To the question Which word has the suffix -AT-? given by the author Flip over the best answer is Dosh-at-th, brusch-at-th And one more thing: The suffix -ast- (-at-) forms adjectives that name parts of the body of a person or animal, external qualities of a person, accessories of his appearance (hairy, shaggy, lipped, bespectacled, horned, bony). Exception: striped, married. Nouns with suf. -am (phonemic |at|) are three types. 1) Words motivated by nouns with meaning. persons and naming the social system, position, institution associated with the person. Semantic subtypes: a) "a social or political system determined by the power of a person (persons)": sultanate, caliphate, emirate, exarchate, protectorate, patriarchate, consulate, triumvirate; b) "social system associated with the existence of a given social stratum": colonat, patriciate; c) "official status of a person": headman, inspectorate, pastorate; d) "an institution consisting of persons named by a motivating word": editorial board, directorate, episcopate; e) "institution headed by a person": commissariat, rector's office, dean's office; separate championship. Before the suffix, the final |j| the basics of the motivating word (vicar - vicariate), and in the notary - notary - final -us. In the words commissariat and secretariat, the morph -iat stands out (phonemic |aat|). Stress on the suffix (acc. type A). The type is productive in the field of socio-political terminology: attache - attachat (with the vowel |e| cut off). 2) Words that name a person in relation to an object, country, political grouping, biological phenomenon: scholarship - scholarship holder, Asia - Asian, union - uniat, confederation - confederate, acceleration - accelerator (new). Before the suffix, the final |j| bases of the motivating word, and in the word confederate - the final -atsi|j|-. Stress on the suffix (acc. type A). The type shows some productivity in spec. terminology. 3) Words that call chemical compounds, containing an element called a motivating word: chlorate, chromate, saccharate, ammonia, platinum, aluminate, phosphate (with the endings cut off -i, -or: aluminum, phosphorus), as well as with associated international roots: hydrate (the same root - in additions with a hydro component, see § 555), sulfate, nitrate, carbonate, acetate. Stress on the suffix (acc. type A). Type is productive in chemical terminology.
Answer from philosophical[newbie]
Badger
Answer from Egor Pppov[newbie]
shovel
Answer from Marina Astakhova[newbie]
a drug
Answer from flush[newbie]
soldier
Answer from Pavel Gruzdev[newbie]
Pinkish
Answer from Paul Petrenko[newbie]
under stress when added to the stem of a noun forms an adjective with the meaning of possessing a sign? hair > hairy? stripe > striped? hump > humpback
under stress when adding a singular to the stem of a noun with suffixes -onok, -yonok forms plural this noun, replacing them? hedgehog > hedgehog? rabbit > rabbits? granddaughter > grandchildren? shepherd > shepherd? lettuce > lettuce
under stress, when added to the stem of a noun, forms a noun with the meaning "a group of people, society or system associated with this concept" ? kagan > khaganate? patriarch > patriarchy
chem. under stress when added to the stem of a noun forms a noun with the meaning of the name of multi-element electronegative components in complex inorganic compounds? bromine > bromate? boron > borate
Answer from Angelica Panteleva[newbie]
costs. standing, making noise. rustle. rustling, whipping, whipping. What is the ending?
Answer from Natalie[newbie]
walrus
Answer from Vika Podlesnova[active]
sultanate, caliphate, emirate, exarchate, protectorate, patriarchy, consulate, triumvirate, championship
Answer from Imran As[active]
Championship.
Answer from Zinaida Skryabikova[newbie]
Plank-at-th, brusch-at-th
And one more thing: The suffix -ast- (-at-) forms adjectives that name parts of the body of a person or animal, the external qualities of a person, accessories of his appearance (hairy, shaggy, lipped, bespectacled, horned, high cheekbones).
Exception: striped, married.
Nouns with suf. -am (phonemic |at|) are three types.
