A two-hour drive from it are several large lakes and ski resorts, which has created a temperate climate in the region, with a transition from maritime to continental. Snowy winters and cool summers have largely contributed to the fact that sightseeing holidays in Munich are relevant all year round. However, there are exceptions when the thermometer in winter can drop to ... -30 С°.
Story
The history of the city begins in the 8th century, it was at this time that a small settlement of monks appeared here, which later acquired the status of a city. After a while, the lands passed into the possession of the Wittelsbach dynasty, which ruled Bavaria until its partition until 1255, but until 1918 the city remained their residence. Today, the Wittelsbach Palace operates as a museum and is open to tourists throughout the year.
During the First World War, Munich was badly damaged by air attacks organized by French troops. In 1918, the November Revolution brought the Social Democrats to power. King Ludwig III and his family have to flee the city. In April 1919, the Bavarian Soviet Republic was proclaimed, but a month later it was liquidated by government troops.
World War II also left its mark on the city. Munich suffered more from the bombing of allied aircraft. The result of seventy raids on the city was the almost complete destruction of its historical part, and Munich itself was 50% in ruins.
In the post-war period, the city quickly recovered and already in 1972 was honored to host the Olympic Games on its territory. Built specifically for this event, the Olympic Park is still a place of pilgrimage for tourists.
Useful information for tourists
Getting around the city is much more convenient by public transport than by taxi. Firstly, a taxi is expensive, and secondly, it is not so easy to find a car, only in special parking lots. Moreover, not every local resident will be able to give you the number of a taxi service, since rarely anyone uses this service. Everyone heard about German pedantry, here on the organization public transport can be the best way to verify this.
Munich is connected by a large and well-developed network of trams, buses, metros and even city trains. All of them run according to the schedule, accurate to the minute. Rare are the cases when transport is delayed - rare enough that it becomes the event of the day.
For comfortable movement around the city, it is enough to choose the right ticket. At first glance, this may seem like a daunting task, but if you plan a tourist route in advance and understand a little German- everything is quite simple. Munich transport system divided into 4 zones, internal, white and green (XXL) and general. The cost of tickets does not depend on the distance you need to overcome, and not even on the type of transport, but on the zone. For a tourist, the most optimal would be a daily or three-day Single-Tageskarte ticket (for one person) or Partner-Tageskarte (up to 5 people).
How to get to Munich
Munich Franz Josef Strauss Airport (Flughafen München "Franz Josef Strauß") daily receives more than a hundred flights from different countries the world, including from Russia. From the airport to the city center can be reached by train S-Bahn, which stops at all significant stops in the city. You can buy a ticket for the train in one of the many machines, which, as a rule, are located right next to the escalators. Taxis are also available for Munich. The cost of a trip from the airport will be much more than in the city.
You can also get to Munich by train. Rail connection well developed here. However, fans of traveling by car will also be satisfied with the road infrastructure, because many autobahns of German cities are connected precisely with Munich.
Where to stay
You can stay anywhere in Munich. It all depends on the tastes and preferences of the tourist. Chic and modest hotels, inexpensive apartments, hostels - everything is at the service of guests. However, it is worth taking care of booking in advance, especially when it comes to the peak of the tourist season.
Shopping and shopping
The capital of Bavaria will enchant shoppers. In Munich, in addition to large shopping centers, where time flies unnoticed, literally on every street you can find boutiques of famous brands, souvenir shops and various shops offering to buy anything. However, it is worth noting that boutiques and small shops are open mainly until 18:00 and only from Monday to Saturday.
Seasonal markets and fairs
Antique market - you can get to it only on the first Saturday of the month. Here you can buy antique jewelry, furniture, accessories, postcards, stamps.
BRK-Flohmark is a grandiose fair taking place at the end of April. Here you can buy children's things and toys, including antiques, while their cost will be much lower than in local shops.
Riem Market is the largest Bavarian bazaar. Mostly people come here to sell old things, but it is difficult to call them old, rather new ones that have not been used in everyday life.
Viktualienmarkt is a flea market. Contrary to the prevailing stereotypes, for more than 200 years they have been selling here not unnecessary things, but all kinds of products, including delicacies. By the way, farm products are constantly brought here, and bakeries also operate on the territory of the market.
Sights of Munich
If you want to learn more about the history and culture of Munich, feel the atmosphere of the capital of Bavaria, visit its main attractions: Frauenkirche, Nymphenburg Palace, St. Peter (St. Peter "s Church), Residence, Old Town Hall. No less interesting would be a visit to the BMW Museum, Karlplatz. And, of course, do not forget to visit the English Garden and the Olympic Park.
Frauenkirche (Cathedral of Our Lady) is a Gothic cathedral built in the 15th century, one of the symbols of Munich. The cathedral is 109 meters long, 40 meters wide and 37 meters high and can accommodate 20,000 people. Two towers stand out in the architecture of the cathedral, almost 100 meters high with stunning views of the city. Frauenkirche is a masterpiece of late Gothic. This is an austere brick three-nave temple with a simple interior decoration. The footprint in the hallway of the church is called the Devil's footprint. According to legend, the unclean man argued with the architect of the cathedral, but lost the argument. Enraged, he turned into wind and tried to destroy the temple. That is why there is always a slight breeze here.
Nymphenburg Palace is one of the main attractions of Munich, a luxurious palace with a picturesque garden and a canal. Built as a summer residence for kings, the palace impresses with its luxury and austerity of form. The construction of Nymphenburg dates back to the 17th century. The architect was the Italian Barelli. Inside you can appreciate the life of the monarchs, see art and history. No less famous is the palace park - 229 hectares of park landscape in the English style. You can ride a gondola along the palace canal.
