No one has written about tubes before, and I also think you will be the first to know about how toothpaste is made from my post. Today I will debunk, and maybe even confirm, all the myths about this substance, with which you all rub your precious teeth every day. Or do you still manage without it? Today is a special report on how such a necessary toothpaste is produced.

1. For memory, I made a bow in the form in which I walked around the production.

2. It all starts from this room, it can be said the holy of holies - here they prepare water for making toothpaste.

3. If you think that simple tap water is used for it, then I must tell you that this is so) However, this is partly true.

4. Because the water from the water supply here undergoes triple purification: first, the water gets rid of coarse impurities, iron, chlorine. Then from all the salts, calcium, magnesium and other delicious additives acquired during the time spent in the water pipe. After that, the water enters this container, almost ready, already sufficiently softened.

6. and an ozone generator that kills any remaining possible bacteria with ozone, which is saturated with water.

7. Well, almost everything is ready. We have super purified water.

8. Oh, yes, I almost forgot - before sending water to the reactors for cooking toothpaste, ozone is destroyed by ultraviolet lamps so as not to damage the equipment and the composition of the paste.

9. We go up to the third floor of the building where they make pasta. They throw corrupt bloggers into this vat and cook tooth powder out of them, do you have anyone in mind?)

10. Just kidding, of course, now we will see how the inside of the reactor looks like in which all the ingredients necessary for the production of pasta are mixed. We press the necessary buttons, and ...

11. The upper part of the reactor slowly rises.

12. Inside there are blades of an interesting shape, in order to more thoroughly mix water and other ingredients, I will talk about them a little later. The blades rotate at a speed of 24-25 revolutions per minute. In addition, there is also an anchor agitator and a turbine agitator that gives 990 - 1000 rpm.

13. According to these visual diagrams, you can understand where from where and what is going. And the red indicator lights tell us whether this or that unit is turned on or not.

14. Now I'll tell you a little about what is in the containers - about the ingredients of the future toothpaste. The basis of any toothpaste is chalk and water, but over time, silicon dioxide and other cleaning components began to be used instead of chalk.

Silicon dioxide, like chalk, is an abrasive, and depending on its characteristics toothpaste acquires different properties. For children's toothpaste, "softer" dioxide particles are used, for whitening paste - particles with a highly cleansing effect.

An equally important component of toothpaste is surfactants, which are necessary for the paste to foam during cleaning and better wash off plaque. In addition to water, silicon dioxide, surfactants, protective additives, moisturizing additives - glycerin, sorbitol are also used to prepare toothpaste.

The base of the paste is stored in these containers.

15. More magic buttons.

16. In general, from these containers, the ingredients enter the reactor, where they are thoroughly mixed into a homogeneous mass in a vacuum, at a temperature below the temperature of the human body. I will also clarify that cooking toothpaste is not a chemical, but a physical process. Silicon dioxide must be combined with water into a homogeneous mass, and if disturbed technological cycle, then the paste breaks up into separate elements.

17. Perfume compositions for taste and herbal extracts for gums are also added to the paste. And - natural supplements, not artificially synthesized. The ingredients are mixed in the reactor for 2-2.5 hours. If the base of the toothpaste has not changed over the years (water, chalk / silicon dioxide, surfactant), then other components are added depending on what kind of toothpaste will be made - whitening, caries protection or gum strengthening.

18. Here comes the suction of air from the reactor.

19. Up to 3 tons of pasta is cooked in the reactor. One or more machines can work at the same time, depending on the needs of the factory. Only three people are enough to service all 5 reactors

21. After the paste is ready, a sample is taken for analysis for compliance with GOST in terms of physical and chemical indicators and microbiology, then the mass is pumped into containers for storing the finished toothpaste.

For those who were interested: the tricolor paste is not produced at the factory. This is an old feature of some Western manufacturers (eg Signal, Aquaqfresh…). I say - a trick, because this method, which is not easy in terms of technology, ultimately pursues only emotional and aesthetic goals. In other words, it's just beautiful. There is no equipment at Svoboda that allows making tricolor stripes. But there is a trick here, which also has a functional meaning: colored sensory granules are added to the white paste, which, in addition to the emotional effect, act as cleaners in hard-to-reach places and gum massagers, since they have a larger fraction than the rest of the mass.

22. I had to fly up under the roof to show you the view of the hall from above. Each container holds 15 tons of mass.

Three days later, after the analysis confirms the suitability of the paste, it is packaged in tubes and aged again for 3 days, after which samples are taken for the second time for microbiological analysis.