1) Words motivated by nouns with meaning. persons and naming the social system, position, institution associated with the person. Semantic subtypes: a) "a social or political system determined by the power of a person (persons)": sultanate, caliphate, emirate, exarchate, protectorate, patriarchate, consulate, triumvirate; b) "social system associated with the existence of a given social stratum": colonat, patriciate; c) "official status of a person": headman, inspectorate, pastorate; d) "an institution consisting of persons named by a motivating word": editorial office, directorate, episcopate; e) "institution headed by a person": commissariat, rector's office, dean's office; separate championship. Before the suffix, the final |j| the basics of the motivating word (vicar - vicariate), and in the notary - notary - final -us. In the words commissariat and secretariat, the morph -iat stands out (phonemic |aat|). Stress on the suffix (acc. type A). The type is productive in the field of socio-political terminology: attaché - attachat (with the vowel |e| cut off).
2) Words that name a person in relation to the subject, country, political grouping, biological phenomenon: scholarship - scholarship holder, Asia - Asian, union - Uniate, confederation - confederate, acceleration - accelerator (new). Before the suffix, the final |j| bases of the motivating word, and in the word confederate - the final -atsi|j|-. Stress on the suffix (acc. type A). The type shows some productivity in spec. terminology.
3) Words naming chemical compounds containing an element named by the motivating word: chlorate, chromate, sucrose, ammonia, platinate, aluminate, phosphate (with the endings cut off -i, -or: aluminum, phosphorus), as well as with associated international roots: hydrate (the same root - in addition to the hydro component, see § 555), sulfate, nitrate, carbonate, acetate. Stress on the suffix (acc. type A). Type is productive in chemical terminology.
About adjective suffixes -ist, -ast, -at
The article deals with the synonymy of adjective suffixes -ist, -ast, -at. Shades of the meanings of these suffixes, their compatibility with various roots, the figurative use of some adjectives with these suffixes are revealed.
Key words: Russian language, adjectives, affixal synonymy, suffixes -ist, -ast, -at, figurative meaning.
The suffixes -ist, -ast, -at (especially -ist) are productive for the formation of adjectives in Russian. They can be recognized as synonymous and meaningful: having something or some quality, containing something. For example, dexterous (possessing dexterity), glandular (containing iron), iodine (containing iodine), bespectacled (possessing glasses), fanged (possessing fangs), humpbacked (possessing a hump), shaggy (possessing hair), winged (possessing wings). That is, the suffixes -ist, -ast, at are morphemic (more precisely, affixal) synonyms.
However, just as lexical synonyms are close, but not identical to each other (Yu.A. Levitsky even believes that “in Russian one can point to only one pair of completely identical words behemoth and hippopotamus”), so are morphemic (in this case, affixal) synonyms close, but not identical to each other. In this regard, it is interesting to compare the suffixes -at and -ast when attached to the same root:
© E. M. RUCHIMSKAYA, Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences
goiter-toothed forelock horned
goiter toothy forelock horned
hairy
hairy
bearded
bearded
What is the difference between the adjectives in the first and second column? The fact that in the first column they mean "possessing something" (horns,
mustache, beard, etc.), and the adjectives in the second column mean "possessing something in an increased degree" (big horns, big mustaches, big beard, etc.). However, there are adjectives with the suffix -at that have received this second meaning, which belongs to the suffix -ast (having something in a higher degree). This applies to adjectives formed from nouns, meaning an object that is certainly available. For example, belly, nose (if there is no nose, then this is specially noted: noseless). In this case, adjectives with the suffix -at and the suffix -ast will have the same meaning. That is, big-nosed and big-nosed are the same thing, just like pot-bellied and pot-bellied. This is how it is reflected in the Dictionary of V.I. Dahl: “nosed, with a nose, opposite sex. noseless; but use. and vm. big-nosed, big-nosed, long-nosed"; “pot-bellied, pot-bellied, paunchy, big-bellied. Chubby horse. Pot-bellied jug, bottle. Empty barrel. Pot-bellied barin ".
