Level B. Classic essay.
Which is better: war or peace?
Unfortunately, wars occur in our lives quite often. The majority of people believe that war is the worst thing that can happen. But there are people who have the opposite opinion. They consider war to be one of the effective ways of resolving a conflict. So, who is right? What is war for mankind?
If you want to know my opinion, I think that there is nothing worse and terrible than war. First of all, war is death, blood, starvation, cold, diseases, destruction and children's tears. The most serious consequences of wars are human victims. The Second World War was one of the largest wars in human history and one of the most dramatic military conflicts of the XX century. It involved 61 states, the war actions were held on the territory of three continents and in the waters of four oceans. It is known that the death toll of the Second World War is estimated to 65 million; in the Soviet Union the number of victims exceeded 27 million people. We also must not forget about genocide in concentration camps – places of mass extermination of millions of people. War takes away hope, breaks fate, makes to give up the future and dream, takes away the closest and dearest people - grandfathers, fathers, husbands, sons, brothers…
However, war is awful not only because of casualties and sufferings. Wars have a negative influence on the ecology of our planet. The development, production, manufacture, testing and storage of weapons are really serious threats to the environment of the Earth. Military maneuvers disfigure the landscape, destroy the soil, poison the atmosphere, destroy ozone layer, cause forest fires. The weapon of mass destruction is a serious threat. Wars, especially with the use of these weapons can cause ecological disaster. That is why many countries oppose the war in Syria.
But there are people who have another point of view. They consider war to be a common phenomenon that has many positive aspects. According to their opinion, war is the most powerful engine of technological progress and economic development. Scientists have to invent new types of weapons, vehicles and more advanced techniques in a very short time. War is the force that makes people create, invent something new and produce with the greatest speed. Due to war, economy, science and technology develop with a great boost. Besides, they claim that wars can help with the problem of overpopulation of our planet.
I am afraid I cannot agree with these people as I strongly believe that the negative effects of the war outweigh the positive ones. Nothing can be compared with horrors and tragedies of the war.
In conclusion I would like to stress once again that modern wars are dangerous and threaten the humanity. There are not winners in war, only losers and all countries should come to the conclusion that we must not use war as an instrument of policy. I agree with the great American president John F. Kennedy who once said, “Mankind must put an end to war before war puts an end to mankind”. I believe that all people on our planet must act against wars. We should live as one big family in peace and love. Let us say together: "NO WAR!"
Unfortunately, in our life wars happen very often. Most people consider war to be the worst thing that can happen. But there are people who have a different opinion. They believe that war is one of the effective ways to resolve the conflict. Who is right? What is war for mankind?
If you want to know my opinion, then I think that there is nothing worse and worse than war. War is, first of all, death, blood, hunger, cold, disease, destruction, children's tears. The most serious consequences of war are human casualties. World War II was one of the largest wars in human history and the most dramatic military conflict of the 20th century. It involved 61 states, the fighting was conducted on the territory of three continents and in the waters of four oceans.
It is known that the total human losses reached 65 million people, in the Soviet Union the number of victims reached 27 million people. We also should not forget about the genocide in the Nazi concentration camps - places of mass extermination of millions of people. War takes away hope, breaks destinies, makes you give up the future and dreams, takes away the closest and dearest people - grandfathers, fathers, husbands, sons, brothers ...
However, war is terrible not only in human losses and suffering. Wars have a negative impact on the ecological state of our planet. The development, production, manufacture, testing and storage of weapons pose a serious danger to the nature of the Earth. Military maneuvers disfigure the landscape, destroy the soil, poison the atmosphere, destroy the ozone layer, cause forest fires. Weapons of mass destruction pose a great danger. Wars, primarily with the use of these weapons, carry the threat of an ecological catastrophe. That is why many countries of the world are now opposed to the war in Syria.
But there are people who have a different point of view. They believe that war is a common occurrence with many positive aspects. According to them, war is the most powerful engine technical progress and economic development. Scientists are forced to invent new types of weapons, transport, more advanced technology in a very short time. War is a force that makes you create, invent something new, produce at an accelerated pace. During the war, as a rule, there is a flourishing of the economy, science and technology. In addition, they argue that war can help solve the problem of overpopulation of our planet.
I am afraid that I cannot agree with the opinion of these people, since I believe that the war has more negative consequences than positive ones. Nothing compares to the horrors and tragedies of war.