Marienplatz
Marienplatz Munich's Marienplatz with the New and Old Town Halls is the world famous center of the Bavarian capital. This is a real attraction for guests and residents of the city, the venue for the main cultural events and fairs.
In the architecture of the square, the New Town Hall stands out - a grandiose neo-Gothic building built at the beginning of the 20th century. Now the city council of Munich sits here. The tower of the New Town Hall provides a beautiful view of the old city. You can climb it by elevator.
In the center of the square there is an 11-meter Marian column of the late 16th century with a sculpture of the Virgin Mary with Christ.
Old Town Hall (left) and St. Petra (right) In the eastern part of Marienplatz, you can look at two interesting buildings at once. The Old Town Hall is an old building of the 14th century in the Gothic style, restored after the destruction of the Second World War. The tower houses a toy museum.
Next to the Old Town Hall is the Cathedral of St. Petra is Munich's oldest parish church with a history spanning over 8 centuries. The building combines the features of many architectural styles, and a beautiful baroque altar is built inside. The architecture of the cathedral stands out with a 91-meter tower, which can offer one of the most beautiful views of Munich. To do this, you need to overcome more than 300 steps.
Allianz Arena is the home stadium of the Bayern football club, one of the most famous and comfortable stadiums in the world.
Karlplatz (Karlplatz) is one of the main squares of the historic center with beautiful architecture. The square is named after Charles IV Theodore, although the people of Munich themselves simply call the square Stachus. In honor of the old beer tavern, which was before its formation. The main architectural attraction is the Charles Gate - an ancient Gothic gate from the early 14th century, which used to be part of the city's fortifications. Opposite is the neo-Baroque Palace of Justice and the building of the Kaufhof Gallery shopping complex. The main pedestrian street connects Karlsplatz with another central square, Marienplatz.
Odeonplatz is an Italian-style square in the northern part of the historic center of Munich near Ludwigstraße. Here you can admire a beautiful church of the 17th century in the late Baroque style with two powerful towers and a dome, a loggia similar to the building on Piazza della Signoria in Florence, the royal residence and the Hofgarten garden.
The residence is one of the largest palace complexes in Germany, located near Odeonplatz on Max-Joseph-Platz. This impressive building with an area of more than 23,000 square meters. meters with luxurious halls in the style of classicism, baroque and rococo, decorated with objects of culture and art. The history of the Residence is over 600 years. More than 40 original bronze sculptures from the 16th and 17th centuries are exhibited in the bronze halls of the palace, and royal regalia and other valuable items are in the treasury.
The Olympic Park is one of the most beautiful and popular places in Munich. Built for the occasion Olympic Games 1972. Here are several famous places in Bavaria: the Olympic Stadium, the Olympic Hall and the Olympic Towers. In addition, there is the largest amusement park in Bavaria, concerts, entertainment and cultural events, festivals and various sporting events are held here.
Other attractions in Munich
BMW Welt is a museum of the world-famous BMW brand. There are exhibitions and promotions, tours of the museum and the plant.
Pinakothek - art Gallery in Munich. The old Pinakothek exhibits European paintings from the 14th-18th centuries, while the new and modern Pinakothek exhibits about 400 works of art from the 18th-20th centuries.
The Bavarian State Opera is one of the largest operas in the world with 450 performances annually.
Hofbräuhaus is an old beer house. Here you can touch the secrets and traditions of Bavarian brewing, enjoy regional cuisine, beer, music and folk dances that convey the historical atmosphere of Munich.
The Old Court is an old imperial residence located on the road from Marienplatz. This is the Munich Kaiserburg, which houses the museum.
Oktoberfest is the legendary beer festival in Germany, which is held annually in Munich in autumn from mid-September to early October. It is the largest beer festival in the world with over 6 million tourists. During this time, millions of liters of beer are drunk here. Oktoberfest is an important part of Bavarian culture and its roots go back to the Middle Ages.
Video - Munich
:) Today we will take a walk along the river itself and see how Munich residents spend their holidays and where they spend their hot summer weekends.
The Isar River is relatively small (only 300 kilometers long), originates in the Austrian Alpine peaks and flows into the larger and more famous Danube in Bavaria. In the upper segment, Isar is popular with fans of extreme sports, while in Bavaria, Isar becomes more calm and meek. Although, to tell the truth, here the flow of the river is quite serious and fast.
2. Artificial dams in the center of Munich
3. View from the back 
4. A real Munich citizen uses any islet as a beach. Look at this cute picture :) 
5. These trees, I think, sailed with the June flood (remember when all the news was about Prague?). And although Munich held out, the level in the Isar was above the June norm 
6. 
7. Somewhere the river is quite calm 
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9. Pedestrian bridge over the river 
10. As such, I did not find the embankment in Munich. Well, here's something similar. 
11. Nearby is a small museum dedicated to the study of the Alps. Stones with signatures on each with information about rocks and places where they were taken from 
12. In addition to the outdoor exhibition, there is also a small two-story building where you can learn the history of the conquest of the Alps, look at rare photographs, and also take a look at climbing (now you understand the origin of this word? :) equipment. Museum official website - www.alpenverein.de/Kultur/Museum/ 
13. 
14. Lifebuoys are everywhere. Very similar we met in Stockholm 
15. 
