. Metelitsa proposed a daring and original plan, testifying to his remarkable mind.
Baklanov
Baklanov. He not only learns from Levinson, but imitates him in everything, even in demeanor. His enthusiastic attitude towards the commander can bring a smile. However, one cannot fail to notice what this study gives: the assistant commander of the detachment has earned universal respect for his calm energy, clarity, organization, multiplied by courage and
selflessness, he is one of the people in charge of all detachment affairs. In the finale of "Rout" it is said that Levinson sees his successor in Baklanov. In the manuscript of the novel, this idea was developed in even greater detail. The force that moved Levinson and inspired him with confidence that the surviving nineteen fighters would continue the common cause was "not the force of an individual", dying with him, "but was the force of thousands and thousands of people (which burned, for example, Baklanov), then is an undying and eternal power."
Levinson
The figure of Levinson opens a gallery of "party people" - drawn by Soviet writers. The artistic appeal of this image is that it is revealed "from within", illuminated by the light of great ideas that inspire such people.
As if alive, a short, red-bearded man rises from the pages of the book, taking not with physical force, not with a loud voice, but strong spirit, unbending will. Depicting an energetic, strong-willed commander, Fadeev emphasized the need for him to choose the right tactics that ensure a purposeful impact on people. When Levinson is overbearing
shouting stops the panic when he organizes a crossing through the quagmire, communists pop up in his memory - the heroes of Fadeev's first stories. But this image made a huge impression on readers by its dissimilarity with its predecessors. In "Rout" the artistic accents were transferred to the world of feelings, thoughts, experiences of a revolutionary fighter, a Bolshevik
figure. Levinson's outward unsightliness, morbidity are intended to set off his main strength - the power of political, moral influence on those around him. He finds the "key" to Metelitsa, whose energy must be directed in the right direction, and to Baklanov, who is only waiting for a signal to independent action, and to Frost, who needs strict care, and to all the other partisans.
Levinson seemed to everyone to be a man of "a special, correct breed", not at all subject to mental anxieties. In turn, he was accustomed to thinking that, burdened with everyday petty fuss, people seemed to entrust their most important concerns to him and his comrades. Therefore, it seems necessary to him, playing the role of a strong man, "always leading", to carefully hide his
doubts, hide personal weaknesses, strictly observe the distance between themselves and
subordinates. However, the author is aware of these weaknesses and doubts. Moreover, he considers it obligatory to tell the reader about them, to show the hidden corners of Levinson's soul. Let us recall, for example, Levinson at the moment of breaking through the White Cossack ambush: exhausted in continuous trials, this iron man "looked around helplessly, for the first time looking for support from the outside ...". In the 1920s, writers often, when drawing a bold and fearless commissar, commander, did not consider it possible to depict his hesitation and confusion. Fadeev went further than his colleagues, conveying both the complexity of the moral state of the detachment commander and the integrity of his character - in the end, Levinson necessarily comes to new decisions, his will does not weaken, but is tempered in difficulties,
he, learning to manage others, learns to manage himself.
Levinson loves people, and this love is demanding, active. Coming from a petty-bourgeois family, Levinson suppressed in himself a sweet longing for beautiful birds, which, as the photographer assures the children, will suddenly fly out of the apparatus. He is looking for points of convergence between the dream of a new person and today's reality. Levinson professes the principle of fighters and reformers: "To see everything as
it is, in order to change what is, to bring closer what is being born and should be ... "
Loyalty to this principle determines all of Levinson's life. He remains himself both when he admires the orderly with a feeling of "quiet, slightly creepy delight", and when he forces the partisan to get fish from the river by force, or offers to severely punish Frost, or confiscates the only pig from the Korean in order to feed the starving partisans.
The opposition of effective humanism to abstract, petty-bourgeois humanism runs through the whole novel. Here lies the watershed between Levinson and Morozka, on the one hand, and Mechik, on the other. Widely using the technique of contrasting comparison of characters, Fadeev willingly pushes them against each other, tests everyone with their attitude to the same situations. Enthusiastic poseur and neat Mechik is not averse to speculating about lofty matters, but is afraid of the prose of life. From his ornateness only harm: he poisoned the last minutes of Frolov, talking about the end that awaits him, threw a tantrum when a pig was taken from a Korean. A bad comrade, a negligent partisan, Mechik considered himself higher, more cultured, cleaner than people like Morozka. The test of life showed something else: the heroism, selflessness of the orderly and the cowardice of the fair-haired handsome man who betrayed the squad in order to save his own skin. The sword turned out to be the opposite of Levinson. The commander of the detachment quickly realized what a lazy and weak-willed little man he was, "a worthless empty flower." The sword is akin to the anarchist and deserter Chizh, the God-fearing charlatan Piqué.
