In Siberia, the creation of anti-Bolshevik armed formations began at the end of 1917. They were based on underground military organizations that arose in Irkutsk, Tomsk and other cities. Taking advantage of the performance of parts of the Separate Czechoslovak Corps against the Bolsheviks, officer organizations in a number of Siberian cities in late May - early June 1918 raised uprisings and where, with the help of the Czechoslovaks, where without it, they began to form the first volunteer units of the future Siberian army.
From companies and detachments of various sizes, after the announced mobilization of officers, by June 1, the Novo-Nikolaevsky regiment, one company, a cavalry detachment and an escort team with a total strength of about 800 people were formed. The next day, the headquarters of the West Siberian Separate Army was formed (commander Colonel A.N. Grishin-Almazov). In the first half of June, the number of troops began to grow rapidly and reached 4 thousand people with 17 machine guns and 19 guns. This made it possible in mid-June to form the Central Siberian Corps from the troops of the Provisional Siberian Government under the command of Lieutenant Colonel A.N. Pepelyaev and the Steppe Siberian Colonel P.P. th Steppe Siberian Army Corps. Later, the Ural Army Corps was formed under the command of Lieutenant General M.V. Khanzhin (later the 3rd Ural Corps of Mountain Riflemen). By mid-July, the size of the army increased to 23.4 thousand people with 145 machine guns and 30 guns. On June 27, the West Siberian Separate Army was renamed the Siberian Separate Army.
In August, a call for recruits was announced, which was supposed to give the army about 200 thousand replenishment people across the territory of Siberia from Baikal to the Urals, and by September 1, the combat strength of the army reached 60.2 thousand people with 184 machine guns and 70 guns. In September, communication was established with the units of Yesaul G.M. Semenov and the formation of the 4th East Siberian and 5th Amur Army Corps began. By October 1, 1918, the Siberian separate army consisted of 10.7 thousand officers, 59.9 thousand armed and 113.9 thousand unarmed soldiers.
“Russian young units stood in the front line, fighting and forming at the same time,” recalled General V.K. Sakharov, “the work carried out by Russian officers was beyond human strength. Without proper supplies, without sufficient funds, in the absence of equipped barracks, uniforms and footwear, people had to be gathered, new regiments formed, taught, trained, prepared for combat work and at the same time guard duty in the garrisons. It must also be added that all this took place in a locality and among a population that had just gone through a stormy revolution and had not yet fermented; the work went on under the incessant cries of socialist propaganda.
In December, the Headquarters of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief Admiral A.V. Kolchak was formed (partially at the expense of the headquarters of the disbanded Siberian Separate Army). The headquarters of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief, which dealt with the planning of operations, the management of military operations, and the training and use of troops, was directly subordinate to him. Troops were controlled through the commanders and staffs of armies and groups, as well as the commanders of individual formations. In the autumn of 1919, the Headquarters of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief, due to its cumbersomeness, was abolished, and the management of military formations was carried out through the headquarters of the Commander-in-Chief of the Troops Eastern Front Lieutenant General M.K. Dieterikhs.
General V.K.Sakharov, describing the construction of the armies of Admiral A.V. Kolchak, wrote: “It was necessary to reconsider and redraw all the states, many legal provisions, to establish a completely disordered apparatus for supplying weapons and military supplies received from the allies from Vladivostok.
The path for work now lay like this: to take from the old all the best, consecrated by the successes of the Russian army, connected with it historically, arising from the natural conditions and characteristics of the Russian people; it was necessary, in addition to this, to introduce everything that was required by life itself and the new conditions brought about by the war. For to deny this new, not to take it into account, to blindly adhere to old models would be just as reckless as the other extreme - the complete denial of one's historical norms and the effort to acquire something new that does not even resemble the former in any way.
In accordance with the order of Admiral Kolchak dated December 24, 1918, the Yekaterinburg group was deployed into the Siberian army of a new formation. In June 1919, it included the Northern (1st Central Siberian and 5th Siberian Army Corps) and Southern (3rd Siberian Steppe and 4th Siberian Army Corps) groups, the Free Shock Corps and attached to the army of the 8th Army Kama Corps and the 1st Cavalry Division. In total, the army consisted of 56.6 thousand bayonets, 3.9 thousand sabers, 600 machine guns, 164 guns, 4 armored trains and 9 aircraft. June 22, 1919 The Siberian army was divided into the 1st and 2nd Siberian armies, which, together with the 3rd (former Western) army, became part of the Eastern Front.
At the end of December 1918, the Ural separate army was formed from parts of the Ural Cossack army. Until November 1918, the Urals were nominally subordinate to the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of all land and naval armed forces of Russia, Lieutenant General V.G. Boldyrev, then operationally - to Admiral A.V. Kolchak, and in July 1919 - to General A.I. Denikin. By this time, the army included the 1st Ural (1st, 2nd, 6th and temporarily attached 3rd Iletsk divisions, the 1st Ural infantry, Nikolaev, Semenovsky and Tsarevsk regiments, partisan foot detachments, armored and aviation detachments), 2 th Iletsk (5th Iletsk division and separate units) "and the 3rd Ural-Astrakhan Corps. The army was provided with weapons, ammunition and uniforms by deliveries from Great Britain (through the VSYUR supply agencies) and the capture of trophies. In the autumn of 1919, the size of the army drastically decreased as a result of a typhus epidemic. So, in December, only 230 soldiers and officers remained in the Ural Corps. At the beginning of 1920, the remnants of the army were taken prisoner by the troops of the Red Army in Fort Aleksandrovsky.
Orenburg Cossack army initially subordinate to Komuch, then to General V.G. Boldyrev, and from November 1918 was under the operational subordination of Admiral A.V. Kolchak. In October 1918, the South-Western Army was formed in the Orenburg region, renamed on December 28 into the Separate Orenburg Army under the command of Lieutenant General A.I. Dutov. The army included the 1st (1st and 2nd Orenburg Cossack divisions) and the 2nd (4th and 5th Orenburg Cossack divisions) Orenburg Cossack corps. On May 23, the army was reorganized and renamed the Southern Separate Army. In June, it included the troops of the former Southern Group of Major General G.A. Belov (4th Orenburg and 5th Sterlitamak army corps), 11th Yaitsky army and 1st Orenburg Cossack corps. In total, the army had 15.2 thousand bayonets, 12 thousand sabers, 7 thousand unarmed people, 247 machine guns and 27 guns.
In September 1919, the army was again renamed Orenburg, and in October, together with the 3rd Army and the Steppe Group of Forces, it became part of the Moscow Army Group under the command of Lieutenant General V.K. Sakharov. After the defeat suffered in battles with the Reds in the region of Orsk and Aktyubinsk, the remnants of the Orenburg army retreated to Semirechye, where they entered the Separate Semirechye Army. It was formed at the end of 1919 under the command of Major General B.V. Annenkov. The main backbone of the Separate Semirechinskaya Army was the 2nd Separate Steppe Siberian Corps, which in July 1919 included: the Partisan Division of Ataman Annenkov, the 5th Siberian Rifle Division, Separate - the Semirechinskaya Cossack and Steppe rifle brigades and the Kyrgyz cavalry brigade. In the spring of 1920, the army of General Annenkov was defeated, and its remnants crossed the Chinese border, where they were interned.
In the Volga region, on June 8, 1918, the Committee of Members of the All-Russian Constituent Assembly (Komuch) officially announced the creation of the People's Army. Initially, it was built on a volunteer basis, with a 3-month service life. In total, they managed to recruit a little more than 10 thousand soldiers. Therefore, on June 30, Komuch announced the mobilization of men in 1897-1898. birth. The head of the Komuch Military Department, N.A. Galkin, recalled that “after the failure of the volunteer period, they switched to mobilization young age not infected with Bolshevism. But recruitment went well only in foreign regions. The peasants en masse did not support the Committee of Members of the Constituent Assembly.” As a result, by the autumn it was possible to bring the composition of the army to 30 thousand people.
