Some consonant sounds in Russian are called deaf, since they consist of one noise, i.e. formed without the participation of the voice. There are ten such consonants: k, p, s, t, f, x, c, h, sh, u.
Other consonants are called voiced, as they are composed of voice and noise (noise dominated by noise). There are also ten of them: b, C, D, D, F, 3, l, m, n, r.
Among the voiced consonants, especially sonorous ones stand out, in which the voice clearly prevails over the noise. There are four such consonants: l, m, n, r. They are called sonorants.
The sounds w, h, w, u are also called hissing.
Voiced consonants b, c, d, e, g, z have paired deaf p, f, k, t, w, s. The rest of the corresponding pairs do not have (see table).
Voiceless consonants: p, f, k, t, s, sh
Voiced consonants: b, c, d, e, h, g, l, m, n, p
Voiced consonants b, c, d, e, g, z at the end of a word or in the middle of a word before a deaf consonant are stunned. For example: pillars - pillar (p), basins - pelvis (s), years - year (t), friend - friend (sh), dexterous - dexterous (f), slide - slippery (s), etc.
Voiced sonorant consonants l, m, n, p are not stunned.
Deaf consonants k, p, s, t, f, sh are voiced before voiced consonants. For example: collection (h), threshing (d).
Voicing and stunning of consonants, as a rule, are not indicated when writing.
Exercise 56. Indicate the number of sounds in the words below and name each of them.
Brain, work, table, people, loach, pit, yeast, teaching, massage, mine, winnow.
Exercise 57. Explain the difference between the pronunciation and spelling of the words below.
Make, labor, request, sweet, cork, approach, knock out, skiff, departure, thrush, give.
Exercise 58. Indicate the cases of voicing and stunning consonants.
Hump, congress, make, beat off, sharp, squeeze, rare, carry, oak, mowing, low.
Exercise 59
Ra.amp; sew, smash, o.Gbeg, distribute, calculate, volume.
Exercise 60
Although the yard and garden were still in the shade, the early rays brightly and coldly gilded the pink, yellow and blue pumpkins laid out on the reed roof of the hut where the watchmen lived (Cat.).

In this lesson, we will learn to distinguish between voiced and deaf consonants and designate them in writing with consonants. We will find out which consonants are called paired and unpaired in terms of voicing - deafness, sonorous and hissing.

Voiced and voiceless consonants

Recall how speech sounds are born. When a person begins to speak, he exhales air from the lungs. It runs along the windpipe into a narrow larynx, where special muscles are located - vocal cords. If a person pronounces consonant sounds, then he closes (at least a little) his mouth, because of this, noise is obtained. But consonants make noise in different ways.

Let's conduct an experiment: we close our ears and pronounce the sound [p], and then the sound [b]. When we uttered the sound [b], the ligaments stretched and began to tremble. This trembling turned into a voice. There was a little ringing in my ears.

You can conduct a similar experiment by placing your hands on your neck on the right and left sides, and pronounce the sounds [d] and [t]. The sound [d] is pronounced much louder, more sonorous. Scientists call these sounds voiced, and sounds that consist only of noise - deaf.

Paired consonants in voicing-deafness

Let's try to divide the sounds into two groups according to the method of pronunciation. Let's populate phonetic houses in the city of sounds. Let's agree: deaf sounds will live on the first floor, and sonorous sounds will live on the second. Residents of the first house:

[b]	[e]	[h]	[G]	[in]	[and]
[P]	[t]	[With]	[to]	[f]	[w]

These consonants are called paired by sonority - deafness.

Rice. 1. Paired voiced and deaf consonants ()

They are very similar to each other - real "twins", they are pronounced almost the same: the lips fold the same way, the tongue moves the same way. But they have pairs and softness - hardness. Let's add them to the house.

[b]	[b ']	[e]	[d']	[h]	[h ']	[G]	[G']	[in]	[in']	[and]
[P]	[P']	[t]	[t']	[With]	[With']	[to]	[to']	[f]	[f']	[w]

The sounds [w] and [w] do not have paired soft sounds, they always hard. And they are also called hissing sounds.

