Topic."Spelling of paired voiced and voiceless consonants at the end of words".
Goals. Consolidation of knowledge about how to check words with consonants at the end, students mastering the sequence of actions when designating consonant sounds with letters.
Equipment. Textbook "Russian language, 2nd grade" (author T.G. Ramzaeva), codoscope, player, recording of K. Chukovsky's fairy tale "Doctor Aibolit", tables for the lesson, book layout.
DURING THE CLASSES
I. Organizational moment
II. Lesson topic message
Teacher. Listen to one amazing story.
One day the letters - vowels and consonants - did not get along and went in different directions. The consonants huddled together, they wanted to talk and could not. The consonants got bored and suddenly... It seemed to them that someone was crying... They listened.
– Ah-ah-ah! Ltd! the vowels cried.
And the consonants shouted to them (or rather, they wanted to shout, but only an indistinct muttering came out): "P-r-n."
And they heard a joyful (but also incomprehensible): "A-s-e."
And then the letters decided: we must make peace and live in words together.
The teacher hangs a book layout on the blackboard.
- By combining the vowels and consonants from both pages of the book, you can name the topic of the lesson.
The children are doing the task.
– What did you get?
Children. Paired voiced and voiceless consonants.
III. Calligraphy
U. Today in the lesson this magic book will be our assistant. Let's open its first page.
- The sun is shining brightly, and under its rays flowers woke up in a forest clearing. And only one flower could not open its petals, because it was bewitched by an evil sorceress. You guys can help him. To do this, you need to remember and name all paired voiced and deaf consonants, write them down beautifully.
Children write down pairs of consonants in their notebooks for deafness/sonority.
- Well done! Here is our flower.
Check if you spelled the consonant pairs correctly. Why do we pay attention to the spelling of paired voiced and voiceless consonants at the end of words?
D. Paired voiced and deaf consonants at the end of words are not written as they are heard, that is, the spelling does not match the pronunciation.
- For example: flag
- at the end of the word sound [k] is heard.
- Change the word - flags
. Before a vowel and the sound [g] is clearly heard, therefore in the word flag
you need to write a letter G.
U. How to check the spelling of words with voiceless and voiced consonants in the root?
D. It is necessary to change the word so that after the consonant of interest to us there is a vowel.
IV. Consolidation of the material covered
U. And now we will visit a fairy tale.
The teacher turns on the recording of K. Chukovsky's fairy tale "Doctor Aibolit". Sounds like a small snippet.
- What is this fairy tale? Who wrote it?
The children answer.
- Let's imagine that Dr. Aibolit fell ill. What will happen?
The children's answers are heard.
- All the animals from all over the world rushed to the aid of the doctor. Here he lies in bed, sick, but happy, because the animals did not leave him in trouble. Name those who came to the aid of the doctor. ( The drawing shown by the teacher shows animals:a bear cub, an elephant cub, a giraffe, a hare, a hedgehog, a whale, a lion, and a crocodile. They brought Aibolit gifts:a bear - a barrel of honey, an elephant - a candy and a bar of chocolate, a hare - a carrot, a hedgehog - an apple, a whale - a box of lemonade, a giraffe - a first-aid kit.)
D. Bear, lion, crocodile, hare, elephant, hedgehog, giraffe, whale, already.
U. Of all the named animals, you need to write down only those whose names have voiced or deaf consonants at the end, and prove the correct spelling by choosing test words.
Two students work on individual boards.
On individual boards:
- Name the dictionary word from the written words.
D. Bear.
U. What can be said about the peculiarities of the sound composition of this word?
D. It has seven letters, six sounds.
U. Guys, ask questions to the student on the topic "Composition of the word."
Name among the written words words in which there is a spelling familiar to you.
D. Snake, hedgehogs, giraffes.
U. Guys, ask questions on the topic "Composition of the word."
Children ask 2-3 questions, the teacher puts a mark.
– So, what words require verification?
D. Words with paired consonants at the end of a word.
U. What words are test words?
D. Words in which a consonant comes before a vowel.
U. Look again at the drawing. How do doctor's animals treat? What did they bring him?
D. Barrel honey .
- Box lemonade .
