India is located on a peninsula in the form of an isosceles triangle. The favorable physical and geographical position of India and the concentration of important air and sea routes contribute to the unification of the South-Eastern and South-Asian states with Africa and Europe. This is washed by the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea. India includes the Nicobar, Amindive, Andaman and other islands. The state with a total area of ​​3.287 million km² stretches from south to north for 3214 km and from west to east for about 3000 km. If its land boundary corresponds to 15,200 km, then the sea one is approximately 6,000 km. Most major ports are located either artificially (Chennai) or in (Kolkata). The south of the east coast is called Coromandel, and the south of the west coast of the Hindustan Peninsula is called Malabar. Geographical position markedly different from the location modern India. In the past, the state corresponded to the territory of some countries taken together (Iran, Palestine, Egypt, Mesopotamia, Phoenicia and Syria).

At present, in the east, India is in contact with Myanmar, Bhutan and Bangladesh; in the north it borders on Afghanistan, Nepal and China; adjoins Pakistan from the western side. Almost three quarters are filled with plateaus. The northern part of India is fenced off from other countries with the help of the Himalayas - the highest mountains in the world, accumulating a huge amount of moisture and heat. This mountain range rises above the Indo-Gangetic lowland and extends near the border of China, Afghanistan and Nepal. It is in the Himalayas that the great and Ganges arise. The most beautiful place in India is Goa, which is located next to the Arabian Sea.

Economic and geographical position of India

This rapidly developing, agro-industrial state has achieved many recognitions in the economy. The national policy is aimed at the formation space program, industrialization and agrarian reforms. Indian industry consists of different types of production - from giant new factories to primitive handicrafts.

The main economic and geographical features are:

• favorable economic and geographical position of India in the south of Asia, where sea ​​routes from the Mediterranean to the Pacific;
• unresolved territorial issues related to China and Pakistan;
• complex economic ties due to the terrain with countries located in the north.

Not only India's favorable geographical position attracts many foreign investors, but also the economy, which is rather controversial. Along with the rapid pace of industrial development Agriculture continues to move rapidly. It involves 520 million people, of which more than half work in the agricultural sector; a quarter - in the service sector; the remaining amount - in the industry, the main areas of which are engineering, automotive, consumer electronics and much more.

Thus, the economic and geographical position of India is favorable to the development of its economy, and the country manages to achieve success in the development of its economy.

India has long been a rich country where Europeans sailed for interesting goods, fragrant spices, bright fabrics, precious metals and stones. The development of trade routes was facilitated by a unique and convenient location with direct access to the ocean. Lack of a competent government policy to preserve unique natural features and ecosystems has led to environmental disasters.

Geographic characteristics

The Republic of India is located in southern Asia on the Hindustan Peninsula. The territory of the state is 3.3 million km. The country ranks seventh in terms of area in the world.

India's neighbors are: Pakistan, China, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Myanmar and Afghanistan. The country's maritime borders are adjacent to the Maldives, Sri Lanka and Indonesia. The country is densely populated. The total population exceeds 1 billion 300 million people.

Nature

Mountains and plains

The relief of the country is represented by high mountain ranges, plateaus and a large plain. Main and only mountain ranges India is the Himalayas stretching along the borders of Nepal, Afghanistan and China.

The ranges within the borders of India are still high mountains, but they differ in their complexity of structure from the main ranges located in other countries. The highest point in India is Mount Kanchenjungu with a height of over 8.5 thousand meters.

The flat part of the country is stretched parallel to the Himalayas. It is absolutely flat, and its length is 2,400 km. The remaining territory of the state is fragmented plateaus ...

Rivers and lakes

The rivers of India play an important role in the country and are the main source of water and a means of irrigating fields and lands. At the same time, they are the cause of natural disasters and catastrophes. The most famous rivers in India are the Ganges and the Brahmaputra. In general, more than a dozen major rivers. For some, the main source of water is rain. Recharge and risk of flooding in their valleys occurs during the monsoons.

