Saint Photius, Metropolitan of Kyiv and All Rus', was a Greek from the Peloponnesian city of Monemvasia (Malvasia). Even in his adolescence, he entered the monastery and was tonsured by Elder Akakios, the great ascetic (later Metropolitan of Monemvasia). In 1408, when Photius was in Constantinople with the Patriarch on an assignment from the Metropolitan, the question arose about replacing the Russian see after his death († 1406; commemorated September 16). The choice of Patriarch Matthew (1397-1410) fell on Photius, known for his learning and holiness of life. On September 1, 1408, Saint Photius was made metropolitan and a year later arrived in Rus'.

He spent six months in Kyiv (September 1409-February 1410), organizing the affairs of the southern dioceses of the Russian Church, which were then part of the Principality of Lithuania, or rather, as it was called, Lithuanian and Russian. The saint saw that the metropolitan throne - the spiritual focus of the church life of Rus' - could not be located in the land of Kyiv, which was increasingly dependent on Catholic Poland. Following the example of previous Russian metropolitans, who moved their residence first to Vladimir and then to Moscow, Metropolitan Photius arrived in Moscow on the day of Holy Easter in 1410.

For 22 years the saint labored in the arduous service of the Primate of the Russian Church. In the difficult conditions of wars, internecine wars, and predatory raids of the Tatars, he managed to highly raise the spiritual significance, material security and splendor of the churches of the Moscow See. The welfare of the Church allowed Saint Photius to provide great assistance to the impoverished Patriarchate of Constantinople and to strengthen the international significance of the Russian Orthodox Church and the Russian state. The enemies of Orthodoxy more than once tried to hinder the church-patriotic service of Photius. In the spring of 1410, when Saint Photius arrived from Moscow in Vladimir, Khan Edygei, who had ravaged the Russian land two years earlier, undertook a new campaign with the goal of capturing the metropolitan himself. Tatar troops led by Tsarevich Talycha “expelled”, that is, suddenly and quickly, took Vladimir. But God preserved the righteous man: the day before, unaware of the danger, the saint went to the out-of-town Svyatoozersky monastery. When the Tatars gave chase, he took refuge in a small village surrounded by impassable swamps on the Senga River. Having failed to capture the metropolitan, the embittered Tatars plundered Vladimir and especially the Assumption Cathedral. The custodian of the cathedral, Patrikey, suffered terrible torture and suffered a martyr's death from Tatar robbers, but did not reveal the place where he hid church shrines and treasures.

Through the efforts of Saint Metropolitan Photius, the prayerful and canonical unity of the Russian Church was restored: a separate Lithuanian metropolitanate, established at the insistence of Prince Vytautas for the southern and western Russian Orthodox dioceses, was abolished in 1420. The same year the saint visited the returned dioceses and greeted the flock with an extensive teaching message. The wise and highly educated shepherd left many teachings and messages. His denunciations of the Strigolnik heresy that arose in Pskov even before his reign were of great theological significance. Through the efforts of the wise saint, the heresy ceased (in 1427).

Important church-historical sources are the “Order for the Election and Installation of Bishops” (1423), compiled by Saint Photius, “The Teaching on the Importance of the Holy Order and the Duties of the Clergy,” as well as the “Spiritual Testament,” which tells about his life. The great work of the saint was also the compilation under his leadership of the All-Russian Chronicle Code (around 1423).

On April 20, 1430, the holy archpastor was notified by an Angel of his impending death and rested peacefully in the Lord at the appointed time, on the Feast of the Placing of the Robe of the Theotokos, July 2, 1431. His relics were found in 1471. Two sakkos of St. Metropolitan Photius are kept in the Armory Chamber of the Moscow Kremlin.

Iconographic original
	Moscow. XVI. "Bogolyubskaya" with selected saints (In the middle are the Moscow saints Peter, Photius, Macarius, blessed Maxim, John). Istoma Savin. Icon (three-leaf folding). Moscow. End of the 16th - beginning of the 17th century. Sash size 35 x 15.