Fadeev hated false humanism. He, who categorically rejected abstract romantic aesthetics, in fact not only masterfully analyzed the real everyday life of contradictory reality, but also looked at them from the height of the goals and ideals of the "third reality", as Gorky called the future. The external, the ostentatious in "The Rout" is opposed by the internally significant, true, and in this sense, the comparison of the images of Frost and the Sword is extremely important.
sword
The sword is the antipode of Frost. Throughout the novel, their opposition to each other can be traced. If the character of Frost in a number of episodes expresses the psychology of the masses with all its shortcomings inherited from the old times, then the individuality of Mechik, on the contrary, appears as if distilled, internally alien to the deep interests of the people, cut off from him. As a result, the behavior of Frost, until he acquires the features of an independent personality, turns out to be somewhat antisocial, and Mechik destroys not only his comrades, but also himself as a person. The difference between them is that Frost has the prospect of overcoming shortcomings, while Sword does not.
Mechik, another "hero" of the novel, is very "moral" from the point of view of the Ten Commandments... but these qualities remain external to him, they cover up his inner selfishness, lack of devotion to the cause of the working class.
The mechik constantly separates himself from others and opposes himself to everyone around him, including the closest of them - Chizh, Pike, Vara. His desires are almost sterile cleansed from internal subordination to everything that seems ugly to him, that he puts up with and takes for granted by many around him. And Fadeev at first even sympathetically emphasizes this desire for purity and independence, this self-respect, the desire to preserve one's personality, the dream of a romantic feat and beautiful love.
However, the awareness of oneself as a person, a person, so dear to Fadeev, in Mechik turns out to be completely absolutized, cut off from the nationwide principle. He does not feel his connection with society, and therefore, with any contact with other people, he is lost - and ceases to feel like a person. Just what could be the most valuable in Mechik completely disappears in his complexities in real life. He is unable to be a person, to be true to himself. As a result, nothing remains of his ideals: neither the much-desired noble deed, nor pure love for a woman, nor gratitude for salvation.
No one is able to rely on the Sword, he can betray everyone. He falls in love with Varya, but he cannot tell her directly about it. The swordsman is ashamed of Wari's love, afraid to show his tenderness for her to anyone, and eventually rudely pushes her away. So, because of weakness, another step is taken along that road to betrayal, along which the development of the Sword's character in the book takes place and which shamefully and terribly ends in a double betrayal: without firing signal shots and running away on patrol, Sword dooms his savior Frost to death, and the whole squad. Thus degenerates and withers, not having time to blossom, the personality that is not nourished by native juices.
Conclusion
In conclusion, I would like to define the main theme of the novel and express my attitude towards the novel.
I dare to insert the words of A.A. Fadeev, who defined the main theme of his novel: “In a civil war, the selection of human material takes place, everything hostile is swept away by the revolution, everything incapable of a real revolutionary struggle, accidentally falling into the camp of the revolution, is eliminated, and everything that has risen from the true roots of the revolution, from the millions of people, hardens, grows, develops in this struggle. There is a huge transformation of people."
The invincibility of the revolution lies in its vitality, in the depth of penetration into the consciousness of people who were often the most backward in the past. Like Frost, these people rose to conscious action for the highest historical goals. This was the main optimistic idea of the tragic novel "The Rout".
It seems to me that the fate of the country is in the hands of the country itself. But as the people themselves said, that from it is like from a wooden log, I look who processes it ...
The "selection of human material" is waged by the war itself. More often, the best die in battles - Metelitsa, Baklanov, Morozka, who managed to realize the significance of the team and suppress his selfish aspirations, but such as Chizh, Pika and the traitor Mechik remain. It is infinitely pitiful for everyone - after all, the people are not formed as a result of selection, “culling”, screening out. In these lines of Marina Tsvetaev about the civil war, about which they say that everyone who lost in it, reflects my attitude to everything that happened then in our country:
All lie side by side
Don't break the line
Look: soldier
Where is yours, where is someone else's,
Was white - became red
The blood stained
Was red - became white
Death whitened.
