Writing surnames and place names. Topic: Adjective in Russian and Ukrainian Declension of adjectives in Ukrainian

1 adjective

1) adj.

name\adjective - gram. closet

2) in meaning noun gram. closet

3) in meaning noun those that are available

Books

Russian language. 5-9 grades. Workbook. Part 3. Adjective. FSES OVZ, Galunchikova Natalya Grigorievna, Yakubovskaya Evelina Vyacheslavovna. The Russian language workbook "Adjective" is intended for students with intellectual disabilities and ensures the implementation of the requirements of the adapted basic... Buy for 643 RUR
Practical grammar in Russian language lessons. In 4 parts. Part 1. Vocabulary. Word composition and word formation. Noun. Adjective. Grif Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, Zikeev A.G.. The four editions of the manual include exercises aimed at developing the lexical, word-formation, morphological, syntactic, phraseological and stylistic aspects of students’ speech.…

Lecture No. 1.

Topic: Noun in Russian and Ukrainian languages.

PLAN

Noun (hereinafter referred to as IS) as a part of speech in Russian and Ukrainian languages.
Lexical and grammatical categories of IS in the Russian and Ukrainian languages. Grammatical features of each category.
Grammatical categories of IS in Russian and Ukrainian languages.
Types of IS declensions in Russian and Ukrainian languages.

Literature

Russian language

Modern Russian language // edited by V.N. Belashapkova. – M., 1989. – p. 403-442.
Modern Russian language // edited by P.A. Lekanta. – M., 1988. – p. 180-196.
Modern Russian language // edited by D.E. Rosenthal. – M., 1987. – p. 172-212.
Svetlyshev D.N. Modern Russian language – M., 1989. – p. 137-157.
D.E. Rosenthal, I.B. Golub M.A. Telenkova. Modern Russian language: Textbook for distance learning philology students. – M., 1991. – P. 226-241.

Ukrainian language

1. The grammatical core of names are nouns ( names), this category includes words that express objectivity and represent it in the forms of gender, number and case. The meaning of objectivity is an abstract meaning, characteristic of all nouns without exception, because this concept is not logical, but grammatical. In grammar, an object is considered to be everything to which our consciousness can attribute properties, qualities, actions, states, etc. To discover the grammatical meaning of objectivity, in practice the formulation of pronominal words with a generalized objective meaning is used - Who? What? (who?, what?). Noun (noun) is an independent part of speech that has a general grammatical meaning of objectivity and expresses this meaning in the grammatical categories of gender, number and case.

The means of expressing grammatical subjectivity are morphological (grammatical) categories and properties of nouns.

4. Depending on the lexical meanings and grammatical /mainly morphological/ features of nouns in Russian and Ukrainian languages are divided into groups called lexical-grammatical categories: proper (vlasni) and common nouns (zagalni).

To the names own in Russian and Ukrainian languages include words from the following thematic groups: first names, patronymics, last names of people; animal names; names of cities, rivers, seas; names of planets, constellations; name of periodicals, etc. For example: Natalka, Dnister, Odessa.

TO common nouns in Russian and Ukrainian languages include words that are generalized names of homogeneous objects, for example: grew up(living room, ring, curtain, etc.); Ukrainian(liudina, kin, generosity, dem too). The boundaries between the digits are mobile, i.e. there is a transition from proper to common nouns and vice versa, for example: truth - newspaper "Pravda", ball - puppy Sharik; scientists Ohm, Joule, Newton - units of measurement - ohm, joule, newton.

Personal (person) and impersonal (not person). Personal nouns include nouns denoting persons by: a/ profession - driver, engineer, health worker; b/ place of residence - Gorovchan, Donetsk, St. Petersburg; c/ social status – student, student, pensioner; d/ religion – Christian, Muslim, Catholic. All others are considered non-personal.

Animated (istota) and inanimate (istota). A formal indicator of animation - inanimateness is asking the questions who? - What? (who?, what?), but using these questions can be difficult, for example: grew up doll, matryoshka, waterman, ace, virus, etc. A grammatical indicator of animateness-inanimateness in the Russian and Ukrainian languages can be the formula where animate ISs have the same forms of R.p. pl. h. = V.p. plural, and in inanimate I.p. pl. h. = V.p. pl. h.

Concrete (konkretnі) – abstract (abstractnі) – material (rechovinnі) – collective (zbirni). Specific nouns in the Russian and Ukrainian languages are contrasted with the other three categories according to the following grammatical features: a/ change in number; b/ are combined with cardinal numbers; c/can be presented separately and counted; g/ in combination with words measures are used in the plural. For example: grew up throw - throws; two throws – ten throws, few or many throws; Ukrainian zoshit, vidro, maple. Abstract nouns in the Russian and Ukrainian languages do not have all of the above characteristics; they call abstract concepts, for example: grew up glory, goodness, modesty; Ukrainian sum, bill, joy.

Real names in the Russian and Ukrainian languages name various substances, do not change according to numbers, are not combined with cardinal numerals, and with words measures are used in the singular, for example: grew up oxygen – cubic meter of oxygen, coal – echelon of coal; Ukrainian tea, uzvar, oats, honey, sand, clay.

Collective nouns also do not have the above grammatical features; they name a collection of homogeneous objects as an indivisible whole, for example: grew up foliage, students, equipment, generals, rags, professorship, etc.; Ukrainian Kolossya, Komashnya, students.

5. Category of the genus (category of the genus) of nouns in the Russian and Ukrainian languages is a non-inflectional Civil Code, presented as a opposition of 3 classes of words (trichnomial), each of which is characterized by features of declension and agreement, for example: a free contract was signed (masculine gender), a free state was created (neuter gender) , free press approved (feminine). Gender affiliation is determined by the singular form. The system of 3 grammatical genders in the Russian and Ukrainian languages is not perfect, because outside this system there are nouns that do not have singular forms, the so-called pluralia tantum nouns, for example: grew up glasses, tongs, sleds, gates, finances, chores, etc.; Ukrainian gates, eyepieces, doors.

Names that can occupy a non-unique position in the classification of gender include names like: grew up ignorant, sleepyhead, slob, capricious, dirty, sneak, etc. Such names are usually called nouns GENERAL CITY/ spіlnogo family: ukr. orphan, homeless, grabber.

In determining the category of the genus of some IPs (there are about 150 of them), fluctuations are observed, and the reasons for such fluctuations are different, for example: my bottle is my bottle, my shoe is my shoe, my veil is my veil. The gender affiliation of indeclinable nouns / iwasi, tornado, coffee, cafe, highway, vis-a-vis, protégé / is determined and subject to separate rules (independently).

Category of case (vіdminka; in Ukrainian movі seven-term) nouns in the Russian and Ukrainian languages is an inflectional grammatical category that expresses the relationship of nouns to other words in phrases and sentences, for example: love the Motherland /V.P./, miss the Motherland /D.P./, live away from the Motherland /RP/. The case system in the Russian language includes 6 members: nominative / who? What? / - always without a preposition, the direct case is opposed to all other indirect cases, which can be either prepositional or non-prepositional. There are prepositional and preverbal uses of prepositional forms, for example: rose petal (prenominal) - buy roses (verb). Each case has a certain set of meanings associated with the position in the phrase and with such concepts as subject, object, attribute and circumstance.

Category of number (numbers) nouns in the Russian and Ukrainian languages is an independent inflectional grammatical category, denoting the number of objects called IS and constructed as a contrast between two rows of forms - singular (odinina) and plural (mnozhina), for example: grew up student - students, heart-hearts, country - countries; Ukrainian Lis - foxes, sin - blues, This opposition does not include ISs that name uncountable objects and have only singular forms, for example: grew up game, poverty, linen, blue, cheerfulness, comfort (singularia tantum); Ukrainian papir, joy, child ; or plural: grew up canned food, cabbage soup, negotiations, elections (pluralia tantum) and Ukrainian teresi, shakhs, groshi, visivki. For such nouns, the category of number can be considered as non-inflectional, i.e. constant

6. Changing nouns by case in Russian and Ukrainian is called declination (vіdmіnyuvannyam). In russian language traditionally there are three declensions:

To 1 cl. include the words – young man, girl, orphan / m.r. and f.r./

Ko 2 sk. – gold, hero, little house / s.r. and m.r./

To 3 classes – news, youth / female /

Beyond the declination system There remain nouns, which can be conditionally combined into the following groups:

Variables - path, name, tribe, time, etc.

Substantiated IP - universe, champagne, ice cream

Pluralia tantum – scissors, jeans, finances

Zero declination - bourgeois, counterpart, coffee, protégé

The word d and t i has a special paradigm.

In UYa there are traditionally 4 declensions:

To 1 cl. include the words - hut, share, statya, Mikola / m.r. and zh.r./ on –a, -i.

Ko 2 sk. – father, house, leaves, sea, field / cf. –o, -e, -a, -ya and / m.r. on –o, Ø

To 3 classes – dark, strong, nich / zh.r./ on Ø ta mother.

To 4 classes - name the little ones behind the age of s.r. na –a, -ya – kurcha, calf, lamb or im’ya, family, tribe.

Topic: Adjective in Russian and Ukrainian.

PLAN

The adjective is like CR in RY and UL.
Grammatical categories and syntactic functions of IP in RL and SL.
Digits of the adjective name (hereinafter referred to as IP) by meaning. Characteristic features of each category.
Formation of degrees of comparison of IP in the RY and UL.

Literature

Russian language

Modern Russian language edited by V.N. Belashapkova. – M., 1989. – p. 443-451.
Modern Russian language edited by P.A. Lekanta. – M., 1988. – p. 197-205.
Modern Russian language edited by D.E. Rosenthal. – M., 1987. – p. 212-229.
Svetlyshev D.N. Modern Russian language – M., 1989. – p. 158-171.
D.E. Rosenthal, I.B. Golub M.A. Telenkova. Modern Russian language: Textbook for distance learning philology students. – M., 1991. – P. 249-261.

Ukrainian language

Kozachuk G.O. Ukrainian language. Workshop: Navch. Pos_bnik. – K., 1991. – 398 p.
Kozachuk G.O. Ukrainian language. For applicants: Head. Pos_bnik. – K., 1993. – 272 p.
Current Ukrainian language: Pidruchnik / O.D. Ponomariv, V.V. Rizun ta in.. – K., 1991. – 312 p.

1. Adjectives are in close grammatical connection with nouns. “The semantic basis of adjectives is the concept of “quality.”

Adjective (clerk) in the Russian and Ukrainian languages is a significant part of speech that has a general categorical meaning of a sign, property, quality of an object and expresses this meaning in the dependent grammatical categories of gender, number and case.

For example: grew up useful advice, healthy porridge, healthy milk; Ukrainian white snow, zaliznichny station. The semantic basis of adjectives is the designation of quality, attribute, belonging of objects as a relatively constant property.

