One of the largest uprisings in Russia mid-seventeenth century there was a mass performance of the townspeople of the middle and lower strata, artisans, townspeople, courtyards and archers, which was called " salt riot».

This was the reaction of the population to the policy pursued by the government of the boyar Morozov, who was the tutor, and later the brother-in-law of Tsar Romanov A., was the de facto ruler of the Russian state, together with Prince I. Miloslavsky.

Through social and economic policy, during the reign of Morozov, arbitrariness and corruption became widespread and developed, taxes increased significantly. Many sectors of society demanded revision and changes in public policy. In order to slightly relieve tension in society, the Morozov government decided to partially replace the direct lines. This led to a decrease and even the abolition of some of them, while an additional duty was imposed on goods that were widely in demand, which were used in everyday life.

The salt riot of 1648 has its own chronology that can be traced. It began with the fact that in 1646 salt was taxed. A large jump in prices led to a reduction in its consumption and the emergence of a sharp indignation on the part of the population, because salt at that time was the main preservative. Many products began to deteriorate faster, and this caused general discontent among merchants and peasants. Thus, a salt riot was provoked, the causes of which lay in exorbitant taxes.

The tension grew and in 1647 the tax was canceled, but it was necessary to cover the arrears at the expense of something. She began to recover again from which were canceled for a short time.

The immediate reason for the uprising called the "salt riot" was the unsuccessful delegation of Muscovites to the king, which took place on 01/06/1648. The petition was directed against the dignitaries. The people demanded to convene a Zemsky Sobor and approve new legislative acts. Having ordered the archers to disperse the crowd, Morozov thereby provoked the townspeople to break into the Kremlin the next day, where they also failed to hand over the petition to the tsar.

Thus began the salt riot, the reasons for which were unwillingness to listen to the requests of the people. The city was at the epicenter of a great turmoil, which was perpetrated by angry citizens. The next day, a large number of archers joined the protesting citizens. The people again broke into the Kremlin, where they demanded that the chief who was in charge of the police service be extradited to him, and a demand was also put forward for the extradition of the Duma clerk, who was the initiator of the salt tax, as a result of which the salt riot of 1648 and the boyar Morozov, together with his brother-in-law, were formed.

The rebels set fire to the White City, and the courts of the hated merchants, boyars, devious and clerks fell under the rout. They killed and tore to pieces Chisty and Pleshcheev, who were sacrificed by the tsar. The people also considered the culprit of the duty on salt, the consequence of which was a salt riot, the devious Trakhaniotov, who fled from Moscow. He was caught up, returned and executed.

The tsar removed from power the boyar Morozov on 11/06/1648, who was sent into exile in a monastery, and uprisings continued in other cities until February 1649.

Alexei Romanov made concessions to the insurgent population. The Zemsky Sobor was assembled, the purpose of which was the adoption of a new Code and the abolition of the collection of arrears. This brought some peace to the community. In addition, the salt riot had other consequences. for the first time in such a long time he could independently make state and political decisions. The archers were given a double bread and cash salary, there was a split in the ranks of the opponents of the government, as a result of which repressions took place, and the most active participants and leaders were executed. Morozov returned to Moscow, but no longer participated in government.

Plan
Introduction
1 Causes of rebellion
2 Chronology of the riot
3 The results of the rebellion
Bibliography

Introduction

Moscow uprising of 1648, "Salt Riot", one of the largest urban uprisings of the middle of the 17th century in Russia, a mass uprising of the lower and middle strata of the townspeople, urban artisans, archers and courtyards.

1. Causes of rebellion

The Moscow uprising of 1648 was a reaction of the lower and middle strata of the population to the policy of the government of the boyar Boris Morozov - educator and, then, brother-in-law of Tsar Alexei Romanov, the de facto head of state (together with I.D. Miloslavsky). Under Morozov, during the implementation of economic and social policy, corruption and arbitrariness developed, and taxes increased significantly. Various sectors of society demanded changes in state policy. In order to relieve the tension that arose in the current situation, the government of B. I. Morozov decided to partially replace direct taxes with indirect ones. Some direct taxes were reduced and even abolished, but in 1646 goods actively used in everyday life were subject to an additional duty. Salt was also taxed, which caused its price to rise from five kopecks to two hryvnias per pood, a sharp reduction in its consumption and discontent among the population. The reason for the dissatisfaction is that at that time it was the main preservative. Therefore, due to the rise in the price of salt, the shelf life of many foodstuffs was sharply reduced, which caused general indignation, especially among peasants and merchants. In connection with the newly growing tension in 1647, the salt tax was abolished, but the resulting arrears continued to be collected through direct taxes, including those that were abolished. Dissatisfaction was expressed primarily by the Chernoslobodchi, who were subjected (unlike the inhabitants of the White Sloboda) to the most severe oppression, but not for everyone.