– Tiles chocolate .
U. Do you think the underlined words are related to the topic of our lesson?
D. Yes. If we put them in the singular, there will be paired consonants at the end of the words.
V. Physical education
It is held under a poem read by the teacher.
U. There are brothers in the world - exactly six.
And there are sisters too - exactly six.
Everyone needs paired consonants,
We are friendly with paired consonants.
FROM b and P always together
FROM in and f we go to the woods
FROM G and to we sing songs
FROM d and t learning a lesson
FROM h and With we play ball
FROM and and w let's solve the problem.
We will always be friends with them,
We will never be separated from them.
VI. Consolidation of the material covered (continued)
U. I offer you a task called "Help me figure it out." Many animals came to treat their beloved doctor, but the camel could not come. And do you know why? He received a telegram from the baby elephant, telling him how to go to the doctor's meadow, but he didn't understand anything. Let's help him figure it out. The text of the telegram is on your desk. Read it.
Each student has a printed text of the telegram.
- What do you think, what words caused bewilderment in the camel?
D. Onion, twig, fruit, braid.
U. Why?
The children answer.
- Write down the text of the telegram in your notebook correctly.
Children write down the text.
Let's check how you did the job.
The teacher projects the text on the screen through the overhead projector. Students check the assignment.
Let's move on to the next page of the book. It's called "Magic Apple".
The teacher turns the page of the book layout.
- On this apple tree, in addition to ordinary apples, twelve more unusual ones have grown. They are larger than the rest, and paired consonants are written on them. The one who gives examples of words with these paired consonants at the end and selects test words for them can pick an apple.
The children are doing the task.
- Before you the last page magic book, which is called "Knot for memory."
The teacher turns the last page of the book layout and reads the poem.
- I know a walrus.
He eats porridge, drinks Borjomi,
He loves Eskimo
We go to the cinema together.
He is alone among the walruses
I did not see huge ice floes,
He did not even see the sea.
This walrus is Morkovin Borya,
He is an athlete, my friend,
He bathes in winter.
Who is the poem about?
D. About the boy.
D. Walrus.
U. Who is a walrus?
The children answer. The teacher writes the meaning of the word on the blackboard.
The walrus is a northern animal.
Walrus - a person who is not afraid of the cold, hardened, swims in winter.
What can you say about this word?
D. It is multi-valued.
U. Correctly. And why did I choose it for today's lesson?
D. At the end of a word walrus double consonant and, which must be checked by the word walruses .
U. Well done! Dr. Aibolit and all the animals are very fond of guessing riddles, but they can’t guess one in any way.
Walked, walked without roads.
Where he went, there he lay down.
Until spring lay
And then he ran away.
What are we talking about?
D. About snow.
U. What is the spelling of this word?
D. Snow - a paired consonant at the end.
U. Select the features that characterize this subject.
D. It is white, fluffy, wet, soft, sparkling...
U. Choose words that describe the action of the subject.
D. Snow flies, sparkles, goes, falls, crunches...
U. Make a sentence about snow using the selected actions and signs, write it down in your notebook.
Several sentences are read aloud. Weak students are given cards with words from which they need to make sentences.
VII. Lesson summary
U. What did you learn in class today?
D. Correctly write words with paired consonants at the end of the word.
U. What do you need to know for this?
D. The paired consonant must be checked. To do this, we change the word so that there is a vowel after the consonant.
U. Knowing all this, you can easily cope with the last task. I distribute punched cards to each row with words in which paired voiced and deaf consonants are missing at the end. You must insert the letter into the box and pass the punched card to your neighbor. The row that completes the task faster wins.
The game is summed up.
VIII. Homework
Exercise 167
Additional material
Smoothly, smoothly flowed verse,
Suddenly he stumbled and fell silent.
He waits and sighs:
Words are missing!
To go on a good journey again
The verse flowed like a river
Help him a little
Suggest a word.
I will say without boasting:
I will rejuvenate all my friends!
They come to me sad -
With wrinkles, with folds,
They leave very cute
Fun and smooth!
So I'm a reliable friend
Electric... ( iron G ).
That's such a miracle! He's tasteful
Can eat dust and debris!