2. In morphological respect IPs vary by gender, number and case, that is, they have dependent, consistent grammatical categories. The categories of gender, number and case in IP are inflectional.

Syntactically adjectives in the Russian and Ukrainian languages have specific syntactic functions: the full form is an agreed definition, the short form is the nominal part of a compound nominal predicate.

3. Depending on what feature and how the IP is designated, as well as on what grammatical properties the IP has, all IP in the Russian and Ukrainian languages are divided into 3 main lexico-grammatical categories: qualitative (yaksnі), relative (vdnosnі) and possessive (privіні). Qualitative adjectives, by their grammatical features in the Russian and Ukrainian languages, are contrasted with other categories, as lexical and grammatical units.

Qualitative adjectives have a number of grammatical features: a/ have forms of degrees of comparison (however, not all IPs form degrees of comparison, for example: rus. bald; Ukrainian fox), For example: more cheerful, more cheerful, most cheerful of all, the most cheerful, the most cheerful; b/ have full and short forms, for example: new - new, cheerful - cheerful, sad - sad; c/ the presence of forms of subjective assessment, for example: grayish, cheerful, daring; d/ are combined with adverbs of measure and degree, for example: unusually cute, surprisingly stupid, very young; d/ can form adverbs with -o-, -e-, for example: excessive - excessively, hot - hot, quiet - quiet, quieter; e/ form abstract nouns: new - news, novelty, straight - straightness, crooked - curvature; w/ can enter into synonymous and antonymic relationships, for example: brave-cowardly.

4. Qualitative adjectives in Russian and Ukrainian languages they form comparative (highest level of comparison) and superlative degree of comparison (highest level of comparison), each of which has a simple and compound form. The formation of degrees of comparison in RY and UL differs. Thus, in UL the simple comparative degree is formed by adding the IP suff to the base. –sh- (h), -ish- (Russian –ee-, -e-), for example: rich – rich; analytical form is formed using words more and less (Rus. more and less) + individual entrepreneur, for example: more information. A simple form of superlative comparison is formed by adding the prefix nay- to IP in the form of a comparative degree, for example: the richest. The analytical form of the superlative degree of comparison in UL is formed using naibіlsh and hire + individual entrepreneur, for example: the most important.

Declension of surnames in the Ukrainian language sometimes confuses even those for whom it is native. Are there clear rules? Fortunately, yes. You need to know them not only in order to express yourself competently in oral speech, but also to draw up any documents. Sometimes, because of one mistake in a surname, you can wage a war with the bureaucracy machine for years.

What part of speech do surnames belong to in Ukrainian? This is also a question that cannot be answered immediately. Because if we talk about such surnames as Kucheryavy, Chervona, then at first it seems that these are definitely adjective names. But no, much to the surprise of some, all surnames without exception are nouns. This fact primarily affects their declination.

In general, Ukrainian surnames, regarding their origin and grammatical structure, can be divided into two groups. The first are those that arose from adjectives. The ending of such nouns very often, although not always, indicates their gender. The second is those that appeared through word formation.

Declension of surnames in Ukrainian into -й, -ій and -а, -я

They are the full form of adjectives or participles. Usually there are no difficulties with changes in the grammatical forms of these surnames. They are declined in the same way as the corresponding adjectives or participles. This also applies to the plural (Solodki, Gladki).

A separate subgroup can be identified as male surnames ending in -sky, -zky, -tsky (Kobilyansky, Zbanatsky, Krivorizky) and female surnames ending in -ska, -zka, -tska (Kobilyanska, Zbanatska, Krivorizka). Their paradigm is identical to the one presented in the table above.

Surnames from short forms of participles and adjectives

Examples: Young, Kuts, Bazhan, Sold. Since they have lost the grammatical features of adjectives, they change by case in both the singular and plural, just like nouns of the second declension. Moreover, in this case, Ukrainian female surnames do not change.

Male surnames starting with -ov, -iv, -iv, -ev, -ev, -in, -in, -en

Examples: Gribanov, Ivanishin, Kostin.

Case
Them.	Kruglov	Karpiv	Gordiev	Kortnev	Koreev	Grishin	Serbin	Ilyin
Genus.	Kruglova	Karpova	Gordieva	Kortneva	Korea	Grishina	Serbina	Ilina
Dat.	Kruglov	Karpov	Gordiev	Kortnev	Korea	Grishin	Serbin	Ilina
Vin.	Kruglova	Karpova	Gordieva	Kortneva	Korea	Grishina	Serbina	Ilina
Creation	Roundabout	Karpovim	Gordiev	Kortnevim	Korea	Grishinim	Serbinim	Ilinim
Prev.	Kruglov/ Kruglovi		Gordiev Gordiev	Kortnevy
Call.	Kruglovo/		Gordiev	Kortneve

Is a surname inflected in the Ukrainian language if it is of non-Slavic origin, but with identical inflections? Yes, but in this case in the instrumental case the ending will not be -im, but -om (Chaplin, Darwin).

In the plural, in this case there will be the following inflections:

One of the most common mistakes is to put -i instead of -i in the nominative case (Kruglov, Chubari, Dronov), but this is incorrect.

If the form of a female surname in the nominative completely coincides with the male one, then it is not declined: Grishin Oksana, Grishin Oksani, etc.

Declension of surnames in Ukrainian into -a, -ya

Ukrainian and other Slavic proper names, which have endings like nouns of the first declension (-а, -я), change by case in the same way as these parts of speech. But we must take into account which group - hard, soft or mixed - they belong to. It depends on the last consonant of the word stem.

If it is hard (but not hissing) and the inflection is indicated in writing as -a, then the group is, accordingly, hard. Examples of such surnames: Soroka, Shulga, Skiba, Dzyuba, Sereda, Yarema, Makukha, Tsvitokha.

The declension of surnames in the Ukrainian language also affects the alternation of vowels and consonants (g-z, k-ts, x-s). Examples: Makukha - Makusi, Soroka - Sorotsi.

If a word has the ending -я, and the last consonant of the stem is soft, then it belongs to the soft group. Examples of surnames: Gmirya, Zhmenya, Teterya.

The inflection -a and the sounds zh, ch, sh in front of it indicate that the group is mixed. Examples of surnames: Svyatosha, Krecha, Potorocha, Grizha, Pushcha. The letter shch is a graphic design of the sounds sh and ch, so Tarashcha and Pashcha also belong to the mixed group.

At first glance, everything looks confusing, but it is not. In order not to make a mistake in any case, you can take the usual noun of the desired group and, following this example, decline the surname, as shown in the tables below.

Surnames ending in -o or with a final consonant

They change by case in the same way as nouns of the second declension.

But pay attention: in the vocative case, a surname ending in a consonant has either a zero ending or -y.

Plural

In addition to surnames of the adjective type in -й, -ій, absolutely all male Ukrainian surnames have the following inflections:

So, knowing the basic rules for declension of surnames in the Ukrainian language, you can competently express your thoughts orally and in writing.

(Ukrainian language)

Ukrainian language is part of the East Slavic languages. Distributed mainly in Ukraine, as well as in adjacent regions of Russia and Belarus, Poland, the Czech Republic, Canada, and Slovakia. The total number of Ukrainian speakers is about 41 million people.
The name “Ukraine” begins to appear already in the chronicles of the 12th – 13th centuries in relation to the Pereyaslavl land and part of the Galicia-Volyn principality. From this same time, the first dialectal features began to appear in the chronicles, which would later form the basis of the Ukrainian language. However, we can talk about Ukrainians and the language of the Ukrainian people only starting from the 14th century, when the final separation of Southwestern Rus' (Kiev, Pereyaslavl, Chernigov) from Moscow and White Rus' took place, and the single Old Russian language was divided into three large dialects, which we now call Old Russian, Old Ukrainian and Old Belarusian languages. During the 18th – early 19th centuries, the Ukrainian (Little Russian) nationality grew into the Ukrainian nation, and the Little Russian language into the Ukrainian national language. The Ukrainian national literary language is based on the Kiev-Poltava dialects. In addition, the formation of the Ukrainian language at different times was greatly influenced by the Polish and Russian languages, as well as Lithuanian and Hungarian (part of Ukraine was for some time under the rule of the Magyars).

Literary language and its study

The earliest Cyrillic written monuments, dating back to the 11th century, were written in the Old Russian language common to the Eastern Slavs and do not contain any dialect deviations. The first monuments in which Little Russian phonetic features are found date back to the 12th – 13th centuries. The earliest source known to us is "Dobrilovo Gospel"(1164). It reflects the appearance of the so-called “new yat” - the writing of a letter in place of the original e in a new closed syllable: stone, spin, be etc. Since the 14th century, since the final collapse of Kievan Rus, we have been expecting the appearance of Ukrainian monuments proper, but the discoveries of scientists are limited only to legal acts of the 14th - 15th centuries, the language of the remaining works generally continues the ancient Russian traditions, but, of course, they also reflect new elements characteristic of the language of the Ukrainian people. The rapprochement of the traditional book language with living spoken language begins at the end of the 15th century, and since the 16th century we have known translations of liturgical literature into the Ukrainian language proper: "Peresopnytsia Gospel" (1556 – 1561), "Krekhovsky Apostle"(1560). Original works in Ukrainian also appear. Among liturgical literature, sermons stand out Kirill Tranquillion Stavrovetsky ( "Mirror of Theology", 1618; "The Teaching Gospel", 1619). Polemical literature is developing. The most outstanding in it are the works of I. Vishensky “A short notice about Latin delights”(1588), M. Smotritsky "Key of the Kingdom of Heaven"(1587), “Trenos” (1610), anonymous “Perestroga” (1605). In the 16th – 17th centuries, historiographical literature continued to develop. These are mainly short chronicle notes dedicated to individual cities, monasteries ( "Kiev Chronicle", "Ostrozh Chronicle", "Lviv Chronicle"), and large historical works ( "Gustyn Chronicle", 1623 – 1627; Feodosius Sofronovich"Chronicle", 1672; “Chronicle of a self-witness about the wars of Bogdan Khmelnitsky and the civil strife that took place in Little Russia after his death”). On the basis of Latin treatises, Ukrainian works devoted to poetics were created (the earliest of them is "Book of Poetic Art"– dates back to 1637). The Old Ukrainian language is reflected in the dictionary and grammar Lavrentia Zizania(1596), in grammar Meletius Smotrytsky(1619), in "The Slavic Russian Lexicon" Pamva Berynda (1627). Thus, during the 16th – early 17th centuries, two types of book Ukrainian language emerged: “simple language”, which combines the features of the Old Russian language and colloquial speech, and Slavic Russian language, combining the traditions of Church Slavonic and Old Russian languages. The Slavic Russian language is used in liturgical literature, “prosta mova” - in business texts, in polemical and fiction literature.