All these sounds are denoted by letters:

[b]	[b ']
[P]	[P']
[e]	[d']
[t]	[t']
[h]	[h ']
[With]	[With']
[G]	[G']
[to]	[to']
[in]	[in']
[f]	[f']
[and]
[w]

Unpaired voiced consonants

But not all consonants and letters form pairs. Those consonants that do not have pairs are called unpaired. Let's settle unpaired consonant sounds in our houses.

In the second house - unpairedvoiced consonants sounds:

Recall that the sound [th '] always soft. Therefore, in our house he will live alone. These sounds are indicated in writing by letters:

[l]	[l']		(el)
[m]	[m']
[n]	[n']
[R]	[R']
	[th']		(and short)

The sounds of the second house are also called sonorous , because they are formed with the help of a voice and almost without noise, they are very sonorous. The word "sonor" in Latin "sonorus" means sonorous.

Unpaired voiceless consonants

In the third house we will settle unpaired voiceless consonants sounds:

[X]

[X']

[c]

[h']

[sch']

Recall that the sound [ts] is always solid, and [h '] and [u '] - always soft. Unpaired deaf consonants are indicated in writing by letters:

[X]	[X']
[c]
	[h']
	[sch']

Sounds [h '], [u '] - hissing sounds.

So we populated our city of consonant sounds and letters. Now it’s immediately clear why there are 21 consonants and 36 sounds.

Rice. 2. Voiced and voiceless consonants ()

Consolidation of knowledge in practice

Let's complete the tasks.

1. Consider the pictures and turn one word into another, replacing only one sound. Hint: remember pairs of consonants.

d point - point

b ochka - kidney

sh ar - heat

fishing rod - duck

2. There are riddles, the meaning of which lies in the knowledge of consonant sounds, they are called charades. Try to guess them:

1) With a deaf consonant I pour into the field,
With a voiced - I myself ring in expanse . (Spike - voice)

2) With the deaf - she cuts the grass,
With a voiced - eats leaves. (Spit - goat)

3) With "em" - pleasant, golden, very sweet and fragrant.
With the letter "el" it happens in winter, and disappears in spring . (Honey-ice)

In order to develop the ability to pronounce some sounds, especially hissing ones, tongue twisters are taught. The tongue twister is told slowly at first, and then accelerates the pace. Let's try to learn tongue twisters:

1. Six mice rustle in the reeds.
2. The hedgehog has a hedgehog, the snake has a narrowed one.
3. Two puppies chewed cheek to cheek on a brush in the corner.

So, today we learned that consonants can be voiced and deaf and how these sounds are indicated in writing.

1. Andrianova T.M., Ilyukhina V.A. Russian language 1. M .: Astrel, 2011. ().
2. Buneev R.N., Buneeva E.V., Pronina O.V. Russian language 1. M .: Ballas. ().
3. Agarkova N.G., Agarkov Yu.A. Textbook on teaching literacy and reading: ABC. Academic book / Textbook.

1. Fictionbook.ru ().
2. Deafnet.ru ().
3. Samouchka.com.ua ().

1. Andrianova T.M., Ilyukhina V.A. Russian language 1. M .: Astrel, 2011. Pp. 38, ex. 2; Page 39, ex. 6; Page 43, ex. four.
2. Count how many voiced consonants and how many voiceless consonants in a word unsatisfactory ? (Voiced consonants - 9 - N, D, V, L, V, R, L, N, Y, various -6, deaf consonants - 2 - T, T, various - 1.).
3. Read the proverb: « Be able to speak in time, be silent in time. Name the letters that represent voiced consonants. (Voiced consonants denote the letters M, Y, V, R, Z, L in the proverb.)
4. 4* Using the knowledge gained in the lesson, write a fairy tale or draw a comic book on the topic “In the city of consonants”.

Many Russian consonants form pairs of hardness-softness: -, - and others. Sounds corresponding to shock and, after soft consonants in a weak, unstressed position sound the same. A letter denotes a sound, such as vowels after hard consonants and consonants before vowels: weather.

The presenter Vasilisa asked me to repeat everything that the students had learned about consonants. Friends from Shishkin Les remembered a lot: There are more consonants than vowels. Consonants cannot be sung. They are pronounced with noise and voice: B, F, Z. Or only with noise: P, T, F. Consonants are voiced deaf paired unpaired.