The Isen is a small river in Bavaria, with a length of 76 kilometers, with a total catchment area of 545 square kilometers. Isen flows into more big river Inn, the height of the mouth of which is 371 meters. Isen passes not only through Germany, but also through Austria and Switzerland. The height of the source of the river is 622 meters.
The English writer John Ronald Reuel Tolkien brought wide popularity to the river. For fictional battles, the author chose a place near the Isen River. However, it is worth noting that the film "The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers" was never filmed here on the river itself, the crossing over the Isen was filmed on the banks of the Hutt River.
River Vils
The Vils River is located in Germany. It is located 30 kilometers from the Leh River. river system- from the Lech River to the Danube. The area of the river is about 300 square kilometers, the length is 35 kilometers. The height of the source is 1165 meters, and the mouth - 820 meters.
It originates in the Bavarian Alps in Tyrol. The river flows first in a northern and northwestern direction, in the Reutte region, through the Tannheim valley. From here the river descends into the "Vilsfall" waterfall. It then crosses the border into southern Bavaria, turns to the northeast and reaches the municipality of Pfronten in the Ostallgau region.
River Naab
The Naab River is located in the south of Germany, it flows in Bavaria and is a left tributary of the Danube. The river is formed from the confluence of two rivers - Waldnaab and Haidenaab. The length of the river is 165 kilometers, the area is 5.4 thousand square kilometers. The river is not navigable. Its name translates as "moisture" or "water". The Naab River is the main source of the Waldnaab River.
The Naab River begins its course in the Upper Palatinate Forest, south of Luhe-Wildenau. It flows through the cities of Nabburg and Burglengenfeld, and at the city of Regensburg flows into the Danube. The main tributaries of the Naab are: Heidenab, Waldnab, Fichtelnab, Schweinnab, Dürrschweinnab and Fils.
River Paar
The Paar River is located in Bavaria, Germany. Its origins are located near the commune of Geltendorf, in Upper Bavaria. The length of the river is about 134 kilometers. The Paar River flows parallel to the Lech River for tens of kilometers.
In the area of Voburg, the Paar flows into the Danube. Eichach, Schrobenhausen and Manhin are cities located on the Paar River. In the west, about 20 kilometers from the river Paar, there is a river of the same name, which is 26 kilometers long. It is also a tributary of the Danube. To distinguish the rivers from each other, on the maps this river is designated under the name Small Paar.
River Pegnitz
The Pegnitz River flows in Germany, through Bavaria. The length of the river is 115 kilometers. Its source is located in the city of Pegnitz, namely, on the Schlossberg mountain. Flowing through the whole city, it reaches the Regnitz River, where it becomes its right tributary.
The river is known for its colorfulness, passing through Bamberg, it turns it into a kind of Venice, washing the facades of houses. Also, the Pegnitz River enchants with its bridges, the number of which is hard to count. It should be noted that here is the oldest bridge in the city.
On the bank of the river is the Tower of the Executioner, as well as a bridge called the "Road to the Executioner". Walking along the various channels of the Pegnitz, you can see not only medieval buildings, but also quiet romantic backwaters and medieval fortifications.
River Amper
The Amper River is a river in southern Bavaria, Germany. It is the largest tributary of the Isar. The sources of the Amper River are located in the Amerr Alps at an altitude of 850 meters, not far from Oberammergau.
The Ampere flows into the Isar in the area of Moosburg an der Isar, 185 kilometers from its source with a water flow of 45 cubic meters per second. The main tributaries of the Amper River are the Glonn (located near Augsburg), the Wurm (Lake Starnberg) and the Maisach.
The following types of fish live in the river: trout and grayling. The river valley is famous for its toys and wood carvings.
River Loisach
The Loisach River is located in Germany, flows through the state of Bavaria. The length of the river is 114 kilometers, the height of the source is 1060 meters, and the mouth is 565 meters. The river flows through Tyrol, Austria and Bavaria, Germany. Its name is of Celtic origin.
The river is a left tributary of the Isar. The source of Loisach is located next to the Ehrwald in Austria. Loisach flows past Garmisch-Partenkirchen to Kochelsee. At the Kochelsee, water has been diverted from the headwaters of the Isar to generate electricity at the Walcheseekraftwerk, where the Loisach River joins it.
The river then flows out of the Kochelsee and joins the Isar at Wolfratshausen. The canal connects the Isar and Loisach rivers, returning water taken for power generation to reduce the risk of flooding in the city.
Leh River
The Lech is a river flowing through Germany (Bavaria) and Austria. The Lech is a right tributary of the Danube. The length of the Lech River is about 250 kilometers. Lech originates in the northwest of the Lechtal Alps, and all the way to the border of Austria and Germany, the waters of the river flow in a deep mountain valley. When the river crosses the border near the city of Füssen, it changes its direction towards the Swabian-Bavarian Plateau. Along the river (in its middle course) is the city of Landsberg, and a little lower - Augsburg.
The average discharge of the Lech near Landsberg is 85 cubic meters per second, and at the mouth of the river - about 120 cubic meters per second. In summer, high water is observed on the Lekh River.
Regen River
The Regen River is a left tributary of the Danube, Bavaria. The river originates in Bad Kötzting, as a result of the confluence of the Black Regen and White Regnen rivers. Black Regen is formed by the confluence of the Great Regen, whose sources are in the Bohemian Forest, in the Czech Republic, a couple of kilometers from Germany, and the Small Regen. Further, the river flows through the Bavarian Forest and flows into the Danube at Regensburg.