23. Reactor.

25. Have you calculated how many tons of toothpaste will fit in these containers?

26. The first half of the tour is over, we leave this hall, go down.

27. This is the second floor, there is nothing special here. After the laboratory has confirmed the suitability of the toothpaste, a hose with a motor is connected to the container (their lower parts are in the photo), which helps to pump the mass down to the first floor.

28. On the first floor, the mass enters the tube filling machine through a pipe, where the paste is literally injected into a tube.

29. Everything happens very quickly.

30. The tubes are manually loaded into the machine, which in turn puts them on the conveyor itself.

31. Tubes are filled with toothpaste.

32. The end of the tube is sealed.

33. And finally, the machine throws the finished product onto the tape.

36. Here, a cardboard package is loaded into the device.

37. In which the machine gently places the tube with the paste.

38. Well, that's all ready, it remains only to put the packages of pasta in boxes.

41. Pallets with boxes are installed on this machine. A few quick moves and voila!

42. Three days later, after the results of the microbiological analysis, the toothpaste is ready for transportation to shops and supermarkets in your city. The product is not kept in stock.

43. There is even road signs. Honestly, I tried not to exceed the speed, although out of habit I wanted to speed up.

Despite the fact that toothpaste is a cosmetic product, it has long become a product that a person cannot do without. To a greater extent, it fulfills the role of a personal care product, since it is an integral part of what is needed to maintain a clean oral cavity.

AT recent times The toothpaste market is represented by a wide range of products. The entire volume of products can be divided into several groups. So allocate:

• Toothpastes designed for sensitive teeth;
• Therapeutic and prophylactic pastes with different effects;
• Medicated pastes that contain high level antiseptic substances. Such a product is intended to combat diseases of the oral cavity;
• Hygienic toothpastes that are intended for daily use;
• Toothpastes with whitening effect;
• Exotic pastes that have unusual properties.

Pastas are also divided according to the age of users. There are adult and children's toothpastes.

In addition, toothpastes are divided into several groups by price:

• Economy level product - price from 20 to 50 rubles;
• Medium level - price from 50 to 100 rubles;
• Premium class - price from 100 to 200 rubles;
• Super premium class - the price of the product is from 200 rubles or more.

In order to answer the question: "How to independently open the production of toothpaste?" it is necessary to consider its composition in more detail.

Compound:

1. Abrasives, which serve to remove food debris and plaque from the surface of the teeth.
2. Binders. They are added to the paste to preserve its consistency.
3. Foaming components, designed to form foam and remove the surface tension of the paste.
4. moisturizing ingredients, which help to improve the consistency of the toothpaste and prevent the evaporation of moisture.
5. gelling ingredients, giving the composition viscosity and plasticity.
6. Preservatives preventing microbial growth.
7. Water. Acts as a binder.

The process of making toothpaste consists of two stages: mixing all the ingredients and packaging the product into tubes. To begin with, chemists-technologists must determine the composition of the future product and the amount of substances that are needed. Then all the ingredients go into a huge bunker, where it all mixes. Such an apparatus can mix up to 5 tons of paste per minute. The resulting mass is carefully tested. Next, the product is sent to a turbo-filling machine, in which the product is packed and sealed. Next, the tubes are packed in cardboard boxes and sent to the warehouse.

Toothpaste is a product that requires certification. This process will take approximately 2-3 weeks. In order to get to Rospotrebnadzor, you need to submit a list of documents:

• Application for certification;
• A document certifying the assignment of TIN, OGRN;
• Layouts of consumer labels or their copies;
• Instructions for use of the product;
• Copies of those documents according to which the production of goods is carried out;
• The composition of each item with an indication of its percentage;
• A copy of the lease agreement or a document proving the ownership of the premises;
• SEZ for production or notification indicating the start of entrepreneurial activity;
• Extract from the Unified State Register of Legal Entities of the Unified State Register of Legal Entities;
• Samples of manufactured goods in the amount of 400-500 grams.

With the production of approximately 200 thousand tubes of toothpaste per month, you will have to invest about 5 million rubles in the business. This amount will pay off in about 1-1.5 years.

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There are very simple experiences that children remember for a lifetime. The guys may not fully understand why this is all happening, but when time passes and they find themselves in a lesson in physics or chemistry, a very clear example will surely pop up in their memory.

website collected 7 interesting experiments that children will remember. Everything you need for these experiments is at your fingertips.

refractory ball

It will take: 2 balls, candle, matches, water.