In the cities and towns of the Volga region, liberated by the Czechoslovaks and parts of the Komuch People's Army from the Bolsheviks, companies were first organized, which were then reduced to battalions. At the end of June 1918, they were deployed into 8 infantry regiments, which in July were renamed rifle regiments. In July, a detachment of the General Staff of Lieutenant Colonel V.O. Kappel began to turn into a separate rifle brigade (Special Purpose Rifle Brigade). The remaining units in mid-August entered the 3 rifle divisions. Half a month later, 3 more rifle divisions were formed, and the number of cavalry regiments was increased to 5. In September 1918, the Kazan Rifle Brigade was created from the remnants of the Northern Group of the People's Army (3.6 thousand bayonets and sabers).
Due to the political friction that arose between Komuch and the Ufa Directory, it was not possible to properly organize the material and technical supply of the People's Army.
At the beginning of 1919, the army troops were reorganized. So, for example, by May, rifle brigades were deployed in the 1st Samara, 3rd Simbirsk and 13th Kazan rifle divisions, and the cavalry - in the Volga cavalry brigade. All of them became part of the 1st Volga Army Corps, subordinate to the commander of the Western Army.
On January 1, 1919, the Western Army was formed from units and formations of the Kama and Samara groups of troops and the 3rd Ural Mountain Rifle Corps. In June, it included the Ufa (2nd Ufa Army Corps - 4th Ufa General Kornilov, 8th Kama Admiral Kolchak and the 12th Ural Rifle and Siberian Cossack Brigades), Ural (6th and 7th Ural Mountain Riflemen and the 11th Ural Rifle and Ufa Cavalry Divisions, 1st Separate Rifle Brigade) and the Volga (1st Samara, 3rd Simbirsk and 13th Kazan Rifle Divisions, Volga Cavalry and Orenburg Cossack Brigades) groups. The total number of the army was 23.6 thousand bayonets, 6.5 thousand sabers, 1.7 thousand unarmed, 590 machine guns and 134 guns. In July, the Western Army was reorganized into the 3rd Army, the remnants of which, after the defeat on the Tobol and Ishim rivers, became part of the Moscow Army Group. At the beginning of 1920, the remnants of the 3rd Army, which had left for Transbaikalia, were consolidated into the 3rd "Kappel" Corps.
On May 30, 1919, the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces in the South of Russia, Lieutenant-General A.I. Denikin, recognized Admiral A.V. Kolchak as the Supreme Ruler and Supreme Commander-in-Chief of all land and sea armed forces of Russia. Later, on July 25, Admiral Kolchak issued Order No. 153 with the creation of a unified Russian army.
According to the "Statement sheet Russian army according to its organizational SOSD1SHSPYAM by July 1, 1919, "it was supposed to have 52.8 thousand combat officers and military officials and 1 million 231.1 thousand combat and non-combat soldiers. By the end of 1919, it was planned to bring the available composition of the troops to 75% of the staff, i.e. 39.6 thousand officers and 923.3 thousand soldiers (excluding aircraft and armored parts). In fact, by July 1, 1919, the combat strength of the units of the active army and military districts did not exceed 19.6 thousand officers and officials, 416.6 thousand combatant and non-combatant soldiers and volunteers. Directly in the Siberian, Western and Southern armies there were 94.5 thousand bayonets, 22.5 thousand sabers, 8.8 thousand unarmed people with 1.4 thousand machine guns, 325 guns, 3 armored vehicles, about 10 armored trains and 15 aircraft.
Driving around the troops at the front, General A. Budberg on August 22, 1919, characterized the state of the armies: “I was convinced that information about the Homeric dimensions of military convoys was not exaggerated; there are regiments with a convoy of more than a thousand wagons, and the army authorities are powerless to fight this evil; it is possible to give any orders for reduction in this part, but no one will execute them.
All baggage and rear positions are overcrowded beyond the state, which is most seriously reflected in the allowance and supply of combat personnel.
All this is the result of the activity of 25- and 28-year-old generals, who know how to go on the attack with a rifle in their hand, but who absolutely do not know how to control their troops, give them the right organization and not allow them to turn into continuous carts.
What I saw and learned during these three days fully confirmed the conclusions that I came to in Omsk regarding the impossibility of an offensive for us. It is impossible to advance without infantry, because in the so-called divisions - 400-700-900 bayonets, and in regiments - 100-200 bayonets; we must not forget that we must occupy broad fronts; and our divisions are equal in number to battalions. It is impossible to attack with confused artillery, almost without machine guns and with the remnants of technical means of communication.
To this we must add a completely disordered army rear, incapable of correctly supplying the troops, even when they withdraw, to their reserves; how shall we be satisfied during the offensive, when we enter the area of destroyed railways and exhausted by both us and the Reds local means, i.e. we will find ourselves in a situation in which the correct and well-organized work of the rear is of exceptional importance.
The supply of the armies of A.V. Kolchak was carried out by Great Britain, France and the USA. British General A. Knox in a letter to Admiral A.V. Kolchak wrote in June 1919 that “after about mid-December 1918, each rifle cartridge was British-made, brought to Vladivostok for British ships and delivered to Omsk under British guard. According to the report of the British military mission, from October 1918 to October 1919, 79 ships arrived in the Far East with 97 thousand tons of cargo. In total, 600 thousand rifles, 346 million cartridges, 6.831 machine guns, 192 field guns and uniforms and equipment for 200.5 thousand people were delivered, including 200 thousand overcoats, 200 thousand hats, 200 thousand padded jackets, 400 thousand caps, 400 thousand pairs of shoes, 400 thousand blankets and other uniforms and equipment. In contrast to the Armed Forces in southern Russia, the armies of Admiral Kolchak received 5 times less artillery and practically no planes and tanks were sent to them.
In late July - early August 1919, a conference was held in Omsk with the participation of Admiral Kolchak, the supreme representative of the allies under him W. Elliot, the US ambassador to Japan R. Morris, the French commissar in Vladivostok Martel, generals Graves, Knox, Janin, Matsushima. During the conference, an agreement was reached on the supply of weapons, ammunition and equipment to the white armies of those regions of Russia that, by agreement between them, were within the sphere of interests of one or another of the Entente countries and the United States. At the same time, it was decided to make a presentation to the governments of the United States and Great Britain on the allocation for the armies of Admiral Kolchak 310 thousand rifles, 500 million rounds of ammunition, 3 thousand Colt machine guns, 40 heavy and 30 light tanks, 30 armored cars, 420 trucks and 10 cars, 60 aircraft. In addition, Great Britain provided Admiral A.V. Kolchak with more than 50 million pounds sterling as financial assistance.
However, in connection with the subsequent autumn 1919 - winter 1920. defeat of the Kolchak army, all this weapons, ammunition and Combat vehicles never delivered to Russia. According to the testimony of the American General Graves: "Kolchak would not have lasted even a month without the help of the allies."
In a telegram dated December 1, 1918, No. 263, the Chairman of the Paris Russian Political Conference G.E. Lvov, through the Russian ambassador in Washington Bakhmetiev, informed the Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Omsk government P.V. Vologodsky: “On account of the property received from the liquidation, sent to the Czechs 100,000 rifles, 100 machine guns, 22 field guns, 4.5 million rifle cartridges, 150,000 boots, 611 bales of plantar leather. We are sending you 100,000 rifles, 200,000 shoes, railway equipment ... ”In the USA, Admiral Kolchak’s quartermasters were going to purchase 1 million overcoats, 1,200 thousand pairs of shoes, 1 million caps, 50 thousand blankets and other uniforms and property. In 1919, the US government gave Admiral Kolchak's army 392,994 rifles and 15,618 thousand rounds of ammunition. In addition, 100 airplanes, several armored cars and tanks, 400 trucks and cars, steam locomotives, rails, steel, iron, tools, a large amount of sanitary equipment, medicines and many other weapons, equipment and equipment were sent. Support for the units of Ataman Semenov was provided by Japan, which provided him with financial resources, weapons (rifles, guns) and ammunition.
