Count Fedor Alekseevich Golovin: biography, features of activity and interesting facts. First among equals: Field Marshal Fyodor Alekseevich Golovin Commander Golovin

Fedor Alekseevich Golovin (1650-1706) - Russian diplomat and statesman, Field Marshal General, Admiral General (1700), Count (1702).

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Representative of the old noble family late XVII century, roundabout. One of the first high-ranking statesmen to visit.

Headed the embassy for settlement border conflicts in the Amur region. F. Golovin had special powers to recruit from local Cossacks and archers of two regiments, temporarily he was given power over the prisons of the Yenisei category and in Dauria. In the summer of 1687, accompanied by troops, he arrived from where he went to Transbaikalia.

In a difficult military-political situation, under constant pressure from Chinese representatives, he drafted and concluded the Treaty of Nerchinsk with China in 1689. In 1691 he returned to Moscow, where he became one of the associates of Peter I.

Biography

General information

Companion of Peter the Great. In his youth he received an excellent education, spoke English and in Latin. In 1686 Golovin was sent to eastern border, where he drew up and concluded the Nerchinsk Treaty with China in 1689, and on the way back, on the site of the forts, he built the cities of Nerchinsk and Udinsk, reinforcing their garrisons with artillery. For the success of his embassy, he received the boyar rank and the rank of General-Krieg Commissar.

From 1699 until his death, Golovin was actually the second leader after Peter the Great foreign policy state, zealously and skillfully defended Russian interests in international affairs, especially in the diplomatic struggle with Sweden. During his chancellorship, the institute of permanent Russian representatives (ambassadors) abroad was created. He was in charge of the Embassy, Military Marine and Yamsky orders, and also led the Armory, Gold and Silver Chambers. He organized the work of the Nerchinsk silver mines to increase the production of silver coins, introduced a stamp duty in Russia.

He died in the summer of 1706 on the way from Moscow to Kyiv in the city of Glukhov.

Nerchinsk Treaty of 1689

In the early 1680s, the Irkutsk governors reported to the Russian government that an alarming situation had developed in Transbaikalia, as the Mongol khans were threatening " military parish on your, great sovereign, Selenga prisons, and the yasak Selenga fraternal people in the Selenga district live with great fear ...» Most of all, Russians and Buryats suffered from the Mongols driving away cattle and horses. In 1687, real military attacks on Transbaikalia, provoked and led by the Manchus, began. The cavalry detachments of Ochiroy Sain Khan besieged Selenginsk and Verkhneudinsk, but, despite the huge numerical superiority, they were defeated in a number of battles, could not take a single prison and retreated. Government Russian Empire, concerned about the state of affairs in Transbaikalia, sent an embassy here, headed by the great and plenipotentiary ambassador of Russia Fedor Alekseevich Golovin. Golovin had 2,000 archers and Cossacks at his disposal. With his detachment, he arrived in Transbaikalia, called in Irkutsk.

The first meeting of F.A. Golovin with the Chinese delegation took place on August 12, 1689 between the Shilka and Nercha rivers, official language the negotiations were Latin. Golovin proposed to consider the Amur and all the lands to the north as Russia, and to the south as China, as a frontier. However, the Chinese side expressed claims to the lands north of the Amur, demanded the right to the cities of Albazin, Nerchinsk, Selenginsk and the entire territory to the lake.

At the second meeting, held on August 13, 1689, Golovin achieved that Nerchinsk was to be the border town. On the issue of lands before Golovin stated that " it’s not something to fix, but it’s not good to talk about it either».

After lengthy and difficult negotiations, Russia ceded the Albazin fortress and lands along left side Cupid. But it was a forced and temporary territorial concession, the border was established only tentatively. In 1858

Fedor was born in 1650. His father, Alexei Petrovich, served in orders and gave his son a good education. Later, he was the governor of Tobolsk, fortified the city with an earthen rampart and made the first delimitation of Siberia.