Born in Greece in the city of Monemvasia. “Izmlada,” according to his Spiritual Charter, he abandoned the secular path of life and placed himself under the spiritual guidance of Elder Akakios (later Metropolitan of Monemvasia). In 1408, when Photius was in Constantinople with the Patriarch on an assignment from the Metropolitan, the question arose about replacing the Russian see after the death of St. Cyprian. The choice of Patriarch Matthew fell on Photius. On September 2, 1408, Photius was consecrated. On September 1, 1409 he arrived in Kyiv; On April 22, 1410, he solemnly entered Moscow.

He found Moscow devastated by the recent invasion of Edigei, and the metropolitan economy was neglected and plundered for three and a half years after the death of Cyprian, and he set about restoring it. He lived for six months in Kyiv (September 1409 - February 1410), organizing the affairs of the southern dioceses of the Russian Church, which were then part of the Principality of Lithuania.

Seeing that the metropolitan's throne could not be located in the land of Kyiv, which was increasingly dependent on Catholic Poland, following the example of previous Russian metropolitans who moved their residence first to Vladimir and then to Moscow, Metropolitan Photius arrived in Moscow on Easter 1410.

In the spring of 1410, Khan Edigei, who had ravaged the Russian land two years earlier, undertook a new campaign. Detachments led by Tsarevich Talycha suddenly took Vladimir. But Photius was not in the city: the day before he went to the out-of-town Svyatoozersky monastery. When the Tatars gave chase, he took refuge in a small village surrounded by impassable swamps on the Senga River. The invaders plundered Vladimir and especially the Assumption Cathedral. The cleric of the cathedral, Patrikey, suffered terrible torture and suffered a martyr's death, but did not reveal the place where he hid church shrines and treasures.

Photius managed to restore the unity of the Russian Church: the Lithuanian metropolis, established at the insistence of Prince Vytautas for the southern and western Russian Orthodox dioceses, was abolished in 1420. In the same year, Photius visited the returned dioceses and greeted the flock with an extensive teaching message.

The chronicle contains a story about a vision that Photius had a year and about four months before his death - a vision of an angel who informed him that he was being given a “week” to consider life and “government of the flock.” After this, Photius wrote a Spiritual Letter, taking as a model - this is also noted in the chronicle - the Spiritual Letter of Metropolitan Cyprian: “... also writing a letter of his former repose before God, in the image of this former Metropolitan Cyprian.”

Photius was buried in the Kremlin Assumption Cathedral next to Metropolitan Cyprian.

History of veneration

His remains were removed from the ground in 1472 in connection with the reconstruction of the Assumption Cathedral - along with the tombs of Saints Jonah, Theognostus and Cyprian; then interred again in the same cathedral. May 27, 1472 is considered to be the day of the discovery of the relics of the four mentioned saints, and 1472 is the year of their glorification; however, it is known that in 1472 one Metropolitan Jonah was canonized and that until the 17th century there was neither an all-Russian nor a local celebration of the memory of Metropolitans Cyprian, Theognostus and Photius.

In the Russian Orthodox Church, the memory of Saint Photius is celebrated on July 2 and May 27 (according to the Julian calendar).

(later Metropolitan of Monemvasia). In 1408, when Photius was in Constantinople with the Patriarch on an assignment from the Metropolitan, the question arose about replacing the Russian see after the death of St. Cyprian. The choice of Patriarch Matthew fell on Photius. On September 2, 1408, Photius was consecrated. On September 1, 1409 he arrived in Kyiv; On April 22, 1410, he solemnly entered Moscow.

He lived in Kyiv for six months (September - February), organizing the affairs of the southern dioceses of the Russian Church, which were then part of the Principality of Lithuania. Seeing that the metropolitan's throne could not be located in the land of Kyiv, which was increasingly dependent on Catholic Poland, following the example of previous Russian metropolitans who moved their residence first to Vladimir and then to Moscow, Metropolitan Photius arrived in Moscow on Easter 1410. He found Moscow devastated by the recent invasion of Edigei, and the metropolitan economy was neglected and plundered for three and a half years after the death of Cyprian, and he set about restoring it.

Photius was buried in the Kremlin Assumption Cathedral next to Metropolitan Cyprian.