Many settlements in the mountains are located along the river: Cham, Regenstauf and Regen. The total length of the river, including its upper reaches, is 169 kilometers. The name of the river in German is derived from the name in Latin, the meaning of which is interpreted in different ways.
Saale river
Down the Thuringian Plain, below the city of Naumburg, in a deep wooded valley, flows the river Saale. Starting in the Fichtel mountains, it flows into the Elbe. From 1933 to 1942, the length of the river was shortened due to various construction activities, but for vacationers, of course, such subtleties do not matter!
Another thing is interesting: the Slavic name "Solyava" has been preserved near the river, which it received because of the salt springs located in the vicinity. On the banks of the river Saale is a small resort town of Bad Kösen.
Let's walk around the river. Here is the old mill on the Bad Kösen dam, the Unity Bridge, which was heroically saved by the blacksmith Karl Käthe in 1945 from mindless destruction, the House of Our Lady. And when we cross the bridge, we will get to the Wheel Island in the Wheel House.
Isar river
The Isar River in Germany is famous for the fact that in 1960, the first nudist resorts were opened in several areas along its banks. Until now, along most of its banks, even within Munich, you can meet nudists.
The Isar River has a long and interesting history. In ancient times, the river was used as a trade route to ferry products from the Alps and Italy to the Danube. In the Middle Ages, there were many water mills on the banks of the Isar. In 1946, the ashes of executed Nazi war criminals were scattered over the Isar.
River Eger
The German river Eger originates from the mountain rivers in Fichtelgebirge and is fed by numerous streams and streams. The further path passes through the mountains, then crosses the picturesque "Eger Country", surrounded by the Bohemian Forest with its beech and spruce-fir trees, mountain meadows, ore mountains. The river then passes by the city of Eger and Carlsbad.
Its low marshy shores stretch to Theresienstadt. Not far from the ruins of the mysterious castle Schrekenstein, masterfully described in George Sand's novel Consuelo, the river becomes a major tributary of the Elbe.
Navigation along the river is difficult due to strong currents and rocky shores, but if you are fond of fishing and have not forgotten your tackle, then you are guaranteed a good catch.
Altz River
Alz originates in the freshwater lake Chiemsee, located in Bavaria at an altitude of over 500 meters above sea level. Lake Chiemsee 12 years ago was glorified by an amateur diver when he found a ten-kilogram cauldron made of 18 carat gold at the bottom of the reservoir. It is from such a lake that the Alz River flows.
The total length of the river is 63 kilometres, and the area of the basin is 2197 square kilometres. Passing through the Bavarian Valley, the Alz flows into the Inn River, next to the small settlement of Marktl, founded in the 13th century. Total the inhabitants of the commune is barely 2,700 people.
River Lech
The Lech River, which flows through Austria and Germany, is a right tributary of the Danube. The length of the river is approximately 250 kilometers. The source of the Lech River lies on the northwestern slopes of the Lechtal Alps. It is there, at an altitude of 1870 meters, that Lake Formarinsee is located, from which the river originates.
Leaving the Alps behind, the river continues to the northwest, and flows through a mountain valley to the very border of Germany. Then, after crossing it, near the city of Füssen, the river crosses a plateau called the Swabian-Bavarian plateau.
Along the river are cities such as Landsberg and Augsburg. The river flows through the city of Füssen and through the Forggensee - artificial lakes, with which it merges in winter. Here it forms rapids and a waterfall.
River Brenz
The Brenz River is a river located in Germany, in Baden-Württemberg, on the territory of Bavaria. The Brenz River is a left tributary of the Danube. The length of the river is about 71 kilometers. The source of the Brenz river is located in the town of Konigsbronn, it originates at an altitude of 501 meters in the Alb Mountains, near the town of Seegarten.
The Brenz flows into the Danube 55 kilometers from Lauingen, at an altitude of 442 meters, a few kilometers west of Dillinger. The Brenz River flows through the cities of Konigsbronn, Heidenheim, Giengen and Lauingen.
River Saalach
Saalach is a mountain river that originates in the Austrian lake Torsee, then descends to the Alpine valleys, passing along the Saalbach ski resort and beautiful gorges. With a total length of the river of 103 kilometers, it reaches Bavaria, thus, Saalach is located in both Austria and Germany.
In Germany, the Saalach is used as a power source for a river-based hydropower plant. Electricity is supplied to Salzburg, Freilassing, Bad Reichenhall and Berchtesgaden. Also, the railway station of Salzburg is supplied with electricity from the river hydroelectric power station.
In addition to the main destination of the river, Saalach is used for sports rafting on winding rapids in the Alpine gorges, where the descent becomes much more difficult and even more extreme. And for athletes who decide to relax in the fabulous Alps, this is an additional argument to come to the Saalach River.
Ilz River
The Ilz is a mountain stream that, together with the Inn River, flows into the Danube. All three rivers converge in one place, in lower Bavaria, the city of Passau.
The confluence fascinates with its uniqueness, since all three rivers have a different course and color of water, for example, the waters of Inn are darker and more muddy, while the mountain river Ilz is distinguished by the transparency of the reservoir and the blue color of the water.
It is noteworthy that in the city, located on three rivers, 1/5 of the population are students of the ancient university, founded in 1622. Passau was also the capital of a bishopric within the Holy Roman Empire for several centuries.
River Chamb
The Chamb River flows through two countries - the Czech Republic and Germany. The Chamb River is a right tributary of the Regen River. The length of the river is 51 kilometers. Chamb originates a little south of the Czech village of Kdyne and flows about 6 kilometers to the west, crossing Germany at an altitude of 407 meters.