Fyodor Golovin began his service at the royal court. Prince V.V. Golitsyn, right hand ruler Sophia, noticed the ability of the young steward. Golovin, granted to the okolnichy, was entrusted with an important, but complex and dangerous enterprise, sent as the Grand and Plenipotentiary Ambassador with the title of "Bryansk governor" to conclude an agreement with China before the planned campaign in the Crimea. Perhaps the desire to remove one of Peter's supporters during the struggle for power played a role. In difficult conditions, when the Manchus threatened with force, the ambassador, using eloquence and gifts, on August 27, 1689, concluded the first ever Russian-Chinese Treaty of Nerchinsk, which established the border between the two states. Golovin fortified Nerchinsk, ordered the ruin of Albazin (a fortress on the Amur). On January 10, 1690, he returned to Moscow and introduced himself to Tsars Ivan and Peter. For the work of the ambassador, they made him a boyar and appointed governor of Siberia, although they blamed the loss of Albazin. Peter I, who gained power after the removal of Sophia, listened to Golovin's stories about Siberia and travel for several days. Apparently, the success of military operations against the Manchus, as opposed to the failure of the Crimean campaigns, prompted the tsar to appoint the boyar as commissar general. He became a member of Peter's entourage, to which belonged the people closest to him. Fedor Alekseevich was friends with F. Lefort, he was the first of the boyars to shave off his beard, which strengthened the tsar's confidence in himself.

In the summer of 1696, Golovin, in the second Azov campaign, commanding the vanguard of galleys, reached Azov along the Don along with Peter. His ships were searching for the enemy at sea, not letting the Turks into the fortress. After the capture of Azov, Golovin participated in the solemn entry of the victorious troops into Moscow on September 30.

In 1697, Fedor Alekseevich became the head of the Armory, and then a member of the Great Embassy, with which Peter I went abroad. The second ambassador (the first was Lefort), the Siberian viceroy and commissar general Golovin, carried out the main diplomatic work. At the same time, he was also involved in maritime affairs. Admiralty Protasiev informed him from Russia about the construction of the Azov Fleet. In Holland, the boyar took an active part in hiring foreign sailors and purchasing the tools and equipment necessary for the fleet.

Especially Golovin sought to hire an experienced sailor Cornelius Kruys, who helped the ambassador recruit officers in Holland. Vice Admiral K. Kruys and other specialists hired then became instructors for future Russian naval commanders. Golovin managed the finances of the embassy, distributed young stewards who were brought from Russia to study in England, Holland and Venice. When the tsar traveled to London, the boyar came to him and concluded an agreement with Lord Carmarthen on the supply of tobacco to Russia, which made it possible to pay for the cost of purchasing equipment. The ambassador visited the Hague and Vienna with the king. They didn’t go to Venice: news of the Streltsy rebellion came, and Peter I with his closest people (Lefort, Golovin and Menshikov) urgently returned to Russia.

Work at the embassy showed F.A. Golovin. He continued to run the Armory. December 11, 1698 in Moscow was established "Order of the military navy"- Golovin took over the management of this order (he was responsible for foreigners serving in the Russian fleet) and the mint. Later he became the head of the Yamsky order, at one time he headed the medical department. He had to participate in the interrogations of archers. The tsar, as a sign of respect for his associate, ordered a medal to be knocked out, on one side of which a portrait of Golovin was minted, on the other - a family coat of arms with the inscription "Et consilio et zobore" ("Both advice and courage"). Peter established the first Russian Order of St. Andrew the First-Called. March 10, 1699 F.A. Golovin became the first holder of this order. And on April 21, 1699, after the death of Admiral F.Ya. Lefort, the tsar promoted Fedor Alekseevich to admiral.

Golovin was one of the few who knew the tsar's plan for a war with Sweden and the capture of Narva. But in order to start a war in the north, it was necessary to free ourselves from the threat from the south. It was decided to demonstrate the strength of the fleet built in Voronezh for last years.