§6. Hard and soft consonants

The thing is that you missed the previous lesson, in which we studied paired consonants, - Vasilisa explained. The voiced “F” will be paired with a deaf “Sh”. For example: heat is a ball. “I understand,” Zubok said. A voiceless sound is the same as a voiced sound, but spoken softly, without a voice. It is enough to change the word so that after an incomprehensible consonant there is a vowel. However, not all consonants are paired.

Paired consonants will live in one, and unpaired ones will live in the other. Paired Unpaired Zh - Sh M, N Z - S X, Ts K - G R, L And now let's make up a story from words in which there are only unpaired consonants. Although these consonants are paired, they are still very different. In an unstressed position, vowels are pronounced less clearly and sound with a shorter duration (i.e., they are reduced).

How many pairs form consonants according to deafness-voicedness?

Do not forget that paired voiced consonants in a weak position at the end of a word or before a voiceless consonant are always stunned, and voiceless ones before a voiced one are sometimes voiced. When letters, usually denoting deaf consonants, when voiced, denote ringing sounds, it seems so unusual that it can lead to errors in transcription. In tasks related to comparing the number of letters and sounds in a word, there may be "traps" that provoke errors.

Words are possible that can only consist of vowels, but consonants are also necessary. There are many more consonants in Russian than vowels. Consonants are sounds, during the pronunciation of which the air meets an obstacle in its path. In Russian, there are two types of barriers: a gap and a bow - these are the two main ways of forming consonants.

The bow, the second type of articulation of consonants, is formed when the organs of speech are closed. The air flow abruptly overcomes this barrier, the sounds are short, energetic. Compare the words: house and cat. Each word has 1 vowel and 2 consonants.

2) there is no voicing of paired deaf consonants before them (i.e., the position in front of them is strong in deafness-voicedness, as well as before vowels). But there are sounds that do not have a pair on the basis of hardness-softness. School textbooks say that and are unpaired in hardness-softness. How so? After all, we hear that sound is a soft analogue of sound. When I studied at school myself, I could not understand why?

Paired consonants in voicing-deafness

Bewilderment arises because school textbooks do not take into account that the sound is also long, but not hard. Pairs are sounds that differ in only one feature. And and - two. Therefore, they are not pairs. Firstly, at first, guys often mix sounds and letters. The use of a letter in transcription will create a basis for such confusion, provoke an error.

You need to understand, comprehend, and then remember that in fact, sounds and a pair of hardness-softness do not form. The conditions in which a particular sound appears are important. The beginning of a word, the end of a word, the stressed syllable, the unstressed syllable, the position before the vowel, the position before the consonant - these are all different positions.

In unstressed syllables, vowels undergo changes: they are shorter and not pronounced as distinctly as under stress. Both under stress and in an unstressed position, we clearly hear:, and write the letters with which these sounds are usually denoted. Simplified. But many children with good hearing, who hear clearly that the sounds in the following examples are different, cannot understand why the teacher and the textbook insist that these sounds are the same.

It shows clearing of vowels after soft consonants. Positional changes are observed only in paired consonants. In all cases, in a weak position, positional softening of consonants is possible. Naturally, in school tradition it is not customary to describe the characteristics of sounds and the positional changes that occur with them in full detail. Therefore, below is a list of positionally determined changes in consonants according to the features of the method and place of formation.

A letter can indicate the quality of the previous sound, for example, in the words shadow, stump, shooting. Comparison with vowels. Each consonant has features that distinguish it from other consonants. In speech, sounds can be replaced under the influence of neighboring sounds in the word. It is important to know the strong and weak positions of consonants in a word for their correct spelling.

Classification of consonants.

If a person pronounces consonant sounds, then he closes (at least a little) his mouth, because of this, noise is obtained. But consonants make noise in different ways. Let's populate phonetic houses in the city of sounds. Let's agree: deaf sounds will live on the first floor, and sonorous sounds will live on the second.

Sounds do not have paired soft sounds, they are always hard. But not all consonants and letters form pairs. Those consonants that do not have pairs are called unpaired. Let's settle unpaired consonant sounds in our houses. The sounds of the second house are also called sonorous, because they are formed with the help of a voice and almost without noise, they are very sonorous. In the first place, we put those in the names of which you can hear any soft sounds, in the second, those in the names of which all consonants are solid.