The reason for the explosion of popular indignation was also the rampant arbitrariness of officials, as reported by Adam Olearius: “It is customary in Moscow that, by order of the Grand Duke, every month all tsarist officials and artisans receive their salaries on time; some even bring it home. He also made people wait for whole months, and when, after intensified requests, they finally received half, or even less than that, they had to issue a receipt for the entire salary. In addition, various restrictions on trade were arranged and many monopolies were introduced; who most of all brought gifts to Boris Ivanovich Morozov, he, with a gracious letter, cheerfully returned home. Another [of the officials] proposed to prepare iron arshins with an eagle in the form of a brand. After that, everyone who wanted to use a arshin had to buy for himself a similar arshin for 1 Reichstaler, which actually cost only 10 kopecks, a shilling, or 5 groszy. The old arshins, under the threat of a large fine, were forbidden. This measure, carried out in all the provinces, brought in revenues of many thousands of thalers.

2. Chronology of the rebellion

The immediate reason for the uprising was the unsuccessful delegation of Muscovites to the tsar on June 1, 1648. When Alexei Mikhailovich was returning from a pilgrimage from the Trinity-Sergius Monastery, a large crowd of people on Sretenka stopped the tsar's horse and gave him a petition directed against influential dignitaries. One of the main points of the petition was the demand for the convening of the Zemsky Sobor and the approval of new legislative acts at it. Boyar Morozov ordered the archers to disperse the crowd. “Extremely indignant at this, the people grabbed stones and sticks and began to throw them at the archers, so that the persons accompanying His Majesty’s wife even partly suffered and received wounds”. The next day, the townspeople broke into the Kremlin and, not succumbing to the persuasion of the boyars, the patriarch and the tsar, again tried to hand over the petition, but the boyars, tearing the petition to shreds, threw it into the crowd of petitioners.

In Moscow, "a great turmoil broke out", the city was at the mercy of angry citizens. The crowd smashed and killed the "traitors" of the boyars. On June 2, most of the archers went over to the side of the townspeople. The people broke into the Kremlin, demanding the extradition of the head of the Zemsky order, Leonty Pleshcheev, who was in charge of the management and police service of Moscow, the Duma clerk Nazariy Chisty, the initiator of the salt tax, the boyar Morozov and his brother-in-law, the roundabout Pyotr Trakhaniotov. The rebels set fire to the White City and Kitay-Gorod, defeated the courtyards of the most hated boyars, devious, clerks and merchants. On June 2, Chistoy was killed. The tsar had to sacrifice Pleshcheev, who on June 4 was taken by the executioner to Red Square and torn to pieces by the crowd. The rebels considered one of their main enemies to be the head of the Pushkarsky order, the roundabout Peter Tikhonovich Trakhaniotov, whom the people considered "the culprit of the duty imposed on salt shortly before." Fearing for his life, Trakhaniotov fled Moscow.

On June 5, Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich ordered Prince Semyon Romanovich Pozharsky to catch up with Trakhaniotov. “And seeing the sovereign tsar in the whole earth great confusion, and their traitors to the world great annoyance, sent from his royal person okolnichevo prince Semyon Romanovich Pozharskovo, and with him 50 people of Moscow archers, ordered Peter Trakhaniotov to drive away on the road and bring the sovereign to him Moscow. And the roundabout Prince Semyon Romanovich Pozharsky snagged Peter's evo on the road near the Trinity in the Sergeev Monastery and brought it to Moscow bound on June 5th. And the sovereign, the tsar, ordered Peter Trakhaniotov to be executed for their treason and, for Moscow, he was burned in front of the world to be executed at the Fire. .

The tsar removed Morozov from power and sent him into exile on June 11 to the Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery. The nobles who did not participate in the uprising took advantage of the movement of the people and on June 10 demanded that the tsar convene a Zemsky Sobor.

