TOPIC:

poem " Bronze Horseman". Petersburg story.

Target:

Comprehension of the ideological and artistic originality of the poem.

To reveal the confrontation between the Bronze Horseman and Eugene in the poem;

Develop the skills of analytical work with a literary text,

the ability to analyze the thoughts and feelings of not only the author of the work, but also his own;

Show students the enduring value of the poem and A.S. Pushkin's interest in the historical past of Russia

The poem "The Bronze Horseman" was written in October 1833 in Boldino, but could not immediately be published due to censorship reasons. It was published only a year after the death of the poet V. A. Zhukovsky with some corrections. It was published in full by P. V. Annenkov in 1857.

In this work, the genre of which Pushkin defined as Petersburg story , comprehension continues personalities of Peter I as a sovereign and a person, his role in the formation and development of Russia. It is no coincidence that Pushkin refers to the image of Peter, who in his interpretation becomes a kind of a symbol of self-willed, autocratic power. Against all odds, Peter builds Petersburg on the swamps in order to "from here to threaten the Swede". This act appears in the poem as the highest manifestation of the autocratic will of the ruler, who "raised" all of Russia.

Appeal to the theme of Peter I, the city he created, which became a "window to Europe", took place against the backdrop of heated discussions about the ways of the country's development. Opponents of the emperor's activities, his reforms believed that by building new town who played decisive role in accelerating the Europeanization of Russia, strengthening its political and military power, Peter did not take into account the natural conditions of the area on which Petersburg was built. To such natural conditions attributed swampiness, as well as the propensity of the Neva to floods. Petersburg was opposed to the capital city of Moscow, which was created not by the will and project of one person, even if endowed with great power, but by Divine Providence. The flood that occurred in St. Petersburg in the early 1820s and caused great loss of life was regarded as the revenge of natural forces for the violence committed. That was one point of view.

Composition of the poem . The poem raises a number of philosophical, social and moral problems. Their decision is subject to a clear composition. In two main parts, the main poem conflict: natural elements, state power and interests of an individual. Pictures of the St. Petersburg disaster are conveyed dynamically, visibly.

Pushkin loves Petersburg, admires its beauties and the genius of architects, but nevertheless God's punishment has been on the city for centuries for that primordial autocracy, which was expressed by Peter in the foundation of the city on a place unsuitable for this. And floods are just a punishment, a kind of “curse” that weighs on the inhabitants of the capital, a reminder to the inhabitants of Babylon of the crime that they once committed against God.

Plot The main part of the poem is built around the fate of an ordinary, ordinary person - Eugene and his bride Parasha, whose hopes for simple family happiness are collapsing as a result of a natural disaster.

Conflict The poem reaches its climax in the scene of the collision of the insane Yevgeny, who has lost the most precious thing in his life, with a monument to the creator of St. Petersburg - the Bronze Horseman. It is him, the “miraculous builder”, as he calls with malicious irony “an idol on a bronze horse”, that Eugene considers the culprit of his misfortune.

The image of Eugene is the image of that very “man of the crowd” who is not yet ready to accept freedom, who has not suffered it in his heart, that is, the image of an ordinary layman. The "Bronze Horseman" is a part of a person's soul, his "second self", which does not disappear by itself. In the words of Chekhov, a person must every day “squeeze a slave out of himself drop by drop”, perform tireless spiritual work (compare with the idea developed by Gogol in The Overcoat, that that man was created for a high purpose and cannot live a dream about acquiring an overcoat, only in this case he deserves high name Human). It is these ideas that would subsequently be embodied in the work of Dostoevsky, who "from the inside" will describe the rebellion of the "little man" - the fruitless rebellion of the "poor in spirit."

Idea : « With God's element, kings cannot co-rule ". Power suppresses the personality of an individual, his interests, but is not able to resist the elements and protect himself from it. The rebellious elements returned part of the city - the "small island" - to its original state. The natural element is terrible and is able to avenge its defeat not only to the winner, but also to his descendants. The victims of the rebellious Neva were the townspeople, especially the poor inhabitants of the islands.

QUESTIONS FOR SELF-CHECK .