For other rivers, including large ones, the source of water is the glaciers of the Himalayas. The main periods of their flood and exit from the naturally low shores are the hot summer months. Many rivers in India empty into the Bay of Bengal.

There are practically no lakes in the country. There are only small ones. They are concentrated mainly in the Himalayas. Among the large reservoirs of this kind, only Sambhar Lake can be noted, which is used by the population for boiling salt ...

Seas surrounding India

The extremely favorable location of the state, which has access to the ocean, several centuries ago led to the economic prosperity of the country. This location matters to this day.

The shores of India are washed by the waters of the ocean of the same name and the seas that make up its basin. These are the Arabian Sea, the Bay of Bengal and its waters of the northern part of the Indian Ocean. The length of the coastline of the state is 7.5 thousand km.

Plants and animals of India

India, one of the few countries that can boast of a variety of animal species and flora. There are endemics here. There are about a third of them. On the territory of the state you can find coconut palm, sandalwood, bamboo, banyan and more. There are pine evergreen forests, monsoon forests, as well as mountain meadows.

In terms of the diversity of the animal world, the country has begun to lose ground over the past few decades. But here you can still meet the Indian rhinoceros, the Asiatic lion, the Himalayan bear, and also the leopard...

Climate of India

The climate of India is due to the presence of the Himalayas and the Thar Desert. Mountains are a natural barrier to cold air flows from Central Asia. It is for this reason that the air temperature in the country differs from the climate of states located in a similar zone.

In summer, monsoon winds with significant precipitation are attracted by the desert. It rains heavily from mid-summer to mid-autumn. On the territory of the country, there is the rainiest place on earth - this is the city of Cherrapunji, with an annual rainfall of 12,000 mm ...

Resources

Natural resources of India

The natural resources of India are represented by large deposits of minerals, the list of which includes: manganese ores, iron ores, aluminum, precious stones and metals.

Forests occupy about a quarter of the country's territory and are a source of timber and fodder for livestock, but do not fully cover the needs of the state. The problem is deforestation in the Himalayas.

The land in the country is infertile. They require a well-thought-out system of irrigation, processing and fertilization. Because of this, there are few clean pastures in the country and there are not enough fodder plants for animals.

In India, wind energy is actively used. By this method energy generation, the country ranks fifth in the world...

Industry and agriculture in India

Mechanical engineering is the leader of India's industrial sector. Basically, local enterprises are engaged in the production of parts and components for cars.

In the list of the main types of industry of the state, it is worth noting ferrous metallurgy and the production of coal. The textile industry is actively developing in the country, significant investments are being made in it.

Agriculture is represented by the production of wheat and rice...

culture

Peoples of India

India is especially interesting for the mentality of its population. For a long time there was an unusual social order, in which there were various estates, the so-called castes. Residents treated them by profession, income level, place of residence or birth. According to the foundations, representatives of different castes could not marry. Today, at the official level, all this has been canceled, but in practice there are representatives of orthodox views who adhere to the same principles ...

Answer: The Republic of India is located in South Asia on the Hindustan Peninsula. It also includes the Laccadive Islands in the Arabian Sea, the Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the Bay of Bengal. India borders on Pakistan, Afghanistan, China, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Myanmar. The maximum length of India - from north to south - 3200 km, from west to east - 2700 km. The mineral resources of India are significant and varied. The main deposits are located in the northeast of the country. Here are the largest iron ore, coal basins, deposits of manganese ore; this creates favorable conditions for the development of heavy industries.