The armed forces of Admiral Kolchak also included two special formations - the Izhevsk and Botkinsk rifle divisions, which were based on the workers of the Izhevsk and Botkinsk arms factories, who rebelled against the Bolsheviks in August 1918. At the same time, the People's Armies of Izhevsk and Votkinsk were organized, which included 120 companies. In early September 1918, both armies were united under the command of Colonel D.I. Fedichkin and became known as the armies of the Kama region. In the second half of November, the remnants of the rebels broke through with a battle for the river. Kamu, where they joined with units of the Komuch People's Army. On January 3, 1919, Admiral Kolchak ordered the formation of the Izhevsk separate rifle brigade (more than 2 thousand people) from parts of the Izhevsk region, which was included in the 2nd Ufa Army Corps. In early August, it was reorganized into the Izhevsk Rifle Division. Parts of the Botkinsky district were consolidated into the Consolidated Rifle Division of the Western Army, which was then renamed the 15th Rifle Division, which became part of the 8th Army Kama Corps.
After the defeat of the armies of Admiral Kolchak, the Izhevsk and Votkinsk residents at the beginning of 1920 withdrew to Transbaikalia, where they joined the troops of Lieutenant General G.M. Semenov. He arrived in Transbaikalia as a commissar of the Provisional Government for the formation of volunteer units from Cossacks and Buryats. By April 1918, in Manchuria, in the right-of-way of the CER, he formed the Special Manchurian Detachment (OMO) as part of the Mongol-Buryat cavalry regiment, 2 regiments of the Mongols-Kharachen, the 1st Semenovsky and 2nd Manchurian foot regiments, 2 officer and 2 Serbian companies, 14 guns, 4 armored trains and a battalion of Japanese volunteers. By the end of 1918, Semenov formed the 5th Amur Separate and Native Cavalry Corps, separate Cossack units. All of them became part of the Separate East Siberian Army. In May 1919, Admiral Kolchak ordered the formation of the 6th East Siberian Army Corps as part of the Manchurian ataman Semenov, the Transbaikal Cossack and Native Cavalry (completed from Buryats and Khunhuz on a volunteer basis) divisions.
At the beginning of 1920, Ataman Semenov created the troops of the Russian Eastern Outskirts (Far Eastern Army) from the remnants of the armies of Admiral Kolchak and his own units. It included three corps, which in November were forced out by Soviet troops from Zabakalye to southern Primorye.
Here, the troops of General Semenov (up to 30 thousand people) were renamed in May 1921 into the "reserve of the police." Since November, they began to be called the White Army, which consisted of 6 thousand bayonets and sabers.
In June 1922, Lieutenant General M.K. Diterikhs took command of the troops and fleet of the Provisional Amur Government. In August, the government troops were renamed the Amur Zemsky army, and Diterichs became its Voivode. It included 4 rati (groups): the Volga, Siberian, Siberian Cossack and Far Eastern, three of which used to be the 1st Cossack, 2nd Siberian rifle and 3rd rifle corps, the 4th Far Eastern army (group) was formed from parts of the 1st and 2nd buildings. In total, by September 1, the Zemstvo army numbered up to 8 thousand people with 19 guns and 3 armored trains. After the defeat in Primorye, the bulk of the rati crossed the Chinese border, where they were interned.
"Leib-Company", Moscow, 1994
Kolchak. He is such a doucheKolchak's victims in Novosibirsk, 1919
Excavations of the grave in which the victims of the Kolchak repressions of March 1919 were buried, Tomsk, 1920
Tomsk residents carry the bodies of the spread participants of the anti-Kolchak uprising
The funeral of the Red Guard brutally murdered by Kolchak
Novosobornaya Square on the day of the reburial of the victims of Kolchak on January 22, 1920
One young American officer sent to investigate the atrocities of Ivanov-Rynov was so shocked that, after finishing his report to Grevs, he exclaimed:
“For God's sake, General, don't send me on such orders again! Just a little more - and I would have tore off my uniform and would begin to save these unfortunate ones.
When Ivanov-Rynov faced the threat of popular indignation, the English commissioner Sir Charles Elliot hurried to Greves to express his concern for the fate of the Kolchak general.
For me, - General Grevs answered him fiercely, - let them bring this Ivanov-Rynov here and hang him on that telephone pole in front of my headquarters - not a single American will lift a finger to save him!
Ask yourself why during the Civil War the Red Army was able to defeat the well-armed and sponsored by the Western Powers White Army and troops 14 !! states that invaded Soviet Russia during the intervention?
But because the MOST of the Russian people, seeing the cruelty, baseness and venality of such “Kolchaks”, supported the Red Army.
victims of Kolchak and Kolchak's thugs
Such a touching series was filmed with public money about one of the main executioners of the Russian people during the civil war of the last century, which simply brings tears to the eyes. And to the same touching, heartfelt, they tell us about this guardian of the Russian land. And trips through Baikal are held with memorial and prayer services. Well, just grace descends on the soul.
But for some reason, the inhabitants of the territories of Russia, where Kolchak and his comrades were heroic, have a different opinion. They remember how entire villages of Kolchak threw people still alive into the mines, and not only that.
By the way, why is the tsar father being honored in such a way on a par with priests and white officers? Didn't they blackmail the king from the throne? Didn't they plunge our country into bloodshed, betraying their people, their king? Didn't the priests joyfully restore the patriarchate immediately after their betrayal of the sovereign? Didn't the landowners and generals want power for themselves without the control of the emperor? Weren't they the ones who started organizing the civil war after the successful February coup organized by them? Didn't they hang the Russian peasant and shoot all over the country. It was only Wrangel, horrified by the death of the Russian people, who left the Crimea himself, all the others preferred to cut the Russian peasant until they themselves were reassured forever.
Yes, and remembering the Polovtsian princes by the names Gzak and Konchak, cited in the Tale of Igor's Campaign, the conclusion involuntarily suggests itself that Kolchak is related to them. Maybe that's why you shouldn't be surprised by the following?
By the way, it makes no sense to judge the dead, neither white nor red. But mistakes cannot be repeated. Only the living can make mistakes. Therefore, the lessons of history need to be known by heart.
In the spring of 1919, the first campaign of the Entente countries and the United States of America began against the Soviet Republic. The campaign was combined: it was carried out by the combined forces of the internal counter-revolution and the interventionists. The imperialists did not hope for their own troops - their soldiers did not want to fight against the workers and working peasants of Soviet Russia. Therefore, they relied on the unification of all the forces of the internal counter-revolution, recognizing the main arbiter of all affairs in Russia, Tsarist Admiral Kolchak A.V.
American, British and French millionaires took over the bulk of the supply of arms, ammunition, and uniforms to Kolchak. In the first half of 1919 alone, the United States sent more than 250,000 rifles and millions of cartridges to Kolchak. In total, in 1919, Kolchak received from the USA, England, France and Japan 700 thousand rifles, 3650 machine guns, 530 guns, 30 aircraft, 2 million pairs of boots, thousands of uniforms, equipment and underwear.
With the help of his foreign masters, by the spring of 1919, Kolchak managed to arm, clothe and shoe an army of almost 400,000.
Kolchak's offensive was supported from the North Caucasus and the south by Denikin's army, intending to link up with Kolchak's army in the Saratov region in order to jointly move on Moscow.
The White Poles advanced from the west along with the Petliura and White Guard troops. In the north and Turkestan, mixed detachments of Anglo-American and French interventionists and the army of the White Guard General Miller operated. From the northwest, supported by the White Finns and the English fleet, Yudenich advanced. Thus, all the forces of the counter-revolution and the interventionists went over to the offensive. Soviet Russia found itself again in the ring of advancing enemy hordes. Several fronts were created in the country. The main one was the Eastern Front. Here the fate of the country of the Soviets was decided.