Of great importance for the creation of Russian, Belarusian and Ukrainian literature in the 17th – 18th centuries was Kiev-Mohyla Academy(until 1701 - the Kiev-Mogila Collegium), which united in 1632 the Kyiv fraternal school (since 1615) and the Slavic-Greek-Latin school founded by Peter Mogila (in 1631) at the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra. Already in the second half of the 17th century, the Kiev-Mohyla College acquired the features of a European-style university and became a major educational and scientific center of the Eastern Slavs. Graduates of the academy (their training lasted eight years) become the most educated people not only in Ukraine, but also in Russia and Belarus. Many of the academy’s graduates in the 18th – 19th centuries moved to St. Petersburg, Moscow and other Russian cities, which contributed to the formation of a common book tradition for Russia and Ukraine. Among the Ukrainian figures of this time who contributed to the development of Ukrainian and Russian culture, it is necessary to name Feofan Prokopovich, D. Tuptailo (Dmitry Rostovsky), V. Kapnist, I. Bogdanovich and others.

In 1721, an imperial decree was issued banning the publication of original works in Ukraine; only reprinting of old church books was allowed. Ukrainian literature continued to exist as handwritten literature. This, naturally, slowed down its development, although it did not stop it completely. Historiography, satirical poetry and spiritual poems continue to develop in Ukraine. Dramaturgy is emerging at the Kiev-Mohyla Academy. Many works of the 18th century are anonymous, but the authorship of some works can be established.

The greatest contribution to Ukrainian literature of the 18th century was made by Grigory Skovoroda(1722 – 1794). His work determined the development of Ukrainian poetry not only in the 18th century, but also in the early 19th century.

The Ukrainian literary national language took shape in the 19th century. Its formation is associated with names I. Kotlyarevsky, E. Grebenki, and from the middle of the century - T. Shevchenko. The literary norms of the Ukrainian national language were consolidated in their work. In the second half of the 19th – 21st centuries, the Ukrainian national literary language continues to improve in creativity I. Franko, P. Mirny, L. Ukrainka, M. Kotsyubynsky; P. Tychyna, M. Rylsky, O. Gonchar, A. Korneychuk and others.

Types of dialects

Currently, four main types of dialects are widespread in Ukraine:

northwestern (influenced by the Belarusian language),
southwestern (Galician, Transcarpathian, Bukovinian, influenced by Polish and Slovak languages),
southeastern (Dnieper) and
Kiev-Poltava, on the basis of which the Ukrainian literary language was created.

Dialects transitional between Ukrainian and Russian (the so-called surzhik) are also widespread.

Features of the Ukrainian language

Alphabet

The modern Ukrainian alphabet is based on the Cyrillic alphabet, which is somewhat different from the Russian alphabet. The alphabet of the Ukrainian language, like the alphabet of the Russian language, includes 33 letters, but it does not use Ёё, Ъъ, ыы, Эе, but there are four other letters: Ґґ, Єє, Iі and Її. Since the sound denoted by the letter G is usually pronounced fricatively (close to the German h), a special sign ґ is used for several words borrowed from Polish with the plosive [g]. To indicate a combination of sounds, the sign є is used, and the letter e corresponds to the sound [e]. The sign i (with one dot) is used for the sound [i], and the sign ї (with two dots) is used for a combination of sounds. An apostrophe is used to indicate the sound [j] after consonants: im'ya "name", Friday.

Alphabet (abetka) of the Ukrainian language

Letter	Phonetic meaning	Letter	Phonetic meaning
A	[a]b A just	N	[n] Ukraine n a, k i n b
B	[ b ] b atko, oak, [ b ’] bureau	ABOUT	[o]d O la, [o y] k O zhukh
IN	[v] water, [v ’] V i second, [ў] mo V	P	[p] P apa, n i h
G	[ γ ] G vus, p i G, [x] le G co	R	[r] R hell i am, R i ka
Ґ	[g] ґ army	WITH	[s]ko With a, [s’] With i l, [z ’] about With bah
D	[d] d Olya, d i d, [d'] d i d	T	[t] live T oh [t ’] right now T I, [d] o T bi, [d ’] molo T bah
E	[je] e gost, [e] ext e lka, [i u] s e lo	U	[u]p at t
Є	[je] kra є m, [‘e] sin є	F	[f] f ara, [f ’] f ert
AND	[ ž ] ї and ak, n i and ka	X	[h] X stranded, [h ’] X i m i i
Z	[ z ] h wow, ka h ka, [ z ’] on the bere h i ,[ ž ] ї h zhu	C	[c] ts hello, hello ts b
AND	[ y i ] sch And t, in And juicy	H	[č] h ah
I	[i]l i That	Sh	[š] w ar "layer, layer"
Ї	[ji] go away	SCH	[š č ] sch uka
Y	[j] th wow	YU	[ju ] Yu nak “young man”, [‘ u ] b Yu ro
TO	[k] To Azka, [k ’] To i gt i , [g] in To hall	I	[ja] I blueko, [‘a] p i sn I
L	[l]b i l uh-huh, [l ’] l i then	b	[-] den b
M	[m] m ati, cm i x

Accent

In the Ukrainian language, the stress, as in all East Slavic languages, is forceful, varied, and mobile. A stressed syllable is pronounced with more stress than an unstressed one, but the articulation of unstressed and stressed vowels is the same. Unstressed vowels are not weakened or reduced.

Phonetics

Phonetic processes that took place in the 10th – 14th centuries arose during the period of pan-Slavic unity. The reflexes of these processes turned out to be different in the Slavic language groups, subgroups and dialects, which formed the basis for the formation of independent languages of the Slavic peoples.

Vocalism

1) In the Ukrainian language, vowels of full formation do not differ in number. The final process of loss of these differences was associated with the transformation of the reduced vowels ъ, ь and vowel.

2) The loss of nasal vowels, which developed among the Slavs in the early Common Slavic period from diphthongoids of group N (*en, *em, *on, *om, etc.) was a process common to all East Slavic languages. Around the 11th century, *on and *en underwent a process of denasalization and, depending on the open or closed nature of pronunciation, were transformed into qualitatively different sounds. The sound *on (ǫ, spelling), which had an open character, was transformed into a pure sound [u], which was no different from the primary [u], which arose from the diphthongs of the group *u non-syllabic: kut, oak, path, tooth; I can, I will; zhinka, land - dry, merchant, vulitsya etc. The sound *en (ę, spelling), which had a closed character, was transformed through the intermediate step [ä] into the pure sound [a], which is usually used after soft consonants. The new sound coincided in sound with the primary [a], which arose from *ā, *ō: take, tongue, five, start - storm, pit, hour etc.

3) The transformation of the reduced vowels b and b was also a common ancient Russian process. As in the Russian language, in Ukrainian b in strong positions has changed to O, and b to E: sun - sleep, makh - moss, dzhd - dosh; day - day, whose - honor, all - all. The sound E, which developed from b, in the Ukrainian language, after the original soft ones and in some cases after the second softened l, changes into O: flax - lion, sew - ishov, m shk – bear, but: ps – dog, lgkyi – light. Weak reduced ones were lost: sleep, day. In some cases, with a combination of consonants, the weak reduced was vocalized: lion - lion, moss - moss, mouth - mouth.

In the position before j, reduced b and b formed reduced, or tense, phonemes ы (ы̌) and И (и̌). In the Ukrainian and Belarusian languages, in a strong position they changed into a sound, which in the Ukrainian language is orthographically represented by the letter I: young, sleepy, drunk, chiy. But in the genitive plural - stoves, guests. Probably, the appearance of the vowel e in ancient nouns * ĭ - declension in place of the expected one is caused by processes of analogy: in other grammatical forms b was not before j and did not change in ǐ: *gostьmъ; *pečьmi, *gostьmi; *pečьxъ, *gostьxъ. In the genitive case ǐ was replaced by the usual b.

In a weak position and lost. This led to the emergence of long soft sonorants in the Ukrainian and Belarusian languages and expanded the area of use of soft front-lingual consonants: llyu (*lǐjon), kostyu (*kostǐjon). Since labial vowels in the Ukrainian language easily hardened, the results of the loss of ǐ turned out to be similar to the results in the Russian language - a new combination for the Slavs “consonant + j” arose: *pǐjon --> p'yu, *bǐjon --> b'yu .

4) In the Ukrainian language, Proto-Slavic *y and *i phonemically became closer, coinciding in a sound average between [y] and [i]. In writing, this sound in the Ukrainian language is conveyed by the letter I. Compare: mily (*mylo) - miliy (*milъ), sin (*synъ) - blue (*sinь), walk (*xoditi), linden (*lipa), dim (*dymъ), riba (*ryba).

However, the phonetic opposition between the sounds of the upper rise of the front and middle-front row [y] and [i] exists in the modern Ukrainian language. The Ukrainian sound [i], softening the preceding consonant, developed in place of the old and new yat: did, witch, pitchfork, throw, fireplace, shine.

Unlike the Russian and Belarusian languages, Ukrainian has preserved ancient combinations of back-language words with the vowel y: *gy, *ky, *xy: R. unit. arms, legs, flies.

5) The phenomenon of the transition of E to O, widely known in the Russian and Belarusian languages, in the Ukrainian language occurred only after the original soft consonants before the hard one, without affecting the position after the second softened ones, with the exception of the consonant l. The reason for the lack of labialization is the early hardening of semi-soft consonants before the vowel E, which probably occurred before the 13th century. The hardening of sibilant consonants occurs in a later era, when labialization has already taken place. The transition of E to O is affected by the assimilating effect of the subsequent hard consonant, so the vowel E moves to the non-front zone of formation: man, woman, yogo, ice. Unlike the Russian language, labialization in Ukrainian occurs regardless of the stress - unstressedness of the syllable, but does not affect the position of the absolute end of the word, where in the Russian language labialization took place by analogy: rus. my, shoulder, face, good– Ukrainian my, shoulder, face, good.

6) Lengthening the vowel O under rising intonation is a process known back in the common Slavic era. During the period of independent existence of languages, it was complicated by other processes. After the fall of the reduced vowels in the new closed syllable, the conditions for the creation of acute intonation are created a second time. If in the Russian and Belarusian languages, having initially lengthened, the vowel O again coincided with O in non-acute syllables, then in Ukrainian the lengthened ō narrows and moves to the front zone of formation, changing into the sound [i], softening the preceding consonant. In open short syllables such a reversal did not occur, therefore for the Ukrainian language the alternation o/e is common: steel - table, nich - night, viz - cart. A similar lengthening in a new closed syllable after the fall of the reduced ones occurs in the Ukrainian language and with the vowel e. In a closed acute syllable it changes in and coincides in sound with the old yat (arising from *ē and diphthongs of the i non-syllabic group). Since in Ukrainian written monuments of the 12th – 14th centuries this sound is conveyed by the Cyrillic letter, in science this phenomenon is called “new yat”. Subsequently, the fate of the old and new yat coincided: both of them turned into the sound [i], softening the preceding consonant. However, if i from old yat is found in both open and closed syllables ( did - dida, bread - bread), then i from the new yat is found only in a closed syllable: pich - stoves, vechir - vechoru, kamin - stone.