The author's position in the poem "The Bronze Horseman" caused various interpretations in criticism and literary criticism. Some, referring to V. G. Belinsky, believed that A. S. Pushkin, in the image of Peter I, justifies the tragic right of the state to dispose of a person’s private life (B. M. Engelhardt, G. A. Gukovsky, JI. P. Grossman). Others (V. Ya. Bryusov, A. V. Makedonov, M. P. Eremin and others), finding a humanistic concept in the poem, believe that the poet is completely on the side of poor Eugene. And finally, S. M. Bondi, E. A. Maimin see in The Bronze Horseman "the tragic insolubility of the conflict", according to which A. S. Pushkin presents history itself to make a choice between the "truths" of the Horseman and Yevgeny. Which of these interpretations do you prefer and why? Determine your point of view on the position of the author.

The history of creation and analysis of the poem "The Bronze Horseman" by A.S. Pushkin

History of creation The last poem, written by Pushkin in Boldino in October 1833, is the artistic result of his reflections on the personality of Peter I, on the "Petersburg" period of Russian history. The main themes of the poem The Bronze Horseman common man and power.

The story about the flood forms the first semantic plan of the poem, the historical one, which is emphasized by the words "a hundred years have passed." The story about the city begins in 1803 (this year St. Petersburg turned a hundred years old). The flood is the historical basis of the plot and the source of one of the conflicts of the poem - the conflict between the city and the elements. Analysis of the poem "The Bronze Horseman"

The second semantic plan of the poem is literary, fictional, given the subtitle: "Petersburg Tale". Eugene is the central character of this story. The faces of the rest of the inhabitants of St. Petersburg are indistinguishable. This is the "people" crowding the streets, drowning during the flood (the first part), and the cold, indifferent people of St. Petersburg in the second part. St. Petersburg became the real background of the story about the fate of Eugene: Senate Square, the streets and the outskirts, where the “ramshackle house” of his beloved Eugene stood. Analysis of the poem "The Bronze Horseman"

The Bronze Horseman, awakened by the words of Eugene, breaking off his pedestal, ceases to be only an "idol on a bronze horse", that is, a monument to Peter. He becomes the mythological embodiment of the "terrible king". Having pushed the bronze Peter and the poor St. Petersburg official Yevgeny into conflict in the poem, Pushkin emphasized that state power and man are separated by an abyss. Analysis of the poem "The Bronze Horseman" An important role is played by the third semantic plan, legendary and mythological. It is given by the title of the poem "The Bronze Horseman". This semantic plan interacts with the historical one in the introduction, sets off the plot narrative about the flood and the fate of Eugene, and dominates in the climax of the poem (the Bronze Horseman's pursuit of Eugene). A mythological hero appears, a revived statue of the Copper Horseman.

Eugene is the antipode of the "idol on a bronze horse." He has something that the bronze Peter is deprived of: heart and soul. He is able to dream, grieve, "fear" for the fate of his beloved, to languish from torment. The deep meaning of the poem is that Eugene is compared not with Peter the man, but precisely with Peter's "idol", with a statue. Analysis of the poem "The Bronze Horseman"

Eugene, who has gone mad, wanders around St. Petersburg, not noticing the humiliation and human malice, deafened by the "noise of inner anxiety." It is the “noise” in Yevgeny’s soul, which coincided with the noise of the natural elements (“It was gloomy: / It was raining, the wind howled sadly”) awakens the memory in the madman: “Yevgeny jumped up; remembered vividly / He is a past horror. It is the memory of the flood that he experienced brings him to the Senate Square, where he meets for the second time with the "idol on a bronze horse." This is the climax of the poem. Analysis of the poem "The Bronze Horseman"

This climactic episode of the poem, which ended with the Bronze Horseman chasing the “poor madman”, is especially important for understanding the meaning of the whole work. Often in the words of Eugene, addressed to the bronze Peter (“Good, miraculous builder! / He whispered, trembling angrily, / Already to you! ..”), they see a rebellion, an uprising against the “ruler of half the world” In this case, the question inevitably arises: who the winner - statehood, embodied in the "proud idol", or humanity, embodied in Eugene? However, it is hardly possible to consider the words of Eugene a rebellion or an uprising. The words of the insane hero are caused by the memory awakened in him. Analysis of the poem "The Bronze Horseman"

In the chase scene, the second reincarnation of the “idol on a bronze horse” takes place. He turns into the Copper Rider. A mechanical creature rides after Man, which has become a pure embodiment of power, punishing even for a timid threat and a reminder of retribution. Analysis of the poem "The Bronze Horseman"

A senseless and fruitless pursuit, reminiscent of "running in place", has a deep philosophical meaning. The contradictions between man and power cannot be resolved or disappear: man and power are always tragically linked. Pushkin, recognizing the greatness of Peter, defends the right of every person to personal happiness. The clash of the "little man" - the poor official Yevgeny - with the unlimited power of the state ends with the defeat of Yevgeny. The author sympathizes with the hero, but understands that the rebellion of a loner against the lord of fate is insane and hopeless. Analysis of the poem "The Bronze Horseman"

FI __________________________________________________________________________________________

Study study

Historical and "private" themes in the poem by A.S. Pushkin "The Bronze Horseman".