In 1648, uprisings also took place in Kozlov, Kursk, Solvychegodsk and other cities. The unrest continued until February 1649.

3. The results of the rebellion

The tsar made concessions to the rebels: the collection of arrears was canceled and the Zemsky Sobor was convened to adopt a new Council Code. For the first time in a long time, Alexei Mikhailovich independently resolved the main political issues.

On June 12, by a special decree, the tsar postponed the collection of arrears and thereby brought some peace to the rebels. Prominent boyars invited archers to their dinners in order to make amends former conflicts. By giving the archers a double cash and grain salary, the government split the ranks of its opponents and was able to carry out extensive repressions against the leaders and the most active participants in the uprising, many of whom were executed on July 3. On October 22, 1648, Morozov returned to Moscow and rejoined the government, but he no longer played such a big role in government.

Bibliography:

1. Babulin I. B. Prince Semyon Pozharsky and the Battle of Konotop, M., 2009. S. 24

2. Babulin I. B. Prince Semyon Pozharsky and the Battle of Konotop, M., 2009. S. 25

3. Babulin I. B. Prince Semyon Pozharsky and the Battle of Konotop, M., 2009. S. 26

"Salt Riot" . AT 1648. a movement broke out, which received the name in the sources and historiography "Salt Riot". Contemporaries unanimously note its scope, participation in it a large number Moscow residents and visitors.

The salt riot began on June 1, 1648. On this day young Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich with many close associates and guards, he was returning from a pilgrimage from the monastery. As soon as the tsar entered the city, he was met by a large crowd of Muscovites and visitors, including petitioners who had gathered in the capital from different parts of the country. With shouts, they surrounded the tsar's carriage and complained about L. S. Pleshcheev, the head of the Zemsky order, who was in charge of the administration of the capital, its craft and trade population, threw stones at the boyars. Some of them were then injured. The next day, the dissatisfied again demanded to resign Pleshcheev, to stop the harassment and bribery of ordered people.

They soon moved from demands and threats to action: “plundered many boyar yards and courtiers, and noblemen, and living rooms”. Dozens of courtyards that belonged to Moscow boyars and nobles, clerks and wealthy merchants suffered from their anger. The rebels destroyed the houses of B. I. Morozov, P. T. Trakhaniotov (head of the Pushkar order), N. I. Chisty (head Embassy order), L. S. Pleshcheev and others. N. Chisty, who was known among the people as a shameless bribe taker, the initiator of a huge tax on salt, introduced a few years before the riot and canceled six months before it, the rebels grabbed and chopped, throwing the body into a bunch of manure.

Forced to yield, Alexei Mikhailovich ordered “to hand over Pleshcheev's head to all the people. The executioner took him out of the Kremlin, and the rebels literally tore the “burgomaster” to pieces.

On June 3 and 4, the pogroms of the courts of noble and wealthy people continued, during which they destroyed or spoiled serf documents in boyar and noble houses. Members "salt riot" demanded the extradition of Trakhaniotov. Brought to the palace to the king, he was given away, and the rebels immediately killed him.

The rebels continued to demand the extradition of the head of government and tutor of Tsar Morozov. He tried to escape from Moscow, but the coachmen recognized him and almost killed him. He returned to the Kremlin, where he hid in the royal chambers. Soon he was exiled.

The events included the nobles and the upper tenants. Taking advantage of the confusion and weakening of the government, they filed a petition. It put forward demands for the streamlining of legal proceedings, the correct conduct of all cases in orders, the convening of the Zemsky Sobor to develop a new law - the Code.

Unrest in the capital continued. They also moved to the periphery. In this turbulent situation, the authorities convened the Zemsky Sobor on July 16.

Thus, the ruling elites made concessions, first of all, to the nobility and the townspeople, who, using the discontent and uprising of the lower classes, received the greatest gain: the nobles achieved an indefinite search for fugitive peasants, settlements - the elimination of white places and settlements in which artisans and peasants lived. feudal lords, acting as competitors to the townspeople in trade and other matters, but not serving the tax. Of course, the liquidation of the Belomestites in the settlements ( "town building") met the interests of the entire settlement.

The government already in the days of the uprising began a massive distribution of land, peasants and salaries to low-income and dispossessed nobles and boyar children.