7) The phoneme corresponding to the Cyrillic letter in the Ukrainian language, as in other Slavic languages, was unstable and underwent transformations. In the dialects that formed the basis of the literary language, and in the southern Ukrainian dialects from the middle-upper zone of education, it moved to the upper and was transformed into the sound [i] of the front row: fox, did, grih, lito, sino, dilo, zvir, on the water, near the village etc. In northern Ukrainian dialects, the diphthong vowels ie, ije are pronounced on the spot.

Consonantism

1) From the Proto-Slavic velar consonant *gh in the dialects that formed the basis of the Ukrainian language, a velar fricative voiced consonant develops, which is denoted in writing by the Cyrillic letter G: mountain [γorá], noga, zgoda, godina [γodýna].

At the same time, recently many borrowings have come into the Ukrainian language that contain not a fricative, but a plosive sound [g]. In writing, this sound is conveyed by another letter - ґ: ganok - porch, dziga - spinning top, gava - crow.

Denoting sounds that differ in articulation only by one differential feature (plosive - fricative nature of pronunciation), the sounds [γ] and [g] are still not variants of the same phoneme, since the first sound is actually Slavic in origin, and the second is borrowed.

2) In the Ukrainian language, reflexes of the phonetic process of the second softening of back-lingual consonants at the junction of the stem and ending of nouns have been preserved without changes: ruts, noz. In the forms of the imperative mood, on the contrary, the second softening of the velars was eliminated, and in the stems of the present tense, from which the forms of the imperative mood are formed, the basis was unified, which consolidates the reflex of the first palatalization of the velars: inf. bigti – present time bizhu, bizhish, bizhu; bizhimo, bizhit, bizhat – p.v. bizhi, bizhi; inf. take care - n.v. take care, take care, take care, take care, take care, take care - pov.n. take care, take care.

3) Fluent syllabics, which developed in place of the ancient Slavic combinations *ъr, *ъl, *ьr, *ьl between consonants, could not resist in the East Slavic languages and initially developed the combinations or, ol, er, el, which in the Ukrainian and Belarusian languages were subjected to further transformations. In the Ukrainian language, in the combinations ol, ate, the hard sound [l], which appears at the end of a closed syllable, changed into a bilabial [w], which is expressed in writing by the letter v: Vovk, Tovstiy, Zhovtiy, Shov j. Combinations with smooth r in the Ukrainian language coincide with Russian and Belarusian: bargaining, throat, willow, top.

4) Combinations *rъ, *lъ, *rь, *lь between consonants in the Ukrainian language under stress were transformed into combinations ro, lo, re, le: shelter, cane, throat, tears, ridge; in an unstressed position, the reduced ones were first lost and then restored again, but in the middle-front sound yi, which is represented in writing by the letter and: krishiti, anxiety, glitati, blikha, blischati.

5) All frontal and labial consonants of the Proto-Slavic language in the position before the front vowel acquired an unstable semi-softness, which during the period of independent existence of languages was either lost or strengthened (the so-called secondary softening of semi-soft consonants).

In the Ukrainian language, initially, apparently, a tendency began to increase the palatality of semi-soft consonants before the vowel i, which arose from the ancient one, and from O and E in the new closed syllable, as well as before the vowel ‘a, which developed from the front nasal vowel. Having advanced to the palatal zone of formation, the consonant did not change qualitatively: did, sino, kit, sil, kamin, lay down, take. However, during the period of independent existence of the language of the Ukrainian people, before the vowels E (from *ĕ and from *ĭ, which, after the loss of quantitative differences in vowels, changed to b) and and the semi-softness of the consonants was completely lost: sky, nesesh, winter.

In the position before the consonant, the semi-soft labials and P are hardened: truth - truth, exactly - exactly, and the remaining consonants have moved into the palatal or velar zone of formation in a variable manner, and in different dialects the same word can sound with a softened or hardened consonant: walking - walking, visible - visible, messenger - gintsya [γ'in' c'a] and ginca [γ'inca]. Finding itself at the absolute end of the word after the fall of the reduced semi-soft labial consonant and P hardened, the remaining consonants moved into the palatal zone of formation: blue, step, shelter, zvir; elk, weight, brush, strength.

6) The hissing consonants and c, inherited from the Common Slavic language, have partially hardened in the Ukrainian language. The consonants f, sh, ch, shch and j inconsistently moved into the velar zone of formation: marry [ženýtys'a], six [šéstero], six [šóstyj], honor [čés't'], supper, study [účen'], siju, hoju, pike [ščúka]. Before the vowel i, which arose from the ancient yat, as well as the sounds o, e in the new closed syllable, the sibilants remain soft: svicha - switchi, soul - souls, nizh - knives - knives, nich - at night, thick - thick, on drizhdzh - dzhdzhi. The consonant c moves into the velar zone of formation only before the vowel e: vulitsya, vulitsi - vulitsya, lad, lad - lads. Thus, in the Ukrainian language, sibilants are paired on the basis of hardness - softness.

The consonant j in the Ukrainian language is preserved at the absolute beginning of a word (yogo, yama, ïsti), between vowels ( mine, belt, shiya, beginning), developed after hardened labials and p in place and ̌ (p’yu, p’esh). At the end of the word and before the sonorant, it is weakened to a non-syllabic i (new, edge).

7) Unlike Russian, the Ukrainian language has prosthetic vowels and prosthetic consonants. Prosthetic vowels arose in connection with the fall of the consonant groups “sonorant + sonorant” or “sonorant + noisy” reduced as a result of simplification at the absolute beginning of the word. After the loss of the reduced, the initial sonorant acquires unstable syllabicity, which is realized through aspiration in the excursion of articulation of the consonant, gradually the aspiration develops into the vowel of the full formation i, and the syllabicity of the sonorant is lost: hazy --> imgla, ryzha --> irzha.

The prosthetic consonant v (labialial) in the Ukrainian language is found before the vowels u and i, developed from o in a closed syllable: vukho, vus, vin, vivtsya(*ovьca). Before the initial vowel o, the prosthetic r [γ] develops: gorix (*orěxъ).

8) Among other phonetic processes, attention should be paid to the transition of the sound l in closed syllables and at the end of a word into a non-syllabic u, which in writing is represented by the letter v: hodiv (*xodilъ), vovk (*vьlkъ). The sound in at the beginning of the word before the lost reduced ones has changed to у: уSIх [*vьsěxъ], угору (*vъ gorǫ).

Morphology

The modern morphological structure of the Ukrainian language is largely determined by the morphological structure of the Proto-Slavic language. In the Ukrainian language, inflected and conjugated forms are clearly contrasted. However, the systems of inflection in the Ukrainian language could not remain unchanged.

Noun

A noun in the Ukrainian language is characterized by the grammatical categories of gender, number, case, animate/inanimate in the singular and the category of person/non-person in the plural.

The grammatical category of gender is represented by three groups: masculine gender (cholovicy), feminine gender (zhinochyy) and neuter gender (sredniy). This category has semantic (male and female), morphological (inflections, specific suffixes) and syntactic expression (coordination with adjectives, participles, gender pronouns, numerals, past tense verbs).

The grammatical category of number is represented by two contrasting forms of singular (about one subject) and plural (about objects more than one) number. This category finds expression in different grammatical paradigms for singular and plural and in agreement. In the Ukrainian language there are two groups of words singularia tantum, that is, words used only in the singular (real: milk, tsukor, kava; collective: cherry, ridnya, youth; abstract: wisdom, goodness, honor; proper names: Ukraine, Rostislav) and pluralia tantum, that is, words used only in the plural (names of paired objects: sleigh, gate, pants, eyepieces; collective: people, firewood, verve; names of feelings: joyful, dirty; temporary concepts, actions: birthday, stubble, see off, vibori; material: yeast, perfume; proper names: Karpati, Alpi). The once existing category of dual number (about two or paired objects) in the Ukrainian language was lost at a fairly early stage of its development. Unlike the Russian language, with the numerals two, three, four (I.p.), in the modern Ukrainian language the noun is placed in the nominative plural: two (three, four) tables.

Case category represented by seven singular forms and six plural forms. In the Ukrainian language, a special vocative form is retained in the singular, which has its own endings: Rostislav, open the doors. In literary texts, inanimate nouns can also be used in the vocative case: Little miss! Our little dove! Come and have supper with us(T. Shevchenko).

Grammar category of animate/inanimate and personality/non-personality in the modern Ukrainian language it covers masculine singular nouns and plural nouns denoting male and female persons. It is most fully and consistently expressed through the homonymy of the accusative and genitive cases: Vidzhu student, Vovka; students, vovci; zhinok, guts(cf.: no student, Vovka; students, vovkiv; women, cats); But: viju steel, stoli, stini. In addition, in the singular genitive case, animate nouns are always used with inflection –a: no son, student, horse, ox, bull and under.

Depending on the paradigms that form nouns when changing in numbers and cases, in the modern Ukrainian literary language it is customary to distinguish four types of declension of hard, soft and mixed variants.

First type of declension form feminine nouns and words denoting male persons, which in the nominative singular case have the inflection –а/-я: school, party, writing, leaf-butter; headman, judge, leader, viskochka, Mikola. Nouns have hard, soft and mixed stem varieties. The mixed type changes nouns ending in a hardened hissing consonant, which remains soft before the vowel i. The historical distinctions between hard and soft declension have been lost. In the paradigm of velar-stemmed nouns, the velar/whistle alternation before the vowel i, which arose from the old yat, is retained.

1st declination.

Feminine and masculine nouns ending in –а/-я in Ukrainian

	Singular			Plural
	Solid group	Soft group	Mixed group	Solid group	Soft group	Mixed group
AND	water servant	Earth sim'ya judging	pear	drive sluzi	earth sim’ï judge	pears
R	drive servants	earth sim’ï judge	pears	water servants	lands sim'ey suddiv	pears
D	water sluzi	earth sim’ï judge	pears	water to the servants	lands sim'yam judges	pears
IN	water servant	land sim'yu suddu	pear	drive servants	earth sim’ ï judge	pears
T	water servant	earth with me judge	pear	by the waters of the servants	lands families judges	pears
P	near the water about sluzi	on the ground sim’ï judge	on pears	by the waters about servants	on the lands sim'yah judges	pears
Sv	water serving	earth sim'e sudde	pear	= I.p.