Part 1. From the source to Tierpark Hellabrunn in Munich.
river source Isar is located high in the mountains of Tyrol, in the Karwendel mountain range, at the foot of the peak on the Birkkarspitze (2749 meters). Several fast streams, falling from steep slopes, merge at an altitude of 1160 meters into a single stream, which tends to the west, turns sharply to the north, crosses the border of Bavaria, and just as sharply - to the east, skirting its homeland - the Karwendel mountains in the Northern Alps.
Isar. Map of the course of the Isar
Before turning north again, the stream breaks out into a vast valley between high, densely forested mountains, and flows into the huge, incredibly beautiful mountain lake Szlvenstein (Szlvensteinsee). More precisely, this is not a lake, but an artificially created reservoir. Between 1954 and 1959, a dam was built to block the Isar River and a hydroelectric power plant was built, providing electricity to many towns and villages in the Northern Alps. In 1994 - 2001, the facilities were modernized and reconstructed, and a second hydroelectric power station was built. The dimensions of the dam made of gravel, crushed stone, sand and concrete: height - 44 meters, width - 15 meters, length - 180 meters. The reservoir is 7 kilometers long and 2 kilometers wide.
In addition to generating electricity, the purpose of creating a reservoir was also to get a real opportunity to manage this completely wild mountain stream in the season of excessive abundance of moisture, and in the dry season - to create and maintain a certain sufficient supply of water. Over the past years, the reservoir has repeatedly saved settlements and cities near the Isar from destructive floods and from lack of water.
The typical mountain river Isar, having escaped to the relatively flat plateau of Upper Bavaria, does not slow down its flow and does not turn into a flat river. The turbulent stream quickly ran through the city of Bad Tölz, filled near the city of Wolfratshausen with water from the left tributary of the Loisach (Loisach), rushes to Munich and rushes through the city limits in the suburban area of Grunwald (Grünwald).
The Isar crosses Munich from southwest to northeast for 14 kilometers, separating about one-third from the city in the east. The Isar in the capital of Bavaria is not at all like a wide, full-flowing river of the capital city, clearly symbolizing the flow of history, by fate and Providence, drawing the city and its country from a valiant past to prosperity created by a series of great and wise rulers. Isar is not dressed in solemn granite and marble, the front facades of sparkling palaces do not overlook him. You can’t walk along the Isar along the wide embankments, admiring the flow of water, scurrying up and down light boats and solidly passing large ships river fleet. No. The Isar is not a navigable river.
Seeing the expanses of the Isar floodplain, tall sprawling trees, islets, rapids and shallows, here and there slowing down the rapid current of a narrow, fast and shallow mountain river in summer, stones scattered along its gentle banks, you get a feeling of rural idyll, patriarchy. It would be quite expected to meet here a herd of cows or sheep grazing in a water meadow.
The Isar and its banks are most likely a large park of the English type, very well maintained, but preserving the naturalness of the landscape: freely growing spreading chestnut trees on the high banks of the river valley, bushes and grass in the meadows of a wide floodplain and on low islands, the naturalness of large and small stones brought from mountains and winding banks thrown along the water, the naturalness of the paths trodden by people, laid along the banks of the bicycle paths. And only occasionally towers and domes of churches, infrequent high buildings, protruding above the dense greenery, remind you that you are in the center of a large industrial, university city.
Isar. View from the Thalkirchner Brücke up the Isar. Evening bath.But, despite the truth of all that has been said, Isar plays a huge role in the history and life of the capital of Bavaria. It supplies water to a large city, its plants and factories, its population. Several hydroelectric power plants (Wasserkraftwerk) built within Munich provide the city with electricity. The Isar Valley is a green area in the city center, a kind of park where you can relax in the silence of nature, admire the fast-flowing stream (nothing soothes like a long contemplation of moving water), take a walk, ride a bike. Isar divides the city and at the same time connects it into a single urban conglomerate. Within Munich, 26 (!) bridges were built across the river, road, rail and just pedestrian. One of them even turned out to be the "culprit" of the emergence of the city - the one that Heinrich Leo built by laying a salt road to the market in the middle of the village from which the city arose.
The first bridge that the river meets on its way within the city limits is the Großhesseloher Brücke railway bridge in the Pullach area, along which BOB (Bayern Oberland Bahn) trains and high-speed S-bahn lines S27 rush. The bridge here was built while still under construction. railway in 1851 - 1857. It was repeatedly reconstructed and strengthened as the tonnage of railway cars and the speed of movement increased. In 1945, they tried to blow it up in front of the approaching Allied troops, but the explosion was not powerful enough due to the fact that fuses were removed from some of the charges. Finally, in 1983 - 1985, the old bridge was demolished and a new one was built in its place, meeting all modern requirements. A comfortable, wide path was built for pedestrians and cyclists.
From the height of the trusses of the new bridge - 42 meters - there is a beautiful view of the river valley, its banks, surrounding urban areas. Therefore, it is popular with artists and photographers who like to admire excellent landscapes. But this bridge is also known for the dark side of life. He became popular among suicides. Therefore, the footpath on it is fenced with a high wire fence, which is difficult to climb over.
This is followed by Marienklausensteg - built in 1997 on the site of an old wooden bridge, a pedestrian metal bridge on concrete supports. It allows residents of the right-bank district of Harlaching to cross the river and the bypass channel of the power plant to the left bank in the district of Thalkirchen.