6. What are the features of the development of the economy of the countries of South Asia.

Answer: The modern economy of Latin American countries is characterized by some of the most common features that have historically developed and continue to determine the economic face of the region. One of them is the diversity of the economy. In agriculture, this feature is manifested in the preservation of latifundism and related various forms pre-capitalist agrarian relations. Only in Chile, Panama and Cuba, and partially in Mexico, latifundism has been eliminated. In addition, in the agriculture of many countries capitalist relations of production are actively developing, with wage labor inherent in them, and large monopolies are operating. In some countries, cooperative and state farms have been established. A certain diversity is also observed in industry. Almost half of the region's workforce is made up of artisans, workers in artisanal enterprises or small factories, who together produce less than 8% of the value of industrial output. Along with this, there are large industrial enterprises owned by local capital, the state and foreign monopolies. Another of the common and, in fact, negative features of the modern economies of Latin American countries, which many of them fail to overcome, is the mono-product specialization. Monopoly on land and others Natural resources, is reserved for the privileged strata of society, limited domestic market and often the underdevelopment of the modern manufacturing industry are all significant factors causing the traditional orientation of national economies to the markets of developed countries.

7. Provide evidence that China is a dynamically developing country in the world.

Answer A: China has one of the highest GDP growth rates. China's labor resources are truly unlimited, many of the world's leading corporations have their main production facilities in China, which provides an unprecedented level of employment.

8. The modern transport system of Japan is one of the most highly developed in the world. Prove this thesis.

Answer: hallmark transport system Japan, compared with other countries, is a greater degree of dependence on railways. More than 52% of the total passenger and freight traffic is carried out by rail (at the end of 1992). In addition, today rail transport is at the beginning of a qualitatively new stage of development. The road network is being consistently expanded and modernized, the use of magnetic levitation trains is increasing, the computerization of rolling stock is growing rapidly, it has been possible to reduce the time of transportation (especially for passengers) due to the branching of the superhighway network. Special plans for the development of urban transport also provide for a reduction in the cost of maintaining urban rail transport by creating additional highways and transferring part of the passenger traffic to bus lines and the metro. In addition to Tokyo, subways also exist in 8 other cities in Japan, including Osaka and Nagoya.

India is located in South Asia, and most of it is located on the Hindustan Peninsula. In the northwest, India borders on Pakistan, in the north - on Afghanistan, in the northeast - on China, Nepal and Bhutan, and in the east - on Myanmar and Bangladesh. In the southwest, India is washed by the waters of the Arabian Sea, in the southeast - by the Bay of Bengal, belonging to the Indian Ocean basin. In the south, India is separated from Sri Lanka by the rather narrow Strait of Polk. the advantage of the economic and geographical position is determined, first of all, by the location of India, halfway between the countries of the South-West and South-East Asia. At the same time, the land borders of India for the most part pass along hard-to-reach frontiers: India is separated from Pakistan by the Thar Desert, from Afghanistan, China, Nepal and Bhutan - highest mountains the Himalayas, the Hindu Kush and the Karakoram, from Myanmar and Bangladesh - impenetrable jungles. The wealth of Indian nature is in its diversity. 3/4 of the country's territory is occupied by plains and plateaus. India resembles a huge triangle with its apex pointing towards the Indian Ocean. Along the base of the Indian triangle stretched the Karakorum, Gin-dukush and Himalayas mountain systems. South of the Himalayas lies the vast, fertile Indo-Gangetic plain. To the west of the Indo-Gangetic Plain lies the barren Thar Desert. Further south is the Deccan Plateau, which occupies most of central and southern India. On both sides, the plateau is bordered by the mountains of the Eastern and Western Ghats, their foothills are occupied by tropical forests. The climate of India in most of its territory is subequatorial, monsoonal. In the north and northwest - tropical, where precipitation is about 100 mm / year. On the windward slopes of the Himalayas, 5000-6000 mm of precipitation falls annually, and in the center of the peninsula - 300-500 mm. In summer, up to 80% of all precipitation falls. The largest rivers of India - the Ganges, the Indus, the Brahmaputra, originate in the mountains and are fed by snow-glacier and rain. The rivers of the Deccan plateau are fed by rain. During the winter monsoon, the rivers of the plateau dry up. In the north of the country, brown-red and red-brown soils of the savannas prevail, in the center - black and gray tropical and red-earth laterinth soils. In the south - yellow earth and red earth, developed on lava covers. Coastal lowlands and river valleys are covered with rich alluvial soils. The natural vegetation of India has been greatly altered by man. Monsoon forests have survived only 10-15% of the original area. Every year, the area of ​​forests in India is reduced by 1.5 million hectares. Acacias and palm trees grow in the savannahs. AT subtropical forests- sandalwood, teak, bamboo, coconut palms. In the mountains, altitudinal zonality is clearly expressed. In India, the animal world is rich and diverse: deer, antelopes, elephants, tigers, Himalayan bears, rhinos, panthers, monkeys, wild boars, many snakes, birds, fish. The recreational resources of India are of global importance: coastal, historical, cultural, architectural, etc. India has significant mineral reserves. Manganese deposits are concentrated in central and eastern India. The bowels of India are rich in chromites, iron ore, uranium, thorium, copper, bauxites, gold, magnesites, mica, diamonds, precious and semi-precious stones. Coal reserves in the country amount to 120 billion tons (Bihar state and West Bengal). India's oil and gas are concentrated in the Asamu valley and on the plains of Gujaratu, as well as on the shelf of the Arabian Sea in the Bombay region. Adverse natural phenomena in India are droughts, earthquakes, floods (8 million hectares), fires, avalanches in the mountains, soil erosion (6 billion tons the country loses), desertification in western India, deforestation.