The conflict between the interests of the individual and the state. The image of the elements

Problem:

Target:

Tasks:

Main part

1. The history of the creation of the poem "The Bronze Horseman":

2. Disputes around the poem "The Bronze Horseman":

3. The main characters of the poem "The Bronze Horseman". Their role in the story:

4. historical theme in the poem "The Bronze Horseman":

5. "Private" theme in the poem "The Bronze Horseman:

6. How is the conflict between the interests of the individual and the state presented in the poem?

7. How is the image of the element shown?

Conclusion

What do you think, the rebellion of Eugene, who has gone mad, threatening his idol on a bronze horse (“You already! ..”) can lead to any positive changes for the hero, or is this a senseless and punishable rebellion?

Justify your answer.

Thematic direction (underline):

"Mind and Feeling";

"Honor and dishonor";

"Victory and defeat";

"Experience and mistakes";

"Friendship and enmity".

Literature:

Didactic material.

Yu.V. Lebedev. Literature. Grade 10. Part 1. - M .: Education, 2007 (pp. 142-146).

Self-esteem:

Didactic material

A.S. Pushkin. Poem "The Bronze Horseman"

The poem "The Bronze Horseman" is one of Pushkin's most capacious, mysterious and complex poems. He wrote it in the autumn of 1833 in the famous Boldin. The idea of ​​Pushkin's "The Bronze Horseman" clearly echoes the works of writers who lived much later and devoted their creations, firstly, to the theme of St. There are two characters in the poem that are opposed to each other. irresolvable conflict between them.

Pushkin worked intensively on the poem and completed it very quickly - in just twenty-five October days. The history of the creation of the poem "The Bronze Horseman" is closely connected not only with realistic motives and documents of the era, but also with the mythology that has developed around the great man and the city that arose by his supreme will.

Censorship restrictions and controversy surrounding the poem

The “Petersburg Tale,” as the author defined its genre, was subjected to censorship by Emperor Nicholas I himself, who returned the manuscript with nine pencil marks. The frustrated poet printed the text of the introduction to the poem "The Bronze Horseman" (the history of the creation of the poetic story is overshadowed by this fact) with eloquent voids in place of the king's notes. Later, Pushkin nevertheless rewrote these passages, but in such a way that the meaning invested in them did not change. Reluctantly, the sovereign allowed the publication of the poem "The Bronze Horseman". The history of the creation of the work is also connected with the heated controversy that flared up around the poem after its publication.

Points of view of literary critics

The controversy continues to this day. Traditionally, it is customary to speak of three groups of interpreters of the poem. The first includes researchers who affirm the "state" aspect, which shines with the poem "The Bronze Horseman". This group of literary scholars, headed by Vissarion Belinsky, put forward a version that Pushkin in the poem justified the right to do fateful deeds for the country, sacrificing the interests and the very life of a simple, inconspicuous person.

Humanistic interpretation

Representatives of another group, headed by the poet Valery Bryusov, Professor Makagonenko and other authors, completely took the side of another character - Yevgeny, arguing that the death of even the most insignificant person from the point of view of a sovereign idea cannot be justified by great achievements. This point of view is called humanistic.

Eternal conflict

Representatives of the third group of researchers express a system of views on the tragic insolubility of this conflict. They believe that Pushkin gave an objective picture in the story "The Bronze Horseman". History itself judged the eternal conflict between the "miraculous builder" Peter the Great and the "poor" Eugene - an ordinary city dweller with his modest requests and dreams. The two truths - the common man and the statesman - remain equal, and neither is inferior to the other.

Terrible events and the poem "The Bronze Horseman"

The history of the creation of the poem, of course, firmly fits into the cultural and historical context of the time when it was created. Those were the times of disputes about the place of the individual in history and the impact of great transformations on the fate of ordinary people. This topic worried Pushkin from the end of the 1820s. Taking as a basis the documentary information about the flood that happened in St. Petersburg on November 7, 1824, about which the newspapers printed, the brilliant poet and thinker comes to major philosophical and social generalizations. The personality of the great and brilliant reformer Peter, who “put Russia on its hind legs”, appears in the context of the personal tragedy of the insignificant official Yevgeny with his narrow-philistine dreams of his little happiness, which is not so unconditionally great and worthy of chanting. Therefore, Pushkin's poem "The Bronze Horseman" is not limited to the odic praise of the reformer who opened the "window to Europe".