And buzzing like a hundred wasps
Hard worker... ( vacuum cleaner With
).
I say to my brother: - Oh!
Peas are falling from the sky!
“Here’s an eccentric,” the brother laughs, “
Your peas - it's ... ( gra d ).
This animal is familiar to you -
Eats mice, drinks milk.
But it doesn't look like a cat
All in long thorns ... ( e and
).
He walks with his head up
Not because an important count,
Not because of a proud disposition,
And because he ... ( fat f ).
Now I'm in a cage, then in a line.
Feel free to write on them!
You can also draw.
What is me? ( tetra d b)
What sounds are called consonants?
What is a consonant made of?
What are consonant sounds?
How many consonant letters and consonant sounds are there in the Russian alphabet?
Which consonants are always hard and which are always soft?
What letters indicate the softness of a consonant sound?
Sounds, during the pronunciation of which air meets an obstacle in the mouth, are called consonants. A consonant sound consists of noise and voice, or only noise.
The consonants are divided into voiced and deaf. Voiced sounds are made up of noise and voice, deaf sounds are made up of noise only.
Sounds consist only of noise: [k], [p], [s], [t], [f], [x], [c], [h], [w], [u]. These are voiceless consonants.
Many consonants form couples by voice-deafness: [b] — [p], [c] — [f], [g] — [k], [d] — [t], [s] — [s], [f] — [sh].
To memorize voiced consonants, you can learn the phrase: " LION AND TOAD HAVE MANY FRIENDS».
See all phrases for memorizing voiced and voiceless consonants.
Deaf consonants are easy to remember by the phrase: " STEPKA, WANT A CHICK?— Ugh!».
Consonant sounds are indicated by letters:
B,AT,G,D,AND,Z,Y,To,L,M,H,P,R,FROM,T,F,X,C,H,W,SCH.
In total, the Russian language has 21 consonants.
Consonants are also hard and soft.
Hard and soft sounds differ in the position of the tongue during pronunciation. When pronouncing soft consonants, the middle back of the tongue is raised to the hard palate.
Most consonants form pairs of hardness-softness:
The following hard and soft consonants do not form pairs in hardness-softness:
| Solid | [and] | [w] | [c] |
|---|---|---|---|
| Soft | [h❜] | [n❜] | [th❜] |
Table "Consonants: paired and unpaired, voiced and deaf, hard and soft" (Grades 1-4)
Note: in primary school hard consonants are indicated in blue, soft consonants - in green, vowels are in red.
Hardness consonants are indicated in writing by vowels BUT , O , At , S , E .
Softness consonant sound is indicated in writing by vowels E , Yo , I , Yu , I, as well as the letter b(soft sign).
Compare: nose[nose] - carried[n❜os], corner[corner] - coal[ugal❜].
Unpaired ringing sounds[d❜], [l], [l❜], [m], [m❜] [n], [n❜] [r], [r❜] are called sonorous, which means "sonorous" in Latin.
Sounds [g], [w], [h❜], [u❜] are called hissing. They got this name because their pronunciation is like a hiss.
Sounds [w], [w] are unpaired solid hissing sounds.
The sounds [h❜] and [u❜] are unpaired soft hissing sounds.
The sounds [c], [s❜], [z], [z❜], [c] are called whistling.
Consonant can not be percussive or unpercussed.
In Russian, there are more consonant sounds (36) than consonant letters (21), since one letter can denote paired hard and soft sound and: for example, the letter L (el) denotes the sounds [l] and [l❜].
Attention! A consonant can form a syllable only with
Russian has 21 consonants and 36 consonants. Consonants and their corresponding consonant sounds:
b - [b], c - [c], d - [g], d - [e], f - [g], d - [d], h - [h], k - [k], l - [l], m - [m], n - [n], n - [n], r - [p], s - [s], t - [t], f - [f], x - [x ], c - [c], h - [h], w - [w], u - [u].
Consonants are divided into voiced and deaf, hard and soft. They are paired and unpaired. There are 36 different combinations of consonants in terms of pairing-unpairing of hard and soft, deaf and voiced: deaf - 16 (8 soft and 8 hard), voiced - 20 (10 soft and 10 hard).