Second type of declension form masculine nouns with a hard and soft base, having a zero ending and ending -о in the nominative singular case, and neuter nouns with a hard and soft base, having inflection -о/-е/-я in the initial form: father, steel, vovk, sin, dosh, horse, fireplace, vizmid; lake, word, field, knowledge. The paradigms of these nouns are unified, however, with declension, there are fluctuations in the use of inflections of the genitive singular (-а/-у), dative singular (-оvi, -еvi / -у, -у), prepositional singular (-оvi, -еi / -i / -у, -у), genitive plural (-iв / -е / -¤). The category of animacy (in the singular) and personality (in the plural) is expressed not only in the accusative, but also in the prepositional case. In the paradigm of nouns with a base on a velar consonant, the “velar/sibilant” alternation is preserved.

2nd declension. Masculine nouns with a zero ending and neuter nouns with an –о/-е ending in the Ukrainian language

	Solid group		Soft group		Mixed
	Singular
AND	steel Friend dad	vikno	day	sea	key doctor
R	table friend dad	vikna	day	seas	key doctor
D	table / tables friend / drogovi dad / dads	I'll let you know	day	sea	key doctor / doctors
IN	steel friend dad	vikno	day	sea	key doctor
T	table friend dad	viknom	during the day	by sea	key doctor
P	about the table about a friend / drogovi about dad / dad	on wiki according to wiki	about days day	on the sea by sea	keys doctor / doctors
Z	table friend dad		day		key doctor
	Plural
AND	tables friends dads	vikna	days	seas	keys doctors
R	table druziv father	Vikon	days	moriv	key doctor
D	tables friends dads	viknam	days	seas	keys doctors
IN	tables druziv father	vikna	days	seas	keys doctors
T	tables friends dads	viknami	days	seas	keys doctors
P	tables friends dads	Viknakh	days	seas	keys doctors

The third type of declension includes feminine nouns with a soft stem, having a zero ending in the nominative singular case: bone, moth, mish, pich, father-in-law, love. In addition, the noun mati changes according to the same type of declension. In the paradigms of these nouns, the least fluctuations in the use of inflections are observed. In the instrumental case of the singular, in place of the once existing and ̌ fricatives and sonorant consonants are softened and lengthened: mazu, vissu, tinnyu; explosive ones, without lengthening, move into the palatal zone of formation: honor, radistyu; and labials and p move into the velar zone of formation and develop new combinations for the Slavs “hard labial + j”: blood, mother.

3rd declension. Feminine nouns with zero ending in Ukrainian

Singular Plural
And the shadows of the mother's night
P shadows of the night mother shadows of the night mother
D shadows of the nights mother shadows of the nights mother
In the shade of nothing matir the shadow of the night matir
(one) doe (one) fallow deer
(od.)mish (od.)mice
T tinnyu nichchu matir with shadows at night with mothers
Shadows about the night about mothers about shadows about nights about mothers
Zv tene noche mamo = I.p.

The fourth type of declension includes neuter nouns with singular endings –а, -я in the nominative case: losha, nemovlya, im’ya. Historically, these were declension words with ancient suffixes of the determiner on the consonant (*-ent, *-en). In indirect cases they continue to retain these ancient suffixes.

4th declension. Neuter nouns ending in –a, -я in Ukrainian

Singular Plural
And kurcha im’ya kurchata names
P kurchati imeni kurchat imen
D kurchati imeni kurchat imenam
In kurcha im’ya kurchata names
T Kurchatam by Kurchatam by name
P kurchati namesi kurchatakh names
Sv = I.p. = I.p.

The Ukrainian language has a number of nouns that are not included in any of the types of declension. These are the unchangeable words: depot, taxi, manager; nouns pluralia tantum: nights, sleds, markdowns, people, vibori; substantivized adjectives and participles: chergovy, teachings.

Adjective

The Ukrainian language inherited from Proto-Slavic the main categories of adjectives: qualitative, relative and possessive. Qualitative adjectives have full (pronominal) and short (nominal) forms, as well as degrees of comparison (comparative and superlative): solonium, solon; salty, most salty, presolony. Relative adjectives are used only in pronominal form: wooden style, sleepy day, practical girl. Possessive adjectives with the suffixes -in, -ov are formally nominal: Mikolin zoshit, father's hat; with the suffix -y – pronominal: wolf's whip. Possessive adjectives have their own laws of modification, different from the modification of qualitative adjectives.

As in the Russian language, adjectives of all categories have inflectional grammatical categories of gender (masculine, feminine, neuter) and number (singular, plural); pronominal qualitative, as well as relative and possessive adjectives - case. According to these grammatical categories, adjectives agree with nouns. In the history of language, nominal adjectives have lost the ability to change by case.

The type of declension of adjectives is determined by the ending and the nature of the stem. Relative adjectives and full qualitative adjectives have two types of declension: hard and soft. In connection with the processes of unification that took place in the history of the Ukrainian language, these varieties are largely brought together.

A feature of the declension of Ukrainian adjectives, like Russian ones, is the combination of masculine and neuter paradigms in the indirect cases of the singular (with the exception of direct cases), and in the plural - all three genders.

	Singular			Plural
	M.R.	Wed.	Zh.r.	M.R.	Wed.	J.r.
AND	svitliy	svitle	light	light
R	Svitly		light	svitlikh
D	Svitlya		sweet	let's lighten up
IN	svitliy (ind.) light(one)	light (unmod.) light(one)	Svitla	svitli (inform.) svitlikh (od.)
T	let's lighten up		light	svitlimi
P	oh svitlym, on svitlym		oh svitly	about svitlikhs

Declension of full adjectives in Ukrainian

Soft variety

	Singular			Plural
	M.R.	Wed.	Zh.r.	M.R.	Wed.	Zh.r.
AND	early	early	early	early
R	early		early	early
D	early		early	early
IN	early (unmod.) early (od.)	early(new) early (od.)	early	early (unmod.) early (one)
T	early		early	early
P	about early, early		oh early	about early

Degrees of comparison of adjectives are represented in Ukrainian by simple and compound forms of comparative degree ( cheaper, more / less cheap), simple and compound superlative forms ( the cheapest, the cheapest, the cheapest above all). Simple forms of the comparative and superlative degrees of comparison developed from the Proto-Slavic comparative degree, which was formed by attaching the suffix *jьs (in Wedge - *jes) to the stem of a qualitative adjective, often complicated by the vowel *ē. This suffix was followed by the name suffix *j and the case ending: *star- ē-jьs-j-a (р.п.) > oldisha. In the Ukrainian language, the combination “and” did not survive. After the change in the sound quality of “yatya” and its transition to the sound [i], the loss of intervocalic j and contraction of the vowels i and i occurred, as a result of which the suffix -ish- appeared in place of the suffix -ish- in the Ukrainian language: elder, thicker, older. But still, the more common model for the formation of the comparative degree turned out to be the model without complications with the vowel *ē: *star-jьs-j-a (r.p.) > elder > elder(senior – im.p.). The superlative degree of comparison in the Ukrainian language is formed using the prefix nai-: oldest, oldest.

Pronoun

In the modern Ukrainian language, all lexico-grammatical categories of pronouns that once existed in the Proto-Slavic language are represented:

personal (I, ti, mi, vi, vin, won, won, stink),
returnable (to oneself),
demonstrative (that, tsey, such, so many),
possessive (miy, yours, yours, ours, yours, uhniy, ïï, yogo),
interrogative (who, what, kotry, whose, yak, skilki),
relative (same as interrogative),
negative (nothing, nischo, no one, niyakiy, nikokotry, niskilki),
attributives (himself, most, skin, inshiy, all, every zhodniy),
indefinite (dehto, descho, htos, deyakiy; who-something, what-ever, be-who, be-scho, be-yak, abikhto, abtscho, abiyaky, htozna-scho, treasury, treasury).

The declension of pronouns is specific. Almost all of them change according to cases, some - according to numbers and genders. According to the peculiarities of the change, pronouns form several groups:

1) personal and returnable;
2) non-personal:
a) changing as adjectives of the rigid variety;
b) changing like adjectives of the soft variety.

Like other parts of speech, pronouns have completely lost their dual forms.

Numeral

The numeral became an independent part of speech quite late. This is explained by the fact that the names of numbers functioned either as adjectives ( one two three four), or as nouns ( five... ten, one hundred etc.) and did not have special grammatical categories, characteristic only of counting words.

In the modern Ukrainian language, numerals have different syntactic connections from nouns and adjectives and do not change in number and gender (with the exception of numerals one, one, one, one, two, two, offended, offended, repeat, repeat), change by case.

According to their meaning and use, all numerals in the Russian language are divided into the following categories:

quantitative: one, two, three..., five...;
ordinal: first, second..., eleventh...;
fractional: five syodmikh...;
collective: two, three...

Verb and verb forms

In modern Ukrainian, the verb has conjugated (personal) and inconjugated (non-personal) forms.

Non-conjugated forms of the verb are the infinitive, participle, gerund, impersonal forms of -but, -to.

The infinitive in the Ukrainian language is formed by the suffixes –ti, -chi (for verbs with the base of the present tense on the back consonant): pisati, berechchi. Recently, the suffix -т has been penetrating from colloquial speech into literary speech. Common in the Ukrainian language are diminutive forms of the infinitive, complicated by the interfix –k-, -onk-, -ochk-, which breaks the traditional suffix of the infinitive –ti: ïs-t(ochk)i, pi-t(onk)i, spa-t(onk)i, movcha-t(k)i.

Participles denote an action or state as a sign of an object. In Ukrainian active present participles –uch- / -yuch-, -ach- / -yach-(vowel [у] in the place of the old; vowel [‘a] in the place of the old, consonant [č] reflects the East Slavic vowel of the Proto-Slavic combination *tj): puffy, fluttering, droopy, flying; active past participles– using the suffix –l-: pozhovkliy, rozkvitliy. In the Old Russian language there were two forms of active past participles: with the suffix –въш- / -ш- and with the suffix –л-. Unlike the Russian language, in Ukrainian the second form prevailed, and the first was lost as redundant. Passive present participles tenses in the Ukrainian language were completely lost; passive past participles are formed using the suffixes –н-, -єн-, -т-: distributions, radiances, beatings, vibrations, criticisms, stretchings ( and chills). Participles change by gender, number and case, like pronominal adjectives.

Participles denote an action that accompanies another action. Imperfect participles formed using suffixes –uchi- (-yuchi-), -achi- (-yachi-), which go back to the affixes of Old Russian short active present participles of the feminine singular: doing, leading, walking. Perfect participles are formed using the suffix -lice, which is added to the past tense stem: sdilavshi, vzuvshi. Historically, gerunds go back to short active participles. They have lost the ability to change according to gender, number and cases and are, like infinitives, unchangeable forms.