Consider adjectives with the suffix -ist: sinewy, calloused, muscular, wrinkled, blackheaded, porous, nailed, clawed, bony, broad-shouldered. Just like adjectives with the suffix -ast, they mean "possessing something in an increased degree." Although, in combination with other roots, the suffix -ist generates adjectives meaning "possessing something" (not in an elevated degree): misty, muddy, hilly, clayey, undulating, mountainous, wooded, dewy, swampy, bushy, mossy.
It is interesting to note that adjectives with the suffixes -ast, -at with a root meaning "part of the body" receive a figurative meaning. Big-headed is not "having a big head", but "smart, sensible"; big-eyed is not “having big eyes”, but “seeing well, sharp-sighted”; handy is not “having big hands”, but “who knows how to work well with his hands”; loud-voiced is not “with a wide throat”, but “loud-voiced, noisy”; tongued is not "having big tongue”, and “who knows how to answer well, sharp on the tongue.”
Of particular interest is the transfer of meaning in adjectives with the suffix -at: fraught, belly (almost always belly). This is not "having a large womb, belly", but "having in the womb, belly." At the same time, the adjective pot-bellied did not receive a new meaning. The adjective belly has not received a new meaning either. Compare: "belly woman" (with a fat belly) and "belly woman" (pregnant).
In the last example, we see how the addition of different suffixes (in principle, synonymous) generates adjectives of different meanings. Another option is also possible: having the same meaning, an adjective with one suffix displaces an adjective with a different suffix. In this regard, the tail root is interesting, to which
Roma can have all three suffixes attached. Tailed means "having a tail"; tailed and tailed - "having a big tail." In the Dictionary of V.I. Dahl read: “tailed, with a tail. Tail star. Tailed, with a long or thick tail. Tailed, the same. In our time, the adjective tailed has clearly supplanted the adjective tailed.
Another example. In the 70s, champions of the purity of the Russian language took up arms against the adjective colorful: why a new adjective colorful when there is a good definition of flowery? Indeed, the adjective colorful is relatively new. In Dahl's Dictionary, it is not recorded, and the word flowery is reflected as follows: “flowery fabric, multi-colored, motley, patterned, bright. || - a meadow rich in flowers.|| - language, pompous, full of embellishment. In the second and third meanings, the adjective flowery has been preserved: you can hear or read "flowery meadow", "flowery language". But now hardly 10% of Russian speakers will say “flowery fabric”, 90% will say “colorful fabric”. So whether we like it or not, in the first sense, the adjective flowery has supplanted the adjective flowery.
Compare the adjectives flea and flea. The word flea-ty is relatively new, Dahl does not record it, there are others: “flea, flea, flea side; dog". It is unlikely that anyone will now say "flea dog", rather "flea dog".
In the examples given, we see that adjectives with the suffix -ast displace single-root adjectives with the suffix -ist.
The last example (flea - flea) makes us pay attention to one more circumstance: with what sounds (in oral speech) and with what letters (in writing) the suffixes -ist, -ast, -at can be combined.
"Flea" cannot be said. Before the suffix -ist [x], adjectives do not occur (for nouns, this is possible, for example, a masochist). For adjectives, [x] before -ist turns into [w].
Let's see what other sounds and letters the suffixes -ist, -ast, -at combine with.
These are B (snowy, lobed, hunchbacked), C (precipitous, brow-shaped, fraught), D (thoroughbred, busty, bearded), Z (slimy, big-eyed, pot-bellied), M (hilly, white-haired, shaggy), N (foamy, ankle-bodied, married), P (rich, swirling, pocked (obsolete)), C (vociferous, nosy, striped), T (velvety, colorful, tailed), W (hairy, eared, eared (obsolete)).
Let's compare the addition of the suffixes -at and -ist to monosyllabic nouns ending in S. The noun forest generates the adjective wooded (not "wooded"), the noun bass - bassi-
stoy (not "basaty"), and the nose - nosy (not "nosed"); from the noun mustache, the adjective mustachioed (not "muscular") is formed. Is there any pattern here?
Let us now consider what sounds (letters) occur before two suffixes, but do not occur before one.