In conclusion, I would like to emphasize once again that modern wars are dangerous and threaten all of humanity. There are no winners in a war, only losers. All countries must come to the understanding that war cannot be used as an instrument of politics. I agree with the great American President John F. Kennedy, who believed that "mankind must end war before war ends mankind." I believe that all people on Earth should oppose wars, we should live as one big family in love and peace. Let's all say together: "NO WAR!"
Each army has its own system of military structures. And they are slightly different from each other. I propose to get acquainted with the systems of the USA and Great Britain, because we see them so often in films, TV shows, as well as computer games.
Let's start with the type of troops ( a branch). There are five in the US Army:
- The Army- all ground troops. They also have tanks at their disposal ( tanks) and heavy artillery ( heavy machine guns).
- The Marine Corps (Marines) are Marines. The tough guys who most often appear in films and save everyone. Also known as the Rapid Reaction Force.
- The Navy- Navy. Their task is to deliver the Marines to the battlefield. Ships at their disposal ships), submarines ( submarines), as well as aircraft carriers ( aircraft carriers).
- The Air Force- air Force.
- The Coast Guard- Coast security.
In addition to the above types of troops, there are units that have special tasks, for example:
- The United States Navy SEAL- an abbreviation for the words "sea", "air" and "land" ( SEa, Air and Land). Literally a seal- fur seal. It's funny that a unit with such a cute name is engaged in such a serious task as reconnaissance, and also conducts sabotage and search and rescue operations. If you are interested in watching them work, watch the movie "Captain Phillips". It was the SEALs who saved the character of Tom Hanks from the pirates.
- SWAT (Special Weapons And Tactics- special weapons and tactics) are involved in high-risk operations where the knowledge and skills of ordinary police officers are lacking. In Russia, a similar unit is called SOBR (special rapid response unit).
- The United States Army Special Forces- Special Forces of the US Army or simply special forces, also known as the "Green Berets" ( the Green Berets).
The British Army consists of:
- ground forces - british army;
- naval service - Naval Service;
- Royal Air Force - Royal Air Force (RAF);
- special forces troops: SAS (Special Air Service- special air service) and SBS (Special Boat Service– special boat service);
- military medical service The Defense Medical Services of the Armed Forces. Interestingly, the UK medical service is one of the most powerful in the world.
As for military ranks ( military ranks), which can be recognized by looking at the shoulder straps ( an insignia) military, then in the US and UK their general hierarchy is as follows:
| USA | Great Britain |
|---|---|
Officers ( officers) ranks:
|
Officers ( officers) ranks:
|
Other ranks:
|
Other ranks:
|
It is interesting that such a rank as an ensign does not exist in the armies of these countries. The rank closest to him is Warrant Officer. In addition, the US Army has a drill sergeant ( a drill sergeant), who trains soldiers at the boot camp ( boot camp). Speaking of the military, one cannot but mention the partisans ( guerillas). The main thing is not to confuse them with gorillas :-)
Often in computer games or films about special forces there are three abbreviations. I propose to find out what is hidden under them:
- POW (prisoner of war) is a prisoner of war.
- KIA (killed in action) died in the line of duty.
- MIA (missing in action) - missing.
Now let's get acquainted with the general hierarchy of military units.
| Word | Translation |
|---|---|
| a squad/crew(8-12 people) | link, squad, calculation, group, crew or team |
| a platoon(10-50 people) | platoon, squad |
| a company / artillery battery / squadron(30-250 people) | company/battery/squadron |
| a battalion(300-1000 people) | battalion, division |
| a regiment(1000-3000 people) | regiment |
| a brigade(3000-5000 people) | brigade |
| a division/legion(6000-20000 people) | division/legion |
| a corps(20000-50000 people) | frame |
| an army (50000+) | army |
Now is the time to watch the practice video correct pronunciation the aforementioned words, especially such insidious ones as a colonel, a lieutenant and a guerilla.
- an ally- ally;
- a battle- battle;
- a bullet- a bullet;
- a ceasefire- ceasefire, temporary truce, silence;
- a coalition- coalition;
- a counter-offensive- counteroffensive;
- guerilla warfare- guerrilla warfare;
- a grenade- grenade;
- IED (improvised explosive device) - an improvised explosive device;
- an incursion- intrusion;
- a militant (militia) - partisan (partisans);
- a missile- ballistic guided missile;
- a mortar- mortar;
- an offensive- offensive;
- an onslaught- assault;
- a rocket- a rocket;
- a RPG (rocket propelled grenade) - RPG (hand-held anti-tank grenade launcher);
- sanctions– sanctions;
- shrapnel- debris from a grenade explosion;
- a treaty- an agreement between countries (for example, on the end of the war);
- troops- troops;
- a truth- a truce
- UNSC (United Nations Security Council) – UN Security Council;
- to advance- attack;
- to launch- run;
- to repel- beat off, reflect;
- boots on the ground- land operation;
- ground forces- ground troops.
