The ship "Mary Rose" ("Mary Rose") the first giant of Henry VIII. "Mary Rose", the flagship of Henry XVIII Tudor Description: Mary Rose roses

On a clear sunny day on July 19, back in 1545, the main forces of the English fleet came out to meet the French squadron that appeared off the coast of Britain - on the approaches to Portsmouth. From the wall of the royal Southsea Castle, Henry VIII proudly watched as the sails were set on his favorite ship, named after his sister, the beautiful Mary.

The four-masted carrack "Mary Rose" was one of the strongest and most beautiful ships of its time. Playing on the word “rose” in its name, a certain contemporary - Sir Howard - called this carrack “the most magnificent flower of all the ships that sail today.” Built by master craftsman James Baker here in Portsmouth 35 years ago, the carrack has been rebuilt. Rows of ports were cut into its sides - this made it possible to place cannons on battery decks and increase their total number to 91 (this number included heavy guns that fired 50-pound cannonballs, and all kinds of squeaks and even muskets).

185 gunners and musketeers, archers and spearmen took their places. Together with a crew of 200 sailors led by Captain Sir Roger Grenville, there were about 700 people on the ship - during a boarding battle this was a large force.

What happened next, unexpectedly for everyone - in front of the stunned king, is described in the old chronicle something like this: “The leading best ship called “Mary Rose”, due to a stupid mistake, sank during a turn in the middle of the raid, overloaded with artillery and soldiers in armor, due to the fact that the cut very low gun ports on the lee side were open"...

The French attributed the death of the Mary Rose to the action of their victorious weapons, but most likely the culprit was a gust of wind that came just as the overloaded high-sided ship was making a turn. People got caught. The guns and objects torn from their mountings rolled towards the leeward side, which led to a rapid increase in the list; water rushed in, the ship capsized and sank. The crew and soldiers in full combat gear were trapped; no more than 35-40 people were saved, managing to get out of the web of rigging and sails (as the chronicler noted, these were mostly lightly dressed servants of eminent knights). On the shore, a “terrifying, drawn-out scream” could be clearly heard...

The depth at the place where the ship was lost was small (according to some sources - about 15 m), so at first the tops of the masts were visible at low tide. Naturally, immediately after the disaster, attempts were made to save at least some of the most valuable equipment and property. It was possible to raise only a few light cannons, sails and yards, so after three or four years the matter was abandoned.

Almost three hundred years later, in 1836-1840, the remains of the wrecked ship were found by one of the diving pioneers, John Dean: he announced his find at a public auction in Old Portsmouth. However, he also clarified that the Mary Rose’s hull was deeply buried in the ground and was practically inaccessible with existing diving equipment.

In the sixties of this century, the English maritime historian Alexander Mackey published the results of five years of search work by a small group of amateur scuba divers. Under the leadership of McKee and archaeologist Margaret Ruhl, who, by the way, personally made 800 dives, the entire area of the death of the Mary Rose was carefully examined. The position and condition of the remains of the ship's hull were studied using the latest sonar equipment.

A total of 13,703 objects were recovered from the bottom of the sea. About 4,000 of them were arrows found in the area, but (alas!), except for one, they, as it turned out, had nothing to do with the archers who were on board the Mary Rose that ill-fated day: they were fired either much earlier or much later. But the rest was beyond doubt. There were hundreds of large bows, curious musical instruments, a variety of personal property of sailors and warriors, fragments and entire parts of the hull.

The rise to the surface of the main anchor, which even today could well be used for its intended purpose, a bronze ship bell with the date “1510” and especially a magnificent bronze cannon with the Tudor emblem and engraved names of the masters, eliminated all doubts about the authenticity of the find and what else The most valuable objects can be found that can expand our understanding of the era and the technology of the 16th century.

Anything of interest to the general public was immediately put on public display in a special museum complex located at the Portsmouth Dockyard, not far from the permanent mooring of Nelson's flagship Victoria. The exhibition of finds from the Mary Rose aroused great interest. If for about ten years McKee's group worked without any financial support - at its own peril and risk, then in 1979, the Mary Rose company was established, which set as its goal the raising and restoration of the ship's hull, and then arming it and organizing a museum. Prince Charles became the president of the company, and also made several dives. The 4 million pounds sterling needed to start work was raised thanks to donations from many companies in England and the USA, as well as through extensive sales of souvenirs. In particular, 850 exact copies of samples of pewter dishes and bottles that belonged to sailors from the Mary Rose were made; some of these copies sold for £12,000!

Work directly related to preparations for the rise of the Mary Rose began in June 1982. The ship lay on its starboard side, buried deep in the mud. The condition of its hull was significantly worse than the Swedish 64-gun ship Vasa, which sank in 1628 and was raised in 1957-1961. The port side and deck structures collapsed. There was no question of lifting these remains using the usual methods of lifting steel ships.