Before -ast and -at, G (horned, horned), K (linguistic, tongued), X (bellied, belly) are possible, which do not occur before -ist. As we have already shown with the example of the adjective flea, X before -ist turns into Sh. Here are more examples: scope - sweeping, moss - mossy, fluff - fluffy, burdock - burdock. G before -ist turns into Zh. For example, a ravine is ravine, snow is snowy, cottage cheese is curdled, threshold is rapid, blizzard is blizzard, snag is snag.
Before -ist and -at, Zh (horny, counselor), (blurry, hoarse), Ch (radiant, granddaughter), Щ (cartilaginous, plank), which do not occur before -ast (as for adjectives frequent, infrequent, here -ast is part of the root).
There are no such sounds (letters) that would occur before the suffixes -ist, -ast and would not occur before -at.
Let us now consider what sounds (letters) appear before one suffix and do not appear before two. There are no such sounds (letters) before -ast, -at.
The most “original” in this regard is the suffix -ist, before which there are vowels E (serpentine), O (layered), U (streaming), absolutely impossible before -ast and -at. Before -ist is also possible soft sign, impossible before -ast and -at. There are two such adjectives - sensitive and streamy.
An interesting observation can be made regarding the stress in adjectives with the suffixes in question. It turns out that adjectives with the suffixes -ast, -at always have an accent on the suffix: forehead, eyebrows, tongue-tied, fraught, rich, bearded, etc., and adjectives with the suffix -ist can also have an accent on the suffix (loopy, muscular etc.), and on the root (bumpy, hooligan, etc.).
Literature
1. Levitsky Yu.A. General linguistics: Proc. allowance. M., 2008.
The vocabulary of the Russian language is constantly updated. Along with the noun, adjectives are also responsible for this process. A huge role in it is played by morphological word formation from different parts of speech: from a noun ( evil, glass, fox), from the verb ( patient, talkative, deceitful), and from other adjectives ( grey-beige, sour-salty).
In today's article, we will consider the method with the suffix -ist-. word formation is not only the most popular, but also the most effective.
General information
Examples of adjectives with the suffix -ist-:
hollow, hazy, granular, fluffy, shady, broad-shouldered, vociferous, silvery, intermittent, rolling, cocky, gelatinous, blond etc.
As you can see, in the suffix -ist- only the vowel "and" can be used: clayey, rough. The suffix -est- for adjectives simply does not exist.
Meanings of words formed in this way
The described part of the word is considered very active. In the process of word formation, adjectives are obtained with the suffix -ist- and the ending -th / th / th / th (depending on the gender and number). Formed new words get several meanings:
- Similar to something: silvery(similar to silver) velvety(similar to velvet) earthy(similar to earth) iodide(similar to iodine) icy(similar to ice).
- The presence of something in large quantity / quality: shady(lots of shade) fragrant(strongly smelling) vociferous(loud voice).
- Prone to something, having a certain characteristic: s irritating(pugnacious, loving to argue with people), impetuous(when talking about the wind) thorny(difficult, requiring a lot of effort to overcome).
Suffixes -ast- and -at-. Their practical role
Synonyms for -ist- are other suffixes: -ast- and -at-. In some cases, cognate words with the suffix -ist- can be replaced by adjectives with -ast-. For example, flea and flea-like. "Flea" is used in modern speech much more often than flea, although it is a relatively new word. In Dahl's dictionaries there is no such adjective, but there is its single-root counterpart.
Another example of such a substitution of a word with the suffix -ist- can be considered a pair - "flowery" and "colorful". In the seventies, fighters for a pure Russian language began to speak out sharply against the adjective "colorful." They did not understand the meaning of its use, because in the language there was another, more pleasant-sounding word - "flowery". Indeed, it may seem strange, but the adjective "colorful" is also quite new, and in Dahl's dictionary it is completely absent. The concept of "flowery", "flowery" had several meanings:
1. ... cloth; fabric with patterns, bright colors;
2. ... a meadow with many flowers and butterflies;
3. ... language; pompous, loud, with bright speech turns.