Summary novel by A.A. Fadeev "Defeat"
1. FROST
Levinson, the commander of the partisan detachment, passes the package to his orderly Morozka, ordering him to be taken to the commander of another detachment, Shaldyba, but Morozka does not want to go, he refuses and argues with the commander. Levinson is fed up with Frost's constant confrontation. He takes the letter, and Frost advises “to roll on all four sides. I don't need troublemakers." Frost instantly changes his mind, takes the letter, explaining to himself rather than to Levinson that he cannot be without a detachment, and, cheered up, leaves with a package.
Frost is a miner in the second generation. He was born in a miner's barracks, and at the age of twelve he himself began to “roll trolleys”. Life went along the knurled path, like everyone else. Morozka also sat in a prison, served in the cavalry, was wounded and shell-shocked, therefore, even before the revolution, he was “discharged from the army cleanly.” After returning from the army, he got married. “He did everything recklessly: life seemed to him simple, uncomplicated, like a round Murom cucumber from the Suchansky bashtans” (gardens). And later, in 1918, he left, taking his wife, to defend the Soviets. It was not possible to defend the power, so he joined the partisans. Hearing the shots, Morozka crawled to the top of the hill and saw that the whites were attacking the Shaldyba fighters, and they were fleeing. “The enraged Shaldyba whipped the whip in all directions and could not restrain people. It was seen how some were furtively tearing off red bows.
Frost is outraged seeing all this. Among the retreating Frost saw a limping boy. He fell, but the soldiers ran on. This Frost could no longer see. He called the horse, took off on him and drove to the fallen boy. Bullets whistled all around. Frost forced the horse to lie down, laid it across the croup of the wounded man, and rode off to Levinson's detachment.
2. SWORD
But Frost immediately disliked the rescued man. “Frost didn't like clean people. In his practice, they were fickle, worthless people who could not be trusted.” Levinson ordered to take the guy to the infirmary. In the pocket of the wounded lay documents in the name of Pavel Mechik, but he himself was unconscious. I woke up only when they carried him to the infirmary, then fell asleep until morning. Waking up, Mechik saw the doctor Stashinsky and sister Varya with golden-brown fluffy braids and gray eyes. While bandaging, Mechik was in pain, but he did not scream, feeling the presence of Varya. “And all around there was a well-fed taiga silence.”
Three weeks ago, Mechik happily walked through the taiga, heading with a ticket in a boot to a partisan detachment. Suddenly, people jumped out of the bushes, they were suspicious of Mechik, not understanding, due to their illiteracy, in his documents, at first they beat him, and then they accepted him into the detachment. “The surrounding people did not at all resemble those created by his ardent imagination. These were dirtier, lousier, tougher and more direct ... ”They swore and fought among themselves over any trifle, mocked Mechik. But these were not bookish, but “living people”. Lying in the hospital, Mechik recalled everything he had experienced, he was sorry for the good and sincere feeling with which he went to the detachment. With special gratitude, he took care of himself. There were few wounded. Heavy two: Frolov and Mechik. Old Pika often talked to Mechik. Occasionally a "pretty sister" would come. She sheathed and washed the entire hospital, but she treated Mechik especially “tenderly and caringly.” Pica said about her: she is “lunatic”. “Morozka, her husband, is in the detachment, and she is fornicating.” Mechik asked why her sister was like that? Pika replied: “And the jester knows her, why is she so affectionate. He can’t refuse anyone - and that’s it ... ”
3. SIXTH SENSE
Frost almost angrily thought about Mechik, why such people go to the partisans "for everything ready." Although this was not true, there was a difficult “way of the cross” ahead. As he rode past the chestnut tree, Frost dismounted from his horse and hurriedly began to fill a bag with melons until his master caught him. Khoma Yegorovich Ryabets threatened to find justice for Morozka. The owner did not believe that the man whom he fed and dressed like a son robbed his chestnuts.
Levinson talked with the returned scout, who reported that the Shaldyba detachment had been badly beaten by the Japanese, and now the partisans are holed up in the Korean winter hut. Levinson felt that something was wrong, but the scout could not say anything along the way.
At this time, Baklanov, Levinson's deputy, arrived. He brought an indignant Ryabets, who spoke at length about Frost's act. Frost, summoned, did not deny anything. He only objected to Levinson, who ordered him to hand over his weapons. Frost considered this too severe a punishment for stealing melons. Levinson convened a village meeting - let everyone know ...
Then Levinson asked Ryabets to collect bread from the village and secretly dry ten pounds of crackers, without explaining for whom. He ordered Baklanov: tomorrow horses to increase the serving of oats.