Contrasting Petersburg

The northern capital arose thanks to the strong-willed decision of Tsar Peter the Great after the victory over the Swedes. Its foundation was intended to confirm this victory, to show the strength and power of Russia, and also to open the way for free cultural and trade exchange with European countries. The city, which felt the greatness of the human spirit, manifested in a strict and slender architectural appearance, speaking symbolism of sculptures and monuments, appears before us in the story "The Bronze Horseman". The history of the creation of St. Petersburg is based, however, not only on greatness. Built on the “blat swamp”, in which the bones of thousands of unknown builders lay, the city is engulfed in an ominous and mysterious atmosphere. Oppressive poverty, high mortality, superiority in diseases and the number of suicides - such is the other side of the magnificent crowned capital at the time about which Alexander Pushkin wrote. The two faces of the city, appearing one through the other, reinforce the mythological component of the poem. The "transparent twilight" of the pale city lighting gives the inhabitants the feeling that they live in some kind of mysteriously symbolic place in which monuments and statues can come to life and move with sinister determination. And with this, too, to a large extent, the history of the creation of the Bronze Horseman is connected. Pushkin, as a poet, could not but be interested in such a transformation, which became the culmination of the plot. In the artistic space of the story, a cold bronze monument resoundingly galloping along the deserted pavement haunted Eugene, distraught with grief after the loss of his beloved and the collapse of all hopes.

Intro idea

But before we hear how the earth trembles under the hoof of an iron horse, we have to go through the sad and cruel events that happened in the life of the unfortunate Eugene, who will blame the great Builder for putting the city on lands prone to destructive floods, and also realize the bright and the majestic introduction with which the poem "The Bronze Horseman" opens. Peter stands on the bank of a wild river, on the waves of which a fragile boat sways, and dense gloomy forests rustle around, in some places the miserable huts of the "Chukhonians" stick out. But in his mind's eye, the founder of the northern capital already sees the “wonderful city”, ascending “proudly” and “magnificently” above the Neva, dressed in granite, a city associated with future state successes and great achievements. Pushkin does not name Peter - the emperor is mentioned here with the help of the pronoun "he", and this emphasizes the ambiguity of the odic structure of the introduction. Reflecting on how someday Russia will "resettle" "threaten the Swede", great figure does not see at all today's "Finnish fisherman", who threw his "dilapidated" seine into the water. The sovereign sees the future, in which ships are directed to rich marinas from all over the world, but does not notice those who sail in a lonely boat and huddle in rare huts on the shore. Creating a state, the ruler forgets about those for whom it is created. And this painful discrepancy feeds the idea of ​​the poem "The Bronze Horseman". Pushkin, for whom history was not just a collection archival documents, but with a bridge thrown over the present and the future, this conflict is especially acutely felt and expressively conveyed.

Why did the bronze horseman turn out to be copper in the poet's mouth?

The point, of course, is not only that the writers of the 19th century did not see a significant semantic difference between bronze and copper. It is deeply symbolic that this is the Bronze Horseman. The history of writing a poem in this case resonates with biblical allegory. It is no coincidence that the poet calls the statue of Peter "an idol" and "an idol" - the authors of the Bible say exactly the same words when they talk about golden calves, which the Jews worshiped instead of the Living God. Here, the idol is not even golden, but only copper - this is how the author reduces the brilliance and grandeur of the image, sparkling with external dazzling luxury, but hiding inside by no means precious content. These are the subtexts that the history of the creation of the Bronze Horseman breathes.

Pushkin cannot be suspected of unconditional sympathy for the sovereign idea. However, his attitude to the fictitious idyll constructed in Eugene's dreams is also ambiguous. The hopes and plans of the "little man" are far from deep spiritual quests, and Pushkin sees their limitations in this.