Some military terms and expressions have long been firmly established in the everyday vocabulary of carriers. of English language. Why are there words, even the phonetic alphabet is used not only by officers, but also by mere mortals. For example, alpha-bravo-charlie means ABC, Barbara-bench-flower – bbf (best friends forever). The latter was hardly used by the military, but you get the idea :-)
If you have long dreamed of watching military films in English or just want to replenish your vocabulary with interesting slang expressions, watch the video.
List of useful vocabulary from the video:
- AWOL (without absent leave) - absent (more often for unknown reasons);
- collateral damage- associated losses, side negative consequences;
- a couple de grace- a fatal blow inflicted out of mercy;
- a dud- failure, disappointing person;
- fubar (soup sandwich) - complete confusion, difficult situation;
- a snafu- confusion, confusion;
- Uncle Sam (US) - Uncle Sam (US authorities);
- to have someone's six- protect, cover someone;
- Copy. - Understood.
- Roger. - Understood. / Will be done (usually upon receipt of a task or instructions).
Of course, this is not a complete list of military terms and idioms, but these are exactly the ones that will be useful to you when watching movies, news and in daily communication. Memorize new words, and let there be less and less in your learning of English snafu Subscribe to new articles by the author
Every year, there are fewer and fewer veterans of the Second World War around the world, fewer and fewer of those who, at the cost of incredible efforts, defended the right of their people to life and thanks to whom we live now. Human nature is hostile, and we can only hope that new war will not happen. The invaders have long been destroyed, and victory has been won, but who knows, maybe it was just a battle? After all, real victory is not to destroy the enemy, but to bury the hatchet.
Essay on Victory Day
One of the most remarkable public events in Russia is the Victory Day. It is traditionally celebrated on the 9th of May. The holiday marks the capitulation of Nazi Germany to the Soviet Union in the Second World War in 1945. It became the end of the Great Patriotic War for the USSR, which lost about 25 million citizens in the four years of fighting and starvation.
Every year all cities across the country have lots of parades and celebrations. Even though the fact that the holiday is celebrated cheerfully, May 9 is a sad day for the majority of our population. Many people have lost close relatives and friends in this terrible war. Almost every family in Russia has a person who didn't return from the battlefield. A great number of people were seriously injured and became disabled. On this day we are grateful to our saviors, to those who sacrificed their lives for us. That's why we try to celebrate this day with honors.
There are some traditions that we follow. We give flowers, usually red carnations, to veterans in the street and lay wreaths at war memorial sites. Neighborhood schools may host a program prepared by the students, featuring wartime songs and poetry. Also, there is St. George ribbon campaign, which has occurred on the eve of the Victory Day for nine years already. Millions of Russians and compatriots in 100 countries take part in this campaign. Orange-black ribbons handed out by volunteers in the streets are one more sign of our commemoration of the Great Victory. At home, we gather around a festive table to honor survivors and honor those who passed away. We may also watch a favorite Soviet film based on the events of World War II.
I think it's a great day in our history, but some part of the younger generation doesn't understand the importance of this event, which I think is disrespectful. My grandparents took part in this war, and I'm proud of them.
Composition on the theme of Victory Day
One of the most memorable public holidays in Russia is Victory Day. It is traditionally celebrated on May 9th. This holiday commemorates the surrender of Germany to the Soviet Union in World War II in 1945. This was the end of the Great Patriotic War for the USSR, in resulting in in four years of fighting and famine, about 25 million citizens died.
Every year, parades and celebrations take place in all cities across the country. Despite the fact that the holiday is celebrated cheerfully, May 9th is a sad day for most of our population. Many people lost close relatives and friends in this terrible war. Almost every family in Russia has a person who did not return from the battlefield. A large number of people were seriously injured and became disabled. On this day, we are grateful to our saviors, those who sacrificed their lives for us. That is why we try to celebrate this day with honors.