History of veneration

His remains were removed from the ground in 1472 in connection with the reconstruction of the Assumption Cathedral - along with the tombs of Saints Jonah, Theognostus and Cyprian; then interred again in the same cathedral. May 27, 1472 is considered to be the day of the discovery of the relics of the four mentioned saints, and 1472 is the year of their glorification; however, it is known that in 1472 one Metropolitan Jonah was canonized and that until the 17th century there was neither an all-Russian nor a local celebration of the memory of Metropolitans Cyprian, Theognostus and Photius.

In the Russian Orthodox Church, the memory of Saint Photius is celebrated on July 2 (15) and May 27 (June 9).

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Notes

Literature

• // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg. , 1902. - T. XXXVI. - pp. 394-396.

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Metropolitans of Kyiv and all Rus' (988-1461) Metropolitans of Moscow and all Rus' (1461-1589) Patriarchs of Moscow and all Rus' (1589-1721) Senior members Holy Synod (1721-1917) Patriarchs of Moscow and all Rus' (since 1917)

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Excerpt characterizing Photius (Metropolitan of Kyiv)

- Alpatych! – suddenly a familiar voice called out to the old man.
“Father, your Excellency,” answered Alpatych, instantly recognizing the voice of his young prince.
Prince Andrei, in a cloak, riding a black horse, stood behind the crowd and looked at Alpatych.
- How are you here? - he asked.
“Your... your Excellency,” said Alpatych and began to sob... “Yours, yours... or are we already lost?” Father…
- How are you here? – repeated Prince Andrei.
The flame flared up brightly at that moment and illuminated for Alpatych the pale and exhausted face of his young master. Alpatych told how he was sent and how he could forcefully leave.
- What, your Excellency, or are we lost? – he asked again.
Prince Andrei, without answering, took out a notebook and, raising his knee, began to write with a pencil on a torn sheet. He wrote to his sister:
“Smolensk is being surrendered,” he wrote, “Bald Mountains will be occupied by the enemy in a week. Leave now for Moscow. Answer me immediately when you leave, sending a messenger to Usvyazh.”
Having written and given the piece of paper to Alpatych, he verbally told him how to manage the departure of the prince, princess and son with the teacher and how and where to answer him immediately. Before he had time to finish these orders, the chief of staff on horseback, accompanied by his retinue, galloped up to him.
-Are you a colonel? - shouted the chief of staff, with a German accent, in a voice familiar to Prince Andrei. - They light houses in your presence, and you stand? What does this mean? “You will answer,” shouted Berg, who was now the assistant chief of staff of the left flank of the infantry forces of the First Army, “the place is very pleasant and in plain sight, as Berg said.”
Prince Andrei looked at him and, without answering, continued, turning to Alpatych:
“So tell me that I’m waiting for an answer by the tenth, and if I don’t receive news on the tenth that everyone has left, I myself will have to drop everything and go to Bald Mountains.”
“I, Prince, say this only because,” said Berg, recognizing Prince Andrei, “that I must carry out orders, because I always carry out them exactly... Please forgive me,” Berg made some excuses.
Something crackled in the fire. The fire died down for a moment; black clouds of smoke poured out from under the roof. Something on fire also crackled terribly, and something huge fell down.
- Urruru! – Echoing the collapsed ceiling of the barn, from which the smell of cakes from burnt bread emanated, the crowd roared. The flame flared up and illuminated the animatedly joyful and exhausted faces of the people standing around the fire.
A man in a frieze overcoat, raising his hand, shouted:
- Important! I went to fight! Guys, it's important!..
“It’s the owner himself,” voices were heard.
“Well, well,” said Prince Andrei, turning to Alpatych, “tell me everything, as I told you.” - And, without answering Berg, who fell silent next to him, he started his horse and rode into the alley.