Scheme 1. Consonant letters and consonant sounds of the Russian language.
Hard and soft consonants
Consonants are hard and soft. They are divided into paired and unpaired. Paired hard and paired soft consonants help us distinguish between words. Compare: horse [kon '] - con [kon], bow [bow] - hatch [l'uk].
For understanding, let's explain "on the fingers". If the consonant is in different words means either a soft or hard sound, then the sound refers to paired. For example, in the word cat, the letter k denotes a hard sound [k], in the word whale, the letter k denotes a soft sound [k ']. We get: [k] - [k '] form a pair of hardness-softness. Sounds for different consonants cannot be attributed to a pair, for example [v] and [k '] do not make a pair in hardness-softness, but make a pair [v] - [v ']. If a consonant is always hard or always soft, then it belongs to unpaired consonants. For example, the sound [g] is always solid. There are no words in Russian where it would be soft [zh']. Since there is no pair [w] - [w ’], then it belongs to unpaired ones.
Voiced and voiceless consonants
Consonants are voiced and voiceless. Thanks to voiced and deaf consonants, we distinguish words. Compare: ball - heat, count - goal, house - volume. Voiceless consonants are pronounced almost with a covered mouth, when they are pronounced vocal cords does not work. For voiced consonants, more air is needed, the vocal cords work.
Some consonants have a similar sound in terms of pronunciation, but are pronounced with different tonality - deaf or sonorous. Such sounds are combined in pairs and form a group of paired consonants. Accordingly, paired consonants are a pair of voiceless and voiced consonants.
- paired consonants: b-p, v-f, g-k, d-t, s-s, f-sh.
- unpaired consonants: l, m, n, p, d, c, x, h, u.
Sonorant, noisy and hissing consonants
Sonorant - voiced unpaired consonants. There are 9 sonorous sounds: [th '], [l], [l '], [m], [m '], [n], [n '], [p], [p '].
Noisy consonants are voiced and deaf:
- Noisy voiceless consonants (16): [k], [k "], [p], [p"], [s], [s"], [t], [t"], [f], [f "], [x], [x'], [q], [h'], [w], [w'];
- Noisy voiced consonants (11): [b], [b '], [c], [c '], [g], [g '], [d], [d '], [g], [s ], [h'].
Hissing consonants (4): [g], [h '], [w], [u '].
Paired and unpaired consonants
Consonants (soft and hard, deaf and voiced) are divided into paired and unpaired. The tables above show the division. Let's summarize everything with a diagram:
Scheme 2. Paired and unpaired consonants. To be able to do phonetic parsing, in addition to consonants you need to know
Paired consonants
Consonants correlative in deafness-voicing: (b-p), (b'-p'), (v-f), (v'-f'1 (g-k), (g'-k') , (d-t), (d'-t'), (w-w), (w'-w') (h-s), (h'-s'); by hardness-softness! (b- b '), (c-c '), (d-d ') and t, d.
Dictionary-reference linguistic terms. Ed. 2nd. - M.: Enlightenment. Rosenthal D. E., Telenkova M. A.. 1976 .