There are some traditions that we adhere to. We give flowers, usually red carnations, to veterans on the street and lay wreaths at war memorials. In neighboring schools, a program prepared by schoolchildren may be organized, with the participation of wartime songs and poetry. In addition, there is the St. George's Ribbon Campaign, which appeared on the eve of Victory Day 9 years ago. Millions of Russians and compatriots in 100 countries are taking part in the campaign. The orange and black ribbons handed out by volunteers in the streets are another sign of our celebration Great Victory. At home, we gather around the festive table to honor the survivors and remember those who have passed away. We can also watch our favorite Soviet film based on the events of World War II.
I think this is a great day in our history, but part of the younger generation doesn't understand the importance of this event, which I think is disrespectful. My grandparents took part in this war and I am proud of them.
Related writings
Topic: History of Great Britain"s Wars
Theme: British War History
Though the involvement in wars is not the best characteristic of the country, it shows its greatness and strength to the others. The UK has a long history of wars having been involved in numerous conflicts on all but one continents of the world. It is difficult to imagine, but Great Britain was in the state of war with more than one hundred countries. The greatest rivals of the Kingdom were France, the USA and others. Nowadays and for many decades its military forces have been and still are the ones of the best prepared armies in the world. And despite the fact that the military history of the UK started only in the many dramatic wars had happened on the territory of the modern country before that.
Although participation in wars is not best characteristic country, she shows her greatness and strength to others. The UK has a long history of war, having been involved in numerous conflicts on every continent in the world but one. It's hard to imagine, but Great Britain was at war with over a hundred countries. The Kingdom's greatest rivals were France, the US and others. Today and for many decades, its armed forces have been and remain among the best trained armies in the world. And despite the fact that the military history of Great Britain began only in the 18th century after the unification of all its parts, many dramatic wars took place on the territory of the modern country before that.
The Hundred Years" War was the longest millitary conflict of the country and lasted 116 years. It was the war against France and usually historians divide it into four distinct periods. The Kingdom of England fought for the control over the territory of the Kingdom of France .First it was a dynastic conflict, but later it turned out to be a real war, which resulted in the appearance of the first standing armies in Europe.England did not manage to return its continental possessions, and it was the leading factor for the beginning of the civil wars there.
The Hundred Years War was the country's longest military conflict and lasted 116 years. It was a war against France, and as a rule, historians divide it into four different period. The Kingdom of England fought over the territory of the Kingdom of France. At first it was a dynastic conflict, but later it turned out to be a real war, which led to the emergence of the first standing armies in Europe. England failed to recapture her continental possessions, and this was the main factor for starting a civil war there.
The civil wars in England are known as the Wars of Roses. the throne between the supporters of the rival branches and one more reason for their beginning . Henry Tudor defeated the last king of the House of York, and his dynasty ruled the country until 1603.
The civil wars in England are known as the Wars of the Roses. These were wars for the throne between supporters of rival branches and another reason for their start was social and financial problems. Henry Tudor defeated the last king of the House of York, won the victory and his dynasty ruled the country until 1603.
Another Civil War dates back to 1641, when a series of conflicts took place between Parliamentarians and Royalists, who were not satisfied with the policy of the government. There were three wars, and the Battle of Worcester was the final one giving the victory to the supporters of the parliament. The monarchy was replaced by the Commonwealth of England and later the Protectorate.
The next Civil War dates back to 1641, when a series of conflicts broke out between Parliamentarians and Royalists who were not happy with the government's policies. Three wars took place there, and the battle of Worcester was the last and gave victory to the supporters of Parliament. The monarchy was replaced by the Commonwealth of England and later by the Protectorate.
The series of wars between the English and the Dutch taking place in the 17-18th centuries are known as the Anglo-Dutch Wars. aimed at gaining control over the trade routes and the seas. There were four wars between them and numerous causes for starting them. of the English towards the Dutch, several more reasons appeared as both of the countries to grab the newly-gained possessions of Spain and Portugal. The Dutch also supported the American rebels and this could not but made England angry. So there were numerous battles both in the sea and on the land. The Dutch colonies were given back and both countries started to develop their fleets and armies. Later, Britain took control over the Dutch colonies, but it was only after the Napoleonic Wars.