Now the word "flowery" sounds natural only in the meaning of "flowery meadow" and "flowery language". The phrase "flowery fabric" is no longer used so often, and most Russian speakers will say "colorful fabric" instead. Like it or not, but the suffix -ast- eventually managed to displace -ist-.
Invariable letters and sounds before the suffix
Let's go back to the first example: flea-flea. Here we can consider adjectives with the suffix -ist- and the rule that applies in this case. What are the sounds (colloquial speech) and letters ( written language) should be used before the suffix?
The adjective "flea" cannot be considered correct. In such cases, we cannot use [x] with this suffix when working with adjectives. Note that in nouns this usage is correct - masochist. For adjectives, the sound changes from [x] to [w].
Also examples of correct combinations are sounds (and letters):
- "b" - bumpy;
- "in" - precipitous;
- "d" - thoroughbred;
- "and" - erysipelatous;
- "h" - slimy;
- "m" - hilly;
- "n" - thorny;
- "R" - porous, friable;
- "With" - fleshy, vociferous;
- "t" - velvety;
- "h" - radiant;
- "sh" - hairy.
Changeable letters and sounds
The following sounds/letters occurring at the end of nouns alternate when combined with a suffix:
- "x" is changed to "w" (as in the examples above): scope - sweeping, fluff - fluffy, burdock - burdock, moss - mossy;
- "g" becomes "g": the ravine is gully, the cottage cheese is curdled, the threshold is rapid, the snow is snowy, the road is expensive, the snag is snag, the blizzard is blizzard.
The suffix -ist- can come after several vowels: "e" ( serpentine), "about" ( laminate), "u" ( streamy). These vowels cannot be combined with the suffixes -ast- and -at-, so this case can be considered unique. A soft sign can also be used before -ist-. In this case, two adjectives are formed: flaky and streamy.
accents
An interesting point is the issue of stress in the adjectives mentioned above with the suffix -ist-. It turns out that in them the stress can fall both on the root (bumpy, hooligan), and on the suffix itself (loopy, muscular).
Let's take a closer look at each case:
- The stress falls on the suffix if it was on the first syllable in the derived noun: velvet - velvety, voice - vociferous, stone - rocky.
- If the original noun has an accent on the second syllable, then it is preserved in the same place in the adjective: swamp - marshy, breed - thoroughbred, weather — weathery.
There may also be a slight deviation from the established norm for the use of stress. In this case, a new rule may apply and adjectives with the suffix -ist- may have double stress.
Examples are: the adjective "muscular", derived from the noun "muscle" and "sugar", derived from the word "sugar". In the second example, the variant with the stress on the root is the most common in everyday speech, but the case with the stressed suffix is also acceptable.
Formation of quality adjectives
The suffix -ist- can also be attached to proper names, resulting in quality adjectives. We practically do not use them in modern colloquial speech, however, such a method really exists and is found on the pages of literary texts.
Qualitative adjectives formed in this way are part of the general paradigm of adjectival declension (endings -th and -th) and describe the quality inherent in a particular subject.
So, the adjectives "Ivanistye" and "Catherine", derived from "Ivan" and "Catherine", are indicators of such a feature that is characteristic of subjects with these names:
Catherine shoes are shoes of a certain style and style that Catherine usually wears, they remind of the owner of this name, even if other people can wear such shoes.
Practical task
To consolidate the material covered, form an adjective using the suffix -ist- from the nouns listed below. After completing the practical task, you can check our answers, which we will leave at the end of the article.
A gyrus, it's time, an excerpt, a shadow, an anguish, a rock, a peal, a pile, a branch, greenery, clay, flint, fiber, a hillock, a spot, thorns, a flurry.
We hope that we have helped you deal with adjectives with the suffix -ist- and the rules regarding them.
Answers to the task: winding, porous, jerky, shady, teary, rocky, rolling, fleecy, branched, green, clayey, siliceous, fibrous, bumpy, spotted, thorny, squally.