Plot climax and denouement

After a colorful introduction and a declaration of love for the city, Pushkin warns that further we will talk about "terrible" events. A hundred years after what is happening on the shores of the Gulf of Finland, the St. Petersburg official Yevgeny returns home after service and dreams of his bride Parasha. He is no longer destined to see her, because she, like her modest house, will be carried away by the "frantic" waters of the "enraged" Neva. When the elements fall silent, Eugene will rush in search of his beloved and make sure that she is no longer alive. His consciousness does not withstand the blow, and the young man goes crazy. He wanders around the hostile city, becomes a target for the ridicule of the local children, completely forgets the way home. Eugene blames Peter for his troubles, who built the city in the wrong place and thereby exposed people to mortal danger. In desperation, the madman threatens the bronze idol: "You already! .." Following that inflamed consciousness, he hears a heavy and sonorous "jumping" on the stones of the pavement and sees the Horseman rushing after him with an outstretched hand. After some time, Eugene is found dead at the threshold of his house and buried. Thus ends the poem.

Poem and monument

Opening of the monument to Peter the Great on Senate Square in St. Petersburg took place at the end of the summer of 1782. The monument, impressive in its grace and grandeur, was erected by Catherine II. The equestrian statue was created by the French sculptors Etienne Falcone, Marie Ann Collot and the Russian craftsman Fyodor Gordeev, who sculpted a bronze snake under the furious hoof of Petrov's horse. At the foot of the statue, a monolith was installed, nicknamed the thunder-stone, its weight was a little less than two and a half tons (the entire monument weighs about 22 tons). From the place where the block was found and found suitable for the monument, the stone was carefully transported for about four months.

After the publication of the poem by Alexander Pushkin, the hero of which the poet made this particular monument, the sculpture was called the Bronze Horseman. Residents and guests of St. Petersburg have a great opportunity to see this monument, which without exaggeration can be called a symbol of the city, almost in its original architectural ensemble.

The poem "The Bronze Horseman" was created by A. S. Pushkin in 1833. This last work, which was written by the great Russian poet in Boldino. It is written in poetic form, and the two main characters of the work are Eugene and a monument to the emperor. Two themes intersect in the poem - Emperor Peter and a simple, "insignificant" person. The poem is considered one of the most perfect works of the great Russian poet.

Historical vantage point chosen by the poet

In the analysis of The Bronze Horseman, it can be mentioned that Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin managed to overcome the canons of the genre in his work. In the poem, Peter does not appear as a historical character (he appears in the guise of an "idol" - a statue). Also, nothing is said about the time of his reign.

The Petrine era for the poet himself is a time that did not end with the death of the great ruler. At the same time, A. S. Pushkin does not refer to the beginning of this great period in history Russian state, but to its results. One of the historical points, from the height of which the poet looked at the emperor, was the flood of November 7, 1824, the “terrible time”, which remained in memory for a long time.

Analyzing The Bronze Horseman, it can be noted that the poem was written in iambic tetrameter. In this short work (contains less than 500 verses), the poet combined history and modernity, the private life of a "little man" with the history of the country. The Bronze Horseman has become one of the immortal monuments to St. Petersburg and the period of Peter's reign.

The main plan of the poem, theme, main idea

The theme of The Bronze Horseman is a conflict between a person and the state system. The central event of the work is a flood. The story about him forms the first plan of the poem - historical. The flood is one of the main plots of the entire poem. It is also a source of conflict between the individual and the country. The main idea of ​​the work is that an ordinary person can go crazy with grief, anxiety and anxiety.

Conditionally literary plan

There is also a second plan in the poem - conditionally literary. It also needs to be told in the analysis of The Bronze Horseman. The poet sets it with the help of the subtitle "Petersburg Tale". And Eugene is the central character in this story. The faces of the rest of the inhabitants of the city can not be distinguished. This is the crowd that floods the streets, drowning; cold and detached residents of the city in the second part of the work. The poet's story about the fate of the protagonist sets off the historical plan and interacts with him throughout the entire work. At the climax of the poem, when the Horseman is chasing Eugene, this motif dominates. Enters the stage mythical hero- a statue that came to life. And in this space, the city turns into a fantastic space, losing its real features.

"Idol" and understanding of St. Petersburg

In the analysis of The Bronze Horseman, the student may mention that the Bronze Horseman is one of the most unusual images in all of Russian literature. Awakened by the words of the protagonist, he ceases to be an ordinary idol and turns into a formidable king. From the very moment of the founding of St. Petersburg, the history of the city received different interpretations. In myths and legends, it was considered not an ordinary city, but the embodiment of completely mysterious and incomprehensible forces. Depending on who held the post of king, these forces were understood as beneficent or as hostile, anti-people.