The series of wars between the English and the Dutch taking place in the 17th and 18th centuries are known as the Anglo-Dutch Wars. Both countries wanted to gain control over trade routes and seas. Four wars have taken place between them and there are numerous reasons for starting them. In addition to the belligerence of the British towards the Dutch, several other reasons appeared, since both countries wanted to seize the newly acquired possessions of Spain and Portugal. The Dutch also supported the American rebels, and this could not but anger the British. So there were numerous battles, like at sea. as well as on dry land. The Dutch colonies were returned and both countries began to develop their navies and armies. Later, Britain took control of the Dutch colonies, but this only happened after the Napoleonic Wars.
Several more wars before the invasion of Napoleon had taken place in Great Britain including the War of the Austrian Succession, King George's War, the Seven Years' War and others. All of them were partially connected with the North American colonies and as the result of the last one Britain gained control over the majority of the American colonies.
Several wars took place in Britain before Napoleon's invasion, including the War of the Austrian Succession, King George's Wars, the Seven Years' War and others. All of them were partially connected with the North American colonies and, as a result of the latter, Britain gained control over most of the American colonies.
Great Britain was a part of the coalition in the wars against France and despite those ones who sued for peace, continued to fight against Napoleonic France in the Anglo-French War and the War of the Seventh Coalition.
Great Britain was part of the coalition in the wars against France and, despite those who asked for peace, continued to fight against Napoleonic France in the Anglo-French War and the War of the Seventh Coalition.
The Second war of Great Britain and the USA was in 1812-1815. It was declared by the Americans, but their military forces were unprepared for the war with the most powerful empire in the world. So the union with the Canadian forces beat back the invasion of the US army.
The second war between Great Britain and the United States was in 1812-1815. It was announced by the Americans, but their armed forces turned out to be unprepared for war with the most powerful empire in the world. Therefore, an alliance with Canadian forces repulsed the invading US Army.
Gradually the British Empire took an interest in the Asian and African countries in order to expand the territory of its colonies. As a result of such wars as the Anglo-Afghan, the Opium (against the Chinese), the Boer, Somali ones took place.
Gradually, the British Empire became interested in Asian and African countries in order to expand the territory of their colonies. As a result, there were such wars as the Anglo-Afghan, Opium (against the Chinese), the Boer wars, Somalia.
Great Britain took part in both World Wars, but one of the most contradictory conflicts, the results of which even now influence the population of the country,
cold war
The Cold War was the open yet restricted struggle that developed after World War II between the United States and its allies and the Soviet Union and its allies. The struggle was named the Cold War because it did not actually lead to direct armed conflict between the superpowers on a wide scale. The Cold War was waged by means of economic pressure, selective aid, intimidation, diplomatic maneuvering, propaganda, assassination, local conflicts, low-intensity military operations and full-scale war from 1947until the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. The Cold War saw the largest conventional and the first nuclear arms race in history. The term was popularized by the U.S. political adviser and financier Bernard Baruch in April 1947 during a debate on the Truman-Doctrine. It was coined by Eric A. Blair and George Orwell in an essay titled "You and the Atomic Bomb" on October 19,1945 in the British magazine Tribune.
The Cold War is usually considered to have occurred approximately from the end of the strained alliance between the U.S. and the Soviet Union during World War II until the break-up of the Soviet Union in 1991. The Korean War; the Hungarian and Czech Revolutions; the Bay of Pigs Invasion and Cuban Missile Crisis; the Vietnam War; the Afghan War; and U.S. backed military couups against governments in Iran (1953), Guatemala (1954), and civil wars in countries such as Angola, El Salvador, and Nicaragua were some of the occasions when the tension related to the Cold War took the form of an armed conflict .
One major hotspot of conflict was Germany, particularly the city of Berlin. The most vivid symbol of the Cold War was the Berlin Wall. The Wall isolated West Berlin, the portion of the city controlled by West Germany and the Allies, from East Berlin and the territory of East Germany, which completely surrounded it.
The Korean peninsula remains a hotspot. The states of North Korea and South Korea and her allies also technically remain at war because although a truce is in effect, no formal peace treaty was ever signed. As a result, tension still remains high on the Korean peninsula, especially since North Korea declared to possess nuclear weapons.
In such conflicts, the major powers operated in good part by arming or funding surrogates, a development that lessened direct impact on the populations of the major powers, but brought the conflict to millions of civilians around the world.
In the strategic conflict between the United States and the Soviet Union a major arena was the strategy of technology. It also involved covert conflict through active acts of espionage.
Particularly revolutionary advances were made in the field of nuclear weapons and rocketry. In reality most or all of the rockets used to launch humans and satellites into orbit were originally military designs.