-al- (-ate-), -en- (-yang-), -ast- (-at-), -ev- (-ov-, -[j]-), -evat- (-ovate-), -en-, -enn- (-he N-), -ensk- (-insk-), -willows- (-Liv-, -chiv-), -in-, -ist-, -it- (-ovit-), -to-, -l-, -n- (-sh-), -Teln-, -uch- (-yuch-, -cell-), -chat-.
1. Suffix - al- (-ate such as one becomes under the influence of action ( stale, tanned, outdated).
2. Suffix - en- (-yang-) forms adjectives with the meaning:
1. made of this or that material or relating to something ( leather, clay, wood, earthen);
2. designed to place something ( wood, wardrobe);
3. working on what is called the original word ( wind, oil, peat).
3. Suffix - ast- (-at-) forms adjectives that name parts of the body of a person or animal, external qualities of a person, accessories of his appearance ( hairy, shaggy, lipped, bespectacled, horned, cheeky). Exception [?]: striped, married.
4. Suffix - ev (-ov), [-j-] forms adjectives with the meaning:
1. belonging of an object to a person or animal ( grandfathers, slesarev, wolf, dog);
2. made of something, referring to someone, something ( pear, garden).
5. Suffix - enn-, -he N- form adjectives with the meaning:
1. sign or property ( cranberry, oath, morning, traditional);
2. susceptibility to action, result of action or characterization by action ( slow, intensified, in love).
6. Suffix - ensk- (-insk-) forms adjectives denoting geographical names (Cuban, Penza).
7. Suffix - willows 1) a constant property, quality, inclination towards something; 2) possessing some quality to a large extent ( lazy, deceitful, beautiful, playful).
8. Suffix - in- forms adjectives denoting people and animals: ( goose, uncle).
9. Suffix - ist- forms adjectives with the meaning:
1. similar to something ( silver, velvety);
2. possessing something in large quantities ( vociferous, branchy);
3. having a penchant for some action ( cocky, jerky, jerky).
10. Suffix - it- (-ovit-) forms adjectives with the meaning: possessing to a greater extent something ( eminent, venomous, angry).
11. Suffix - to- forms adjectives with the meaning: 1) prone to some action; 2) such that often does something; 3) or one with which something is often done ( brittle, sticky, sticky, malleable, tenacious).
12. Suffix - l- forms adjectives with the meaning:
1. being in a state that arose as a result of an action called by the original word ( rotten, skillful, tired);
2. possession of the attribute named in the original word ( light coloured).
13. Suffix - Liv- forms adjectives denoting 1) state, action, property; 2) an inclination towards something; 3) or the possession of some quality ( silent, happy, noisy).
14. Compound suffix - l-n- forms: adjectives with the meaning of intended to perform an action ( knitting, maternity, drying).
15. Suffix - n (-sh) forms adjectives with the meaning:
1. a sign or property related to an object, phenomenon, action, place, time or number named by the original word ( spring, distant, yesterday, home, thousandth);
2. susceptibility to some action or the result of any action that is called the original word (verbal adjectives torn, read, called, tattered).
16. Suffix - ovate- (-evat-) forms adjectives with the meaning:
1. somewhat reminiscent of someone or having some property of something ( manly, roguish, youthful);
2. shade of weakened (somewhat, slightly) quality ( bluish, whitish, sweetish).
17. Compound suffix - tel-n- forms adjectives with the meaning:
1. producing or capable of producing an action ( observant, satisfactory);
2. being the object of action or capable of becoming one ( desirable, desirable);
3. designed to perform an action ( swimming, flying);
4. indicating a certain connection with the action ( selective. preparatory).
18. Suffix - uch- (-yuch-, -cell-) forms adjectives with the meaning: prone to some action ( melodious, smelly, hanging).
19. Suffix - chat- forms adjectives with the meaning:
1. possessing something, having something in large quantities or to a large extent ( patterned, log, knobby);
2. filling with some quality, property what is indicated by the original word ( smoky, fistulous, bulbous).
20. Suffix - chiv- forms adjectives with the meaning: capable, inclined to do something, to show some property ( resourceful, accommodating, persistent).