On March 4, 1919, Kolchak launched an offensive against the Red Army along the entire Eastern Front for 2 thousand kilometers. He put up 145 thousand bayonets and sabers. The backbone of his army was the Siberian kulaks, the urban bourgeoisie and the prosperous Cossacks. In the rear of Kolchak there were about 150 thousand interventionist troops. They guarded the railways, helped to deal with the population.
The Entente kept Kolchak's army under its direct control. At the headquarters of the White Guards there were constantly military missions of the Entente powers. The French General Janin was appointed commander-in-chief of all interventionist troops operating in Eastern Russia and Siberia. The English General Knox was in charge of supplying Kolchak's army and forming new units for it.
The interventionists helped Kolchak develop an operational plan for the offensive and determined the main direction of the strike.
On the Perm-Glazov sector, the most powerful Siberian army of Kolchak operated under the command of General Gaida. The same army was to develop the offensive in the direction of Vyatka, Sarapul and unite with the troops of the interventionists operating in the North.
victims of the atrocities of Kolchak in Siberia. 1919
peasant hanged by Kolchak
From everywhere, from the territory of Udmurtia liberated from the enemy, information was received about the atrocities and arbitrariness of the White Guards. So, for example, at the Peskovsky plant, 45 people of Soviet workers, poor peasant workers, were tortured. They were subjected to the most cruel torture: their ears, noses, lips were cut out, their bodies were pierced with bayonets in many places (Doc. Nos. 33, 36).
Women, old people and children were subjected to violence, flogging and torture. Property, livestock, harness were taken away. The horses that the Soviet government gave to the poor to maintain their economy were taken away by the Kolchak people and given to the former owners (doc. No. 47).
A young teacher in the village of Zura, Pyotr Smirnov, was brutally cut down with a White Guard saber because he met a White Guard in good clothes (Doc. No. 56).
In the village of Syam-Mozhge, the Kolchakites dealt with a 70-year-old old woman because she sympathized with the Soviet government (doc. No. 66).
In the village of N. Multan, Malmyzhsky district, on the square in front of the people's house, the corpse of the young communist Vlasov was buried in 1918. The Kolchakites drove the working peasants to the square, forced them to dig up the corpse and publicly mocked him: they hit him on the head with a log, squeezed his chest and, finally, putting a noose around his neck, tied the tarantass to the front and dragged it along the village street for a long time (doc. No. 66 ).
In the workers' settlements and cities, in the huts of the poor peasants of Udmurtia, a terrible groan arose from the atrocities and butchery of Kolchak. For example, during the two months of the bandits' stay in Votkinsk, 800 corpses were found in Ustinov Log alone, not counting those single victims in private apartments who were taken away to no one knows where. Kolchak plundered and ruined the national economy of Udmurtia. It was reported from the Sarapulsky district that “after Kolchak, literally nothing was left anywhere ... After the Kolchak robberies in the county, the presence of horses decreased by 47 percent and cows by 85 percent ... In the Malmyzhsky county, in Vikharevskaya volost alone, the Kolchakists took 1,100 horses, 500 cows from the peasants , 2000 carts, 1300 sets of harness, thousands of poods of grain and dozens of households were completely plundered.
“After the capture of Yalutorovsk by the Whites (June 18, 1918), the former authorities were restored in it. A brutal persecution of all those who collaborated with the Soviets began. Arrests and executions became a mass phenomenon. The Whites killed a member of the Soviet of Demushkin, shot ten former prisoners of war (Czechs and Hungarians) who refused to serve them. According to the memoirs of Fyodor Plotnikov, a participant in the Civil War and a prisoner of the Kolchak torture chambers from April to July 1919, a table with chains and various devices for torture was installed in the basement of the prison. The tortured people were taken outside the Jewish cemetery (now the territory of the sanatorium orphanage), where they were shot. All this happened from June 1918. In May 1919, the Eastern Front of the Red Army went on the offensive. On August 7, 1919, Tyumen was liberated. Feeling the approach of the Reds, the Kolchakites perpetrated atrocious reprisals against their prisoners. On one of the August days of 1919, two large groups of prisoners were taken out of the prison. One group - 96 people - was shot in a birch forest (now the territory of a furniture factory), another, in the amount of 197 people, was hacked to death with swords across the Tobol River near Lake Gingiryai ... ".
From the certificate of the Deputy Director of the Yalutorovsk Museum Complex N.M. Shestakova:
“I consider myself obliged to say that my grandfather Yakov Alekseevich Ushakov, a front-line soldier of the First World War, was hacked to death by Kolchak drafts beyond Tobol, St. George Cavalier. My grandmother was left with three young sons. My father was only 6 years old at that time ... And how many women throughout Russia did the Kolchakites make widows, and children orphans, how many old people were left without son's care?
Therefore, the logical result (please note no torture, no bullying, just execution):
“We entered the cell to Kolchak and found him dressed - in a fur coat and a hat,” writes I.N. Bursak. It looked like he was expecting something. Chudnovsky read out to him the decision of the Revolutionary Committee. Kolchak exclaimed:
- How! Without trial?
Chudnovsky replied:
- Yes, Admiral, just like you and your henchmen shot thousands of our comrades.
Having risen to the second floor, we entered the cell to Pepelyaev. This one was also dressed. When Chudnovsky read out to him the decision of the revolutionary committee, Pepelyaev fell to his knees and, wallowing at his feet, begged not to be shot. He assured that, together with his brother, General Pepelyaev, he had long decided to rebel against Kolchak and go over to the side of the Red Army. I ordered him to get up and said: “You can’t die with dignity…
They again went down to Kolchak's cell, took him away and went to the office. The formalities are over.
By 4 o'clock in the morning we arrived at the bank of the Ushakovka River, a tributary of the Angara. Kolchak behaved calmly all the time, and Pepelyaev - this huge carcass - was in a fever.
Full moon, bright frosty night. Kolchak and Pepelyaev are standing on a hillock. Kolchak refuses my offer to blindfold. The platoon is lined up, rifles at the ready. Chudnovsky whispers to me:
- It's time.
I give the command:
- Platoon, on the enemies of the revolution - pl!
Both fall. We put the corpses on a sledge, bring them to the river and lower them into the hole. So " Supreme ruler of all Russia "Admiral Kolchak goes on his last voyage ... ".
(“The defeat of Kolchak”, military publishing house of the Ministry of Defense of the USSR, M., 1969, pp. 279-280, circulation 50,000 copies).
In the Yekaterinburg province, one of the 12 provinces under Kolchak's control, at least 25 thousand people were shot under Kolchak, about 10% of the two million population were flogged. They flogged both men and women and children.
M. G. Aleksandrov, commissar of the Red Guard detachment in Tomsk. He was arrested by Kolchak, imprisoned in Tomsk prison. In mid-June 1919, he recalled, 11 workers were taken out of the cell at night. Nobody slept.
“The silence was broken by weak groans that came from the courtyard of the prison, prayers and curses were heard ... but after a while everything was quiet. In the morning, the criminals told us that the Cossacks who had been taken out were chopped with sabers and stabbed with bayonets in the back yard, and then they loaded the carts and took them away somewhere.
Alexandrov said that he was then sent to the Alexander Central near Irkutsk, and out of more than a thousand prisoners there, the Red Army released only 368 people in January 1920. In 1921-1923. Alexandrov worked in the county Cheka Tomsk region. RGASPI, f. 71, op. 15, d. 71, l. 83-102.
American General W. Graves recalled:
“The soldiers of Semenov and Kalmykov, being under the protection of Japanese troops, flooded the country like wild animals, killed and robbed the people, while the Japanese, if they wished, could stop these killings at any time. If at that time they asked what all these brutal murders were for, they usually received in response that the dead were Bolsheviks, and such an explanation, obviously, satisfied everyone. Events in Eastern Siberia usually presented in the most gloomy colors and human life there was not worth a penny.