In order not to confuse hard and soft sounds when reading the transcription, scientists agreed to show the softness of the sound with an icon very similar to a comma, only put it on top.

And then we will understand exactly what letter to write. Let's find these loners together in the Russian alphabet. He did not notice this because he was looking at the moon. And then his faithful knight entered. And scared away the fly. Well done! Either sonorous, or quieter, Cat - cat, year - year. We can easily distinguish. And at the end we will write the letter correctly. Vowels without stress generally retain their sound. Letters e, e, u, i play dual role in Russian graphics. Sound is the smallest unit of spoken speech. Each word has a sound shell, consisting of sounds.

Sounds are divided into vowels and consonants. They have a different nature. According to the ratio of noise and voice, consonants are divided into voiced and deaf. The normative pronunciation is "hiccups", i.e. indistinguishability of E and A in an unstressed position after soft consonants. This change in vowels in a weak position is called reduction. In a word, vowels can be in stressed and unstressed syllables. In weak positions, consonants are modified: positional changes occur with them.

In Russian, voiced and voiceless consonants differ in the participation / non-participation of the voice in the formation of a consonant.

The following consonants are voiced: [b], [b'], [c], [c'], [g], [g'], [e], [d'], [g], [h], [h'], [ d'], [l], [l'], [m], [m'], [n], [n'], [p], [p'].

The voiced sound is also [zh ’], found in the speech of individuals in the words yeast, reins and some others.

The following consonants are deaf: [ k], [k'], [n], [n'], [s], [s'], [t], [t'], [f], [f'], [x], [x '] [c], [h'], [w], [u'].

To remember which consonants are deaf, there is a mnemonic rule (rule for remembering): in the phrase “Styopka, do you want a shetz?” - "Fi!" contains all voiceless consonants.

There are 11 pairs of consonants opposed by deafness / voicedness: [b] - [p], [b '] - [p '], [c] - [f], [c '] - [f '], [g] - [k], [g '] - [k '], [d] - [t], [d '] - [t '], [s] - [s], [s '] - [s '], [g] - [w]. The listed sounds are, respectively, either voiced pairs or deaf pairs.

The remaining consonants are characterized as unpaired. Voiced unpaired ones include [d '], [l], [l '], [m], [m '], [n], [n '], [p], [p '], to deaf unpaired - sounds [x], [x'], [c], [h'], [u'].

But the appearance of a voiceless or voiced sound can be predetermined by its position in the word. Such deafness / voicedness turns out to be dependent, “forced”, and the positions in which this occurs are considered weak in terms of deafness / voicedness.

Voiced pairs are deafened (or rather, they change to deaf ones)

1) at the absolute end of the word: pond [rod];

2) in front of the deaf: booth [butka].

Deaf paired consonants before voiced ones, except [v], [v'], [d'], [l], [l'], [m], [m'], [n], [n'], [p], [p '], are voiced, that is, they change to voiced: threshing [malad'baʹa].

Consonant It is formed during the passage of exhaled air from the oral cavity with overcoming obstacles created by the tongue, lips, teeth, and palate. All consonants are made up of the noise that is created when this happens. In some consonant sounds, in addition to noise, a voice is involved, which is created by the vibration of the vocal cords.

Comparison with vowels. Vowel sounds consist only of a voice (tone), while consonants may contain a voice, but they necessarily contain noise in their composition. When vowels are formed, the exhaled air freely passes through the oral cavity, and when consonants are formed, the air overcomes the obstacles created by the speech organs.

Classification of consonants.

Each consonant has features that distinguish it from other consonants. Consonants are different

• according to the degree of participation of voice and noise: sonorants (voice prevails in education with a small amount of noise), noisy voiced (consist of noise and voice) and noisy deaf (consist only of noise);
• at the place of noise formation, depending on where and by what organs of speech an obstacle is formed that the flow of exhaled air overcomes (labial, lingual, etc.).

Consonant sounds differ in a number of ways, but they are most clearly opposed to each other in terms of sonority / deafness and hardness / softness, which is important when distinguishing words by ear: pond - rod; chalk - chalk.