Impersonal forms on -but, -to are formed from passive past participles: write-offs - written off, acceptedi - accepted. These forms, like infinitives, are unchangeable in the Ukrainian language: The theater is closed for renovations. The door is repaired. The application has been signed.

All other verb forms are conjugated, that is, they change according to persons (1, 2, 3) and numbers (singular, plural).

In the modern Ukrainian language, verbs have two main types of conjugation, which differ from each other in the vowel endings of the 2nd, 3rd person singular and 1st, 2nd, 3rd person plural, which once represented the thematic vowel of the present tense.

Verbs first type of conjugation have the following set of inflections: -у (-у), -еш (-єш), -е (-є); -emo (-єmo), -ete (-єte), -ut (-yut). Verbs second type of conjugation have endings –у (-у), -ish (-уш), -ит (-ь); -imo (-ïmo), -ite (-ïte), -at (-yat). These endings developed from common Slavic endings and echo the phonetic variants presented in the Russian and Belarusian languages, as well as in other Slavic languages. Compared to Russian forms, forms are 3 liters. units and many more numbers in the Ukrainian language are presented in a more archaic form - with a soft final consonant. In verbal forms, the final labial after the fall of the reduced was apparently pronounced with strong tension, which was expressed through aspiration in the recursion. This aspiration gradually turned into a vowel of full formation, therefore the forms 1 l.m.h. sound like bachimo, stoïmo, let's say, zrobimo, will be.

More archaic, compared to the Russian language, is the change in verbs of the old non-thematic type of conjugation - date, information, additional information:

1 l. dam, damo; um, um; additionally, additionally;
2 l. dasi, give; ïsi, ïste; dapovisi, dapoviste;
3 l. give, give; yes, yes; additionally, additionally.

From the verb buti in the present tense only the 3rd form has been preserved. – є.

In addition to the categories of person, number and voice (active, passive), the Ukrainian verb is characterized by the grammatical categories of aspect, mood and tense. The species-temporal system has undergone the greatest changes in the history of language. Due to the loss of the Proto-Slavic opposition of actions performed according to the degree of duration - non-duration, their one-time - repetition and the formation of species relations, which are based on the completion - incompleteness of the process, in the Ukrainian language, as in Russian, the ancient temporary forms of the aorist, imperfect and plusquamperfect. To express the meaning of the past verbal action, the perfect form has been preserved, having lost the linking verb:

Units m.r. having written,
w.r. wrote,
s.r. wrote,
plural wrote.

The form of the pre-future tense was also lost, however, in addition to the simple and compound forms, a complex form of the future tense arose in the Ukrainian language, which differs from the simple form in the way of formation: special endings are added to the base of the infinitive: pisatimu, pisatimesh, pisatime; pisatimemo, pisatimete, pisatimut. The difference between synthetic forms of the future tense is also that the simple form is formed from verbs of the perfect form (write), and the complex form is formed from verbs of the imperfect form (write). The complex form of the future tense remains colloquial in Ukrainian.

In the Ukrainian language, there are traditionally two unreal moods: imperative and subjunctive. There is no attachment of action to time boundaries in these moods.

Syntax Basics

Some features of the order of words in a sentence. The modern Ukrainian language has inherited from Proto-Slavic a relatively free order of words in a sentence, which is largely determined by its thematic division, logical stress, and emotional and expressive load. In a narrative, emotionally uncolored sentence, the purpose of which is to simply convey information, the direct word order is something like this: (agreed definition) subject (inconsistent definition) - circumstance (of course of action) predicate - circumstance (of time, place) - (definition) addition. In this case, the preposition always takes place before the complement or circumstance, but can be torn away from it by the definition. The sun was suddenly similar to fading away in an orphaned poly asap(M. Stelmakh).

As a rule, with direct word order, the known is placed at the beginning of the sentence, and the new at the end. Inverse word order is used in fiction and journalistic style if you need to pay special attention to something. In addition to word order, logical stress can also be used to highlight important information.

The ways of expressing the main members of a sentence in the Ukrainian language coincide with the ways of expressing them in Russian. The subject can be expressed by a noun, a substantivized adjective or participle, a combination of a noun with a numeral or numeral, a verb, an indivisible phrase, a personal pronoun of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd person.

The predicate, as in the Russian language, is represented by three main types: a) simple verb: Keep your mouth shut; Gold and shine in the lights; b) compound verb: My call - pray, happiness and freedom(I.Franco); The day is restless and alarming(S. Barozdin); c) compound nominal: For a long time I wanted to live here for a long time(L. Kostenko). In the compound verbal predicate, the linking verb, as in other East Slavic ones, is preserved only in the future and past tense, but has been lost in the present.

Literature
Bulakhov M.G., Zhovtobryukh M.A., Kodukhov V.I. East Slavic languages. M., 1987.
Gorshkov A.I. History of the Russian literary language. M., 1963.
Gromova A.P. Comparative phonetics of Slavic languages. Textbook for a special course. Part 1. Sverdlovsk, 1974; Part 2. Sverdlovsk, 1977; Part 3. Sverdlovsk, 1981.
Zhluktenko Yu.A., Karpilovskaya E.A., Yarmak V.I. We study Ukrainian language. M., 2004.
Istrin V.A. 1100 years of Slavic writing. M., 1988.
Kondrashov N.A. Slavic languages. M., 1962.
Krekoten V.I. Ukrainian literature // History of world literature. V. 9 vols. T.4. M., 1987. S. 361 – 371.
Mishanich O.V. Ukrainian literature // History of world literature. In 9 vols. T.5. M., 1988. P.399 – 407.
Selimski L. Slavyanski ezitsi: Outlines and texts. Sofia, 1985.
Slavic ezits: Brief characteristics, samples and river girls of the North Slavic group / Edited by Ivan Lekov. Sofia, 1978.
Sokolyansky A.A. Introduction to Slavic philology. M., 2004.
Trofimovich K.K. Workshop on proper grammar of Slovenian languages. Phonetics. Lviv, 1960.
Trosheva T.B. Literary language / Stylistic encyclopedic dictionary of the Russian literary language. M., 2003. P.208-211.
Shakhmatov A.A. Essay on the most ancient period in the history of the Russian language. Petersburg, 1915.
Yatsenko M.T. Ukrainian literature // History of world literature. In 9 vols. T.6. M., 1989. P.404 – 417.

Note
1. Voiced consonants, except for the consonant r, at the end of a word and before voiceless ones in the middle of a word are not deafened; voiceless consonants before voiced ones and in the middle of a word undergo assimilation in terms of voicing.

1.2 Adjective 1.3 Pronoun 1.4 Verb

Notes

Introduction

Cm.. also article Ukrainian language .

The prevalence of the Ukrainian language in the beginning. XX century

Ukrainian language(pronounced ) is a language common in southeastern Europe and belongs to the Slavic group of the Indo-European language family. The only state language in Ukraine and one of the three official languages in Transnistria.

The Ukrainian language is spoken in Ukraine, in the border areas of neighboring countries where Ukrainians have long lived, as well as in countries where a significant number of Ukrainians (Ukrainian diaspora) once left.

Spoken language of the southern regions of the Movement X - XIII centuries. is one of the stages in the development of the modern Ukrainian language.

1. Morphology

The Ukrainian language has ten parts of speech:

independent (can fulfill the syntactic roles of sentence members - subject, predicate, application, definition and adverbial circumstances) - noun, verb, adjective, numeral, pronoun, adverb, auxiliary (do not perform syntactic roles in a sentence) - conjunction, preposition, fraction, exclamation.

The noun, adjective, numeral, pronoun and verb are inflected parts of speech of the word (declined and divided), others are unchangeable.

1.1. Noun

Cm.. also article Noun .

In Ukrainian, nouns have the following grammatical characteristics:

glasses, vacations, money).

(Romashko A),

White hair),

the dog was barking)

(student, Ukrainian, poetess).

(Brother, how A),

(Brother A, How A),

(Brother V / ove, How And),

(Brother A, How y),

(Brother oh, How Ouch),

(on brother And / ove, in languages And),

(Brother e, How O).

The declension of nouns depends on the gender of the noun, on its ending in the nominative singular (i.e., on its dictionary form), on the final consonant of the noun’s base. Based on these characteristics, four cancellations of the noun and groups (soft, hard, mixed) in cancellations I and II were identified.

1.1.1. I cancellation

I cancellation includes nouns:

na-a/-i:

rose, dream, Anechka, tower,

na-a/-i:

Nikolai, Ilya, voivode,

na-a/-i:

postman, judge, seagull, slacker.

Division of nouns of the first declension into groups

Solid group

Case	The only thing	A bunch of
Nominative	of the year	orphan	year-and	With And mouth-and
	year-and	orphans	R And To-?	With R e t-?
Dative	Rits-i	orphans	R And to-am	With And mouth-am
Accusative	year-in	orphans	R And k-i	With R e t-?
Instrumental	year-o th	orphans Yu	R And to the links	With And mouth with links
	(On the) Rits-i	(On the) orphans	(On)r And k-ah	(Us And mouth-ah
Vocative	year-in	With And mouth-in	R And k-i	With And mouth-and

Soft group

Case	The only thing	A bunch of
Nominative	Earth	mr and I	With e ml-i	mr i-th
	lands	mr i-th	land e l-?	mr And And-?
Dative	lands	mr i-th	With e ml-yam	mr i-yam
Accusative	With e mlth	mr i-th	With e ml-i	mr i-th
Instrumental	land Yu	mr i-tion	With e ml-yami	mr i-yami
	(On the) lands-and	(B) mr i-th	(Us e ml-yah	(B) mr i-yah
Vocative	With e ml-e	mr eee	With e ml-i	mr i-th

Mixed group

Case	The only thing	A bunch of
Nominative	V e w-a	V e w-i
	V e w-i	V e and-?
Dative	V e w-i	V e w-am
Accusative	V e w-v	V e w-i
Instrumental	V e f-her	V e w-ami
	(On) in e w-i	(On) in e w-ah
Vocative	V e f-e	V e w-i

Notes on first declension case forms

lady

ending-and

lady,

na-ya,

nia.

[

], [k], [x]

ending-and

, ,

scales A- vaz And hands A- RTC And father-in-law V ha - father-in-law V si.

ending

women V sth, mom V n-th, V A l-yu, T O n-yu, T O l - y.

young woman

girl,

person, child, chicken, goose

(l Yu di, d And you, to V ri, g in C)

[O]

[And]

OS V ba - os And b, orphans A- With R e t, legs A- n And G.