A plan was adopted, developed by Colonel Wendell Lewis, taking into account the experience of raising the Vasa. Above the site of the death of the Mary Rose, the diving vessel Sleipner, which became famous precisely because it participated in the recovery of the Swedish ship, anchored. Divers cleared the remains of the Mary Rose, dismantled the most dilapidated parts of the hull and, as best they could, reinforced its main longitudinal connections with the remaining debris. The bow of the ship was separated to reduce the size and weight of the cargo being lifted. Almost at the bottom, the bottom of the Mary Rose with its starboard side and adjacent beam fragments remained.

In the more or less well-preserved parts of the set, 80 holes were drilled and eye bolts were fixed in them for attaching cable ties. A huge (35 X 15 m) tubular lifting frame on four telescopic support legs was carefully placed on top of the body being lifted. (The lowering of this frame into the water was accompanied by a solemn ceremony. Newspapers announced this as the beginning of the decisive stage of the work. Margaret Ruhl broke a bottle of cider on the bright orange pipe and called on the heavenly powers to help in a good cause.) Cable ties were attached to the lifting frame - they were later sold as souvenirs - they carefully hung the remains of the Mary Rose and at the same time washed away the soil underneath them to make it easier to lift them off the bottom.

The first and most important, although not visible to the audience, stage of the lift passed without any complications: “Mary Rose” was slightly lifted, carefully moved to the side and laid on a rigid platform placed nearby with a set of 12 powerful I-beams-patterns and keel blocks, fitted along the contours of the body. That's not all. Soft containers were placed on the keel blocks, acting as fender pads. Initially, these containers were filled with water, and later, when the Mary Rose rose to the surface, they were filled with compressed air.

After checking the correct position of the body on the patterns, four support legs rigidly connected the upper frame and lower platform into one whole. Thanks to this, the dilapidated hull of the Mary Rose, lying freely between the frame and the platform, should not have experienced any effort when being lifted out of the water and transported to dry dock. It would seem that everything down to the smallest detail was provided for. Nevertheless, the climbers were very worried.

Since mid-August, one of the world's most powerful floating cranes, the 1000-ton Tog More, has been waiting in the wings. And so they anchored it in such a way that the hook of the 90-meter boom was exactly above the center of the lifting frame. The divers secured four steel cables to the frame - lifting slings - and left the work site; By the way, in total they spent no less than 4.5 man-years on the Mary Rose. The cargo that had to be removed from the water weighed about 550 tons.

However, we had to wait another two whole weeks for the decisive moment! In the short intervals between the action of high and low tide, a strong wind invariably blew, a large wave occurred, and various problems interfered. Finally, the weather seemed to have settled. The company announced the rise date as October 10.

Already at dawn, about fifty large and small ships with spectators and patrol boats took up positions 300-400 m around the giant crane. But when the divers examined the platform again, it was discovered that for some reason one of the supports of the upper frame was deformed. By the end of the day it was announced that due to the need to eliminate the malfunction, the ascent was postponed. Another sleepless night passed.

At 9 a.m. on October 11, millions of television viewers and everyone present finally saw the twisted black ends of the Mary Rose frames appear on the surface 437 years after the ship sank. Spectators expecting to see a ship rapidly emerging from the depths in clouds of water dust, with flags fluttering, were, of course, disappointed: the ascent, carried out under the guidance of engineers from the Royal Engineers company according to a schedule drawn up using a computer, was very slow and turned out to be an ineffective spectacle.

The sea was calm, only heavy slanting rain made work difficult. The president of the company has been at the operation headquarters for the past 24 hours and has already sank to the bottom of the sea twice. 3.5 hours after the Mary Rose appeared on the surface, he and Margaret Ruhl began inspecting the structures. And at that moment the air split with the roar and clang of tearing metal. A steel pin securing the position of the frame on one of the three operating supports broke, the frame was skewed (by about 2 m) and both founders of the company almost died. Nevertheless, everything ended well. The end of the support that jumped out of the platform’s socket only knocked out a small section of the mighty oak beam.

14.5 hours after the start of the lift, the crane carefully lowered the Mary Rose onto the deck of the pontoon barge Toe I, which was then towed to Portsmouth.

Work on the preservation of the hull structures began from the very first hours: they began to continuously water them with fresh water, washing out the salt. The 3,300 pieces of fragments that had been picked up individually had previously arrived at the laboratory for cleaning and treatment with special preservative compounds.

Experts believe that it will take about 20 years to completely restore the Mary Rose’s hull and organize a museum, but the raised part of the ship’s remains will be open for viewing in the near future. Margaret Ruhl said: “If earlier, before October 11, the Mary Rose belonged only to us - those who could dive under water, now it belongs to everyone!”