Other fields in which arms races occurred include: jet fighters, bombers, chemical weapons, biological weapons, anti-aircraft warfare, surface-to-surface missiles and cruise missiles, intercontinental ballistic missiles, anti-tank weapons, submarines and anti-submarine warfare , submarine-launched ballistic missiles, electronic intelligence, signals intelligence, reconnaissance aircraft and spy satellites.
All of these fields required massive technological and manufacturing investment. in many fields, the West created weapons with superior effectiveness, mainly due to their lead in digital computers. However, the Eastern bloc fielded a larger number of military designs in each field and built a larger number of weapons.
In the 1970s, the Cold War gave way to detente and a more complicated pattern of international relations in which the world was no longer split into two clearly opposed blocs. U.S.-Soviet relations would deteriorate once again in the late 1970s and early 1980s, but improved as the Soviet bloc started to unravelin the late 1980s. With the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, Russia lost the superpower status that it had won in World War II.
"Cold War"
The Cold War was a large-scale, already ended war that broke out immediately after the end of World War II between the United States with its allies and the Soviet Union also with its allies. This conflict was called the "cold war" because it did not ultimately lead to an open full-scale confrontation between the two superpowers. The Cold War was waged through economic pressure, targeted (selective) aid, intimidation, diplomatic subterfuge, propaganda, contract killings, local conflicts, small and large-scale military operations between 1947 and 1991 - the year the Soviet Union collapsed. The Cold War caused an arms race, both nuclear and conventional. The term was popularized by American political adviser and financier Bernard Barusch in April 1947 during discussions of the Truman Doctrine. The term was coined by Eric A. Blair and George Orwell in their essay titled "You and the Nuclear Bomb" in October 1945, published in the British Tribune magazine.
The Cold War is generally considered to have started roughly from the beginning of disagreements between the United States and the USSR, which were allies during World War II, until its conclusion when the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991. Korean War, Hungarian and Czech Revolutions, Bay of Pigs Invasion and Cuban Crisis, Vietnam War, the Afghan war, the financing of successful military operations against governments in Iran in 1953, Guatemala in 1954 and civil wars countries such as Angola, El Salvador and Nicaragua were some examples of superpower tensions during the Cold War escalating into armed conflicts.
One of the hotspots of the conflict was Germany, especially Berlin. The Berlin Wall was a living symbol of the Cold War. The wall isolated West Berlin, part of the city controlled by West Germany and its allies from East Berlin, which lay around it. The Korean Peninsula is still a "hot" spot. States of North Korea and South Korea with its allies are technically still at war, because despite the truce, the peace treaty has not yet been signed. As a result, tensions remain high on the Korean Peninsula, especially after North Korea announced it had nuclear weapons.
In such conflicts, the superpowers mainly armed and financed the warring parties, their populations were not directly affected by these conflicts, although the victims of these conflicts were millions of people around the world.
In the strategic conflict between the United States and the Soviet Union, the main arena of confrontation was technology, which also gave rise to hidden conflicts expressed by active espionage. Particularly great revolutionary achievements were made in the field of rocket science and nuclear weapons. In fact, most of the rockets used to launch humans and satellites into orbit were originally developed for military purposes.
Other areas where the arms race has taken place include: jet fighters, bombers, chemical weapons, biological weapons, air defense systems, surface-to-surface missiles, cruise missiles, intercontinental ballistic missiles, anti-tank weapons, submarines and anti-submarine weapons, ballistic submarine-launched missiles, electronic espionage, signal recognition (decryption), reconnaissance aircraft and spy satellites.
All this required huge financial and production costs in many areas. The West created more effective weapons, especially due to its leading position in the field of digital computer technology. However, the Eastern Bloc responded with more military developments in each type of weapon and created more weapons.
In the 1970s, tensions eased in the Cold War, and a more complex model of international relations emerged, in which the world was no longer clearly divided into two opposing camps. Soviet-American relations deteriorated again in the late 1970s and early 1980s, but soon improved as the Soviet bloc began to disintegrate in the late 1980s. With the breakup Soviet Union in 1991, Russia lost its superpower status, which it had received after the Second World War.
Questions:
1. What is Cold War?
2. Why was the conflict between two superpowers named Cold War?
3. How was the Cold War waged?
4. When did the collapse of the Soviet Union happen?
5. Who coined the term "Cold War"?
6. When did the Cold War give way to detente and a more complicated pattern of international relations in which the world was no longer split into two clearly opposed blocs?