4. ONE
Frost's arrival at the hospital disturbed Mechik's state of mind. He kept wondering why Frost looked at him so dismissively. Yes, he saved his life. But that didn't give Frost the right to disrespect Swordsman. Paul has already recovered. And Frolov's wound was hopeless. The swordsman recalled the events of the last month and, covering himself with a blanket, burst into tears.
5. MEN AND THE “COAL TRIB”
Wishing to test his fears, Levinson went to the meeting well in advance, hoping to hear the peasants' conversations and rumors. The men were surprised that the gathering was collected on a weekday, when the mowing was hot.
Ryabets angrily asked Levinson to start. Now the whole story seemed useless and troublesome to him. Levinson, on the other hand, insisted that this matter concerns everyone: there are many locals in the detachment. Everyone was perplexed: why was it necessary to steal - ask Frost, anyone would give him this good. Mo-rozka was brought forward. Dubov offered to kick Frost in the neck. But Goncharenko stood up for Morozka, calling him a fighting guy who had gone through the entire Ussuri front. “My boyfriend - he won’t give out, he won’t sell ...”
Frost was asked, and he said that he did it thoughtlessly, out of habit, gave the miner's word that this would never happen again. That's what they decided on. Levinson suggested that in his free time from hostilities, not to wander around the streets, but to help the owners. The peasants were satisfied with this proposal. Help was invaluable.
6. LEVINSON
Levinson's detachment had been on vacation for the fifth week already, overgrown with households, there were many deserters from other detachments. Alarming news reached Levinson, and he was afraid to move with this colossus. For his subordinates Levinson was "iron". He hid his doubts and fears, always confidently and clearly giving orders. Levinson is the “right” person, always thinking about the matter, he knew his weaknesses and human weaknesses, and he also clearly understood: “you can only lead other people by pointing out their weaknesses to them and suppressing them, hiding your own from them.” Soon Levinson received a "terrible relay race." She was sent by the chief of staff Sukhovey-Kovtun. He wrote about the Japanese attack, about the defeat of the main partisan forces. After this message, Levinson collected information about the environment, but outwardly remained confident, knowing what to do. The main task at that moment was “to preserve at least small, but strong and disciplined units...”.
Summoning Baklanov and the administrative officer to him, Levinson warned them to be ready for the detachment to set out. “Be ready at any moment.”
Along with business letters from the city, Levinson also received a note from his wife. He reread it only at night, when all the cases were finished. I wrote an answer right there. Then I went to check the posts. On the same night I went to the neighboring detachment, saw its deplorable condition and decided to leave the place.
7. ENEMIES
Levinson sent Stashinsky a letter saying that the infirmary should be gradually unloaded. From that time on, people began to disperse to the villages, rolling up joyless soldier bundles. Of the wounded, only Frolov, Mechik and Pika remained. Actually, Pika was not sick with anything, he just took root at the hospital. Mechik also had the bandage removed from his head. Varya said that he would soon go to Levinson's detachment. Mechik dreamed of becoming a confident and efficient fighter in Levinson's detachment, and when he returned to the city, no one would recognize him. So he will change.
8. FIRST MOVE
The deserters who appeared disturbed the whole district, sowed panic, supposedly there were large forces of the Japanese. But intelligence did not find the Japanese for ten miles in the area. Morozka asked Levinson to go to the platoon with the guys, and instead of himself he recommended Yefimka as an orderly. Levinson agreed.
That same evening Morozka moved to the platoon and was quite happy. And at night they got up on alarm - shots were heard across the river. It was a false alarm: they fired their own on the orders of Levinson. The commander wanted to check the combat readiness of the detachment. Then, in front of the whole detachment, Levinson announced the performance.
9. SWORD IN THE SQUAD
The nachkhoz appeared at the hospital to prepare food in case the detachment had to hide here in the taiga.
On this day Mechik stood up for the first time and was very happy. Soon he left with Pica in the detachment. They were greeted kindly and assigned to a platoon to Kubrak. The sight of the horse, or rather the nag, which he was given almost offended Mechik. Pavel even went to the headquarters to express his dissatisfaction with the mare assigned to him. But at the last moment he grew timid and said nothing to Levinson. He decided to kill the mare without following her. “Zyuchiha was overgrown with scabs, went hungry, not drunk, occasionally taking advantage of someone else's pity, and Mechik won general dislike, as “a quitter and asked.” He got along only with Chizh, a worthless man, and with Pika from old memory. Chizh cursed Levinson, calling him short-sighted and cunning, "making capital on someone else's hump." Mechik did not believe Chizh, but listened with pleasure to a competent speech. True, Chizh soon became unpleasant to Mechik, but there was no way to get rid of him. Chizh taught Mechik to shy away from sluggishness, from the kitchen, Pavel began to snarl, learned to defend his point of view, and the life of the detachment "went past" him.