An experience: Inflate a balloon and hold it over a lighted candle to show the children that the balloon will burst from fire. Then pour plain tap water into the second ball, tie it up and bring it to the candle again. It turns out that with water the ball can easily withstand the flame of a candle.

Explanation: The water in the balloon absorbs the heat generated by the candle. Therefore, the ball itself will not burn and, therefore, will not burst.

Pencils

You will need: plastic bag, pencils, water.

An experience: Pour water halfway into a plastic bag. We pierce the bag through with a pencil in the place where it is filled with water.

Explanation: If you pierce a plastic bag and then pour water into it, it will pour out through the holes. But if you first fill the bag halfway with water and then pierce it with a sharp object so that the object remains stuck in the bag, then almost no water will flow out through these holes. This is due to the fact that when polyethylene breaks, its molecules are attracted closer to each other. In our case, the polyethylene is pulled around the pencils.

Non-popping ball

You will need: balloon, wooden skewer and some dishwashing liquid.

An experience: Lubricate the top and bottom with the product and pierce the ball, starting from the bottom.

Explanation: The secret of this trick is simple. In order to save the ball, you need to pierce it at the points of least tension, and they are located at the bottom and at the top of the ball.

Cauliflower

It will take: 4 cups of water, food coloring, cabbage leaves or white flowers.

An experience: Add food coloring of any color to each glass and put one leaf or flower into the water. Leave them overnight. In the morning you will see that they have turned into different colors.

Explanation: Plants absorb water and thus nourish their flowers and leaves. This is due to the capillary effect, in which the water itself tends to fill the thin tubes inside the plants. This is how flowers, grass, and large trees feed. By sucking in tinted water, they change their color.

floating egg

It will take: 2 eggs, 2 glasses of water, salt.

An experience: Gently place the egg in a glass with a simple clean water. As expected, it will sink to the bottom (if not, the egg may be rotten and should not be returned to the refrigerator). Pour warm water into the second glass and stir 4-5 tablespoons of salt in it. For the purity of the experiment, you can wait until the water cools down. Then dip the second egg into the water. It will float near the surface.

Explanation: It's all about density. The average density of an egg is much greater than that of plain water, so the egg sinks down. And the density brine higher, and so the egg rises.

crystal lollipops

When physicists at Trinity College began their long-term experiment in 1944, Franklin D. Roosevelt was President of the United States, and the Second World War, and tickets for "Meet Me in St. Louis" sold out overnight.

Seventy years later, one of the world's longest-running laboratory experiments finally came to fruition: a camera recorded a drop of bitumen falling into a vessel for the first time ever.

A resinous substance was placed in a funnel in 1944 to prove that bitumen, the black, carbonaceous material known to many as asphalt, is, at room temperature, a very slow moving liquid.

Droplets formed from time to time, but they were not filmed, and therefore it was not conclusively proven that bitumen is a viscous liquid. In a similar experiment conducted by physicists in Queensland, individual drops also appeared over 86 years, but they were not captured on video.

Last April, Trinity College professor, physicist Shane Bergin, decided to install a webcam to monitor bitumen. Then he waited. And waited. And waited some more. Finally, on July 11, he saw that one drop had indeed fallen.

physicist My first thought was: God, if only the camera worked. And the second - I hope that the camera recorded everything. And she wrote it down. And then when I saw the tape, I was really amazed. I knew it was a phenomenon that no one had ever seen before

Bergin claims that this long-term experiment at Trinity reveals the very essence of science.

Many asked us: when do you think it will fall? For fun, we took bets, and it made people think and talk about science.

Believe it or not, the long-term bitumen experiments done in Ireland and Australia are actually the youngest of the oldest. scientific experiments held around the world. Below are some of the longest-running research projects of our time.

bell ringing

Since 1840, an experimental electric bell has been ringing almost continuously in the foyer of the Clarendon Laboratory at the University of Oxford. The device, called the Claredon Dry Pile, consists of two voltaic pillars connected by an insulating layer of sulfur. The pillars are in turn connected to two bells. In the Guinness Book of Records, this bell is considered "the world's longest-lasting battery." But he, sooner or later, will stop ringing: either when the mechanism wears out, or when its electrochemical energy is exhausted.

The physics departments seem to be home to most of the long-term experiments, and the Beverly clock is no exception. The lobby of the University of Otago in Dunedin, New Zealand, has been running without winding since 1864 and continues to tick. (Although they have stopped several times, such as when the physics department moved to another building).

Watching Vesuvius

How do you watch a sleeping giant? Caution and with lots of seismic activity data. This is what Vesuvius Observatory has been doing since 1841 to predict future eruptions. Previously, observations were made on the side of the volcano itself, but the equipment was moved to Naples in 1970. Scientists monitor several volcanoes at once, trying to figure out when they might wake up again.

In 1879, American botanist William James Beal poured sand and seeds from various plants into 20 bottles. He then buried the bottles upside down to prevent water from entering them.

What is the point of Beal's experiment? He wanted to determine whether seeds would germinate if left untouched for a very long time. Every 20 years (previously every 5 years), the researchers dig up one of the bottles and plant seeds to see what will grow. In 2000, two of the 21 plant species from the bottle germinated.

The next bottle will be dug up in 2020, with the experiment scheduled to be completed in 2100.

Since 1896, scientists at Auburn University in Alabama have been experimenting on soil fertility on a one-acre site south of campus. Listed on the US National Register of Historic Places, the "Old Rotation" experiment aims to prove that alternating cotton and legumes can sustain the cotton crop indefinitely.

For over 65 years, researchers at Boston University and National Institute heart, lung, and blood are monitored in Framingham, Massachusetts men and women aged 30 to 62 to determine signs and risk factors for heart disease. Continuous monitoring of three generations of study participants helps scientists identify major risk factors for developing cardiovascular disease.

The experiment was organized in 1927 at the University of Queensland, located in the Australian city of Brisbane, by Professor of Physics Thomas Parnell, to demonstrate students that some bodies that appear solid to us are actually liquids, but only very viscous.

For the experiment, they chose artificial bitumen (pitch) - the residue from the distillation of tar or petroleum tar. This material is so hard that it can be broken into pieces with a hammer. However, if its sample is placed in a funnel, it will flow out through it, albeit very slowly.

To imagine the speed of this process, we can compare it with the drift of the continents. Thus, Australia is shifting northward by 6 cm annually. But the bitumen in the Brisbane experiment flows out of the funnel 10 times slower!

For 83 years (the plug was removed from the funnel in 1930), only 9 drops fell to the bottom of the vessel installed under the funnel. And so far, no one has been able to see the very moment of the fall. Physicist John Mainston missed all three drops of resin that happened in the half century when he was the curator of the experiment. One day, the scientist spent the entire weekend continuously observing the already fully formed drop, but it fell just when he, completely exhausted, went home to rest.

The next time, after 9 years, the long-awaited event came at the moment when Mainston left the room for five minutes to drink a cup of tea.

In 2000, a webcam was installed in front of the experimental setup, so Mainston could hope to finally see the falling drop with his own eyes, although he was then far from Brisbane, in England. However, a suddenly erupted tropical storm caused a power outage for 20 minutes, during which the next, eighth drop, was not visible to anyone.

The Australian physicist did not wait for the fall of the ninth drop: he died in August 2013, after suffering a stroke, at the age of 78.

According to the new curator, Andrew White, the amount of material left in the funnel is such that the experience could continue for at least another 80 years. If the outflow continues at the same rate, the tenth drop will reach the bottom of the vessel by the centenary of the experiment, in 2027.

The experience with dripping bitumen is recognized as the longest laboratory experiment in history in the Guinness Book of Records.

Professor White - quantum physicist, who, as he says, is only “four drops of bitumen” in age, believes that the main significance of the experiment lies in the feeling of connection with history that it gives: “This drop fell to the bottom of the vessel when you were not yet, when you were not even born your parents, and maybe your grandparents."

From 1930 to 1988 bitumen dripped every 8 years. However, in the 1980s, air conditioners were installed at the university, which slowed down the process: now the interval between drops is about 13 years.

About a century ago
hell pek was common in the household: it was used, for example, for tarring boats. it amorphous substance, which, depending on the conditions, can behave as solid or as a liquid. An example of substances of this type is ordinary toothpaste: when under pressure, it flows out of the tube, but on the toothbrush it retains its shape and does not flow anywhere, even if the brush is placed vertically.

The results of the Brisbane experiment have already been published: after the fall of the sixth drop, scientists calculated the viscosity of the pitch and in 1984 published these data in the European Journal of Physics. As it turned out, its viscosity is 230 billion times higher than that of water.

Similar experiments were carried out in other places. So, in Trinity College Dublin, the same funnel with bitumen was installed in 1944, and in 2013 the fall of a drop of this substance was filmed for the first time using a webcam.