(1650-1706) - the closest employee of Peter I, count, admiral general and field marshal general. Signed the Treaty of Nerchinsk with China (1689), a member of the Azov campaigns, the Great Embassy. Head of Russian foreign policy since 1699, created a system of Russian representations abroad. One of the editors of the first Russian newspaper Vedomosti.

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Golovin Fedor Alekseevich

Golovin (Count Fyodor Alekseevich) - a remarkable figure of the Petrine era (died in 1706). Under Princess Sophia, he was sent to the Amur (to Daury) to protect Albazin from the Chinese. In 1689, he concluded the Nerchinsk Treaty, according to which he ceded the Amur River to the tributary of the Gorbitsa to the Chinese, due to the impossibility of waging a serious war with China. In the Great Embassy to European courts (1697), Golovin, "" general and military commissar, governor of Siberia "", was the second, after Lefort, ambassador plenipotentiary. At first, his activities were mainly devoted to the fleet; abroad, he hired foreigners in the Russian service, prepared everything necessary for the construction of ships, and, upon returning to Russia, was appointed head of the newly formed military naval order. In 1699, after the death of Lefort, Golovin was promoted to Admiral General, the first awarded the order Alexander Nevsky, received foreign affairs in charge and took a leading position among government officials ("First Minister", according to foreigners). In 1699 - 1706. Golovin was the main leader of Russian foreign policy: he conducted extensive diplomatic correspondence with Patkul, Mazepa and directed the actions of Russian ambassadors: Dolgoruky in Poland, Tolstoy in Turkey, Golitsyn in Vienna, Matveev in The Hague; the latter was instructed to "inflame the anger" of the British and Dutch against Peter's enemies, the Swedes. Golovin is especially remarkable for the fact that he successfully acted in a new spirit, when other employees of Peter were just learning to do so. The sovereign valued Golovin very much, called him his friend and, informing him of his death in a letter, signed ""sorrowful Peter"".