The troops continued to retreat from Smolensk. The enemy followed them. On August 10, the regiment, commanded by Prince Andrei, passed along the high road, past the avenue leading to Bald Mountains. The heat and drought lasted for more than three weeks. Every day, curly clouds walked across the sky, occasionally blocking the sun; but in the evening it cleared again, and the sun set in a brownish-red haze. Only heavy dew at night refreshed the earth. The bread that remained on the root burned and spilled out. The swamps are dry. The cattle roared from hunger, not finding food in the sun-burnt meadows. Only at night and in the forests there was still dew and there was coolness. But along the road, along the high road along which the troops marched, even at night, even through the forests, there was no such coolness. The dew was not noticeable on the sandy dust of the road, which had been pushed up more than a quarter of an arshin. As soon as dawn broke, the movement began. The convoys and artillery walked silently along the hub, and the infantry were ankle-deep in soft, stuffy, hot dust that had not cooled down overnight. One part of this sand dust was kneaded by feet and wheels, the other rose and stood as a cloud above the army, sticking into the eyes, hair, ears, nostrils and, most importantly, into the lungs of people and animals moving along this road. The higher the sun rose, the higher the cloud of dust rose, and through this thin, hot dust one could look at the sun, not covered by clouds, with a simple eye. The sun appeared as a large crimson ball. There was no wind, and people were suffocating in this still atmosphere. People walked with scarves tied around their noses and mouths. Arriving at the village, everyone rushed to the wells. They fought for water and drank it until they were dirty.
Prince Andrei commanded the regiment, and the structure of the regiment, the welfare of its people, the need to receive and give orders occupied him. The fire of Smolensk and its abandonment were an era for Prince Andrei. A new feeling of bitterness against the enemy made him forget his grief. He was entirely devoted to the affairs of his regiment, he was caring for his people and officers and affectionate with them. In the regiment they called him our prince, they were proud of him and loved him. But he was kind and meek only with his regimental soldiers, with Timokhin, etc., with completely new people and in a foreign environment, with people who could not know and understand his past; but as soon as he came across one of his former ones, from the staff, he immediately bristled again; he became angry, mocking and contemptuous. Everything that connected his memory with the past repulsed him, and therefore he tried in the relations of this former world only not to be unfair and to fulfill his duty.

Library “Chalcedon”

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Saint Photius, Metropolitan of Moscow and All Rus', wonderworker

The memory of Saint Photius, Metropolitan of Moscow and All Rus' is celebrated by the Orthodox Church on May 27/June 9 and July 2/15

Saint Photius was a Greek from the Peloponnesian city of Monemvasia (Malvasia)

. In adolescence years he entered the monastery and became a monk tonsured by Elder Akakios, a great ascetic (later Metropolitan of Monemvasia). In 1408, when Photius was in Constantinople with the Patriarch on an assignment from the Metropolitan, the issue was discussed on the replacement of the Russian department after the death of the saint Cyprian. The choice of Patriarch Matthew (1397-1410) fell to Photius, known for his learning and piety. On September 1, 1408, Saint Photius was erected to the rank of metropolitan and a year later arrived in Rus'.

He spent six months in Kyiv (September 1409 - February 1410), organizing the affairs of the southwestern

dioceses of the Russian Church that were temporarily part of Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The saint understood that the metropolitan see is the spiritual focus of the church life of Rus' - should not be located in the Kyiv land, which was increasingly dependent on Catholic Lithuania and Poland. Following the example of former Russian metropolitans,moved their residence first to Vladimir, and then to Moscow, Metropolitan Photius arrived in Moscow on the day of Holy Easter 1410.

For twenty-two years Saint Photius accomplished the feat in the arduous service of the Primate of the Russian Church. In difficult conditions of war

, internecine battles, predatory raids of the Tatars, he managed to highly to raise the spiritual significance, material security and splendor of the churches of the Moscow department. The welfare of the Church allowed Saint Photius provide great assistance to the impoverished Patriarchate of Constantinople, strengthen the international the importance of the Russian Orthodox Church and Russian states.

Saint Photius gave Grand Duke Vasily

An important service for Dimitrievich: he was a mediator in the marriage of his daughter Anna with his eldest son Byzantine Emperor Manuel - John. Enemies Orthodox Christians have repeatedly tried to hinder the church-patriotic ministry of St. Photius. In the spring of 1410, when he arrived from Moscow to Vladimir, Khan Edygei, who had ruined two years earlier Russian land, undertook a new campaign with the goal capture of the metropolitan himself. Tatar troops led by Tsarevich Talycha, they “expelled”, that is, suddenly and quickly, took Vladimir. But God saved righteous man: the day before, unaware of the danger, The saint went to the countryside Svyatoozersky monastery. When the Tatars rushed in pursuit, he took cover in a small village surrounded by impassable swamps, on the Senga River. Having failed to capture the metropolitan, the embittered Tatars plundered Vladimir and especially the Assumption Cathedral. The keymaster of the cathedral, Priest Patrikey, suffered terrible torture and suffered martyrdom, but did not open the place where church shrines were hidden.