(m O d, n O rm, n O t, d O With),

(Doll V no, count O d, count O in, upstairs O d, tired O V).

vines and les burrows and burrows, goats and goats, naked V in and ch And in, core O in and core And in, punch V x and punch And X.

[e]

[And]:

March e po - rem And s, stud A- black and d).

[O]

[e]

[o], [e]

?).

[O]

(d V mkA - doom O k, w And nka - husband V k, k A ZKA - Kaz O To.

[e]

(V And shna - in

And

shen, earth I- earth e l)

(spring A- V e hay, furrow A- furrow e n, king And vna - king And veins).

gangs, paints, battles, exchanges, bombs, letters, stands, verandas, willows, versts, alders, victims, maps, oaths, lamps, monkeys, secrets, paints, firms, mines.

cr And hot (cr And hit) and cr And xt, And quickly and And cr, sl V zheb and sl V reinforced concrete

pine

With O dream

With O Sep,

board

rain V To.

Atypical endings:

-To her

and in A height),

woman

(women And V And woman),

lip

(lips And V And lips),

lung

(lay down e new and laid down e y).

In the accusative case plural

I see wives V to, sit down e r, salary And ts,

I take a book And, hangers And, gr V shi,

pass sv e and and c And no, ov e ts And in and in these, cor And in and core V you, to And s and k O zi, density e i and g V si; I have a UPS And l And UPS V whether.

ending - we:

St. And nyami and pigs And, tears A we are in tears And.

1.1.2. II cancellation

II cancellation includes nouns:

ending -а/-я

(horse, marble, glue, father, Dnieper),

(village, field, sun, calm, leaves),

ending -а/-я

suffix -ish (e) (assistant professor,

astronomer, Gaidai, display case, beard).

Division of nouns of the II declension into groups

Division of nouns of the 2nd declension masculine gender na-r into groups

hard	soft	mixed
Nouns ending for example, in which the accent during declension does not pass from the stem to the conclusion (in-r, -ar, -er, -er, -ir, -ir, -ir, -ur, -yur, -yar): cottage cheese, beast, mosquito, bullfinch, hectare, driver, quarry, cashier, paper, professor, lampshade, guipure, hero of the day.	Names ending in unstressed composition-ar,-ir, namely: those in which, during declension (especially in the plural), the stress moves from the stem to the conclusion: primer - primer, kobzar - kobzar, blister - bubble; having an emphasis on a different composition of the base: cooper, trump card, doctor, clerk.	Nouns ending only na-Yar and mean profession or occupation (the emphasis in indirect cases also moves from the stem to the ending): coal miner, songwriter, glazier.

Solid group

Case	The only thing	A bunch of
Nominative	V e P - ?	b A huh	step-i	Father
	V e p.v.	b A tk-a	step-i V	Father V
Dative	V e p-ove/y	b A tk-ove/u	step-a m	Father m
Accusative	V e P - ?	b A tk-a	step-i	Father V
Instrumental	V e p-oh	b A tk-ohm	step-a We	Father We
	(IN) step-in	(On) b A tk-ove/u	(IN) step-a X	(On the) father X
Vocative	V e n-e	b A tk-v	step-i	Father

Soft group

Case	The only thing	A bunch of
Nominative	d e n - ?	G A And - ?
		G a-ju	days V	ga-th V
Dative	day / e e	ha-yu/ evi	day m	ha-ya m
Accusative	d e n - ?	G A And - ?
Instrumental	day m	G a-em	day We	ha-ya We
	(By) day	(B) g a-ju	(By) day X	(U) ha-ya X
Vocative	d e n - ?	G a-ju

Mixed group

Case	The only thing	A bunch of
Nominative	To at sch - ?	bush-i
	bush	bush-i V
Dative	bush-y / e e	bush m
Accusative	To at sch - ?	bush-i
Instrumental	bush-e m	bush We
	(IN) bush-i	(IN) bush X
Vocative	To at sch - ?	bush-i

Notes on case forms of second declension nouns

In the genitive singular case, masculine nouns have the ending and I)(for clearly defined objects and concepts) or in (u)(for vaguely defined objects and concepts).

Ending and I) have the following groups of nouns:

abitur is client, con I, mosquito A Dmitry A,

With O shita, knife A pencil I,

Zhgorod, Tern V fields,

Dnieper A, Donets I,

G e May, gr A yu, t And life (but p O ku, in And ku),

volume, quad A ta, excellent And nka,

greenhouse A bullfights V ra, garage A.

Ending in (u) have nouns that mean:

ts V kru, m e duh, V TsTU, sand V,

V and costs, tum A well, gr A duh,

X O ru, g in mouth (but herd A),

l V gu, pr O space, horizon V NTU,

Kr And m, Keith A Yu,

parl A mentu, train station A lu, then A true,

b V liu, cm And xy

otkho V duh, re th travel, kr And ku, in And stupa,

R O zuma m And ru, har A kter, n A building, cargo V

In the dative singular case, nouns have parallel endings. The names of creatures are dominated by inflections-ovi,-evi, and the names are mostly inanimate are used-u,-yu.

In the accusative singular case of some nouns (inanimate names) parallel endings are possible: write l And in and letter A cut d V vi and d at b, give n And and And knife A fix the reception A h and receiver A take the table e c and chairs I.

In the nominative and vocative plural cases, some nouns have specific forms: mosquito And, bribe And, claw And, bullfinch And n And re, dr due With; V in sa and V in si, in?? And BCA (and oats And), bread A(and bread And with a different meaning) V chi, pl e chi.

In the genitive plural nouns na-Any,-Yanin lose element-in and have a null ending: Misch A nin - Mishch A n, crows A nin - crows A n (but Osset And new, cargo And new, Mordovians And new). chob And t, gyg A n; GOST e and, con e and, gr V Shay, oh e and, shoulders e th (and pl And h); feelings And in, at And ryiv, sent And viiv, mor And V.

Some nouns in the instrumental plural have parallel endings: guests And(and guest I mi), k And nma (and to O niyami), boots And(and h O bots, chob V yourself), knees And(and count And us), wings And(and cr And llamas). The following forms of words are special: very good And ma, shoulders And ma.

The following duties are recorded:

vowels-o-i-i-:

R And To-

- R O k-v,

g, k, x

z, c, s

l V G-

- V l V from and Bairro A To-

- To Bayram A ts-i mountains V X-

- To the mountains V s-i.

1.1.3. III cancellation

III cancellation includes nouns:

ending -а/-я:

blood, success, conscience, love.

mother.

Case forms of nouns of the III declension

Case	The only thing	A bunch of
Nominative	T And n - ?	n And h - ?	T And n-i	n O h-i
	T And n-i	n O h-i	T And her	night And
Dative	T And n-i	n O h-i	T And n-yum	night m
Accusative	T And n - ?	n And h - ?	T And n-i	n O h-i
Instrumental	T And nn-yu	n And hh-th	T And n-yami	night We
	(V)t And n-i	(IN) nights	(V)t And n-yah	(IN) night X
Vocative	T And Not	n O h-e	T And n-i	n O h-i

Notes on case forms of the III declension

Forms of indirect cases from nouns denoting abstract concepts of space (high n-?, Gliboch n-?, Dal And n - ?, Shiroch n-?), in addition to the accusative and instrumental, are rarely used - they are replaced by the corresponding word forms of the first declension with suffix -in (a): heights, depths, Shirochin.

In the instrumental case of the singular, nouns of the third declension have ending-u (graphically-yu), and:

G),

visoch And nn-yu, in And ssyu, in "I zzyu, m And DDYu,

(b, p, c, m, f),

r, sch,

V e rfu, in And ss-yu, m A tier-th, r A dist.

Since the third declension includes nouns denoting non-beings, the inflection of the vocative case was not developed, but appeared by analogy with the inflection of nouns of the first declension of the soft group (with e ml-e, p And sn-e, above And- There is): V And st-e, cm e rt-e, love O v-e.

To distinguish homonymous forms of the genitive, dative, locative singular, nominative, accusative, plural vocative, as well as the nominative and accusative singular, it is necessary to have at least a minimal context: do not refuse to travel; to thank travel, to be on a trip to Italy; travel helps a person; love travel; when traveling, you are the best medicine.

Most case forms coincide with nouns of the third declension have, in which, upon declination, a form-creative appears suffix-er-, which in a closed syllable goes in-ir-:

Case	The only thing	A bunch of
Nominative	m A t-i	m A t-er-i
	m A t-er-i	mat-er-i V
Dative	m A t-er-i	mat-er-ya m
Accusative	m A t-ir - ?	mat-er-i V
Instrumental	m A t-ir-y	mat-er-ya We
	(B) m A t-er-i	(IN) mat-er-ya X
Vocative	m A t-i	mat-er-i

The following duties are recorded:

vowels-o-i-i-v

R A d

- R A dos

-AND,

With " Chapter"b - ? - S O l" -E.

consonants:

(b, p, c, m, f)

cr O V-

- Blood

G A pocket

- G A pocket

:-IN,

G A pocket

- G A pocket-e.

In a number of nouns of the third declension, which in the singular form and in the nominative and accusative cases of the plural have stress on the root, in other plural cases inflection is noted: n And h- ? - N O h-e - night And - night m - night we, but: t And n- ? - T And n-i-t And her - And n-yam - t And n-yami.

1.1.4. IV cancellation

IV cancellation includes neuter nouns, inflected with the suffix -at-/-yat-,-en-(chaenya, foal, duckling, tribe, crown). IV cancellation combines mainly nouns - names of small creatures and objects: kitten, little hand, bear cub, calf, girl.

Declension of nouns by fourth cancellation

Case	The only thing	A bunch of
Nominative	chick-a	Name	chick-a t-a	im-en-a
	chick-a t-i	And m-en-i/im "- I	chick-a T - ?	im-e n - ?
Dative	chick-a t-i	And m-en-i	chick-a there	im-en-a m
Accusative	chick-a	Name	chick-a T - ? / Chick-a t-a	im-en-a
Instrumental	chick-a m	And m-en-em/im "- I m	chick-a t links	im-en-a We
	(On the) chick-a t-i	(By) And m-en-i	(On the) chick-a t-ah	(By) im-en-a X
Vocative	chick-a	Name	chick-a t-a	im-en-a

Notes on the case forms of nouns in the fourth cancellation

In IV cancellation nouns the following changes are recorded in indirect cases:

-at-

-en-

Applications of names with the suffix - at -	List of names with suffix - en -
gus - I- gus - I t-i	im"- I - і m-en-i
kurch - A- curch - A t-i	pl e m"-i - pl e m-en-i
tel - I- tel - I t-i	With і m"-i - s і m-en-i
girl - A- girl - A t-i	T і m"-i - t і m-en-i
losh - A- losh A t-i	V And m"-i - in And m-en-i

In the generic form there are multiple names with a suffix -en- There is no passage in the end closed warehouse e V і inheritance of the basics: im e n- ? , breed e n- ? , ale: in And m"-їв, t і m"-їв.

tel I you - tel I those.

suffix -en-:

And

men and Name,

pl e men-em and pl e m"-yam.

suffix -at-:

in the accusative plural:

tel I T-

and tel I t-a,

(take) the wheel A t-a, brow I t-a,

(met) Girls A T-

, Rice I T-

Accent:

-at-

kurch - A- kurch A t-i - kurch A t-a - kurch A t-am - kurch A t-ami

-en-

im"- I - і men-i - і me-em and im" I m - name - A- names - A m - name - A mi

1.2. Adjective

In the Ukrainian language, annotations are replaced by genders, numbers and subdivisions - the forms of the annotation lie below the forms of the corresponding name, with which the annotator is used: stringk th yunak - string Wow young man A, string oh poplar і , string і girls A- stringk their girls. The morphological signs of the note in the Ukrainian language are row, number, edit and group of note.