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FEDOR ALEKSEEVICH GOLOVIN

In history Russian fleet Fedor Alekseevich Golovin occupies a special place as a diplomat, adviser to Peter I and at the same time the first Russian admiral by origin. Fedor was born in 1650. His father, Alexey Petrovich, served in orders and gave his son a good education. Later, he was the governor of Tobolsk, fortified the city with an earthen rampart and made the first delimitation of Siberia. Fyodor Golovin began his service at the royal court. Prince V.V. Golitsyn, the right hand of the ruler Sophia, noticed the abilities of the young steward. Golovin, granted to the okolnichy, was entrusted with an important, but complex and dangerous enterprise, sent as the Grand and Plenipotentiary Ambassador with the title of "Bryansk governor" to conclude an agreement with China before the planned campaign in the Crimea. Perhaps the desire to remove one of Peter's supporters during the struggle for power played a role. In difficult conditions, when the Manchus threatened with force, the ambassador, using eloquence and gifts, on August 27, 1689, concluded the first ever Russian-Chinese Treaty of Nerchinsk, which established the border between the two states. Golovin fortified Nerchinsk, ordered the ruin of Albazin (a fortress on the Amur). On January 10, 1690, he returned to Moscow and introduced himself to Tsars Ivan and Peter. For the work of the ambassador, they made him a boyar and appointed governor of Siberia, although they blamed the loss of Albazin. Peter I, who gained power after the removal of Sophia, listened to Golovin's stories about Siberia and travel for several days. Apparently, the success of military operations against the Manchus, as opposed to the failure of the Crimean campaigns, prompted the tsar to appoint the boyar as commissar general. He became a member of Peter's entourage, to which belonged the people closest to him. Fedor Alekseevich was friends with F. Lefort, he was the first of the boyars to shave off his beard, which strengthened the tsar's confidence in himself. In the summer of 1696, Golovin, in the second Azov campaign, commanding the vanguard of galleys, reached Azov along the Don along with Peter. His ships were searching for the enemy at sea, not letting the Turks into the fortress. After the capture of Azov, Golovin participated in the solemn entry of the victorious troops into Moscow on September 30. In 1697, Fedor Alekseevich became the head of the Armory, and then a member of the Great Embassy, with which Peter I went abroad. The second ambassador (the first was Lefort), the Siberian viceroy and commissar general Golovin, carried out the main diplomatic work. At the same time, he was also involved in maritime affairs. Admiralty Protasiev informed him from Russia about the construction of the Azov Fleet. In Holland, the boyar took an active part in hiring foreign sailors and purchasing the tools and equipment necessary for the fleet. Especially Golovin sought to hire an experienced sailor Cornelius Kruys, who helped the ambassador recruit officers in Holland. Vice Admiral K. Kruys and other specialists hired then became instructors for future Russian naval commanders. Golovin managed the finances of the embassy, distributed young stewards who were brought from Russia to study in England, Holland and Venice. When the tsar traveled to London, the boyar came to him and concluded an agreement with Lord Carmarthen on the supply of tobacco to Russia, which made it possible to pay for the cost of purchasing equipment. The ambassador visited the Hague and Vienna with the king. They didn’t go to Venice: news of the Streltsy rebellion came, and Peter I with his closest people (Lefort, Golovin and Menshikov) urgently returned to Russia. Work at the embassy showed F.A. Golovin. He continued to run the Armory. On December 11, 1698, the "Order of the military navy" was established in Moscow - Golovin took control of this order (he was responsible for foreigners serving in the Russian fleet) and the mint. Later he became the head of the Yamsky order, at one time he headed the medical department. He had to participate in the interrogations of archers. The tsar, as a sign of respect for his associate, ordered a medal to be knocked out, on one side of which a portrait of Golovin was minted, on the other - a family coat of arms with the inscription "Et consilio et zobore" ("Both advice and courage"). Peter established the first Russian Order of St. Andrew the First-Called. March 10, 1699 F.A. Golovin became the first holder of this order. And on April 21, 1699, after the death of Admiral F.Ya. Lefort, the tsar promoted Fedor Alekseevich to admiral. Golovin was one of the few who knew the tsar's plan for a war with Sweden and the capture of Narva. But in order to start a war in the north, it was necessary to free ourselves from the threat from the south. It was decided to demonstrate the strength of the fleet built in Voronezh in recent years. In the spring of 1699, the clerk of the Ambassadorial order E.I. Ukrainians received an order to go as an ambassador to Constantinople. He was given the ship "Fortress", and the entire fleet was supposed to accompany the embassy ship to Kerch. For solidity, the tsar appointed Admiral Golovin to command the squadron (“sea military caravan”). In fact, the fleet was controlled, of course, by experienced foreigners. But Peter himself walked on the squadron with those close to him in order to get to know both the water element and the naval service. The unexpected appearance of a formidable squadron near Kerch and the salute of the embassy ship near the walls of the Sultan's palace demonstrated that Russia was capable of creating a fleet in a short time that was not inferior in number to the Turkish one. The demonstration had an effect: Turkey signed an agreement under which Azov and its environs were ceded to Russia. Meanwhile, Russia was preparing to fight for the Baltic. In October 1699, while participating in negotiations with the Swedish embassy seeking confirmation of the Cardis Peace, Golovin reasonably reported the tsar's refusal to "kiss the cross" in confirmation of the treaty, which was important before the start of the war to revise the borders established by the treaty. On February 23, 1700, leaving