10. THE BEGINNING OF THE DESTRUCTION
Having climbed into a remote place, Levinson almost lost contact with other detachments. Having contacted the railway, the commander learned that a train with weapons and uniforms would soon arrive. “Knowing that sooner or later the detachment would be opened anyway, and it was impossible to spend the winter in the taiga without cartridges and warm clothes, Levinson decided to make the first sortie.” Dubov’s detachment attacked the freight train, loaded the horses, dodged the sidings and, without losing a single fighter, returned to the parking lot. wanted to check the "new" in the case. On the way they got into a conversation. Mechik Baklanov liked more and more. But a heart-to-heart conversation did not work out. Baklanov simply did not understand Mechik's tricky reasoning. In the village they ran into four Japanese soldiers: two killed Baklanov, one - Mechik , and the latter ran away. Having driven away from the farm, they saw how the main forces of the Japanese were leaving from there. Having found out everything, they drove to the detachment.
The night passed uneasily, and in the morning the detachment was attacked by the enemy. The attackers had weapons, machine guns, so the partisans had nothing left to do but retreat into the taiga. Mechik was terrified, he waited for everything to end, and Pika, without raising his head, fired at the tree. Mechik came to himself only in the taiga. “It was dark and quiet here, and the strict cedar covered them with their dead, mossy paws.”
11. STRADA
Levinson's detachment takes refuge in the forest after the battle. There's a bounty on Levinson's head. The detachment is forced to retreat. Due to the lack of provisions, gardens and fields have to be robbed. In order to feed the detachment, Levinson gives the order to kill the Korean pig. For a Korean, this is food for the whole winter. In order to retreat and not drag the wounded Frolov along with him, Levinson decides to poison him. But Mechik overheard his plan and spoils the last minutes of Frolov's life. Frolov understands everything and drinks the poison offered to him. Mechik's false humanism, his pettiness is shown.
12. WAYS-ROADS
Frolov was buried. Pika escaped. Frost remembers his life and is sad about Var. Varya at this time thinks about Mechik, she sees her salvation in him, for the first time in her life she fell in love with someone for real. The swordsman does not understand any of this and, on the contrary, avoids her and treats her rudely.
13. LOAD
The partisans sit and talk among the people about the peasant character. Levinson goes to inspect the patrols and stumbles upon Mechik. The sword tells him about his experiences, thoughts, about his dislike for the detachment, about not understanding everything that is happening around. Levinson tries to convince him, but all in vain. The blizzard was sent for reconnaissance.
14. INTELLIGENCE OF THE SNOW
Metelitsa went to reconnaissance. Almost reaching the right place, he meets a shepherd boy. He meets him, learns from him information about where the whites are located in the village, leaves his horse with him and goes to the village. Creeping up to the house of the white commander, Metelitsa overhears, but he was noticed by a sentry. The blizzard was caught. At this time, everyone in the detachment is worried about him and waiting for his return.
15. THREE DEATHS
The next day, Metelitsa was taken for interrogation, but he did not say anything. They arrange a public trial, the shepherd with whom he left the horse does not betray him, but the owner of the boy betrays Metelitsa. The blizzard is trying to kill the squadron leader. The blizzard was shot. A detachment of partisans goes to the rescue of Metelitsa, but it's too late. The partisans caught and shot the man who surrendered Metelitsa. In the battle near Frost, a horse is killed, he gets drunk with grief.
16. SWAMP
Varya, who did not participate in the battle, returns and looks for Frost. He finds him drunk and takes him away, calms him down, tries to make peace with him. Whites are advancing on the squad. Levinson decides to retreat to the taiga, to the swamps. The detachment quickly arranges a crossing through the swamps and, having crossed, undermines it. The detachment broke away from the pursuit of the whites, while losing almost all the people.
17. NINETEEN
Having broken away from the whites, the detachment decides to go to the Tudo-Vaksky tract, where the bridge is located. To avoid an ambush, they send forward a patrol consisting of Sword and Frost. The sword, who was riding ahead, was caught by the White Guards, he was able to escape from them. Frost, who rides next, dies like a hero, but at the same time he warned his comrades about the ambush. A battle ensues, in which Cormorants die. Only 19 people remain from the detachment. The sword is left alone in the taiga. Levinson leaves the forest with the remnants of the detachment.