7. What did the Berlin Wall symbolize?
8. What is arms race?
9. When did Russia win the superpower status?
Vocabulary:
to restrict - restrict (within something)
struggle - struggle; tension, effort
to develop - develop (sya) (from; into); improve; design, design, create
ally - friend, ally, supporter
superpower - superpower; one of the most powerful great powers
wide - wide; extensive, large
to wage - conduct (campaign), wage (war); fight (for smth.); challenge, duel
pressure - pressure, compression, squeezing; pressure; impact, pressure
selective aid - selective aid
intimidation - intimidation; intimidation, repulsion; intimidation, fear
diplomatic maneuvering - diplomatic evasions (maneuvering)
assassination - murder; terrorist act; annihilation, demolition, destruction (of)
collapse - collapse, destruction; collapse, collapse; failure
conventional - defined by a contract or agreement; conventional (about weapons - conventional, not nuclear; about military operations conducted with the use of conventional weapons)
race - zd. race
to popularize - popularize, distribute (scientific ideas, etc.); make popular, famous
debate - debate, discussion, discussion, debate; controversy, dispute
to coin - invent, invent, plot
essay - test, testing, experience, trial; verification, test; attempt; an effort; essay, study, sketch; story, sketch; essay; essay
to title - name, give a name; to head; to title, to dignify; call
to consider - consider, discuss (as); weigh, ponder, ponder; think, believe, consider; take into account, consider
to occur - occur, happen, occur; to meet, to meet
approximately - close, about, almost, approximately, approximately
strained - tense; unnatural; wrought, made
alliance - union; alliance (against; between; with); bloc, association, union, federation
break-up - separation, disintegration, destruction, disintegration, disintegration; the end; the end of the relationship
bay - zd. bay, gulf; bend (ridges of hills, etc.)
invasion - invasion, invasion, aggression; raid; intervention; sudden penetration, invasion (of some kind of supernatural force; feelings; emotions; elements, etc.); encroachment (on someone's rights) "to back - support; reinforce; finance, subsidize; confirm, back up with evidence, etc.; move in the opposite direction, back away; retreat
tension - tension, stress state, tension (also about intellectual, nervous activity, etc.); tightness, unnaturalness, awkwardness (situations, etc.); internal conflict, contradiction, tension
to relate - relate, relate, affect; be related; to establish a connection, to determine the ratio; correlate
hotspot - "hot" spot
vivid - bright; lively, bright; ardent; clear, clear, distinct
to surround - surround; surround
to remain - stay; stay, remain; to live, dwell, stay; be; stay in some able
to sign - to sign, put a signature; mark, note; put up a sign
to arm - arm (sya) (with); to arm, store (sya); to possess (with)
to lessen - reduce (sya), reduce (sya)
direct impact - direct impact, impact
to involve - draw in, involve (in, with); to touch, touch; cause, lead (to)
covert - shelter, refuge; cloaking device
espionage - intelligence, espionage, espionage
rocketry
satellite - artificial satellite
originally - originally, by origin; originally, initially; at first, at first
military designs - military developments
jet fighter - jet fighter
bomber - bomber
chemical weapons - chemical weapons
biological weapons - biological weapons
anti-aircraft warfare - air defense weapon
surface-to-surface missile - surface-to-surface missile
cruise missile - cruise missile
inter-continental ballistic missile - intercontinental ballistic missile
anti-tank weapons - anti-tank weapons
submarine - submarine
anti-submarine warfare - anti-submarine weapons
submarine-launched ballistic missile - submarine-launched ballistic missile
electronic intelligence - electronic espionage
signals intelligence - signal recognition (decoding)
reconnaissance aircraft - reconnaissance aircraft
spy satellite - spy satellite
to require - order, demand; to need (something); demand (something)
to manufacture - produce, manufacture, manufacture; make, process, process; fabricate, invent (lie, etc.)
digital computer - digital computer
detente - detente of international tension
complicated pattern - zd, complex model
split - splitting, splitting; split, fermentation (in the ranks of some organization, most often political)
to decline - worsen; spoil; damage; disintegrate, collapse; get worse, get worse degrade
to improve - improve (sya); improve); to mend, to mend
to unravel - unravel (threads, etc.); uncover, unearth, uncover, unmask, reveal, reveal