Emperor Peter I

At the end of the 18th and beginning of the 19th centuries, two large categories of myths began to take shape, opposite each other in their content. In some, Emperor Peter appeared as the "father of the Fatherland", a kind of deity who managed to organize a reasonable cosmos and a "dear country".

These ideas often appeared in poetry (for example, in the odes of Sumarokov and Derzhavin). They were encouraged at the state level. Another trend tends to represent Peter as a "living Antichrist", and Petersburg as a "non-Russian city". The first category of myths characterized the founding of the city as the beginning of a "golden era" for Russia; the second predicted the imminent destruction of the state.

Combining the two approaches

Alexander Sergeevich in the poem "The Bronze Horseman" was able to create a synthetic image of St. Petersburg and the emperor. In his work, those images that exclude each other in their meaning complement each other. The poem begins with a description of the poetic myth about the founding of the city, and the myth of destruction is reflected in the first and second parts of the work, which describes the flood.

The image of Peter in the poem "The Bronze Horseman" and the historical plan of the work

The originality of the poem is reflected in the simultaneous interaction of three planes. It is legendary-mythological, historical, and also conventionally literary. Emperor Peter appears on the legendary mythological plane, because he is not a historical character. He is the nameless hero of the legend, the builder and founder of the new city, the executor of the highest will.

But Peter's thoughts are distinguished by concreteness: he decided to build a city "for the evil of an arrogant neighbor" so that Russia could "cut a window into Europe." A. S. Pushkin emphasizes the historical plan with the words "a hundred years have passed." And this phrase envelops the ongoing events in the haze of times. The emergence of the "young city" is likened by the poet to a miracle. In the place where there should be a description of the process of building the city, the reader sees a dash. The story itself begins in 1803 (on this day, the “city of Peter” turned a hundred years old).

Parallels in the work

In Pushkin's The Bronze Horseman, the reader discovers many semantic and compositional parallels drawn by the poet. They are based on the relationships that have been established between the fictional character of the work, the elements of the flood, the city and the monument - the "idol". For example, the poet parallels the “great thoughts” of the emperor with the reflections of the “little man”, Eugene. The legendary emperor thought about how the city would be founded, the fulfillment of the interests of the state would be achieved. Eugene, on the other hand, reflects on the small deeds of a simple person. The emperor's dreams come true; the dreams of the "little man" collapsed along with a natural disaster.

Eugene - "little man"

Eugene is one of the main characters in Pushkin's The Bronze Horseman. He is burdened by his plight, as he is poor and barely makes ends meet. He connects his hopes for a happy future with the girl Parasha. But his life is tragic - it takes away his only dream. Parasha dies during a flood, and Eugene goes crazy.

"The Bronze Horseman": excerpt

To learn by heart, schoolchildren are often asked to learn part of the poem. It could be, for example, the following passage:

"I love you, Peter's creation,
I love your strict, slender look,
Neva sovereign current,
Its coastal granite ... ".

A student can have several stanzas to get a higher grade. Learning an excerpt from The Bronze Horseman is a pleasure, because the poem is written in the beautiful Pushkin language.

The image of the "city of Peter" in the poem

The world of Petersburg appears in the poem as a closed space. The city exists according to the laws that are adopted in it. In the poem "The Bronze Horseman" he seems to be a new civilization built on the expanses of wild Russia. After Petersburg appears, the “Moscow period” in history becomes a thing of the past.

The city is full of many internal contradictions. The great Russian poet emphasizes the duality of St. Petersburg: on the one hand, it “rises magnificently”, but on the other hand, it comes “from the darkness of the forests”. In the poet's wish to the city, anxiety sounds - "May the conquered element be reconciled with you ...". The beauty of the city may not be eternal - it stands firmly, but it can be destroyed by the raging elements. For the first time, the image of a raging element appears on the pages of the poem.

In the poem "The Bronze Horseman" the theme of the relationship between the common man and the authorities is revealed. The technique of symbolic opposition of Peter I (the great reformer of Russia, the founder of St. Petersburg) and the Bronze Horseman - a monument to Peter I (the personification of autocracy, senseless and cruel power) is used. Thus, the poet emphasizes the idea that the undivided power of one, even outstanding person cannot be fair. The great deeds of Peter were committed for the good of the state, but were often cruel to the people, to the individual: On the shore of the desert waves He stood, thoughts of great zeros, And looked into the distance.