The population of India as of May 18, 2016 is 1,289,020,000 according to . The population of India as of July 2014 is 1,236,344,631. India's population growth rate is 1.2%, which is 94th among all countries in the world in 2013. The population of India is more than 1.27 billion people in 2014, which is more than one sixth of the world's population (17.5% of the world's population). India is projected to become the most populous country in the world by 2025, surpassing China. India's population reached 1 billion in 1998.

The Republic of India occupies an area in southern Asia. The state is based on the Hindustan peninsula. Indian territories are part of the Eurasian continent. Where to find India on the world map?

India on the map

In relation to the equator, the country is located in the northern hemisphere of the planet. The vast lands of India are bordered by the following neighbours:

• Pakistan;
• Butane;
• Nepal;
• Bangladesh;
• Myanmar;

In addition to the above land frontiers, India has its own maritime boundaries. They pass next to the Maldives, Sri Lanka, Indonesia.

The lands of Jammu and Kashmir are disputed Indian territories, if they are conditionally included in the country, then India will have another neighbor - Afghanistan.

The imposing area of ​​India is 3,287,263 sq. km. The state has a coastline of 7 thousand km. India is washed by the Indian Ocean and the Bay of Bengal. Indian territories have access to the Arabian Sea.

The climatic conditions of India are considered tropical monsoonal. This type of climate gives India only three seasons, instead of the generally accepted four.

Relief of India

The diverse relief of the country in the north is expressed by real glaciers, and in the south it is represented by plains. Deserts, rainforests and mountains - all this is in abundance in India. highest point The Indian state considers a mountain in the Himalayas with the complex name Kanchenjunga. The height of the peak is 8586 meters.

The sacred rivers Ganges and Indus originate in the Himalayas. For example, the Indus River stretches 2879 km beyond the horizon, giving coastal areas fresh greenery and life-giving moisture.

Due to the summer rainy season, many parts of India are regularly flooded. In the northeast of the country there are large reserves of minerals. India produces iron ore, diamonds, gold, coal and other natural resources.

On the lands of India there are many forests, turning into wastelands and hills. It is in Indian territories that tropical evergreen forests, deciduous massifs and light forests grow.

Administrative divisions of India

In total, 29 states, 6 union districts and the capital New Delhi are major administrative elements of the state. The states themselves are divided into districts. There are 600 districts in India, each district is divided into smaller taluks.