Notes

1. By today's standards, this majestic ship, with its tall and ornate bow and stern superstructures, was not that big at all. The length of its hull was about 43 m, its displacement was about 700 tons. It is difficult to imagine how the Mary Rose accommodated 700 people when going into battle. Only one thing is obvious: the bulk of the armed soldiers were at the top and this could not but affect the stability of the ship.

Rose Mary Rose is a popular variety from the David Austin collection, with profuse flowering and other outstanding characteristics. It was developed in Great Britain more than 30 years ago and is still at the peak of popularity in many countries, including Russia.

Description of the variety and characteristics

The description of the variety, as well as the characteristics presented by the originator, fully reveal all the advantages of the Mary Rose rose:

very long and early-starting wave-like flowering;
almost complete absence of breaks between waves of flowering;
close to ideal growth pattern;

the formation of a branched and very powerful rose bush up to 1.5 meters high;
increased resistance to common diseases at all stages of the growing season;
the formation of very attractive bright pink flowers with the cup shape of ancient roses and a strong aroma, with a diameter of 70–80 mm at full opening;
the attractiveness of the flowers due to the well-defined core and wavy petals, bent outward on the outside and curved toward the center on the inside;
a decorative appearance given to a rose by clusters of inflorescences consisting of 3–7 flowers;
long, strong and prickly shoots with an average level of foliage.

How to plant a rose (video)

The disadvantages of the variety include a tendency to shed and burn out petals and not very decorative foliage, which can also be affected by black spotting.

Mary Rose was used as a parent variety in the development of such famous varieties as Winchester Cathedral and Redoute.

Before planting, the root system of the plant should be trimmed and soaked for a day in water with the addition of a rooting stimulator. A mixture of humus, compost and garden soil must be added to a planting hole measuring 50x50 cm. When planting, the grafting site should be buried 7–10 cm into the ground to prevent the formation of wild scion growth. After planting, the above-ground part of the rose bush needs to be hilled: this will improve its rooting.

It is not too difficult to grow in home garden conditions. It is enough to carry out a set of measures aimed at creating the most favorable conditions for the growth and development of decorative culture:

as the soil dries, in the evening, water at the rate of 5–7 liters of water per bush;
before the start of mass flowering, apply nitrogen-containing fertilizers, and at the flowering stage give preference to phosphorus and potassium fertilizers;
during the season of prolonged rains, the buds are quite difficult to bloom on their own, so they need outside help;
promptly remove all faded and faded flowers to stimulate the formation of new buds;
promptly remove weak, underdeveloped, old and diseased shoots;
to form larger flowers, perform formative pruning, which consists of shortening the stems by 50% of the total length;
carry out preventive treatment of plants with pesticides or folk remedies at least three times per season;
cover the bushes for the winter using the air-dry method.

Use in garden decoration

Rose bushes are almost indispensable in the landscape design of gardens and personal plots. The Marie Rose variety is distinguished not only by its dense and incredibly beautiful buds, but also by the sensual aroma emitted during flowering. Rose is great for decorating rosaries, and due to the large volume of leaf mass it is widely used in mixborders. High resistance to diseases and winter frosts allows the Marie Rose variety to be used as a tapeworm.

The combination of this rose with Slachys byzantina, three-vein anafalis, low-growing Schmidt's wormwood and Artemisia stelleriatia is very successful. Marie Rose looks good in combination with the pale silvery-gray foliage and white flowers of Creeping Bieberstein. Hosta varieties such as Hosta fortuneï, Hosta sieboldiana and Hosta tardiana make the pink flower garden especially attractive. Thanks to its abundant flowering, the Marie Rose variety is used almost everywhere in landscape design.

Reviews from flower growers

According to experienced flower growers, the Mary Rose variety is perfect for cultivation in northern floriculture conditions and has proven itself well when grown in the Yaroslavl, Ivanovo and Kostroma regions. Positive reviews about it are based on the following observations:

in regions with unstable weather, Mary Rose bushes rarely get sick;
even under unfavorable soil and climatic conditions and winters with little snow, the variety overwinters well;
in cold summers and in insufficient light, the rose consistently produces two powerful waves of flowering.

According to the observations of flower growers, the five-year-old rose bush Mary Rose, even with errors in care, remains very neat, but spreading: the dimensions of its above-ground part are 1x1 m. If the growing technology is followed, the plant produces a lot of flowers, and their sizes reach 12 cm in diameter.

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The rose is one of the first to bloom, and the last to bloom, after the onset of noticeable autumn cooling. In autumn, the flowers last longer than other varietal roses and are brighter in color. In the border, mature Mary Rose bushes look very attractive and decorative. Large inflorescences are evenly distributed on the bush, covering it from bottom to top.

Rose Mary Rose is pink in color. The height of the bush is usually about 100-120 cm. The width is about 100 cm, sometimes more but quite rarely. Disease resistance of Mary Rose: gets sick in unfavorable years.