The poem "Mtsyri" was not in vain included in a number of program works by M.Yu. Lermontov. She embodied all the principles of the poet's romanticism. The poem "Mtsyri", a summary of which we will consider, has become the quintessence of struggle, pride and loneliness.
The originality of M.Yu. Lermontov
The work of Mikhail Yurievich is traditionally divided into two periods. The first begins in 1828, continues until 1834 and is considered youthful. The second, mature, period lasts from 1835 to 1841. Lermontov is a romantic by nature, his hero is always opposed to the world around him, he is unusual, with a pronounced individuality. The theme of loneliness becomes the leading one for the poet. Love in poems is always unhappy, and friends cannot penetrate the heart. lyrical hero and understand it.
For the first time in Russian literature, Lermontov resorted to the use of symbols in his poetry. The basis of the lyrical image is the comparison of the feelings of the hero with natural phenomena. The main motives of the poet's work are will and freedom, oblivion and memory, revenge, deceit, wandering, exile. Let's look at a summary of Lermontov's "Mtsyri" - a work in which all these components are present. The author managed in the poem to reveal the essence of his work and describe a typical lyrical hero.
History of creation
In 1830, while studying at a boarding school, M.Yu. Lermontov, the idea arises to write a work about a monk doomed to languish in a monastery. Then the first sketches of the poem "Confession" appeared. It is she who will become the prototype of "Mtsyra", a summary of which we will consider below.
During his service and at the same time exile in the Caucasus, Mikhail Yuryevich passes by an ancient monastery in Mtskheta, which was built over the confluence of two rivers: the Kura and the Aragva. It is from the description of this place that the poem "Mtsyri" originates. The summary of the work cannot ignore such a significant moment of the story.
Main character
The protagonist of the poem is Mtsyri, a captive Chechen who was sent to a monastery as a boy. He is freedom-loving and sees the meaning of life in the struggle. It was the struggle for the opportunity to return to his homeland that became his main life aspiration. And the monastery did not humble the temper of Mtsyri, moreover, the years in captivity inflamed the desire for freedom even more. The young man is gnawed by one desire - to know the world that exists outside the walls of his prison: "I lived a little, and lived in captivity. / There are two lives in one, / But only full of worries, / I would change if I could." It was from this moment that one could begin to describe the summary of Mtsyri. Lermontov, with his characteristic skill, portrayed a rushing lonely and free soul, which is boldly ready to rush towards dangers.
"Mtsyri". Summary
The narrative begins with a description of days past, when the monastery at the confluence of two rivers was still inhabited.
Once in the monastery main character he was shy around those around him and yearned for his homeland, but gradually got used to a new life, learned the language and was already ready to become a monk. But on the eve of taking the vow, he disappeared. They searched for him for three days and found him exhausted in the steppe. There was almost no strength left in him and he gradually began to fade. On the verge of death, the young man, who had been silent before, decides to confess and tell what happened to him these days.
The whole poem "Mtsyri" is permeated with incredible sadness and tragedy. A summary of the chapters reveals the desire and desire of a person to gain freedom, which the cruel world has taken away. The young man tried to regain his will and homeland, so he fled from the monastery. Finding himself in a hitherto unknown world, he saw fields, hills, rocks, rivers and the hoary Caucasus. And the young man remembered his homeland - the village, irresistible rushing herds, a lullaby over his bed.
Mtsyri fastens the storm, but causes only joy in the heart. Then he met with a young Georgian woman who went down to the river for water. Her image haunted the young man even in his sleep. But the memory of the oath to return to his homeland made him move on. Not knowing the way, the young man quickly lost his way. This led him to despair, in an attempt to find a way, he climbed a tree and then saw a leopard. A formidable beast attacked, but the hero managed to defeat him.
With the last of his strength, the young man continued on his way. And so he got out of the forest, but then he heard a rumble, which meant the proximity of the monastery. Mtsyri returned back. He lost his strength and lay in oblivion. Here the monks found him.
Not long left to live Mtsyri. The summary of the poem comes to an end. The young man says goodbye to life and asks to transfer his body to the garden, where you can see the mountains of the Caucasus.
Conclusion
The poem "Mtsyri" is endowed with all the features of romanticism. Her hero became the embodiment of an ideal fighter, a man who is even ready to die for his goal. Undoubtedly, for Lermontov, Mtsyri is the embodiment of freedom, vitality and striving for will, no matter what.