Terrible murders were committed in Eastern Siberia, but they were not committed by the Bolsheviks, as was commonly thought. I won’t be mistaken if I say that in Eastern Siberia, for every person killed by the Bolsheviks, there were a hundred people killed by anti-Bolshevik elements.”
Graves doubted that it was possible to point to any country in the world during the last fifty years where murder could be carried out with such ease and with the least fear of responsibility, as in Siberia during the reign of Admiral Kolchak. Concluding his memoirs, Graves noted that the interventionists and the White Guards were doomed to defeat, since "the number of Bolsheviks in Siberia by the time of Kolchak had increased many times over in comparison with their number at the time of our arrival"
There is a board for Mannerheim in St. Petersburg, now there will be Kolchak ... Next - Hitler?
The opening of the memorial plaque to Admiral Alexander Kolchak, who led the White movement in the Civil War, will take place on September 24 ... The memorial plaque will be installed on the bay window of the building where Kolchak lived ... The text of the inscription is approved:
"In this house from 1906 to 1912 lived an outstanding Russian officer, scientist and researcher Alexander Vasilyevich Kolchak."
I will not argue about his outstanding scientific achievements. But I read in the memoirs of General Denikin that Kolchak demanded (under pressure from Mackinder) that Denikin enter into an agreement with Petliura (giving Ukraine to him) in order to defeat the Bolsheviks. For Denikin, the homeland turned out to be more important.
Kolchak was recruited by British intelligence when he was a captain of the 1st rank and commander of a mine division in the Baltic Fleet. It happened at the turn of 1915-1916. This was already a betrayal of the Tsar and the Fatherland, to whom he swore allegiance and kissed the cross!
Have you ever thought about why the fleets of the Entente in 1918 calmly entered the Russian sector of the Baltic Sea?! After all, he was mined! In addition, in the confusion of the two revolutions of 1917, no one removed the minefields. Yes, because Kolchak's entry ticket for joining the British intelligence service was the surrender of all information about the location of minefields and barriers in the Russian sector of the Baltic Sea! After all, it was he who carried out this mining and he had all the maps of minefields and obstacles in his hands!
§ 11. The defeat of Kolchak
By the beginning of June, the armies of the eastern front approached the banks of the Kama and Belaya rivers. Kolchak's armies intended to gain a foothold here, relying on the Ural Range. At this moment, Trotsky, influenced by the advance of Denikin's armies to the north and northwest, demanded that the armies of the eastern front stop on the line of the Belaya River (near Ufa) and that several divisions from the east be transferred to the southern front. Trotsky's proposal ran counter to Lenin's directive of May 29, quoted above, in which he proposed not to weaken the offensive to the east. Such “concern” by Trotsky about the southern front to the detriment of the eastern front was again explained, as was observed among some workers on the Ukrainian front, by the denial of the international significance of our civil war, the denial of the decisive importance of the defense of Soviet Russia in any sector for the cause of the world proletarian revolution. Regardless of anything, Trotsky proposed to pay maximum attention to the offensive towards the borders of Western Europe, without a revolution in which, in his opinion, Soviet republics still couldn't hold out. A further offensive against Kolchak, according to Trotsky, moved the Red Army forces away from the western borders of the Soviet state. On the contrary, a strike against Denikin, if successful, would again bring the large forces of the Red Army to the Ukraine, bringing them closer to the borders of Western Europe.
Meanwhile, it was completely obvious that it was impossible “to leave the Urals in the hands of Kolchak with its factories, with its railway network, where he can easily recover, gather his fist and find himself again at the Volga - you must first drive Kolchak beyond the Ural Range, into the Siberian steppes , and only after that do the transfer of forces to the south " (Stalin, On the opposition, p. 110).
Stopping the victorious offensive against Kolchak would lower fighting mood Red Army units. Moreover, in this case, the Red Army would lose the support of tens of thousands of Ural workers and Siberian peasant partisans, who, under the leadership of the party, did not stop fighting against Kolchak and were preparing to take on their bayonets, spears and pitchforks the White Guards defeated and thrown back by the Red Army.
Even during the spring offensive of Kolchak, uprisings of workers and peasants under the leadership of underground Bolshevik organizations unfolded in his rear. One of the first uprisings - Kustanai - in March - April 1919, although it was suppressed by the Kolchakites with exceptional cruelty (the number of victims is up to 18 thousand people!), But it played its role: the whites were forced to remove large strength.
Commander-in-Chief S. S. Kamenev and Chief of Staff P. P. Lebedev.
Even more important were the uprisings and partisan struggle in the rear of the Kolchak armies in the second half of 1919, carried out in accordance with the decisions of the II Conference of Underground Party Organizations in Siberia and under the leadership of the Siberian Bureau of the Central Committee of the Party. In turn, the Sibburo of the Central Committee of the party coordinated its activities with the plans of the command of the eastern front, and later on the 5th army. On July 19, the Central Committee of the Party adopted a special resolution on the Siberian partisan detachments. This resolution proposed that the disparate detachments unite, move to a centralized command, and establish closer ties with underground party organizations. The workers of the eastern front were asked to establish close contact with the partisans, to coordinate the actions of the Red Army with the actions of the partisans.
This decree played a decisive role in the deployment and activation of the partisan movement in Siberia. AT Western Siberia along the Altai railway, detachments of Mamontov (in the Slavgorod district) and Gromov (in the Kamensky district) operated, with 3-4 thousand fighters each. Altai partisans played a huge role in the capture of Barnaul and Semipalatinsk.
In the Yenisei province, outstanding assistance was provided to units of the Red Army partisan detachments tt. V. G. Yakovenko, P. E. Shchetinkina and A. D. Kravchenko. The Cheremkhovo workers who rebelled on December 19, the Minyar, Krasnoyarsk and Irkutsk workers, the railroad workers - all of them, by their selfless struggle for the power of the soviets, hastened the liquidation of Kolchakism.
It was precisely this support of the Ural and Siberian workers and peasants, more than anything else, that made it possible, in the final analysis, after the final defeat of Kolchak, to withdraw part of the troops of the eastern front and transfer them to the southern. This could have been made all the easier since, with the exit to Siberia, the eastern front was reduced in length from north to south to 400 kilometers, and the farther, the more - compared to 1,200 kilometers by the beginning of our counterattack.
In the event that the Red Army's offensive against Kolchak was suspended, as Trotsky suggested, Kolchak would be able to recover, would be able to drown in blood partisan movement and with new forces would move to Moscow.
Proceeding from this, the Central Committee rejected the plan - Trotsky as a plan that threatened Soviet Russia with the gravest consequences, and removed Trotsky himself from participating in the affairs of the eastern front. At the same time, the Central Committee replaced the supporter of Trotsky's plan - the then commander-in-chief Vatsetis - with the new commander-in-chief S. S. Kamenev and demanded the continuation of the offensive against Kolchak. The defeat of Kolchak that followed shortly afterwards fully confirmed the correctness of the line of the Central Committee of the Party, the correctness of Lenin's demands.
In the struggle for the Urals in the Ufa, Zlatoust and Chelyabinsk operations, as well as in previous operations and battles, the armies of the eastern front showed exceptional stamina and heroism. Communists, commanders from junior to commanders of divisions and armies, inspired tired fighters with their personal example.
In the battles for Ufa, when crossing the Belaya River, there was such a case. The Ivanovo-Voznesensky regiment crossed to the enemy shore, pushed the whites back, but, having shot all the cartridges, was forced to gain a foothold in anticipation of reinforcements. The enemy took advantage of this. “And so,” says a participant in this battle, the late proletarian writer Dm. Furmanov, “when, instead of demonstrative attacks, the enemy launched a real broad offensive, the chains trembled, the soldiers could not stand it, they backed away. The commander and commissar stop the soldiers. They jump along the flanks, shout in order to stop the retreating, they quickly and quickly explain that there is nowhere to run anyway - behind the river, it is impossible to transport, that you need to get up, gain a foothold, you need to accept the attack. ", they jumped to the ground. This is Frunze, with him the head of the political department of the army Trallin, several close people ... He ran forward with a rifle: "Hurray! Hurrah! Comrades, forward!"