Description: Mary Rose roses

Mary Rose is a variety of outstanding qualities. Although this rose is not as refined as other varieties, it has many other advantages. Flowering is very long, starts early and ends late, the break between waves is very short. The growth form is close to ideal - the bush is branched and strong, but does not become untidy, the variety is very resistant to diseases. The flowers are bright pink, although a little shapeless, but have the charm of old roses. In general, the bush looks very attractive in the border. The aroma is light. Mary Rose is widely used by us in breeding new varieties, to which it imparts its excellent qualities. This variety also produced a variety of sports, including the white Winchester Cathedral and the soft pink Redoute. Such color changes are quite common in roses, and if such a sport occurs in our experimental fields, it is immediately grafted in order to propagate a new variety. (DAER)Most rose lovers will agree that this is one of the best roses in Austin. Mary Rose looks and smells like a real English rose. The flowers are about 7.5 in diameter, pink, cup-shaped. As they bloom, the outer petals turn pale and bend down slightly. The bush is medium-sized, spreading, well suited for the center of a flower bed. Unfortunately, it is susceptible to black spotting. (Oliver)Mary Rose remains one of Austin's most popular varieties. The flowers are bright pink, with a slightly paler underside, cupped. Fully opened flowers have a visible center and the petals are wavy. The outer petals eventually bend back and fade to pale pink, while the inner petals remain curled toward the center. Flowers appear in clusters of 3-7 pieces, on long prickly shoots, good for cutting, although the petals quickly fall off. The bush is quite spreading, reaching 1.5 m in warm climates, and blooms almost without interruption - the variety is one of the first to bloom and the last to bloom. The foliage is rather inconspicuous and susceptible to black spotting. (ARE)

In July 1545, the troops of the French king Francis I landed on the Isle of White, and the fleet blocked the Solent. The south of England was under attack, and King Henry VIII urgently advanced his fleet of 80 ships, led by a three-decker carrack, to meet his opponents. "On July 19, the battle began. The 700-ton flagship was overloaded with artillery. Suddenly, a sharp gust of wind tilted the carrack, water poured in through the gun ports, and the ship soon sank. Of the 400 crew, only 35 survived. Vice Admiral George Carew was also killed , commander of the fleet.
For a long time, the sunken karakka was forgotten, but in the 19th century, divers unexpectedly showed interest in the ship, the remains of which gradually began to emerge from under the water. However, only in the late 1960s. maritime archaeologists became seriously interested in the Tudor ship, and in 1982 the remains of " "were raised from the water and placed in a specially created museum in Portsmouth. You can see them there now, which I did in November last year.
For its time, karakka" ", built in 1510, was a huge ship. This can be clearly seen in the painting (1778) by James Basir (based on a 16th-century engraving) of the Battle of the Solent." " in the center.

That's " "even before death. Karakka stands out for its size.

" "was not the only karakka in the Tudor fleet. In the picture" Loading Henry VIII at Dover"(1540) depicts several caraccas similar to " ".

Modern image" "

Carrack death in the Solent

Layout" "at the Portsmouth Museum

The ship had three decks

It must be said that even to a modern person the ship seems large. You can estimate the size of the karakka and see its remains through the glass. Wood from the 16th century, after centuries of being under sea water, requires a special temperature regime.

There are quite a lot of weapons from the Tudor era in the museum (and near it). Actually, these guns destroyed " ".

In addition to cannons, the museum also displays many other weapons raised from " ".

In addition to weapons, things that belonged to the crew of the ship and those also recovered from the sea are of great interest to researchers.

In British museums I have always been surprised by Early Modern medical syringes. Look at the thickness of the needle. It seems that after this there is no point in being afraid of injections for a modern person. Modern medicine is much more humane.

Kitchen. The ship had a brick oven that provided the crew with hot food. Unfortunately, there was no photo of the stove.

Music and entertainment

The ruler of the 16th century looks like a modern one

And these are things from the wardroom, where aristocratic officers gathered

In addition to well-preserved things that give historians an idea of the life of the Tudor fleet and the era as a whole, skeletons play an important role. The bones of people and animals make it possible not only to recreate the appearance of people, but also to learn, for example, about diseases or nutrition of 16th century sailors.
Here are the remains of food from the kitchen:

And these are the remains of the crew members:

"What does the silt hide?"

The museum exhibit that evokes the greatest pity among visitors is the skeleton of a ship's dog that died along with the people. It was established that it was a cross between a terrier and a greyhound. The dog was about 2 years old, and its task was to catch rats. The researchers gave the animal the nickname " Hatch".

The greatest interest among visitors and pride among researchers are evoked by the recreated images of the dead crew members." ".
This is what a ship carpenter (or one of them) looked like: