School essay

The immortal comedy "Woe from Wit" was written during the years of the creation of secret Decembrist societies. The content of the comedy is connected with historical reality. In it, the ideas of the “present” century collided with the “past” century.

"Woe from Wit" is a socio-political comedy. Griboyedov gave in it a true picture of Russian life after Patriotic War 1812.

The comedy poses topical social issues of that time: about public service, serfdom, enlightenment, education, about the slavish imitation of the nobles of everything foreign and contempt for everything national, popular. Griboyedov's comedy showed the causes of the emergence of Decembrists, in addition, the public questions posed in Woe from Wit are resolved by the author in the same way as the Decembrists resolved them.

In Griboedov's comedy "Woe from Wit", as in a mirror, the ethical and aesthetic views of the Decembrists were reflected.

The main character of the comedy is Alexander Andreevich Chatsky. It was he who embodied the features of such a "new" person. In the Famus society, Chatsky feels lonely. After a three-year trip abroad, without stopping by his home, straight from the carriage, he appears at Famusov's house and meets with a very cool welcome - both from the owner and from his daughter:

A little light - already on your feet! and I am at your feet.

Well, kiss the same, did not wait? Speak!

Well, for? Not? Look at my face.

Surprised? But only? Here's the welcome!

Chatsky is sincerely glad to see you. He hopes to find an answer to the old feeling, but does not find it. He was struck by two changes: she became unusually prettier and cooler towards him - also unusually.

Sophia is embarrassed by Chatsky's vehemence, and he is at a loss: this was not how the meeting seemed to him. Lisa tries to defuse the situation. Sofia corrects her. She tries to compare her to her aunt:

Here I would bring you to my aunt,

To count all the acquaintances.

You should pay attention to where Chatsky comes from. For forty-five hours he raced seven hundred miles - this is the distance from Moscow to St. Petersburg. He was in a hurry, he wanted to see Sophia. Each of her remarks, devoid of reciprocal joy, alarms him, so he hurries to turn the subject to memories of mutual acquaintances, over whom they once laughed together.

In his monologue, Chatsky mentions the English club:

Well, what about your father? All English club

Old, faithful member to the grave?

In the same monologue, Chatsky mentions "a black-haired man with crane legs," who was in every rich house: "Wherever you go: right there, in the dining rooms and living rooms."

There are also ladies-in-waiting, junior female court ranks, a comparison of the aunt with Minerva, the lady-in-waiting of Catherine the Great. And then Chatsky recalls Molchalin:

That I'm dumber than Molchalin? Where is he, by the way?

Have you yet broken the silence of the press?

It used to be songs where brand new notebooks

He sees, sticks: please write off.

And yet, he will reach certain degrees,

After all, today they love the dumb.

With these words, he touched Sophia to the quick. She says:

Not a man, a snake!

This is revenge for Molchalin. She already asks him with hidden anger if he happened to at least inadvertently "say good things about someone." Her last remark is frankly evil. Chatsky says: "Tell me into the fire: I'll go as if for dinner." Sophia replies: "Yes, well - burn yourself, if not?"

This is how the action develops in the seventh manifestation. In the eighth, Famusov appears. He is very happy about the arrival of Chatsky:

Great, friend, great, brother, great!

Tell me, is your tea ready?

Collection of important news?

Sit down, tell me quickly.

Chatsky almost does not notice Famusov, coldly and absently answers his questions.

"Is it up to me now?" - he says, and, promising to come again, leaves. He speaks of only one thing: "How prettier Sofya Pavlovna has become!"

Such is the finale of act 1, such is the first meeting with Chatsky. Before us is an ardent young man who loves passionately, who has come to his home after a long separation, excited by his feelings and cannot understand who he was preferred to.

"A little light - and I'm at your feet," said one friend jokingly.

"Where is the quote from?" they asked him.

"Is this a quote?!" he wondered.

Indeed, many phrases from Griboedov's comedy have become so natural in our lives that we already perceive them as folk. Such is the power of art.

This is how the seventh appearance of the first act in the comedy "Woe from Wit" begins. “A little light on my feet! and I am at your feet ”- Chatsky kisses Sophia’s hand, tells how he was in a hurry, complains about her coldness. Lisa says that she and Sophia just remembered him. Sophia confirms this, assuring that they did not deserve reproaches. Childhood memories, compliments, jokes begin. Chatsky claims that Sophia "bloomed charmingly", ironically over common acquaintances.

“I am destined to see them again by fate! You will get tired of living with them, and in whom can we not find spots? When you wander, you return home, and the smoke of the Fatherland is sweet and pleasant to us!

In world literature, one can not find many works that, like "Woe from Wit", in a short time would gain such undoubted nationwide fame. At the same time, contemporaries fully felt the socio-political relevance of comedy, perceiving it as a topical work of new literature that was emerging in Russia, which set as its main task the development of "its own wealth" (that is, the material of national history and modern Russian life) - and its own, original , not borrowed funds. The plot of "Woe from Wit" was based on the dramatic conflict between the stormy collision of the intelligent, noble and freedom-loving hero with the inert environment of reactionaries surrounding him. This conflict depicted by Griboyedov was vitally truthful, historically reliable. From a young age, moving in the circle of advanced Russian people who embarked on the path of struggle against the world of autocracy and serfdom, living in the interests of these people, sharing their views and beliefs, Griboedov had the opportunity to closely and daily observe the most important, characteristic and exciting phenomenon of the social life of his time. - the struggle of two worldviews, two ideologies, two ways of life, two generations. In a conversation with Sofya, Chatsky manages to speculate about education in Moscow homes (“They are busy recruiting teachers for regiments, more in number, at a cheaper price”) to recall their teacher, who inspired “that without the Germans there is no salvation for us”; sneer at the custom of mixing French and Russian in a conversation (“A mixture of French and Nizhny Novgorod is dominant”) ask about Molchalin: “Haven’t you broken the silence of the press yet? After this stormy eruption of Chatsky, Sophia quietly remarks: “Not a man, a snake!”

Griboyedov told in his comedy about what happened in a Moscow house in one day. But what breadth in this story! It has the spirit of the time, the spirit of history. Griboyedov, as it were, pushed apart the walls of the Famusov house and showed the whole life of the noble society of his era - with the contradictions that torn this society, the boiling of passions, the enmity of generations, the struggle of ideas. Within the framework of the dramatic picture of the hero's encounter with the environment, the author has included a huge socio-historical theme of a turning point that has become apparent in life, the theme of the boundary between two epochs - the "current century" and the "past century". Hence the extraordinary richness of the ideological content of comedy. In one form or another and in one way or another, Griboyedov touched upon in Woe from Wit many of the most serious issues of social life, morality and culture, which had the most relevant, most topical significance in the Decembrist era. These were questions about the position of the Russian people, crushed by the yoke of serfdom, about the future fate of Russia, Russian statehood and Russian culture, about the freedom and independence of the human person, about the public vocation of a person, about his patriotic and civic duty, about a new understanding of personal and civic honor, about strength human mind and knowledge, about the tasks, ways and means of enlightenment and education. The genius of Griboedov responded to all these questions, and this response was filled with such ardent civic-patriotic passion, such indomitable indignation at evil and untruth, that the comedy could not help but make the deepest and most striking impression both on the advanced circles of Russian society and on the camp reactionaries.

« Besides» - ALWAYS stands out with commas (both at the beginning and in the middle of a sentence).

« Most likely” in the meaning of “very likely, most likely” - stands out with commas (Of course, all because of the cognac and the steam room, otherwise he would most likely have kept silent.).
In the meaning of "fastest" - NO (This way, most likely, you could come to the house.).

« Quicker". If in the meaning of “better, more willing”, then WITHOUT commas. For example: "She would rather die than betray him." Also WITHOUT commas, if in the meaning of "it's better to say." For example: "pronouncing some remark or rather an exclamation."
BUT! A comma is needed if this is an introductory word expressing the author's assessment of the degree of reliability of this statement in relation to the previous one (in the meaning of "most likely" or "most likely"). For example: "It cannot be called smart person“Rather, he’s on his own.”

« Of course», « certainly”- the word of course is NOT highlighted with commas at the beginning of the response, uttered in a tone of confidence, conviction: Of course it is!
In other cases, a comma is NEEDED.

Expressions " all in all», « generally" ARE SEPARATED in the meaning of "in short, in a word", then they are introductory.

« Primarily" are isolated as introductory in the meaning of "firstly" (First of all, he is a rather capable person).
These words are NOT highlighted in the meaning of “first, first” (First of all, you need to contact a specialist).
A comma after "a", "but", etc. is NOT needed: "But first of all, I want to say."
When clarifying, the entire turnover is highlighted: “There is hope that these proposals, primarily from the Ministry of Finance, will not be accepted or will be changed.”

« at least», « at least” - are isolated only when inverted: “This issue was discussed twice, at least.”

« in its turn"- does not stand out with a comma in the meaning of" on its part, "in response, when the turn has come." And as introductory are isolated.

« literally» - not introductory, not separated by commas

« Consequently". If in the meaning “therefore, thus, it means”, then commas are needed. For example: "So you, therefore, are our neighbors."
BUT! If in the meaning "therefore, because of this, based on the fact that", then the comma is needed only on the left. For example: “I found a job, so we will have more money”; “You are angry, therefore you are wrong”; "You can't bake a cake, so I'll bake it."

« Least". If in the value of "the smallest", then without commas. For example: “At least I will wash the dishes”; "He made at least a dozen mistakes."
BUT! If in the meaning of comparison with something, emotional evaluation, then with a comma. For example: “At a minimum, this approach involves control”, “For this you need, at a minimum, to understand politics.”

« that is, if», « especially if» - a comma is usually not needed

« That is» is not an introductory word and is not separated by commas on both sides. This is a union, a comma is placed before it (and if in some contexts a comma is placed after it, then for other reasons: for example, to highlight some separate construction or subordinate clause that come after it).
For example: “It’s still five kilometers to the station, that is, an hour’s walk” (well, a comma is needed), “It’s another five kilometers to the station, that is, if you go slowly, an hour’s walk (a comma after “that is” is placed to highlight the subordinate clause "If you go slowly").

« Anyway” are separated by commas as introductory if they are used in the meaning of “at least”.

« Besides», « Besides», « besides (other things)», « besides everything (other things)» are separated as introductory.

BUT! " Besides that"- union, comma is NOT needed. For example: "In addition to the fact that he does nothing, he also makes claims against me."

« Thereby», « thanks to», « thanks to something" and " along with something» - A comma is usually not required. Separation is optional. The presence of a comma is not an error.

« Especially» - WITHOUT a comma.

« Especially when», « especially since», « especially if" etc. - a comma is needed before "especially". For example: “Such arguments are hardly needed, especially since this is a false statement”, “especially if it means”, “relax, especially since a lot of work awaits you”, “you shouldn’t sit at home, especially if your partner invites to dance."

« And» - is distinguished by a comma only in the middle of a sentence (on the left).

« Nonetheless"- a comma is placed in the middle of the sentence (on the left). For example: "He decided everything, nevertheless I will try to convince him."
BUT! If “but nevertheless”, “if nevertheless”, etc., then commas are NOT needed.

If a " but" in the meaning of "but", then the comma on the right side is NOT put. (An exception is if it is an interjection. For example: "However, what a wind!")

« Finally"- if in the value" in the end ", then the comma is NOT put.

« Really» is NOT separated by commas in the meaning of "really" (that is, if this is a circumstance expressed by an adverb), if it is synonymous with the adjective "real" - "real, genuine". For example: “Her bark itself is thin, not like that of oak or pine, which are really not afraid of hot sun rays”; "You are really very tired."

« Really" can act as an introductory and SEPARATE. The introductory word is distinguished by intonational isolation - it expresses the speaker's confidence in the truth of the reported fact. In controversial cases, the issue of punctuation is decided by the author of the text.

« Because of”- a comma is NOT needed if it is a union, that is, if it can be replaced with “because”. For example: “As a child, he underwent a medical check-up because he fought in Vietnam”, “maybe it’s all because I love it when a person sings” (a comma is needed, because replace “because” with it is forbidden).

« Anyway". A comma is needed if the meaning is "however". Then this is an introduction. For example: "She knew that, one way or another, she would tell Anna everything."
BUT! The adverbial expression "one way or another" (same as "one way or another" or "in any case") does NOT require punctuation. For example: "War is somehow necessary."

Always WITHOUT commas:
first of all
at first sight
like
seems to be
for sure
likewise
More or less
literally
in addition
in the (final) end
in the end
last resort
best case scenario
anyway
at the same time
overall
mostly
especially
in some cases
no matter what
subsequently
otherwise
as a result
concerning
after all
in this case
in the same time
generally
in this regard
mainly
often
exclusively
as a maximum
meanwhile
just in case
in case of emergency
if possible
as far as possible
still
practically
approximately
with all (with) that
with (all) desire
on occasion
wherein
likewise
the biggest
at least
actually
generally
maybe
as if
in addition
to top it off
probably
by the proposal
by decree
by decision
like
traditionally
supposedly

The comma is NOT included
at the beginning of a sentence:
“Before… I was…”
"Since…"
"Before as…"
"Although…"
"As…"
"To…"
"Instead of…"
“Actually…”
"While…"
"Besides..."
"Nonetheless…"
“Despite the fact that ...” (at the same time - separately); DO NOT put a comma before "what".
"If…"
"After…"
“And…”

« Finally” in the meaning of “finally” - does NOT stand out with commas.

« And this despite the fact that…"- in the middle of the sentence, a comma is ALWAYS put!

« Based on this, …"- a comma is placed at the beginning of the sentence. BUT: “He did so on the basis of ...” - the comma is NOT put.

« After all, if...then..."- a comma before "if" is NOT put, since the second part of the double union - "then" goes on. If there is no “then”, then a comma before “if” is put!

« Less than two years..."- a comma before "what" is NOT put, because this is NOT a comparison.

comma before " HOW» is put only in case of comparison.

“Politicians such as Ivanov, Petrov, Sidorov ...” - a comma is placed, because is the noun "politics".
BUT: "... politicians such as Ivanov, Petrov, Sidorov ..." - a comma is NOT put before "how".

Commas are NOT included:
“God forbid”, “God forbid”, “for God's sake” - do not stand out with commas, + the word “God” is written with a small letter.

BUT: commas are placed in two directions:
“Thank God” in the middle of a sentence is highlighted with commas on both sides (the word “God” in this case is written with capital letter) + at the beginning of a sentence - stands out with a comma (on the right side).
“By God” - in these cases, commas are placed on both sides (the word “god” in this case is written with a small letter).
"My God" - is separated by commas on both sides; in the middle of the sentence "God" - with a small letter.

If the introductory word can be omitted or rearranged to another place in the sentence without violating its structure (usually this happens with the unions “and” and “but”), then the union is not included in the introductory construction - the comma is NEEDED. For example: "Firstly, it became dark, and, secondly, everyone was tired."

If the introductory word cannot be removed or rearranged, then the comma after the union (usually with the union “a”) is NOT put. For example: “She just forgot about this fact, or maybe she never remembered it”, “..., and therefore ...”, “..., and maybe ...”, “..., which means ...”.

If the introductory word can be removed or rearranged, then the comma is NEEDED after the union “a”, since it is not associated with the introductory word, i.e. soldered combinations such as “and therefore”, “and by the way”, “and therefore”, “are not formed. maybe,” etc. For example: “She didn’t just not love him, but maybe even despised him.”

If at the beginning of the sentence is coordinative conjunction(in an attached meaning) (“and”, “yes” in the meaning of “and”, “also”, “also”, “and that”, “and that”, “yes and”, “and also”, etc.) , and then the introductory word, then a comma before it is NOT needed. For example: “And really, you shouldn’t have done this”; “And perhaps it was necessary to do something differently”; “Finally, the action of the play is ordered and divided into acts”; “Besides, other circumstances came to light”; “But of course, everything ended well.”

It happens rarely: if at the beginning of the sentence there is an affixing union, and the introductory construction stands out intonationally, then commas are NEEDED. For example: "But, to my great annoyance, Shvabrin decisively announced ..."; "And, as usual, they remembered only one good thing."

Main groups introductory words and phrases
(highlighted by commas + on both sides in the middle of a sentence)

1. Expressing the feelings of the speaker(joy, regret, surprise, etc.) in connection with the message:
to annoyance
to amazement
Unfortunately
unfortunately
unfortunately
to joy
unfortunately
to shame
Luckily
to the surprise
to horror
unfortunately
for joy
for luck
not even hour
nothing to hide
unfortunately
fortunately
strange affair
amazing thing
what good, etc.

2. Expressing the speaker's assessment of the degree of reality of the reported(confidence, uncertainty, assumption, possibility, etc.):
without any doubts
undoubtedly
undoubtedly
may be
right
probably
apparently
Maybe
Indeed
in fact
should be
think
seems
it would seem that
certainly
maybe
may be
maybe
hope
presumably
is not it
no doubt
obviously
apparently
in all probability
truly
perhaps
I guess
in fact
essentially
truth
right
of course
needless to say
tea, etc.

3. Pointing to the source of the reported:
they say
say
they say
transmit
In your
according to…
remember
to my mind
our way
according to legend
according to…
according to…
rumored
by post...
your way
heard
report, etc.

4. Pointing to the connection of thoughts, the sequence of presentation:
all in all
firstly,
second, etc.
however
means
in particular
main
Further
means
so
for example
Moreover
by the way
by the way
by the way
by the way
finally
vice versa
for example
against
I repeat
I emphasize
more than that
on the other hand
one side
that is
thus etc.
howbeit
whatever it was

5. Pointing to the techniques and ways of formalizing the expressed thoughts:
rather
generally speaking
in other words
if I may say so
if I may say so
in other words
in other words
in short
better to say
to put it mildly
in a word
to put it simply
word
as a matter of fact
let me tell you
so to speak
to be precise
what is called etc.

6. Representing calls to the interlocutor (reader) in order to draw his attention to what is being reported, to inspire a certain attitude to the facts presented:
do you believe
do you believe (do)
see (do)
you see)
imagine(those)
allowable
do you know)
Do you know)
sorry)
believe (those)
please
understand (those)
do you understand
do you understand
listen (those)
suppose
Imagine
sorry)
say
agree
agree etc.

7. Indicating an assessment of the measure of what is being said:
at least, at least - are isolated only when inverted: "This issue was discussed twice, at least."
the biggest
at least

8. Showing the degree of commonness of the reported:
happens
used to
as usual
according to custom
happens

9. Expressive statements:
no joke
between us will be said
talking between us
need to say
not in reproach will be said
to tell the truth
according to conscience
in fairness
confess say
tell the truth
funny to say
honestly.