All those who were close recognized him. With the speed of lightning, the news rushed through the chains. The fighters were seized with enthusiasm, they rushed forward with fury. The moment was exceptional. Rarely, rarely, they fired, there were few cartridges, they rushed with bayonets to the avalanches of the advancing enemy. And the strength of the heroic upsurge is so great that now the enemy’s chains have trembled, they turned, they ran ... The turning point was made, the situation was restored " (Dm. Furmanov; Chapaev).
In the battle near Ufa, the 25th, now Chapaevskaya, division fought selflessly with its glorious commander in front. It was here, in the region of Krasny Yar - the village of Turbasly, that Kolchak’s shock officer and cadet units conducted a “psychic attack” on the Chapaevites from June 7 to 9, the same attack that is shown with such exciting skill in the film “Chapaev”.
From these battles, the division emerged victorious. Shortly after the capture of Ufa, the 25th division was transferred to the southern Urals and here, in the battle near Lbischensk, on September 5, Chapaev died (drowned in the Ural River). One of the reasons for the success of the White Cossacks was the poorly organized guarding of the headquarters of the Chapaev division.
In many battles, the direct assistance of the workers who rebelled in the rear of the Whites, or the performances of partisans, ensured the success of the Red Army. For example, “the battle for Chelyabinsk lasted several days and cost us 1,500 killed and wounded. The city changed hands. At the most critical moment, the Chelyabinsk workers came to the rescue, who, in the amount of four hundred, got involved in the fight. The appearance of these people in work blouses with rifles in their hands aroused great enthusiasm among the Red Army. It was important not that 400 new fighters came, but those that the Red Army felt with all their being that the people were with them. And despite the fact that there were fewer of us and that there were so few cartridges that we had to go with hostility to the enemy more than once without a single charge, the moral superiority decided the matter ”(from the memoirs of a participant).
The heroism of the Red Army soldiers, workers and peasants, led by the Bolshevik Party led by Lenin, ensured the victory of the Red Army in the east. Kolchak was defeated, the Urals were liberated from the Whites. The Red armies victoriously moved across the Siberian steppes. The first combined campaign of the Entente failed.
V. I. CHAPAEV
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The film "Admiral" went with us with a bang! The name of Admiral Kolchak in the media sounded loud and noisy. He is a handsome man, he is a talent, and an innovator, and a hero of wars, and an enviable lover ... Yes, there was an admiral-polar explorer, there was an admiral - an innovator in the mine business, but there was also a failed commander Black Sea Fleet, the admiral is a punisher in the expanses of Siberia, a shameful hireling of the Entente and a puppet in their hands. But the creators of the books, the film and the multi-part television movie are silent about this, as if they don’t know. Why did Kolchak turn from an enemy of the Bolsheviks into almost a hero of Russia?
In the spring of 1917, Vice-Admiral Alexander Kolchak, commander of the Black Sea Fleet, threw off his tsarist-era shoulder straps and put on a new uniform that had just been established by the Russian Provisional Government. But this did not save him from the decision of the Sevastopol Soviet of Deputies to remove him from office. On June 6 of the same year, he was out of work, in July he left for America, from there to Japan.
Kolchak in the service of Britain
There he decided on the issue of admission to the service in the British Navy and in early January 1918 he went to the Mesopotamian front. But already from Singapore he was returned by the Intelligence Department of the British General Staff, he was sent to the exclusion zone of the Chinese Eastern Railway. The administration of the road was located there, the failed government of autonomous Siberia, the Cossacks of atamans Semyonov and Kalmykov, numerous White Guard officer detachments, who did not obey anyone and did not recognize anyone, fled there.
Kolchak was introduced to the board of the CER, appointed head of the security guards, and his task was to unite the disparate military formations and rush into Russia "occupied" by the Bolsheviks. As before, he sewed on the shoulder straps of the admiral, but he walked in boots, riding breeches and an army-cut jacket.
Nothing worked for Alexander Vasilievich, he did not complete the task. In early July 1918, with his beloved Anna Timiryova, he left for Japan, allegedly for negotiations with the Chief of the Japanese General Staff on joint action. Kolchak lived in a small town, "corrected his health" in a resort town. But not for long.
Kolchak's life in Siberia
He was found by the English General A. Knox, who headed the Russian Department of the British War Office. Their meeting ended with Kolchak agreeing, with the help of England, to "recreate the Russian army in Siberia." The general happily reported to London: "... there is no doubt that Kolchak is the best Russian for the implementation of our goals in the Far East." Pay attention, reader, not to the goals of the Russian state, not to its people, but to their goals, English ones! Entente!
In mid-September, Kolchak, accompanied by General A. Knox and the French ambassador Regno, arrived in Vladivostok. By that time, Soviet power from the Volga to Pacific Ocean was overthrown by the Czechoslovak corps and local White Guard formations.
On October 14, Alexander Kolchak arrived in Omsk, he was immediately introduced into the government of P.V. Vologodsky as a military and naval minister.
On November 8, accompanied by an English battalion under the command of Colonel J. Ward, he went to the front, visited Yekaterinburg, near Ufa. On November 17, Kolchak returned to Omsk, and on the night of November 18, the military overthrew the power of the Directory, while, as the Socialist-Revolutionary D. Rakov wrote in his Parisian memoirs, a terrible orgy broke out on the banks of the Irtysh - the deputies were beaten with rifle butts, stabbed with bayonets, chopped with checkers.
Kolchak supreme ruler of Russia
Alexander Kolchak was proclaimed the Supreme Ruler of Russia and the Supreme Commander-in-Chief, on the same day he was awarded the rank of Admiral. For a year and a half, this is the fourth time he changed his uniform!
Having overthrown the Soviet power, the white army unleashed unprecedented terror and mockery of the population. The people did not know the courts.
White dictatorship and obscurantism
The White Guards executed hundreds of people in Barnaul, they shot 50 people in the village of Karabinka in the Biysk district, 24 peasants in the village of Shadrino, 13 front-line soldiers in the village of Kornilovo ... , which could turn the victim's body into a piece of broken meat in a few blows.
Lieutenant Goldovich and Ataman Bessmertny, who operated in the Kamensky district, forced their victims to sing their own funeral service before being shot, and girls and women were raped. The obstinate and recalcitrant were buried alive in the ground. Lieutenant Noskovsky was known for being able to kill several people with one shot.
Drunken “their nobles” took the leaders of the first Soviet power M.K. Tsaplin, I.V. Prisyagin, M.K. Their bodies were never found, most likely they were chopped up with checkers and thrown from the railway bridge to the Ob. 
The brutal and senseless reprisals against people increased manifold with the coming to power of Kolchak, with the establishment of a military dictatorship by him. Only for the first half of 1919:
- more than 25 thousand people were shot in the Yekaterinburg province,
- in the Yenisei province, on the orders of General S.N. Rozanov, about 10 thousand people were shot,
- 14 thousand people were flogged with whips, 12 thousand peasant farms were burned and plundered.
- in two days - July 31 and August 1, 1919 - over 300 people were shot in the city of Kamen, even earlier - 48 people in the arrest house of the same city.
They created the police, but to establish order over what?
At the beginning of 1919, the government of Admiral Kolchak decided to create special police units in the provinces and regions of Siberia. The companies of the Altai detachment, together with the companies of the Blue Lancers regiment and the 3rd Barnaul regiment, scoured the entire province with punitive functions. They spared neither women nor the elderly, they knew neither pity nor compassion.
The defeat of Kolchak's armies in the second battle on the Tobol
Trouble. 1919 100 years ago, in October 1919, Kolchak's armies suffered severe defeat in the second battle on Tobol. After the loss of Petropavlovsk and Ishim, the Whites retreated to Omsk. 