Immediately behind the Marienklausensteg, on the right along the bank of the Isar River, the Auer Mill Stream (Auer Mühlbach) departs, which was artificially created in ancient times so that the mill wheels rotate in a completely regulated flow, and not wild, often changing its course and water level, completely unpredictable river. The water of the stream was also used by dyeing, leather and felting craftsmen, sawmills and fire brigades, gardeners and housewives. The stream was once used to remove all kinds of sewage.
The mill stream runs through the eastern districts of Munich for seven kilometers and returns to the Isar opposite the northern tip of the Prater Island (Praterinsel). Its mouth is located at an altitude of 509 meters, which is 15 meters below the source (the place where the river branches off).
Today, the Auer Mühlbach stream fills the reservoirs, fountains and streams of the large Hellabrunn Zoo (Tierpark Hellabrunn) with flowing river water, thus creating a beautiful, natural habitat for its numerous inhabitants, animals and birds. The zoo is spread over a large area on the right bank of the Isar, immediately after the source of the Auer Mühlbach stream.
Isar. A brown bear fishes in the waters of the Isar. Tierpark Hellabrunn. Isar. A family of moose in a meadow near the Isar River. Tierpark Hellabrunn.You can go and drive to the right bank of the Isar to the Hellabrunn Zoo from the U-bahn station "Thalkirchen (Tierpark)" of the U3 line, located on the left bank of the river, along the Thalkirchner Brücke bridge. The 197-meter-long light spatial structure bridge crosses the bypass canal and the river and was built in 1991 on the site of an old wooden one that stood here since 1904. new bridge uses the concrete supports of its predecessor and is made of glued wood parts (spruce, larch) fastened with steel knots. It is not intended for heavy traffic and is used only for intracity transportation of vehicles with a gross weight of not more than 3 tons at a speed of not more than 30 km / h. But visitors to the zoo and green recreation areas lying on the right bank of the river are happy to walk along it.
Isar. Pink flamingos are not embarrassed even by the winter cold. Tierpark Hellabrunn.Beyond the Thalkirchner Brücke, the river bends to the right, splits into several streams, and runs past many small stone banks under the Flauchersteg footbridge, which stretches south-north from Hellabrunn to the Flaucher, a large green island between the Isar and the Werkskanal. The Flauchersteg bridge is 340.50 meters long and 4 meters wide.
Isar. View down the Isar from the Thalkirchner Brücke bridge. The Flauchersteg footbridge is visible in the distance.A large Brudermühlbrücke bridge was built on the northern part of the Flaucher, connecting the Sendling district located on the left bank of the Isar River with the right-bank Giesing. The bridge is intended for heavy traffic of vehicles, cyclists and pedestrians and is an integral part of the Munich 2R automobile ring. It was built in 1904, in 1943 it was practically destroyed by bombing and in 1953 it was restored. Then, at the end of the eighties, the bridge underwent a significant restructuring and was expanded. Today, the three-span prestressed concrete bridge is 138 meters long and 36 meters wide.
Further along the Isar, the Braunauer Eisenbahnbrücke railway bridge is 150.44 meters long, 16 meters wide, built in 1871, during the beginning of the creation of the Bavaria railway network. It connects the Ostbahnhof located in the east of Munich with the Hauptbahnhof Main Station and the westbound railway lines.
And so Isar river already approaching the center of Munich. Ahead by the river is the Wittelsbach Bridge (Wittelsbacherbrücke).
The population of Munich is 1,382,273 people (12/31/2010). Thus, it is the largest city in Bavaria and the third city in Germany after Berlin and Hamburg. Munich is home to the government of Bavaria, the government of the region of Upper Bavaria, and the government of the Munich district.
Munich is famous for its brewing traditions. There are six large breweries in the city that supply beer to the world-famous Oktoberfest (German: Oktoberfest) - a festival of beer, pretzels, fried chicken and carousels, held annually in late September - early October on Theresienwiese Meadow (German: Theresienwiese).
Modern Munich is not only the center of cultural and museum values, but also a major industrial and research center. Thanks to famous universities, one of the largest in Europe, the Bavarian State Library with 6 million volumes, the Max Planck and Heinz Mayer-Leibniz Institutes, the nuclear research reactor and many other institutions, Munich holds a strong position in European science.
History (overview)
Middle Ages
The history of Munich begins in the 8th century, when monks from the nearby Tegernsee Monastery settled on Peter's Hill (German: Petersbergl). Today, on the site of the settlement is the Church of St. Peter (German: Sankt-Peter-Kirche). The city was first mentioned in documents in 1158 under the name Villa Munichen; however, already in 1175 Munich was given the status of a city and city walls were erected. In 1240, Munich passed into the possession of the Wittelsbachs and, after the division of Bavaria in 1255, was their residence in Upper Bavaria until 1918. With the unification of Bavaria in 1507, Munich became its capital, and in 1806 - the capital of the Kingdom of Bavaria. At present, the Munich residence of the Wittelsbachs functions as a public museum.
new time
On October 17, 1810, in honor of the wedding of Crown Prince Ludwig (later King Ludwig I) and Princess Therese of Saxony-Hildburghaus, horse races were held, which marked the beginning of the annual Oktoberfest beer festival.