Through the efforts of Saint Metropolitan Photius, the prayerful and canonical unity of the Russian

Churches: a separate Lithuanian metropolitanate, established at the insistence of Prince Vytautas for the southern and western Russian Orthodox dioceses, was in 1420 abolished. The same year the saint visited the returned dioceses and greeted the flock with an extensive teaching message.

The wise and highly educated shepherd left

many teachings and messages. Great theological What mattered was his denunciation of the situation that arose in Pskov even before his reign, the Strigolniki heresy. Through the efforts of the wise saint, the heresy was suppressed in 1427.

Church historical sources are

compiled by Saint Photius, “The Order of Election and Installation of Bishops” (1423), “Teaching on the Importance of the Holy Order and the Duties of Clergymen,” as well as the “Spiritual Testament,” which tells about his life. The great work of the saint was also compilation under his leadership of an all-Russian chronicle code (about 1423).

On April 20, 1430, the holy archpastor was notified by an Angel of his impending death and died peacefully

about the Lord at the time indicated to him, on the feast of the Placing of the Robe of the Most Holy Theotokos, July 2, 1431. His relics were found in 1472 and now rest in the Assumption Cathedral of the Kremlin under cover. In the Armory two sakkos are kept in the chamber of the Moscow Kremlin Saint Metropolitan Photius.

The text is given from the publication: Orthodox Church Calendar. 2006. M.: Publishing Council of the Russian Orthodox Church, 2005. P. 6.