Before him the River rushed wide; the poor boat was striving for it alone. Along the mossy, marshy shores of Cherneli huts here and there. Shelter of a wretched Chukhonian; And the forest, unknown to the rays In the mist of the hidden sun. Noisy all around.

Pushkin, recognizing the greatness of Peter, defends the right of every person to personal happiness.

The clash of the "little man" - the poor official Yevgeny - with the unlimited power of the state ends with the defeat of Yevgeny: And suddenly he started to run headlong. It seemed to Him that a formidable king. Instantly on fire with anger. His face turned softly... And he runs across the empty square and hears behind him - As if thunder rumbles - Heavy-voiced galloping On the shocked pavement, And, illuminated by the pale moon. Stretch out your hand above. Behind him rushes the Bronze Horseman On a galloping horse; And all night the poor madman.

Wherever he turned his feet, Behind him everywhere the Bronze Horseman With a heavy stomp galloped. The author sympathizes with the hero, but understands that the rebellion of a loner against the "powerful ruler of fate" is insane and hopeless.

• Artistic features of the poem.

The Bronze Horseman is one of Pushkin's most perfect poetic works. The poem is written in iambic tetrameter. The uniqueness of this work lies in the fact that the author overcame the genre canons of a historical poem.

Peter does not appear in the poem as a historical character (he is an "idol" - a statue), nothing is said about the time of his reign. The poet does not refer to the origins of this era, but to its results - to the present: On the porch With a raised paw, as if alive. Guard lions stood, And right in the dark height Above the fenced rock Idol with outstretched hand Sat on a bronze horse. The conflict reflected in the poem is supported stylistically.

The introduction, the episodes associated with the "idol on a bronze horse", are sustained in the tradition of an ode - the most state genre: And he thought; From here we will threaten the Swede. Here the city will be founded To spite the arrogant neighbor. Here we are destined by nature to cut a window into Europe. Stand with a firm foot by the sea. Here on their new waves All the flags will visit us, And we will drink in the open. Where we are talking about Eugene, prosaic prevails: “Marry?

To me? why not? It is hard, of course; But well, I'm young and healthy. Ready to work day and night; Somehow I will arrange for myself a humble and simple shelter And in it I will calm Parasha. Maybe a year or two will pass - I’ll get a place, I’ll entrust our family to Parasha And the upbringing of the children ... And we’ll live, and so we will both reach the coffin Hand in hand, And our grandchildren will bury us ... ”

• The main conflict of the poem.

The main conflict of the poem is the conflict between the state and the individual. It is embodied, first of all, in the figurative system: the opposition of Peter and Eugene. The image of Peter is central in the poem. Pushkin gives in The Bronze Horseman his own interpretation of the personality and state activity of Peter.

The author depicts two faces of the emperor: in the introduction, Peter is a man and statesman: On the shore of desert waves He stood, full of great thoughts, And looked into the distance. He is guided by the idea of ​​the good of the Fatherland, and not by arbitrariness. He understands the historical pattern and appears as a decisive, active, wise ruler. In the main part of the poem, Peter is a monument to the first Russian emperor, symbolizing autocratic power, ready to suppress any protest: Terrible is he in the surrounding darkness! What a thought!

What power is hidden in it! The conflict of history and personality is revealed through the depiction of the fate of an ordinary person. Although researchers do not include Evgeny in the gallery of "little people", nevertheless, we find some typical features of such heroes in this image. The confrontation between man and power, personality and state is an eternal problem, the unambiguous solution of which Pushkin considers impossible. In the poem, the empire is represented not only by Peter, its creator, the embodiment of its titanic will, but also by St. Petersburg.

Unforgettable stanzas about Petersburg best of all make it possible to understand what Pushkin loves in Peter's Creation. All the magic of this northern Petersburg beauty lies in the reconciliation of two opposite principles: I love your cruel winters, Still air and frost. Sledge running along the Neva wide. Girls' faces are brighter than roses, And the brilliance, and the noise, and the talk of the balls, And at the hour of the idle feast The hiss of foamy glasses And the blue flame of punch. I love the warlike liveliness of the Amusing Fields of Mars. Infantry troops and horses Monotonous beauty, In their harmoniously unsteady formation Patchwork of these victorious banners. The radiance of these copper caps.

Shot through and through in battle. I love you, military capital. Your stronghold smoke and thunder. When the full-night queen Grants a son to the royal house. Either Russia triumphs over the enemy again, Or, having broken its blue ice, the Neva carries it to the seas And, smelling spring days, rejoices. Almost all epithets are paired, balancing each other. Cast iron gratings are cut through with a light pattern, the masses of deserted streets are "clear", the needle of the fortress is "bright".