Applying the policy of carrot and stick, the ruling circles gradually mastered the situation. In October, the tsar returned Morozov from exile. But the unrest continued until the end of January 1649, when, after the adoption of the Council Code, the situation finally stabilized.

Simultaneously with the events in Moscow and under their influence, riots engulfed many cities in the south, in Pomorie and Siberia. They are against the oppression of the state and violence local authorities petty nobles, service people on the device, fugitive peasants, beans, serfs, poor peasants spoke.

In the southern Russian districts, the strongest uprisings took place in Kursk, Kozlov, Yelets, Livny, Valuyki, Chutuev, and others; in the north - in Salt Vychegodskaya, Ustyug the Great; in Siberia - Tomsk, Yenisei jail, Kuznetsk, Verkhoturye. In 1650, uprisings broke out in Pskov and Novgorod.

The seventeenth century is called the "age of revolt". And this is no accident. In Russia, in the period from 1601 to 1700, the people rebelled more often than in other centuries. The most famous unrest of that time are the Troubles, the Copper and Salt riots, the movement led by Stepan Razin and the uprising of the archers in 1682. And this is not the whole list. In the same article, we will consider in detail the Salt Riot in Moscow in 1648.

Causes of the Salt Riot

In fact, the main impetus for the rebellion was a change in tax system Russia. It was decided to fill the lack of funds in the treasury with the help of new direct taxes. After some time, due to the discontent of the population, they were partially canceled. Then there were indirect taxes on consumer goods (including salt, this was in 1646). The following year, the salt tax was abolished, and the government decided to collect arrears from the inhabitants of the black settlements (artisans and merchants who were personally independent, but paid taxes to the state). This prompted the people to revolt.

But there is another reason. The townspeople were dissatisfied with the arbitrariness of officials and the growing level of corruption. So, for example, people could not receive their salary on time (and sometimes they did not receive it in full), monopolies were also introduced, which were given out as generous gifts to Boris Morozov and limited the right of other merchants to sell goods.

Participants of the Salt Riot

The following participated in the Salt Riot:

• the population of the settlement (specifically, the inhabitants of the black settlements: artisans, small traders, people engaged in fishing)
• peasants
• archers

The course of events of the Salt Riot

On June 1, 1648, the crowd stopped the tsar's cart and filed a petition with requests for him (about the requirements below). Seeing this, Boris Morozov ordered the archers to disperse the people, but they only got more angry.

On June 2, the people repeated the petition to the tsar, but the paper with requests again did not reach the tsar, it was torn up by the boyars. This pissed people off even more. People began to kill the boyars they hated, smash their houses, set fire to the White City and Kitay-gorod (Moscow districts). On the same day, the clerk Chistoy (the initiator of the salt tax) was killed, and part of the archers joined the rebels.

On June 4, Pleshcheev (head of police affairs in Moscow) was extradited for reprisal.
Later, Peter Trakhaniotov was executed, whom the people considered responsible for the introduction of one of the duties.

The main culprit behind the changes in tax policy, Boris Morozov, escaped with exile.

Salt Riot Rebellion Demands

The people demanded, first of all, the convening of the Zemsky Sobor and the creation of new laws. Also, people wanted the most hated by them boyars , and in particular Boris Morozov (the tsar's close associate who abused power), Pyotr Trakhaniotov (the culprit of establishing one of the duties), Leonty Pleshcheev (the head of police affairs in the city) and the clerk Chistoy (the initiator of the salt tax) were punished.

Results and results of the Salt Riot

Alexei Mikhailovich made concessions to the people, the main demands of the rebels were met. The Zemsky Sobor was convened (1649) and changes were made to the legislation. The boyars, whom the people blamed for raising taxes, were also punished. And as for the newly introduced taxes, which caused discontent among the population, they were canceled.

Main information. Briefly about the Salt Riot.

The salt riot (1648) was caused by a change in the tax policy of the state and the arbitrariness of officials. The uprising was attended by peasants, small merchants, artisans, later archers joined. The main demand of the people was the convening of the Zemsky Sobor and changes in legislation. Also, people wanted some representatives of the boyars to be punished. The king satisfied all these requirements. The main result of the Salt Riot was the adoption by the Zemsky Sobor of the Cathedral Code (1649).

The 17th century in Russian history gained a reputation as "rebellious". Indeed, it began with the Troubles, the middle of it was marked by urban uprisings, the last third - by the uprising of Stepan Razin.