AIRSHIP OF THE ARMORED TRAIN "RED SIBIRYAK". KURGAN, OCTOBER 1919 From the first days of October, at the Zyryanka station near Kurgan, not far from the river, the 5th aeronautical detachment of the RKKVF settled with a tethered observation balloon of the Parseval brand, which worked together with the Red Sibiryak armored train. Every morning the balloon rose over Tobol, correcting the fire of the guns of the armored train, hitting the White Guard trenches on the eastern bank. From the basket of the balloon, Kolchak's positions were visible at a glance. Naturally, the primary task of the Siberian pilots was the destruction of this malicious "sausage". Several times the Sopvichi of the 10th detachment fired at her with machine guns. 
But they did not have incendiary bullets, and the holes from the usual ones were sealed in a matter of minutes. Then they decided to bomb the ground facilities of balloonists (gas production station, winches, gas tanks and barracks personnel ). On October 7, three Sopwiths flew out to bombard the red airfield and the Parseval base. A side mission was reconnaissance. The planes flew at long intervals (about a kilometer) in order to cover the maximum possible territory with observation, but at the same time not lose sight of each other. At the same time, the Soviet "Sopvich" of pilot Baturin and letnab Rukhin was returning from reconnaissance. Above the front line, Baturin saw one of the White Guard airplanes (it was the outermost plane of the pilot ensign Volkovoynov and the pilot captain Yankovsky). Remaining unnoticed, Baturin cautiously approached the enemy from behind and from below and fired a machine-gun burst. The bullets pierced the gas tank, and Volkovoynov was wounded in the arm. Not at a loss, the white pilot banked to enable Yankovsky to return fire from a turret machine gun. But Baturin, noticing two more White Guard airplanes, decided not to risk it. Quickly turning around, he went down to his territory. Subsequently, the red pilot explained his exit from the battle by a lack of fuel. Volkovoynov, flying the plane with one hand, managed to return to the airfield and land safely. The remaining two crews bombed the Red airfield in Zyryanka and the balloon hanging near the ground, but the bombs dropped from a height of 700 meters fell inaccurately and did no harm. Despite the more than modest result of the battle, Baturin received the Order of the Red Banner for him. The White Guards continued to decide how to put an end to Parseval. Bombing from heights above 400 m gave almost no chance of success (recall that the letnabs “threw shells” manually and without a sight), and bombing during the day from lower heights meant exposing oneself to excessive risk. After all, the parking lot of the balloon was securely covered by three anti-aircraft machine guns located at the corners of the triangle, in the center of which the balloon hung. On October 9, a balloon with an armored train arrived at the Lagovushka junction. On the morning of the same day, the White Guard "Sopwith" flew in again and dropped two bombs on the balloon bivouac from a height of 1500 meters, which again fell far from the target. Seeing the futility of such actions, pilot captain Muromtsev and pilot captain Voschillo volunteered to attack the balloon stand under cover of darkness at low level flight. At midnight from October 9 to 10, in the clear light of the moon, their Sopwith, with a muffled engine, “crept up” at a height of just over 20 meters to the air detachment parking lot. Voschillo threw the first incendiary bomb into the light yellow "carcass" of the balloon, clearly visible against the background of the earth. The explosion was heard 46 steps from the balloon. At this time, the changing of the guard was taking place at the balloon. The Red Army soldiers immediately opened fire from machine guns, but Muromtsev decided, for reliability, to make a couple more passes to enable the letnab to dump the remaining ammunition. The second, high-explosive bomb exploded 24 steps from the balloon, and the third, incendiary, did not work. On the third approach, by hurricane fire from the ground, Voschillo was seriously wounded by two bullets in the face and in the arm. Muromtsev was convinced that the balloon had been destroyed, which he reported upon his return. However, the pilot was mistaken: when examining the cylinder, only a few fragmentation holes and cuts were found in it. The next day, all the holes in the shell were sealed and the balloon, pumped up with hydrogen from the gas tank, again rose into the sky. This bold but unsuccessful attack was not cheap for the Whites - the Sopwith returned to the airfield with a dozen shots and a bleeding letnab. Two days after the night raid, an incident occurred that almost ended sadly for the only pilot of the 28th reconnaissance detachment. On the morning of October 11, Baturin, flying on the Sopwith over the parking lot of the aeronautical detachment, for some reason "performed combat evolutions with a decrease over the balloon" (that is, he performed some maneuvers). The personnel of the air detachment, mistaking this for preparation for an attack, fired at him from machine guns from the ground and from the basket of a balloon. Fortunately for the pilot, the fighters soon saw the stars on the wings of the Sopwith and stopped firing. Not a single bullet hit the plane. Upon his return, Baturin explained his mysterious “evolutions” with a desire to demonstrate identification marks.
General situation on the Eastern Front
The September offensive of Kolchak's armies in Siberia did not improve their position. Kolchak won only space. However, they suffered such losses that they were no longer able to compensate for them in a short time. The 3rd White Army lost a quarter of its strength in the first two weeks of the offensive alone. The ranks of the most combat-ready divisions, which took the brunt of the fighting, like the 4th Ufa and Izhevsk, lost almost half of the composition. The bloodless Kolchak units barely reached the Tobol line. The Siberian Cossack corps of Ivanov-Rinov proved to be much worse than hoped. The Cossacks were self-willed, preferred to act in their own interests, and not in the general. All reserves were completely depleted. At the end of September 1919, the last reserve was sent to the front - only 1.5 thousand people. An attempt to send the Czechoslovaks to the front failed due to their complete decomposition and unwillingness to fight. The situation in the rear was terrible. The Kolchak government controlled only the cities and the Siberian Railway (the Czechs held the railroad). The village was ruled by rebels and partisans.
It was not possible to strike a decisive blow at the Red Army and gain time. The 3rd and 5th Red armies entrenched themselves on the line of Tobol and very quickly recovered from the first unsuccessful attack on Petropavlovsk. The Red Command, party and Soviet organizations carried out new mobilizations in the Ural cities. The military commissariats sent thousands of new reinforcements to the divisions. Only the Chelyabinsk province provided 24,000 men for the 5th Army in two weeks of September. The 3rd Army received 20,000 men in mid-October. Also, the mobilization of peasants and workers was carried out in the front-line areas. New regiments, brigades and divisions were formed in the rear of the Red Eastern Front. The armies of the front received one rifle and one cavalry division, 7 fortress regiments.
By mid-October 1919, the strength of the Red Eastern Front was doubled. The Red Army received the missing weapons and uniforms. True, there was a shortage of ammunition. The Soviet units rested, recovered and were ready for new battles. The size of the 5th Army increased to 37 thousand bayonets and sabers, with 135 guns, 575 and machine guns, 2 armored trains ("Red Siberian" and "Avenger"), 4 armored cars and 8 airplanes. Tukhachevsky's army occupied a front 200 km from Lake Kara-Kamysh to Belozerskaya (40 km north of Kurgan). The 3rd Army operating to the north consisted of 31.5 thousand bayonets and cavalry, 103 guns, 575 machine guns, an armored train, 3 armored vehicles and 11 aircraft. Army Mikhail Stepanovich Matiyasevich occupied the front from Belozerskaya to Bachalin with a length of about 240 km.
The Reds had an advantage in manpower, weapons and reserves. In the reserve regiments of the two armies, the fortress areas of Yekaterinburg, Chelyabinsk and Troitsk, there were 12 thousand people.
The 5th Red Army was opposed by the 3rd White Army, the Steppe Group and the remnants of the Orenburg Army - a total of about 32 thousand bayonets and sabers, 150 guns, 370 machine guns, 2 armored trains ("Zabiyaka" and "Tagil"). These troops were consolidated into the "Moscow Army Group" under the command of General Konstantin Vyacheslavovich Sakharov(in the hope of taking Moscow by Denikin's army).
The 2nd and 1st White armies acted against the 3rd Red Army, in total about 29 thousand bayonets and cavalry. In the front reserve, the Kolchak command had only about 3-4 thousand people. Kolchak had an advantage only in cavalry.