To designate consonant sounds in writing - 21 consonants: b, c, d, e, f, h, d, k, l, m, n, p, r, s, t, f, x, c, h, w, w.

But, there are much more consonant sounds - 36: [b], [b '], [c], [c '], [g], [g '], [d], [d '], [g], [ h], [h'], [th'], [k], [k'], [l], [l'], [m], [m'], [n], [n'], [ n], [n'], [p], [p'], [s], [s'], [t], [t'], [f], [f'], [x], [x '], [c], [h'], [w], [u'] .

The reason for this discrepancy is that the softness of paired consonants is indicated not by a consonant letter, but by a vowel (E, E, Yu, I, I) or b.

Voiced and voiceless consonants.

• Voiced
  • formed by voice and noise.
  • letters L, M, N, R, Y denote the most voiced consonant (sonor) sounds that are formed in with a predominance of voice and slight noise: [m], [n], [l], [p], [m '], [n '], [l '], [p'], [d']. They do not form pairs in sonority / deafness - always sonorous.
  • B, C, D, E, G, H — noisy voiced [b], [c], [g], [d], [g], [h], [b '], [c '], [g '], [e '], [g '] , [з'], consist of noise and voice, have paired sounds in sonority / deafness.
• Deaf (noisy deaf)
  • pronounced only from noise (without voice):
  • P, F, K, T, W, S - [n], [p '], [f], [f '], [k], [k '], [t], [t '], [w], [s], [s '] - deaf, have paired voiced;
  • X, C, H, W - [x], [x '], [c], [h '], [u '] - always deaf, do not have paired voiced / deafness.

In speech, sounds can be replaced under the influence of neighboring sounds in the word. It is important to know the strong and weak positions of consonants in a word for their correct spelling.

In weak positions, depending on the position of the sound in the word, consonant sounds can change according to voicing / deafness: voiced paired consonants change to the corresponding paired deaf (stunned), and deaf paired ones change to the corresponding paired voiced consonants (voiced). These changes in sounds are usually not reflected in writing. Weak position- sign of spelling.

Strong positions in voiced/deafness

(as we hear, so we write):

• before vowels: owl [owl], forests [l'esa];
• before sonorants [l], [l '], [m], [m '], [n], [n '], [p], [p '], [th ']: light [sv'et] - ringing [ringing], change [sm'ena] - treason [izm'ena], break off [atlamat '] - bummer [bummer], take away [atn'at '] -tray [padnos], means [remedies] - zrazy [zrazy] etc.;
• before [in], [in ']: your [your] - two [two], your [your '] - ringing [ringing];
• for paired voiced consonants strong position before voiced consonants: building [buildings'e];
• for paired deaf people - before deaf consonants: bowl [bowl].

Weak position in terms of voicedness / deafness:

• at the end of a word: mushroom [flu] - flu [flu], fruit [raft] - raft [raft], code [cat] - cat [cat], genus [mouth] - mouth [mouth];
• voiced paired consonants are stunned before voiceless consonants: low [niska], booth [butka];
• deaf paired consonants are voiced before paired voiced consonants (except [in], [in ']): passed [built], threshing [malad’ba], light [light];

Hard and soft consonants.

Soft sounds differ from hard ones in that when they are pronounced, the tongue performs an additional action: its middle part rises to the hard palate.

Strong positions in hardness/softness:

• before vowels: nose - carried, they say [they say] - mel [m'el];
• at the end of a word: chalk [m'el] - chalk [m'el '], blow - hit, corner - coal;
• for sounds [l], [l ’], regardless of position: shelf [shelf] - polka [shelf];
• for sounds [s], [s '], [s], [s '], [t], [t '], [d], [d '], [n], [n '], [p] , [p '] before [k], [k '], [g], [g '], [x], [x '], [b], [b '], [n], [n '] , [mm'] : jar [bank] - bathhouse [bank'ka], snowstorm [blizzard] - earring [ser'ga], hut - carving.