• Heroes of the poem.

In The Bronze Horseman, there are not two heroes (Peter and Eugene - the state and the individual), but three - this is the element of the raging Neva, their common enemy, the image of which is devoted to most of the poem. Russian life and Russian statehood is a continuous and painful overcoming of chaos by the beginning of reason and will. This is the meaning of empire for Pushkin. And Eugene, the unfortunate victim of the struggle between the two principles of Russian life, is not a person, but just a layman, dying under the hoof of the horse of the empire or in the waves of revolution. Eugene is devoid of individuality: At that time, young Eugene came home from the guests ...

We will call our hero by this name. It sounds nice; with him for a long time My pen is also friendly. We don't need his name. Although in past times It may have shone And under the pen of Karamzin It sounded in native legends; But now it is forgotten by light and rumor. Our hero lives in Kolomna; serves somewhere, Is shy of the nobles and does not grieve Nor about the deceased relatives. Not about the forgotten antiquity. Peter I becomes for him that "significant person" who appears in the life of any "little man" to destroy his happiness.

The grandeur, the national scale of the image of Peter and the insignificance, the limitation of the circle of Eugene's personal concerns are emphasized compositionally. Peter's monologue in the introduction (And he thought: “From now on we will threaten the Swede ...”) is opposed to Eugene’s “thoughts” (“What was he thinking about / That he was poor ...”).

Literary critic M. V. Alpatov claims that all critics who wrote about The Bronze Horseman see in it an image of two opposing principles, to which each of them gave his own interpretation. However, M. V. Alpatov believes that the Bronze Horseman is based on a much more complex multi-stage system of images. It consists of the following characters: Peter with his "companions" Alexander, the Bronze Horseman and St. Petersburg. An element that some critics tried in vain to identify with the image of the people.

People. Evgeniy. The poet who, without speaking openly, is invariably present as one of the actors. Poem in the assessment of critics and literary critics. “The will of the hero and the uprising of the primitive elements in nature is a flood raging at the foot of the Bronze Horseman; the will of the hero and the same uprising of the primitive elements in the human heart - a challenge thrown in the face of the hero by one of the countless doomed to death by this will - this is the meaning of the poem ”(Dn. Merezhkovsky).

“Pushkin managed to see in the St. Petersburg flood and in the unfortunate fate of the poor official a significant event and reveal in it a range of ideas that go far beyond the described incidents. In this regard, it is natural that Pushkin's poem reflected the poet's experiences associated with the events of the December uprising, as well as with a number of broader problems of Russian and world history and, in particular, the romantic theme of the individual in his relation to society, nature and fate "( M. V. Alpatov). “Pushkin does not reveal in more detail the threat of Yevgeny.

We still don’t know what exactly the madman wants to say with his “You already!”. Does this mean that the "small", "insignificant" will be able to "*already" avenge their enslavement, humiliation by the "hero"? Or that a voiceless, weak-willed Russia will “already” raise its hand against its rulers, who are hard forcing them to test their fatal will? There is no answer ... The important thing is that small and insignificant, the one who recently humbly confessed that “God could give him more mind”, whose dreams did not go beyond a modest wish: “I will ask for a place”, suddenly felt himself equal to the Bronze Horseman, found in oneself the strength and courage to threaten the “power of the semi-world” ”(V.Ya. Bryusov). “We understand with a confused soul that it is not arbitrariness, but a reasonable will, personified in this Bronze Horseman, who, in an unshakable height, with outstretched hand, as if admiring the city ...

And it seems to us that, in the midst of the chaos and darkness of this destruction, a creative “let it be!” comes from his brass lips, and an outstretched hand proudly commands the enraged elements to subside ... And with a humble heart we recognize the triumph of the general over the particular, without abandoning our sympathy for the suffering of this private...

When looking at a giant, proudly and unwaveringly ascending in the midst of universal death and destruction and, as it were, symbolically realizing the invincibility of his creation, we, although not without a shudder of the heart, admit that this bronze giant could not save the fate of individuals, ensuring the fate of the people and the state ; what a historical necessity is for him and that his view of us is already his justification ... Yes, this poem is the apotheosis of Peter the Great, the most daring, the most grandiose that could only come to the mind of a poet who is quite worthy to be the singer of the great reformer of Russia ”(V. G. Belinsky).

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