Set expressions with comparison (no commas):
poor as a church mouse
white as a harrier
white as a sheet
white as snow
beat like a fish on ice
pale as death
shines like a mirror
sickness vanished
fear like fire
wandering like a restless
rushed like crazy
mumbling like a sexton
ran like crazy
lucky, as a drowned man
spinning like a squirrel in a wheel
seen as day
squeals like a pig
lying like a gray gelding
everything goes like clockwork
all as a choice
jumped up like crazy
jumped up like crazy
stupid as hell
looked like a wolf
naked as a falcon
hungry as wolf
as far as heaven from earth
shaking like a fever
trembled like an aspen leaf
he's like water off a duck's back
wait like manna from heaven
wait like a holiday
lead a cat and dog life
live like a bird of the sky
fell asleep like the dead
frozen like a statue
lost like a needle in a haystack
sounds like music
healthy as an ox
know how flaky
have at one's fingertips
rides like a cow saddle
goes along like a sewn
how to sink into the water
ride like cheese in butter
swinging like a drunk
swayed (swayed) like a jelly
handsome as god
red like a tomato
red as a lobster
strong (strong) like oak
screaming like crazy
light as a feather
flies like an arrow
bald as a knee
like a shower
waving his arms like a windmill
thrashing around like crazy
wet as a mouse
gloomy as a cloud
dropping like flies
hope like a stone wall
people like herring in a barrel
dress up like a doll
not see how their ears
mute like a grave
dumb like a fish
rush (rush) like crazy
rush (rush) like crazy
worn like a fool with a written sack
runs like a chicken and an egg
needed like air
needed like last year's snow
needed like the fifth spoke in a chariot
needed like a dog's fifth leg
peel like sticky
one as a finger
left like a stranded cancer
stopped dead in his tracks
razor sharp
as different as day from night
as different as heaven from earth
bake like pancakes
pale as a sheet
pale as death
repeated like crazy
you go like a little
remember your name
remember like a dream
get into cabbage soup like chickens
hit like a butt on the head
fall like a cornucopia
look like two drops of water
went down like a stone
appear as if on cue
loyal like a dog
stuck like a bath leaf
fall through the ground
use (use) as from a goat's milk
disappeared into the water
just like a knife to the heart
blazed like fire
works like an ox
understands like a pig in oranges
vanished like smoke
play like clockwork
grow like mushrooms after the rain
grow by leaps and bounds
drop from the clouds
fresh as blood and milk
fresh as a cucumber
sat as if chained
sit on pins and needles
sit on the coals
listened spellbound
looked spellbound
slept like the dead
hurry like fire
stands like a statue
slender as a Lebanese cedar
melts like a candle
rock hard
dark as night
as accurate as a clock
skinny as a skeleton
cowardly as a rabbit
died like a hero
fell down like a wreck
stuck like a sheep
lean like a bull
mulish
tired as a dog
cunning like a fox
cunning as a fox
gushing like a bucket
walked as if plunged into water
walked like a birthday
walk like a thread
cold as ice
thin as a sliver
black as coal
black as hell
feel at home
feel like behind a stone wall
feel like a fish in water
staggered like a drunk
she's like a punishment
clear as twice two four
clear as day, etc.

Do not confuse with homogeneous members

1. The following stable expressions are NOT homogeneous and therefore are NOT separated by a comma:
neither this nor that;
neither fish nor fowl;
neither stand nor sit down;
no end no edge;
neither light nor dawn;
neither hearing nor spirit;
neither to himself nor to people;
neither sleep nor spirit;
neither here nor there;
for nothing;
neither give nor take;
no answer, no greeting;
neither yours nor ours;
neither subtract nor add;
and so and so;
and day and night;
and laughter and grief;
and cold and hunger;
both old and young;
about this and that;
both;
in both.

(General rule: do not put a comma inside integral expressions phraseological nature, formed by two words with the opposite meaning, connected by a repeating conjunction "and" or "neither")

2. NOT separated by a comma:

1) Verbs in the same form, indicating the movement and its purpose.
I'll go for a walk.
Sit down and rest.
Go take a look.
2) Forming semantic unity.
Can't wait.
Let's sit and talk.

3) Pair combinations of a synonymous, antonymous or associative character.
Search for truth-truth.
There is no end.
Honor to all.
Let's go.
Everything is covered.
It's expensive to see.
Purchase and sale questions.
Meet with bread and salt.
Tie hand and foot.

4) Difficult words(interrogative-relative pronouns, adverbs, which are opposed to something).
Someone else, but you can't.
Already somewhere, where, and everything is there.