Clear annotations, expressing the sign that they can appear in a larger or smaller world, there are stages of alignment - the highest and the most advanced, the skin from these stages has two forms - simple and folded.

Highest step -

suffixes -ish, -sh:

Good good ish oh, darling - darling ish y, long - dov w oh, durable - durable ish y.

suffixes -k-, -ok-, -ek-:

tone To th - tone w oh, depth OK th - depth w oh, further To y - far w y.

suffix-sh-may

zhch

sch.

sch

You sch ii, LLC sch th (thicker), countries sch yy.

zhch

damn zhch y, va zhch y, woo zhch y, dear zhch yay, yes zhch y, neither zhch y, I zhch y.

more, less: bright - more bright, fast - less fast.

Highest level -

most:

expensive - most expensive, durable - most lasting.

like, what would: How

Expensive, What small.

greatest, least

in sight of ears

for everyone

above everything

alarming - the greatest alarming, alarming above everything

Attributes (created after the names of people and creatures) of the first admin are created with the help of an additional suffix -in(the end notes of the solid base [g], [k], [x] are marked with [z], [h], [w] - Olga - Olzh in, aunt - thatch in ), another type - with the help of a suffix -iv (-їв), who is angry with -s, -ev (-ev) (uncle - uncle iv, man ov wow, doctor - doctor iv, doctor ev Wow).

The number of annotations of the human race is insignificant, in order from the glazed full form to a short (immutable) form: clear, dr_ben, green, poven, glorious, red, wine, required, peven, good, okay, glad.

New forms of annotations can be:

garnaya, garney, garni; blue, blue, blue

garne, garne, garne; blue, blue, blue

Place the attachments in the group to which the attachment is located (solid or soft). For special care, the folding attachments, other parts of which are -licium.

1.3. Pronoun

Based on meanings and grammatical signs, borrowers in Ukrainian language are divided into three groups:

those that go with the names (I, you, vona, dekhto, abishcho, etc.) those that go with the names (yours, yours, yours, nobody, etc.) those that go with the numbers levnikami (skolki, stilki, treasury-skolki, nіskolki, etc.)

Rank of borrowers for the following values:

special (I, in) gate (myself) vkazivn (that, that) meaning (all, everyone, skin) nutritional (who?, what? which?) nutritional-watery (who, what, which, which) unsignified (decotrius, abikto, whatever) perepechni (no one, no one, not a few)

1.4. Verb

In Ukrainian the word is 3 hours:

reading

having read

readable

will read

All words are divided into two types - completions and incompletes. To convey the completion of the action, follow the words to the finished form - for example, replacement write - write.

The current and future hours of the day are observed on a special date. In the past, the word does not carry the characteristics of the individual, but rather the characteristics of the genus.

Notes

1. In Russia, Moldova, incl. the unknown Transnistrian Moldavian Republic, in Belarus, Romania, Poland and Slovakia.

2. In Canada, USA, Kazakhstan, Brazil, etc.

3. Daily sunset of Ukraine, daily sunset of Poland, daily sunset of Slovakia, daily sunset of Belarus, daily sunset of Romania, Republic of Moldova.

P? V? r Ukrainian language

Literary language and dialects	Ukrainian language? Dialects - Southwestern dialect (Lemkovsky? Nadsyansky? Transcarpathian? Pokuttsko-Bukovinsky? Hutsul? Boykovsky? Naddnestriansky? Volynsky? Podolsky speak) ? South-eastern dialect (Middle Dnieper? Slobozhansky? Steppe)? Northern dialect (Shidnopoliskiy? Serednopoliskiy? Zahidnopoliskiy? Speak Podlaski) Ukrainian language in certain regions - Transcarpathia? Pryashivshchina (Slovakia) ? Lviv Guard? Canada Mikromovs based on Ukrainian dialects - “Rusyn” (Rusyn in Pryashivshchyna (Lemko-Pryashevsky, Sharisko-Pryashevsky)? Subcarpathian-Rusyn in Transcarpathia? Lemko in Poland? Bachwan-Rusyn in Vojvodina (Bachvansko-Srimska, Pannonskaya))? “Own” in Bilostocchini (“simple”, pudlyaska / pudlaska)? Polesskaya in Beresteyshchyna (Zakhidnopolisky, Yatvingian / jitvjezha Volodya, Polessky-Rusinsky) ? Kuban conversation

Regulatory agencies Ukrainian language	National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine? Institute of Ukrainian Language NASU? Ukrainian Language and Information Foundation of NASU? Institute of Linguistics named after. A. Potebni NAS

Classification, place among Slavic languages	Slavic languages? East Slavic languages? Russian in Ukraine? Differences between Ukrainian and other languages

	History of the Ukrainian language? Proto-Slavic language? Old Russian language? Church Slavonic language Periods of development of the Ukrainian language - Proto-Ukrainian VII-XI centuries? Old Ukrainian XI-XIV centuries? early middle Ukrainian and middle Ukrainian XV-XVI centuries And ser. XVI - first years of the XVIII century.? piznyosrednyoukrainskiy and modern XVIII century And XIX-XXI centuries? Historical names of the language Slavenoroska? Pagan? Ugroruska? Ukrainian in the Russian Empire? Ukrainian in Austria-Hungary? Ukrainian in the USSR (Ukrainization? Derussification? Russification? Ukrainization of the 20s - 30s of the XX century) Any instructions? "Aeneid"? "Kobzar"

Current state	Status? Surzhik? Spreading? Ukrainian language in Ukraine? Language in Ukraine? Ukrainian linguistics? Campaign “Get busy with business, not language!” ? Common myths regarding the Ukrainian language

Phonetics	Phonetics? Spelling/Pronunciation? Emphasis? Assimilation and dissimilation of consonants

	Ukrainian Cyrillic alphabet? Ukrainian Latin? Cyrillic? Glagolitic? Abetsadlo? ABC War Spelling system of the Ukrainian language before the 20th century. - "Grammar" by Smotritsky 1619 ? Kotlyarevsky's spelling 1798 ? Pavlovsky's grammar spelling 1818 ? Maksymovichivka 1827 ? Spelling "Mermaids Day" 1837 ? Spelling in the Biletsky-Nosenko dictionary 1841 ? Kuleshovka 1856 ? Spelling Gatsuk 1857 ? Official Ukrainian spelling of the Russian Empire ("Yaryzhko") (Emsky decree, g. g.)? Dragomanivka 1870s? Zhelekhivka 1886 ? Russian spelling 1904 ? Spelling dictionary Grinchenko 1907 Spelling in the XX-XXI centuries. - UPR (main rules of Ukrainian spelling 1918 ? More important rules of Ukrainian spelling 1919.) ? Ukrainian SSR / Ukrainian SSR (Spelling 1921 ? Kharkov (Skripnikov) spelling 1928 ? Spellings close to the Russian language in 1933, 1946, 1960? Spelling 1990) ? Ukraine after 1991 (Spelling 1993 ? Spelling Project 1999 ? Spelling Project 2003)

Morphology	Grammar? Morphology Parts of speech - Noun? Adjective? Pronoun? Verb (Infinitive? Participle? Participle) ? Numeral? Adverb? Preposition (in Ukrainian) ? Union? Share? Exclamation Dual? Plusquaperfect time

Morphemics	Morphemics

Word formation	Word formation

Syntax	Syntax

Lexicology and lexicography	Vocabulary? Lexicography? List of Ukrainian language dictionaries? Active and passive vocabulary? Borrowing? Vocabulary from a stylistic view? Phraseology

Punctuation	Punctuation

Stylistics	Stylistics? Styles - artistic? colloquial? journalistic? official business? scientific? confessional (sacred)? Professional vocabulary

Notable linguists	L. Bulakhovsky? M. Gatsuk (Gazzuk) ? A. Gorbach? M. Zhovtobelly? P. Zhitetsky? ? Yu. Karpenko? F. Korsch? A. Krymsky? S. Kuzel? ? M. Maksimovich? F. Medvedev? ? V. Nimchuk? I. Ogienko? G. Poltorak? A. Potebnya? I. Sventsitsky? S. Smal-Stotsky? I. Sreznevsky? E. Timchenko? I. Uzhevich? F. Filin? A. Tsaruk? A. Shakhmatov? Yu. Shevelev? I. Yushchuk

	Methods of teaching the Ukrainian language? Translation - Online translations from Russian into Ukrainian, site "R2u."? Russification - Valuevsky circular? Ukrainian language - history of linguocide

See also in other dictionaries:

Books

Declension of surnames in Ukrainian into -й, -ій and -а, -я

Surnames from short forms of participles and adjectives

Male surnames starting with -ov, -iv, -iv, -ev, -ev, -in, -in, -en

Declension of surnames in Ukrainian into -a, -ya

Surnames ending in -o or with a final consonant

Plural

Literary language and its study

Types of dialects

Features of the Ukrainian language

Alphabet

Alphabet (abetka) of the Ukrainian language

Accent

Phonetics

Vocalism

Consonantism

Morphology

Noun

1st declination.

Feminine and masculine nouns ending in –а/-я in Ukrainian

2nd declension. Masculine nouns with a zero ending and neuter nouns with an –о/-е ending in the Ukrainian language

3rd declension. Feminine nouns with zero ending in Ukrainian

4th declension. Neuter nouns ending in –a, -я in Ukrainian

Adjective

Declension of full adjectives in Ukrainian

Pronoun

Numeral

Verb and verb forms

Syntax Basics

Introduction

1. Morphology

1.1. Noun

1.1.1. I cancellation

1.1.2. II cancellation

1.1.3. III cancellation

1.1.4. IV cancellation

1.2. Adjective

1.3. Pronoun

1.4. Verb

Notes

Read also