Metropolitan of Kyiv and All Russia, spiritual writer. F. was from the Peloponnese. Having entered the monastery, he was sent to Constantinople to the emperor and patriarch and came to the capital at a time when the ambassadors of the Russian Grand Duke were there, arriving to ask for a new metropolitan. The emperor and the patriarch appointed F. as Russian metropolitan. In 1409, F. arrived in Kyiv. Since Vitovt wanted to have a special metropolitan in Lithuania, there is no doubt that he did not greet the Metropolitan of All Russia, who unexpectedly arrived to him, with much cordiality. However, F. managed to reconcile him with himself: Vitovt recognized him as metropolitan, and F. lived in Lithuania for about six months. On March 22, 1410, F. arrived, accompanied by the imperial and patriarchal ambassadors, to Moscow. After the four-year absence of the metropolitan in Moscow and after the recent Edigeev invasion, F. found a lot of unrest in his metropolis. The Metropolitan's house was devastated; his possessions were plundered by strong people; a lot ended up in the treasury. prince F. began to collect the stolen goods and thereby offended many boyars. F.'s letter to Vasily Dmitrievich has been preserved (printed in Pavlov's "Monuments of Old Russian Canon Law", 35, I), in which the Metropolitan asks the sovereign that everything that was given to the Church of God by his ancestors and approved for her, and he, for his part, approved through his pious write-off. From another surviving message to Vel. the prince (printed in Pavlov’s “Monuments”, 35, II) it is clear that F. made claims against the sovereign himself for encroachments on the income of his department. In this message, the Metropolitan urgently convinces the Grand Duke to return to the church some duties taken away or appropriated by him. The boyars managed to quarrel between F. and Vasily Dmitrievich, and the servants of Fotiev, who fled from him to Lithuania, slandered him. Prince of Lithuania. Vytautas was inflamed with hatred of F. and decided to take away the Lithuanian metropolis from him. F. decided to go to Lithuania to make an attempt at reconciliation with Vytautas, and if the attempt was unsuccessful, to go to Constantinople and petition the patriarch to prevent Vytautas from installing a special metropolitan. When F. appeared in Lithuania, on the orders of Vytautas he was captured, robbed and returned to Moscow. Gregory Tsamblak (see) was appointed special metropolitan of Lithuania. F. sent out district messages (the message to all Orthodox Christians of the Russian Church was published in “Acts of History,” vol. I, 19, and in Pavlov’s “Monuments”, 39; the message to Kyiv was abbreviated in the “Complete collection of Russian chronicles” .", IV, 116 and in Nikon. Let., V, 65; message to Pskov - in “Acts of History,” I, 40), in which he exposed the illegality of Gregory’s installation and demanded that the Orthodox not have communication with him. After the death of Gregory Tsamblak, both halves of the Russian church again united under the rule of F. During F.’s reign and with his participation and assistance, the Strigolnik sect that appeared there in Pskov ceased to exist (see). After his death he led. book Vasily Dmitrievich F. stood firmly for his young son, Vasily, thereby confirming the new Moscow order of succession to the throne in a descending line, and not in seniority. With his spiritual power, he managed to prevent strife throughout his priesthood. F. died in 1431. Before his death, he wrote a spiritual will, in which he provides biographical information about himself before being taken to the metropolitan office and assures that his time at the metropolitan see was for him a time of continuous sorrow, tears and sobs (the will was printed in " Complete collection of Russian chronicles.", VI, 144, Nikon. Let., V, 100; "Collected state documents." F. was buried in the Moscow Assumption Cathedral; In 1472, his relics were found, but they were kept hidden. Memory of July 2 and May 27. Eight of his church words have survived to us: said on the day of the Annunciation (printed in “Addition to the Historical Acts,” vol. I, 182), on the Presentation of the Lord (in “Orthodox conversation,” 1860, part II, p. 453), in the weeks - about the prodigal son, meat and Orthodoxy (ibid., 1860, part III, pp. 97, 222, 357 and 481); three words about the executions of God (two published in “Orthodox Sobesedn.”, 1861, part II, pp. 181 and 303; the third in the same place, 1875, part III, p. 70). The listed teachings of F., with the exception of three words “On the executions of God,” have almost nothing to do with modern F. Russian life. Upon his accession to the department, F. addressed a teaching pastoral letter to the entire priestly and monastic rank, in which he spoke about the height of the priesthood and the importance of the duties associated with it (printed in the “Addition to the Acts of History,” vol. I, 181 and in Pavlov’s “Monuments”, 60). When he took over the leadership of the Lithuanian metropolis for the second time, after the death of Tsamblak, F. addressed a teaching message to the entire population of this metropolis (printed in the “Addition to the Historical Acts,” vol. I, 183). Two more letters of his to priests, monks and all laymen of some localities are known (an excerpt of one in the synodal manuscripts according to the “Description” of Gorsky and Nevostruev, 330; an indication of the other in Stroev’s “Bibliographical Dictionary”, 1); three teaching messages to Pskov, also to priests, monks and all laity (printed - the first dated September 23, 1416 in “Historical Acts,” vol. I, 21, in Pavlov’s “Monuments,” 42; the second - dated February 2, 1426, on the occasion of a pestilence, in “Acts of History,” vol. I, 30, and in Pavlov, 53; the third - from January 4th of an unknown year in “Acts of History,” vol. I. 35, and in Pavlov, 58); three messages to the Kiev Pechersk Monastery (two messages were published in the “Addition to the Historical Acts,” vol. I, 180); message to the Pskov Snetogorsky convent (printed in “Historical Acts,” vol. I, 26, and in Pavlov, 46); message to the teacher Pavel Obnorsky (in “Acts of History,” vol. 2, 57, and in Pavlov, 57). Seven letters from F. to Pskov have also been preserved, containing instructions and rules regarding worship, church discipline and life. Subsequently, F.'s message to the Pskov clergy on the performance of church services, which, among other things, resolved the issue of saying “Alleluia” three times (1419), was of particular importance for the church. Church words and teaching messages of F. are not independent and are simple compilations from the works of Byzantine writers, sometimes just a translation (for example, the word about lack of rain, the second part of which is a literal translation of the word of Basil the Great). From F.'s biography it is not clear that he received a systematic education anywhere; he possessed only extensive theological reading. In F.'s teachings Basil the Great, Gregory the Theologian, John Chrysostom, John Climacus, Dionysius the Areopagite and others are quoted. prot. Gorsky, “F., Metropolitan of Kiev and All Russia” (“Additions to the publication of the works of the holy fathers in Russian translation”, part XI, M., 1852); A. Vadkovsky (Bishop Anthony), “On the teachings of F., Metropolitan of Kyiv and All Rus'” (“Orthodox interlocutor”, parts I and III, and in his book “From the history of Christian preaching” St. Petersburg, 1892) ; Bishop Macarius of Oryol, “On the works of St. F., Metropolitan of Kyiv and All Russia” (“Spiritual Conversation”, 1870, Nos. 18-20, 23-27); Golubinsky, “History of the Russian Church” (vol. II, M., 1900).