The most important reasons for such a scale of social conflicts, unprecedented before in Russia, were the development of serfdom, the strengthening of state taxes and duties.

In 1646, a duty was introduced on salt, which significantly increased its price. Meanwhile, salt in the XVII century. was one of the most important products - the main preservative that allowed the storage of meat and fish. Following the salt, these products themselves have risen in price. Their sales fell, unsold goods began to deteriorate. This caused discontent, both consumers and merchants. Growth in government revenues was less than expected as salt smuggling developed. Already at the end of 1647, the "salt" tax was abolished. In an effort to compensate for the losses, the government cut the salaries of service people "according to the instrument", that is, archers and gunners. General discontent continued to grow.

On June 1, 1648, the so-called "salt" riot took place in Moscow. The crowd stopped the carriage of the tsar, who was returning from pilgrimage, and demanded that the head of the Zemsky order, Leonty Pleshcheev, be replaced. Pleshcheev's servants tried to disperse the audience, which only provoked even more bitterness. On June 2, pogroms of boyar estates began in Moscow. The clerk Nazariy Chistoy, whom Muscovites considered the inspirer of the salt tax, was killed. The rebels demanded that the closest associate of the tsar, boyar Morozov, who actually led the entire state apparatus, and the head of the Pushkar order, boyar Trakhaniotov, be handed over for reprisal. Not having the strength to suppress the uprising, in which, along with the townspeople, servicemen "according to the instrument" participated, the tsar yielded, ordering the extradition of Pleshcheev and Trakhaniotov, who were immediately killed. Morozov, his tutor and brother-in-law (the tsar and Morozov were married to sisters) Aleksey Mikhailovich "prayed" from the rebels and sent him into exile to the Kirillo-Belozersky monastery.

The government announced the cessation of the collection of arrears, convened the Zemsky Sobor, at which the most important demands of the townspeople to ban the transition to the "white settlements" and the nobles - to introduce an indefinite search for fugitives were satisfied (for more details, see. topic 24). Thus, the government satisfied all the demands of the rebels, which indicates the relative weakness of the state apparatus (primarily repressive) at that time.

2. Uprisings in other cities

Following the Salt Riot, urban uprisings swept through other cities: Veliky Ustyug, Kursk, Kozlov, Pskov, Novgorod.

The strongest were the uprisings in Pskov and Novgorod, caused by a rise in the price of bread due to its deliveries to Sweden. The urban poor, who were threatened by famine, expelled the governor, defeated the courts of wealthy merchants and seized power. In the summer of 1650, both uprisings were suppressed by government troops, although they managed to enter Pskov only due to strife among the rebels.

3. "Copper Riot"

In 1662, a major uprising again took place in Moscow, which went down in history as the "Copper Riot". It was caused by an attempt by the government to replenish the treasury, devastated by a difficult long war with Poland (1654-1667) and Sweden (1656-58). In order to compensate for the huge costs, the government put copper money into circulation, equating it with silver in price. At the same time, taxes were collected in silver coins, and goods were ordered to be sold with copper money. The salaries of servicemen were also paid in copper. Copper money was not trusted, especially since they were often forged. Not wanting to trade for copper money, the peasants stopped bringing food to Moscow, which caused prices to skyrocket. Copper money depreciated: if in 1661 two copper rubles were given for a silver ruble, then in 1662 - 8.

On July 25, 1662, a riot followed. Some of the townspeople rushed to smash the boyar estates, while others moved to the village of Kolomenskoye near Moscow, where the tsar was in those days. Alexei Mikhailovich promised the rebels to come to Moscow and sort things out. The crowd seemed to calm down. But in the meantime, new groups of rebels appeared in Kolomenskoye - those who had previously broken the courtyards of the boyars in the capital. They demanded that the tsar extradite the boyars most hated by the people and threatened that if the sovereign "does not give them back those boyars," then they "will begin to have them themselves, according to their custom."

However, during the negotiations, archers called by the tsar had already arrived in Kolomenskoye, who fell on the unarmed crowd and drove it to the river. Over 100 people drowned, many were hacked or captured, and the rest fled. By royal order, 150 rebels were hanged, the rest were beaten with a whip and branded with iron.

Unlike the "salt", "copper" rebellion was brutally suppressed, as the government managed to keep the archers on its side and use them against the townspeople.