See what "paired consonants" are in other dictionaries:
Speech sounds, consisting either of one noise, or of voice and noise, which is formed in the oral cavity, where the air stream exhaled from the lungs meets various obstacles. The classification of consonants is based on: 1) the participation of voice and noise. Consonants ... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms
Consonant sounds, during the articulation of which the back of the tongue is moved back (combined with back vowels). All except Sh, Zh, Ts have paired soft ones, with which they often alternate as part of one morpheme, cf .: village / in the village, love / love, ... ... Literary Encyclopedia
Kazanskaya linguistic school direction in linguistics, to which I. A. Baudouin de Courtenay, his students N. V. Krushevsky belonged (like Baudouin, he can be called a Russian-Polish scientist) and ... ... Wikipedia
designation on the letter of hardness / softness of consonants- Paired hard and soft are designated by the same letter. Hardness is indicated by the vowels a, o, y, s, e. The softness of a consonant before a vowel is indicated by the letters i, ё, yu, and. The letter e can stand for both hard and soft preceding consonants. On the … Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal
Self-name: Halmg Cologne Countries: Russia ... Wikipedia
Language Self-name: Halmg Koln Countries: Russia, China, Mongolia Regions: Kalmykia, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region Official status: Kalmykia ... Wikipedia
Kalmyk language Self-name: Khalmg Koln Countries: Russia, China, Mongolia Regions: Kalmykia, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Official status: Kalmykia ... Wikipedia
Kalmyk language Self-name: Khalmg Koln Countries: Russia, China, Mongolia Regions: Kalmykia, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Official status: Kalmykia ... Wikipedia
Kalmyk language Self-name: Khalmg Koln Countries: Russia, China, Mongolia Regions: Kalmykia, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Official status: Kalmykia ... Wikipedia
Books
- Paired consonants G-K. Speech therapy material for the automation of sounds. GEF DO,. Benefits "Paired consonants. Speech therapy material" are designed to work with children 5-7 years old. The lexical material for automating sounds presented in the manuals is used on ...
- Paired consonants B-P. Speech therapy material for the automation of sounds. GEF DO,. Benefits “Paired consonants. Speech therapy material" are designed to work with children aged 5-7 years. The lexical material for automating sounds presented in the manuals is used on ...
In Russian, not all speech sounds are indicated, but only the main ones. There are 43 basic sounds in Russian - 6 vowels and 37 consonants, while the number of letters is 33. The number of basic vowels (10 letters, but 6 sounds) and consonants (21 letters, but 37 sounds) also do not match. The difference in the quantitative composition of the main sounds and letters is determined by the peculiarities of Russian writing. In Russian, hard and soft sounds are denoted by the same letter, but soft and hard sounds are considered different, which is why there are more consonant sounds than the letters they are denoted by.
Voiced and voiceless consonants
Consonants are divided into voiced and voiceless. Voiced sounds are made up of noise and voice, deaf sounds are made up of noise only.
Voiced consonants: [b] [b "] [c] [c "] [g] [g "] [d] [d "] [h] [h "] [g] [l] [l "] [ m] [m "] [n] [n"] [r] [r "] [th]
Deaf consonants: [n] [n "] [f] [f "] [k] [k "] [t] [t "] [s] [s "] [w] [x] [x"] [ h "] [u"]
Paired and unpaired consonants
Many consonants form pairs of voiced and voiceless consonants:
Voiced [b] [b "] [c] [c "] [g] [g "] [d] [d "] [s] [s"] [f]
Deaf [n] [n "] [f] [f "] [k] [k "] [t] [t "] [s] [s "] [w]
The following voiced and voiceless consonants do not form pairs:
Voiced [l] [l "] [m] [m "] [n] [n "] [r] [r "] [th]
Deaf [x] [x "] [h "] [u"]
Soft and hard consonants
Consonants are also divided into hard and soft. They differ in the position of the tongue during pronunciation. When pronouncing soft consonants, the middle back of the tongue is raised to the hard palate.
Most consonants form pairs of hard and soft consonants:
Solid [b] [c] [g] [d] [h] [k] [l] [m] [n] [p] [r] [s] [t] [f] [x]
Soft [b "] [c"] [g "] [d"] [h "] [k"] [l"] [m "] [n"] [n "] [p"] [s"] [ t "] [f"] [x"]
The following hard and soft consonants do not form pairs:
Solid [w] [w] [c]
Soft [h "] [u"] [th"]
Hissing consonants
The sounds [w], [w], [h ’], [u ’] are called hissing.
[w] [w] [h "] [u"]
Whistling consonants
[s] [s "] [s] [s "] [c]
Whistling sounds s-s, s-z anterior-lingual, slotted. When articulating hard s-z teeth naked, the tip of the tongue touches the lower teeth, the back of the tongue is slightly arched, the lateral edges of the tongue are pressed against the upper molars, which causes a groove in the middle. Air flows through this groove creating frictional noise.
When pronouncing soft s, z, the articulation is the same, but additionally the back of the tongue rises to the hard palate. When pronouncing sounds, the z-z ligaments are closed and vibrate. The palatine curtain is up.