Weak position in hardness/softness:

• Changes in consonant sounds in hardness / softness can be caused by the influence of sounds on each other.
• a hard sound changes to a paired soft one before soft consonants (more often s, s, n, p before any soft consonant):
  • n -\u003e n ', p -\u003e p 'before h ', w ': drummer [drum'sh'ik], lamplighter [fanar'sh'ik];
  • s –> s’ before n’, t’: song [p'es'n'a], bone [kos't'];
  • s –> s’ before n’, d’: life [zhiz'n '], nails [nails'd'i];
  • in some other combinations: door [d'v'er'], ate [s'y'el];
• a soft consonant becomes hard before a hard one: horse - horse

If deaf and voiced sounds are indicated by letters, then hard and soft sounds are indicated by other means.

Designation of softness of paired consonants:

• letters I, E, Yo, Yu : sluggish - cf. shaft, ser - sir, carried - cart, hatch-bow;
• before a letter And consonants are always soft (except W, W, C): feast, peace, sieve;
  after Zh, Sh, Ts (they are always hard) it is pronounced [s], not [and]: fat [fat], zhito [zhyta], bump [bump].
• soft sign b:
  • at the end of a word: stump, stand - cf. camp, steel - became, fry - heat, reality - was, all - weight, stranded - chalk;
  • softness of the consonant [l ’] before any other consonant: herring, July, polka;
  • softness of a consonant before a hard consonant: earlier, only (cf. sense), bitterly (cf. hill), bathhouse (cf. bank), radish - rarely, dawn - vigilantly, pebble - jackdaw, coals - corners, hemp - foam;
  • The softness of a consonant that comes before other soft ones ([g '], [k '], [b '], [m ']) is indicated by the soft sign b only if, when the word changes, the second consonant becomes hard, and the first remains soft: earrings (soft [p '] before soft [g ']) - earring (soft [p '] before hard [g]), eight - eighth, lights - lights. But, bridge [mos't'ik] - without b, because bridge [bridge] - [c] solid before solid [t], tail - tail, rostik - growth.
• Softness of consonants H, W before other consonants is not indicated, because. H, W are always soft: stove-maker, kidney, power, assistant.

Hardness is indicated

• absence soft sign in strong positions
• writing after a consonant vowel letters A, O, U, S, E
• in some borrowed words, a hard consonant before E: [FanEt'ika].

Other consonant changes

• Simplifying a 3-4 letter consonant group (unpronounceable consonant): co lnts e [co nc uh], tro stn ik [tra s'n‘ik], se RDC e [s'e rc uh, hello vstv wow [healthy stv uy’], le stn itza [l'e s'n' itza] and etc.
• Assimilation (assimilation) of consonants at the place of formation: mid astier [ sch‘ast’y’e], gr zch ik [gr sch' ik], ssh it [ sh yt’], szh at [ and at’], get rid of [and and: yt’] and etc.
• Change —tsya, -tsya in verbs starting with [ ca]:we to be[we ca], my tsya[my'e ca] and etc.
• Change Thu - [pcs] / [h't]: thu o [what], thu oby[shtoby], not thu o [not h't a] and etc.
• Double consonants: wa nn a [wa n: a], tra ss a [tra With: a], mi ll ion [m'i l'and he] and etc.

Sounds can change in several ways at once: counting [patch'sch'ot] - sch-> [u'], d + [u']-> [h'u'].

Spelling consonants.

• At the root of the word:
  • verifiable
  • unpronounceable
  • unverifiable
• Consonants at the end of prefixes:
  • to z (s);
  • to other consonants
• Consonants (except n) in suffixes of nouns and adjectives
  • -schik (-chik);
  • -sk- and -to-;
• Letters -n- and -nn- in suffixes.

References:

1. Babaitseva V.V. Russian language. Theory. 5 - 9 grade: textbook for in-depth. study Russian language. / V.V. Babaitsev. - 6th ed., revised. - M. Bustard, 2008
2. Kazbek-Kazieva M.M. Preparation for Olympiads in the Russian language. 5-11 grades / M.M. Kazbek-Kazieva. - 4th ed. – M.J. Iris-press, 2010
3. Litnevskaya E.I. Russian language. Brief theoretical course for schoolchildren. - Moscow State University, Moscow, 2000, ISBN 5-211-05119-x
4. Svetlysheva V.N. Handbook for high school students and university applicants / V.N. Svetlysheva. — M.: AST-PRESS SCHOOL, 2011