Weimar Republic
In 1916, during the First World War, the city was bombed for the first time: three French bombs fell on the city. The post-war period became difficult for Munich: in November 1918, Ludwig III fled the city with his family, and after the assassination of the first Republican Prime Minister of Bavaria, Kurt Eisner, on April 13, 1919, the Bavarian Soviet republic(leader Ernst Toller), which on May 3, 1919 was defeated by the Freikorps. After that, Bavaria became part of the Weimar Republic. On February 24, 1920, the Nazi Party was formed in the beer hall Hofbräuhaus. In 1923, the Beer Putsch took place in Munich at the Bürgerbräukeller, when Hitler's supporters attempted to carry out a coup; however, then the Weimar Republic withstood, and now this event is commemorated by a memorial plate on the Odeonsplatz. Hitler was arrested (later released early in 1924), and the Nazi Party, at that time practically unknown outside of Munich, was temporarily banned throughout Germany. Despite the events of 1923, Munich continued to be the capital of the NSDAP.
Munich under the Nazis
In 1933, in the elections to the Reichstag on March 5, 1933, the NSDAP proved to be the most influential among the right-wing parties. However, the number of votes cast for her was the smallest: 37% against an average of 44% in Germany. Despite this, the City Council turned out to be Nazi. In 1934, Hitler cracked down on his political opponents: according to the official data of the Nazi government alone, over 60 people were killed during the Night of the Long Knives (now this figure is considered underestimated [source not specified 515 days]). In 1935, Hitler called Munich "Capital of the Movement", referring to the putsch that took place here. In addition, such prominent figures of the Nazi Party as Heydrich and Himmler, the former chief of police, began their careers here. Near the city, the first concentration camp in Dachau was founded in 1933. Munich became the site of the signing of the 1938 agreement between Germany, Italy, Great Britain and France, as a result of which part of the territory of Czechoslovakia (the Sudetenland) passed to Germany (the Czechoslovak government was faced with a fact and accepted the surrender), and Hitler gained de facto control over the rest Czechoslovakia on the condition of not advancing further. A year later, Georg Elser made an unsuccessful attempt to assassinate Hitler in the Bürgerbräukeller beer hall during the annual message in honor of the anniversary of the Beer Putsch. At the same time, there is no other city in Germany in which there was such a massive rejection of Nazism as there are such diverse manifestations of the resistance movement here. This is where the organization White Rose”, which featured Hans and Sophie Scholl, as well as Christoph Probst. In April 1945, military interpreters, wanting to avoid bloodshed, organized the "Action for the Freedom of Bavaria" ("Freiheitsaktion Bayern") with the seizure of radio stations and a number of government buildings. Although the action was eventually suppressed by the SS, it achieved its goals - American soldiers entered the city in the spring of 1945 without a fight, not a single bridge was blown up. A fourth of the city's population died, 60% of the buildings were destroyed. The historical center of the city is almost completely destroyed. Of the 815,000 inhabitants, only 480,000 remained in the city. Of the 10,000 Jews, only 746 remained in the city. During World War II, Munich was bombed 71 times and badly damaged. But in the summer of 1945, the City Council decided to restore the historic center in its former form. During the post-war reconstruction, it was decided to keep the original street layout.
post-war period
In 1957, the population of Munich exceeded the milestone of 1 million people. In 1972, the XX Summer Olympic Games were held in Munich, in preparation for which the city center was reconstructed, the Olympic village and metro were built, and the transport network was significantly expanded. Unfortunately, these games have become infamous due to the terrorist attack against the Israeli team, undertaken by Arab terrorists. Since 1962, the International Conference on Politics and Security has been held annually in Munich in the first decade of February.
Culture and attractions
New town hall
The central square of the city, on which stands the column of the Virgin Mary, erected by Maximilian I - Marienplatz (German: Marienplatz), in the area of \u200b\u200bwhich many attractions are located, including the old (German: Altes Rathaus) and the new town hall (German: Neues Rathaus).
Munich has many architectural and cultural monuments. The most interesting is the Old Town (German: Altstadt) with the Cathedral of the Holy Virgin and many churches. The Cathedral of the Holy Virgin (German: Frauenkirche) is the highest cathedral in Munich (99 meters), which has become a symbol of the city. The church was built in the 15th century in the Gothic style. Its two towers have become the symbol of Munich. Here is the black marble sarcophagus of Emperor Ludwig IV of Bavaria. There is a legend that the footprint at the entrance to the temple was left by the devil. Peter's Church (German: Peterskirche) is the oldest church in Munich, built in the 12th century. As a result of a fire in early XIV century, the church was badly damaged. It has been restored, but in the Gothic rather than the Romanesque style. The Church of St. Michael (German: Jesuitenkirche St. Michael) was built in 1583-1597 by order of William V, who wished to pay tribute to the Counter-Reformation in this way. This is one of the most remarkable creations of the Renaissance in Germany. There is a tomb here, where the ashes of many kings and princes of the Witelsbach dynasty are buried, among which is Ludwig II of Bavaria, who went down in history as a "fabulous king". Theatin Church of St. Kajetan (German: Theatinerkirche St. Kajetan) is another famous church in Munich. The construction of the Theatinerkirche was begun in 1662 in the Baroque style and continued into the 18th century. The grandiose dimensions of Theatinerkirche (the height of the dome is 71 m) emphasize the importance of the event in honor of which it was built, the birth of the heir to the throne, Max Emmanuel. The most beautiful church in the city is Azamkirche (German: Asamkirche) (officially the church of St. John Nepomuk), created by the Azam brothers in 1729-1771 and is considered a masterpiece of European late baroque. The facade of the church in the Baroque style is inscribed in a single row with other buildings of the street.