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II. Photius

From the book Byzantine Missionary [Is it possible to turn a “barbarian” into a Christian?] author Ivanov Sergey Arkadevich

II. Photius The landmark figure of Byzantine missionary work is invariably recognized as Patriarch Photius (years of patriarchate from 858 to 867 and from 877 to 886). Campaigns for the Christianization of Bulgaria and Rus' are dedicated to his name. Photius, for the first time since late antiquity, thought about theoretical

Photius (c. 82O- c. 891)

From the book Byzantine Theology. Historical trends and doctrinal themes author Meyendorff Ioann Feofilovich

Photius (c. 82O-c. 891) As a major figure in the religious as well as socio-political life of Byzantium in the 9th century, Photius was also the father of the phenomenon commonly referred to as Byzantine “humanism.” His celebrated "Library", an original and invaluable compilation

From the book Essays on the History of the Russian Church. Volume I author

PHOTius, Metropolitan of Kyiv and All Russia, Greek

From the book HISTORICAL DICTIONARY ABOUT THE SAINTS GLORIFIED IN THE RUSSIAN CHURCH author Team of authors

PHOTius, Metropolitan of Kiev and All Russia, Greek native of Morea from the city of Monemvasia; was brought up in the desert by the pious elder Akakios and from a young age accepted the rank of monk. With the rank of Metropolitan of Monemvasia, he once arrived in Constantinople while receiving

PHOTIUS

From the book Bibliological Dictionary author Men Alexander

PHOTius ST. (c. 820–c. 891), Byzantine church. activist and theologian, Patriarch of Constantinople. Genus. in aristocratic family. Got a versatile classic. education. Borrowed from Byzantium. a number of high positions in the yard. As a result of the states. the coup took place

Metropolitan Manuel (Lemeshevsky) and Metropolitan John (Snychev)

From the book Passing Rus': Stories of the Metropolitan author Alexandrova T L

Metropolitan Manuel (Lemeshevsky) and Metropolitan John (Snychev) Metropolitan Manuel, of course, was an ascetic, but what in asceticism is called “self-worth” was highly developed in him. This also passed on to John. There was such a case. Archbishop Gury seems to have died and displacement began

Metropolitan Photius (1408-1431)

From the book Essays on the History of the Russian Church. Volume 1 author Kartashev Anton Vladimirovich

Metropolitan Photius (1408-1431) He was a Greek, sent to us from KPlya. This appointment may seem somewhat unexpected at first glance. The entire previous course of events tended, apparently, to finally consolidate the practice of conferring metropolitan

III Archimandrite Photius

From the book Volume 7. Letters author Brianchaninov Saint Ignatius

III Archimandrite Photius “Political figure, patriot of Russia” - this is how the famous Archimandrite Photius of the Novgorod Monastery was called by church historians who were well disposed towards him. Archimandrite Photius (in the world Peter Nikitich Spassky, 1792-1838) was born into a poor family, his

Saint Photius of Moscow, Metropolitan of Kiev and Vladimir (+ 1431)

From the book Russian Saints author (Kartsova), nun Taisiya

Saint Photius of Moscow, Metropolitan of Kiev and Vladimir (+ 1431) His memory is celebrated on July 2 on the day of his repose, on May 27 on the day of the discovery of his relics and on the 2nd Week of Great Lent with the Council of St. Fathers of the Kiev-Pechersk and all the saints who shone in Little RussiaSt. Photius