the ranks of a close boyar, admiral and governor of Siberia, Peter I appointed Golovin the President of Embassy Affairs and the head of several orders. By disbanding the archery army, the tsar formed a regular army. The commission for recruitment, staffing and training in Preobrazhensky was headed by F.A. Golovin. By the spring of 1700, 27 infantry and 2 dragoon regiments were assembled and trained. They were armed with fuzei and muskets, which Golovin bought abroad. When the message of peace with Turkey reached Moscow, trained troops set in motion. On August 19, Peter I granted Golovin the rank of the first Russian field marshal general and placed him at the head of an army of 45,000 marching towards Narva. Most likely, the admiral refused the new rank and accompanied the king as an adviser and diplomat. The siege of the fortress dragged on. But Golovin did not have to accept the humiliation of defeat: on November 19, the tsar went for reinforcements, leaving the Duke de Croa in command, and took Golovin with him. On January 12, 1701, Golovin signed an alliance agreement with the Danish envoy Gaines, in February he participated in the negotiations between Peter and Augustus II, and in March - in a meeting on a plan for joint military operations. On January 14, 1701, a school of "mathematical and navigational" sciences was founded in Moscow; the tsar appointed Golovin as its head. On May 30, 1702, Golovin arrived in Arkhangelsk with the royal retinue. An unusual operation was being prepared. On August 6, the Russian squadron, led by the admiral, set off for the Solovetsky Islands, and then for the village of Nyukhche, from where the Sovereign's Road began. Along this road, the troops dragged 2 ships to Lake Onega, which they used to take the fortress of Noteburg. Golovin participated in the siege. On November 16, he was the second of the Russians (A.D. Menshikov managed to become the first) elevated to the dignity of a count - he received a letter from the Roman Emperor Leopold I. On May 10 of the following year, the oldest cavalier of the Order of St. Andrew laid his signs on the king and Menshikov, who, with a detachment of guards on boats took the Swedish ships Gedan and Astrild at the mouth of the Neva. The main activity of F.A. Golovin remained diplomacy. On June 28, 1703, he concluded an agreement with the Lithuanian ambassador on Lithuania's action against Sweden. When the French government sought an alliance with Russia against Austria, Golovin proved to the tsar that there was no point in breaking friendship with Austria, Poland, England, Denmark, Prussia and Holland for the sake of this alliance. On February 24, 1704, he released the French ambassador, and in the summer of that year, near Narva, he signed a new treaty on joint action with Poland. In 1705, the head of the Ambassadorial Order did not allow the British to interfere in the trade affairs of Russia, and in the next year he unsuccessfully tried to negotiate with the Swedish king. It took a series of defeats for the Swedes before Charles XII thought of peace. Overloaded with a mass of responsibilities, Golovin managed to deal with development issues. naval forces. At the foundation Baltic Fleet the admiral received the duty "to look at him like a supreme ruler." In fact, Golovin could not personally deal with the fleet much. However, while managing the mint, he more than doubled the mint output between 1700 and 1702; this was facilitated by the use of silver ore found near Nerchinsk. Funds from the mint went to the maintenance and construction of the fleet. Golovin controlled training, recruitment, and shipbuilding. His correspondence has been preserved, from which it follows that the Admiral General followed the construction of ships at Syasi and the Olonets shipyard. It is clear that the admiral had the right to proudly write on May 3, 1704: “... E.Ts.V. already this year, in a short time, a fleet of 20 ships and frigates consisting of a fleet with 7 great galleys and 10 brigantines (of which 50 people and 5 cannons are acquired on each) can be brought to the Baltic Sea, from which there are already several fleets ships near the island of Rycherta (Kotlina - N.S.), 6 miles from St. Petersburg, stand and, in short, they will follow the same way, at which the island on the very passage and the ship's passage is a fortress with many guns, in the sea itself, how cold it was in winter, it is built and built of wood and stone, and is already armed with cannons, and now enemy ships cannot approach here from so many miles. Surrounded by administrative concerns, Fedor Alekseevich almost never visited the ships; only in May 1706, upon arrival in St. Petersburg, did the admiral visit the fleet stationed at Kronstadt; Shautbenacht Botsis, at the direction of the king, arranged for him a solemn meeting, "as is customary in Venice." At the end of June 1706, Peter left for Kyiv and ordered Golovin to come to him. The admiral, who was negotiating with Prussia, went to Kyiv, but fell ill in Glukhov and died. Obviously, the summer heat and military efforts did not allow the first general-admiral to be buried with dignity and solemnity; only in winter his body was brought to Moscow. F.A. was buried. Golovin February 22, 1707. He rested in the Simonov Monastery, where the family burial vault of Counts Golovins was. The inscription on the monument read: On July 30, 1706, in memory of the Holy Apostle of Power and Siluan, His Excellency Fedor Alekseevich Golovin, Count of the Roman State, Grand Chancellor of the Tsar's Majesty and embassy affairs, Supreme President, close boyar, Admiral of the Navy, Viceroy of the Siberian and Cavalier of the ranks, reposed : St. Andrew the Apostle, Belago Orel and Generosites (Generoesite), etc. ". The grave has not survived. Already at the beginning of the 20th century, only memories remained of the inscription on it. Today, the ZiLa Palace of Culture stands at the burial site. F. Golovin did not happen to be seen in the brilliance of victories new Russia and the glory of the fleet laid down by his labors. After his death, his duties had to be distributed to several people: no one could do them all alone. Moreover, in our days one should remember one of those to whom Russia owes the first state successes of the late XVII - early XVIII century.