Munich is a city of museums, many of which have been created over the centuries. Munich owes this wealth to Louis I of Bavaria, who founded the most beautiful museums in the city - the old and new Pinakothek and the Glyptothek. Munich is a place of pilgrimage for lovers of modern and ancient art. The Alte Pinakothek is the most visited museum in Munich, housed in a gloomy building built in the Venetian Renaissance style by Leo von Klenze, the court architect of Louis I of Bavaria. It houses 9,000 paintings by 1,400 artists. Other masterpieces of the Pinakothek include Leonardo da Vinci's Madonna and Child and Albrecht Altdorfer's painting The Battle of Alexander the Great with Darius. The pearl of the museum are the halls of old German masters from Lucas Cranach to Albrecht Altdorfer, as well as Rubens. There are magnificent collections of works by German and Dutch artists of the 15th and 16th centuries, as well as Dutch and Flemish paintings of the 17th century.
The New Pinakothek was built in the middle of the 19th century by order of Louis I of Bavaria, destroyed in 1944 and restored by the architect Alexander Brancas in 1975-1981. More than 550 paintings and 50 sculptures are presented in 22 halls and 10 cabinets. The collection covers the period from Rococo to German Art Nouveau. The canvases of the pre-romantic period in French and German painting and paintings of the Impressionists are presented. Here are many world-famous paintings - Feuerbach's Flight of the Medea, Van Gogh's Sunflowers and Manet's Luncheon on the Grass.
The Glyptothek is one of the oldest museums in Munich and the first museum in Europe to open to the public. It contains wonderful works of antiquity from the collection of Louis I of Bavaria. The collection of sculpture covers the period from Greek art of the 6th century BC. e. until the 4th century AD e. One of the most charming cafes in Munich is located in a beautiful classical courtyard.
The Gallery of Modern Art is located in the House of Arts. Its collection consists of 400 paintings and sculptures dating from the beginning of the 20th century to the present day, including surrealists, fauvists and cubists. Works by Klee, Ernst Kirchner, Emil Nolde, August Macke and 14 works by Picasso are not to be missed.
The Deutsches Museum is one of the largest technical museums in Europe dedicated to natural sciences and technology. Created in 1903 by Oscar von Miller. Its expositions introduce all the major discoveries made during the 20th century. You can see real submarines that participated in the battles of the First and Second World Wars. Villa Lenbach is located a few steps from Königsplatz, the museum is housed in the villa of the painter Franz Lenbach, a beautiful building in the Florentine style. Of particular interest in the museum's collection are the works of artists - members of the Blue Rider group. The collection of works by Wassily Kandinsky is world famous.
The Villa Stuck exhibits frescoes and paintings by the neo-romantic and symbolist Franz von Stuck, a master who, along with Lenbach, was called the king of artists. The Museum of the City of Munich is dedicated to the history of the city; there is a very good collection of engravings, lithographs and models of old Munich. The Bavarian National Museum was founded in 1855 by Maximilian II and is dedicated to the culture and folk art of Bavaria. Many works of religious art are exhibited: sculptures, statues, tapestries, altars.
The Toy Museum in Munich is located in the tower of the old town hall. There is a collection of toys by Ivan Steiger. The collection includes old models of the railway, plush toys, dolls (also a Barbie doll and the history of its development), robots, toy houses with furniture and utensils. Among the other most significant museums in Munich, it is worth noting the German Theater Museum, which presents the entire history of the Munich theater, as well as the BMW Museum, which tells the history of the famous car and the Munich City Museum.
Other attractions
Munich's English Park is world famous, one of the largest city parks in the world, stretching from the city center to the outskirts along the Isar.
There are many beautiful buildings in the Art Nouveau style in the Gaertnerplatz area, as well as a wonderful monument of classicism - the building of the State Theater, built under Emperor Maximilian. Unique architectural complex modern Munich - the Olympic Park, built for the 1972 Olympic Games. A 290 m high tower, an observatory, a metal and glass roof in the form of a giant tent make a great impression. The park consists of a water stadium, an Olympic stadium, an ice rink and a velodrome. The tower has a revolving restaurant and an observation deck.
The largest architectural monument in Munich is the Nymphenburg Palace, the former summer residence of the Wittelsbachs. The palace was built by order of Elector Ferdinand-Maria in 1664-1674. Nymphenburg is the largest baroque palace in Germany. The Gallery of Beauties deserves special attention - one of the halls, decorated with portraits of the most beautiful women commissioned by King Louis I. On the territory of the Nymphenburg Park there are three small castles (Amalienburg, Pagodenburg and Badenburg), as well as ponds, cascades and the Magdalenenklause chapel.
In addition, it is worth noting such architectural ensembles as the Munich Residence, Maximilianeum, Blutenburg Castle, Allianz Arena.
Munich has two football teams playing in the Bundesliga - Bayern Munich and 1860 Munich. Bayern is the most popular and titled German football club. The team won the German championship 22 times, the German Cup 15 times, the UEFA Champions League 4 times, the Cup Winners' Cup and the UEFA Cup once each. Both teams play their matches at the Allianz Arena, which these days is illuminated in red (if Bayern is playing) or blue (if 1860 Munich is playing). Winter sports are also very popular in Munich, especially ice hockey and biathlon. The city has a large number of amateur and semi-professional hockey clubs. There is a professional hockey club EHC Munich which plays in the highest hockey league in Germany. The city hosted the 1972 Summer Olympics, the 2006 FIFA World Cup, the 1975, 1983, 1993 Ice Hockey World Championships, and Munich also applied to host the 2018 Winter Olympics.