Thus, the 3rd and 5th armies were very quickly restored to full combat capability. Taking advantage of the fact that the Kurgan with crossings over the Tobol and the railway line remained in the hands of the Reds, marching reinforcements continuously went to the front, new units were brought up. The Red Army soldiers had an advantage in the number and quality of troops, their morale was high. The Whites were demoralized, despite their latest success on the Tobol. They had to fight on two fronts: against the Red Army and the rebels. To all this was added insufficient supply of the army with uniforms and ammunition. The uniform received in August - September 1919 from abroad was used, or it was plundered in the rear, and the new one has not yet arrived. Therefore, it turned out that the Kolchakites had weapons and ammunition in October, but they were in great need of overcoats and shoes. Meanwhile, a period of cold rains had come, winter was approaching. This further undermined the spirit of Kolchak.
The white command no longer had reserves, the latter were absorbed by the offensive. True, whites here and there tried to form various volunteer formations, "teams", to restore the volunteer principle. However, the number of such units, as their combat capability, was negligible. So the "teams" of the Old Believers did not reach the front - some fled along the road, the other white command did not dare to send to the front line, leaving them in the rear. Often these were the machinations of individual adventurers who, in Time of Troubles"caught fish", that is, "mastered" money and property.
Even before the start of the new offensive of the Red Army in the Omsk direction, the Whites lost their base in Southern Siberia. Most of the Orenburg army of Dutov in September 1919 was defeated by the troops of the red Turkestan front under the command of Frunze near Aktobe. The White Cossacks capitulated, others either dispersed or retreated with Ataman Dutov to the Kokchetav-Akmolinsk region, then to Semirechye.
In the same period, England and France, realizing the futility of the Kolchak regime, refused to support Omsk. They saw that the Kolchak government had exhausted itself. England and France are stepping up their aid to Poland, seeing in it a full-fledged force opposing Soviet Russia. The United States and Japan continued to provide assistance to Kolchak in order to maintain positions in Siberia and the Far East. So in October Far East 50 thousand rifles were sent to Kolchak's headquarters. Negotiations were also underway on the supply of tanks. In addition, negotiations were held in Omsk with the Japanese. Kolchak hoped that Japanese divisions would be sent to the front. The Japanese promised to strengthen their military contingent in Russia.
The second battle on the Tobol
Although the situation of the Kolchak armies was deplorable, the Kolchak command still hoped to continue the offensive. However, the Reds were ahead of the enemy. The 5th Army dealt the main blow in the Petropavlovsk direction. For this purpose, a strike group consisting of three divisions was formed on the right flank. In the south, this offensive was supported by the strike of the 35th Infantry Division on the Zverinogolovskiy tract. On the left flank of the army, the 27th division struck. That is, it was planned to take the main forces of the enemy into pincers and destroy them. To demoralize the rear of the enemy and develop the offensive, it was planned to introduce a cavalry division (more than 2.5 thousand sabers) into the breakthrough. A few days later, the 3rd Army was to begin moving in the Ishim direction.
At dawn on October 14, 1919, units of the 5th Army began to cross the river. Tobol. At first, the Kolchakites offered stubborn resistance. In some places, the Whites even repulsed the first attacks and drove back Soviet troops on the right bank of the Tobol. The whites put up especially fierce resistance on the railroad line and north of it. Two armored trains and most of the artillery were located here. However, already on the first day of the offensive, Tukhachevsky's army crossed the river and occupied a significant bridgehead. The White command tried to stop the enemy's offensive, threw the best parts into battle. The counterattack was delivered by the Izhevsk division, which was considered the best in Kolchak's army, it was supported by the 11th Ural division, and most of the army artillery. But the counterattack was repulsed, the Izhevsk division even got surrounded and only at the cost of heavy losses broke through to the east. On October 18, the whites organized another counterattack, but it was also repulsed.
Thus, the 5th Army again managed to successfully force the river. Tobol, striking with his right flank in the coverage of the messages of the white troops from the south. The White Command tried in vain to stop the enveloping advance of the right flank of the 5th Army (35th and 5th Rifle Divisions), trying to regroup towards its left flank and line up the front to the south. However, this regrouping was late, and the Whites were forced to hastily retreat across the river. Ishim.
On October 19 - 20, 1919, the 3rd Red Army went on the offensive. Its right-flank 30th division advanced on Ishim and helped the troops of the 5th army to break the resistance of the northern flank of the 3rd white army. The White Front was broken through, and the Kolchakites retreated everywhere. In some places, the withdrawal turned into a flight, the Soviet divisions quickly moved east. Entire units of the enemy surrendered or went over to the side of the Reds. So the regiment of Carpathian Rusyns went over to the side of the Reds. Kolchak's army was falling apart. The mobilized soldiers fled to their homes, surrendered, went over to the side of the Reds. Part of the troops mowed out typhus. The Cossacks, without engaging in battle, dispersed through the villages. For two weeks of the offensive, the Red Army advanced 250 km. On October 22, the Reds took Tobolsk.
Liberation of Petropavlovsk
The commander-in-chief of the white army, General Dieterikhs, not seeing the possibility of saving the capital, on October 24 ordered the evacuation of Omsk. On November 4, he was dismissed, General Sakharov was appointed in his place. Having suffered a defeat between Tobol and Ishim, the white command withdrew the remnants of the troops beyond the river. Ishim, hoping to create a new defensive line here and try to stop the enemy advance. The regiments of the 1st Army were sent to the rear, to the Novonikolaevsk-Tomsk region, for restoration and replenishment.
At the end of October 1919, advanced units Soviet armies went to the Ishim River. It was necessary on the move, before the enemy came to his senses, to cross the river and liberate the cities of Petropavlovsk and Ishim. Three regiments of the 35th Infantry Division were the first to reach Petropavlovsk. On the evening of October 29, the Reds approached the bridge over the Ishim. The Whites set fire to the bridge, but the Red Army men were able to put it out. They quickly crossed the river and threw back the enemy barrier to the city. On the morning of October 30, all three Soviet regiments were in Petropavlovsk. But the Kolchakites kept part of the city behind them. Pulling up the troops, the Whites launched a counterattack. Kolchak organized 14 attacks, but were repulsed. The next day, the whites again tried to drive the enemy out of the city, but without success. On November 1, when new Soviet units arrived in time to help, the Reds resumed their offensive and completely liberated Petropavlovsk. Significant trophies were captured in the city.
On November 4, units of the 5th Army liberated Ishim. After the fall of Petropavlovsk and Ishim, Kolchak began a hasty retreat to Omsk. Part of the Kolchak troops on the southern flank, led by Dutov, went south, to the Kokchetav region. The Battle of Tobolsk-Peter and Paul was the last stage of the organized and serious resistance of the Kolchak army. The White Guards were defeated and suffered heavy losses. Only the 3rd White Army lost from October 14 to October 31 about 13 thousand killed, wounded and captured, thousands of soldiers and Cossacks fled to their homes.
The successful offensive of the Red armies of the Eastern Front was of great importance for the overall strategic situation. It began at the decisive moment of the battle on the Southern Front, when Denikin's army was on the outskirts of Tula. Successes in the east of the country allowed the Soviet high command in November to withdraw part of the forces from the Eastern Front and send them to the south for the final defeat of the White armies in the South of Russia.
The Soviet troops continued their offensive without a pause. In the main direction, along the Petropavlovsk-Omsk railway, three divisions of the 5th Army were moving. To pursue the Dutov group on the southern flank, a special group of troops was allocated as part of the 54th Infantry Division and the Cavalry Division. She launched an offensive against Kokchetav. The 30th Rifle Division of the 3rd Army was advancing along the Ishim-Omsk railway line. In the valley of the Irtysh River, upstream, the 51st Division was advancing on Omsk. The 5th and 29th rifle divisions were withdrawn to the front reserve.