- (1650 1706), count, associate of Peter I, admiral (1699) and general field marshal (1700). Signed the Treaty of Nerchinsk 1689, member of the Great Embassy 1697 98, from 1700 headed Ambassadorial order. Created a system of permanent Russian representations... encyclopedic Dictionary

Golovin, Fedor Alekseevich- HEAD / N Fedor Alekseevich (1650 1706) Russian naval and statesman, count, general admiral (1699), general field marshal (1700). He was involved in naval affairs in 1696 during the 2nd Azov campaign of Peter I. Since 1697, ... ...

- (1650 1706), Count Russian statesman and diplomat. In 1686 G. was sent to settle the issue of the border with China. In 1689, he concluded the Nerchinsk Treaty with the Chinese (see). G. became one of the closest employees of Peter I. In 1697 ... ... Diplomatic Dictionary

- ... Wikipedia

Wikipedia has articles about other people with that surname, see Golovin. Fedor Alexandrovich Golovin ... Wikipedia

Russian map ... Wikipedia

Fedor Alekseevich Golovin- see Golovin, Fedor Alekseevich ... Marine Biographical Dictionary

Silver medal with the profile of F. A. Golovin, which Peter I awarded him in 1698. Commemorative coin of the Bank of Russia dedicated to F. A. Golovin Fedor Alekseevich Golovin (1650 July 30 (August 10), 1706) Russian diplomat and statesman, ... ... Wikipedia

GOLOVIN FEDOR ALEKSEEVICH

Golovin (Count Fyodor Alekseevich) - a remarkable figure of the Petrine era (died in 1706). Under Princess Sophia, he was sent to the Amur (to Daury) to protect Albazin from the Chinese. In 1689, he concluded the Nerchinsk Treaty, according to which he ceded the Amur River to the tributary of the Gorbitsa to the Chinese, due to the impossibility of waging a serious war with China. In the Great Embassy to the European courts (1697), Golovin, "general and military commissar, governor of Siberia," was the second, after Lefort, ambassador plenipotentiary. At first, his activities were mainly devoted to the fleet; abroad, he hired foreigners in the Russian service, prepared everything necessary for the construction of ships, and, upon returning to Russia, was appointed head of the newly formed military naval order. In 1699, after the death of Lefort, Golovin was made general-admiral, the first awarded the Order of Alexander Nevsky, received foreign affairs in charge and took a leading position among government officials ("first minister", according to foreigners). In 1699 - 1706. Golovin was the main leader of Russian foreign policy: he conducted extensive diplomatic correspondence with Patkul, Mazepa and directed the actions of Russian ambassadors: Dolgoruky in Poland, Tolstoy in Turkey, Golitsyn in Vienna, Matveev in The Hague; the latter was instructed to "inflame the anger" of the British and Dutch against Peter's enemies, the Swedes. Golovin is especially remarkable for the fact that he successfully acted in a new spirit, when other employees of Peter were just learning to do so. The sovereign valued Golovin very much, called him his friend and, informing him of his death in a letter, signed "Peter filled with sadness."

Brief biographical encyclopedia. 2012