Methodical piggy bank. Test "Chemical composition of the cell" Independent work in biology chemical elements

Test No. 3 on the topic " Chemical composition cells."

1 option

Part A (questions with one correct answer)

1) All enzymes are:
a) carbohydrates b) lipids c) amino acids d) proteins

2) The building function of carbohydrates is that they:
a) form a cellulose cell wall in plants c) are biopolymers
b) are able to dissolve in water d) serve as a reserve substance of an animal cell

3) The main function of fats in the cell:
a) transport of substances c) are part of biological membranes
b) acceleration of chemical reactions d) motor function

4) The main function of carbohydrates in comparison with proteins is:
a) construction b) protective c) catalytic d) energy

5) What carbohydrate is included in the composition of RNA nucleotides?
a) ribose b) glucose c) uracil d) deoxyribose

6) Polymers include:

b) protein, glycogen, fat d) glucose, amino acid, nucleotide.

7) Macronutrients include:

8) The scientist who discovered the cell:
a) R. Hooke; c) T. Schwann
b); R. Brown d) M. Schleiden

9) What does the process of dissimilation include:

10) At what stage of photosynthesis is oxygen formed:
a) dark; c) constantly
b) light; d) intermediate?

11) What happens to ATP in the light phase of photosynthesis:
a) synthesis;
b) splitting?

12) What is the function of DNA in protein synthesis?
a) self-doubling; c) synthesis of tRNA and rRNA
b) a matrix for protein synthesis; d) transcription;

13) Where does it flow preparatory stage energy exchange?
a) in the digestive tract c) in the nucleus

14) How many ATP molecules are formed as a result of the breakdown of one glucose molecule in oxygen stage energy exchange?
a) 2 b) 12 c) 36 d) 38

15) Where does transcription take place?
a) on ribosomes c) in the nucleus
b) in mitochondria d) in the cytoplasm.

Part B

1. Task with the choice of several correct answers
The DNA molecule contains
A) phosphoric acid
B) adenine
B) ribose
D) deoxyribose
D) uracil
E) iron cation

FUNCTION BIOPOLYMER
1) formation of cell walls A) polysaccharide
2) transportation of amino acids B) nucleic acid
3) storage of hereditary information
4) serves as a reserve nutrient
5) provides the cell with energy

Part C

1. Define the terms "polymer", "gene", "assimilation", "photosynthesis", "transcription".

Test No. 3 on the topic "Chemical composition of the cell"
Option 2

Part A (questions with one correct answer)

1) A protein monomer is:
a) glucose c) fatty acid
b) amino acid d) nucleotide.

2) Lipids play an important role in cell life, as they:
a) are enzymes c) serve as a source of energy
b) maintain a constant environment in the cell d) dissolve in water.

3) What pairs of nucleotides form hydrogen bonds in the DNA molecule?
a) adenine and thymine c) guanine and thymine
b) adenine and cytosine d) adenine and uracil

4) The protective function of proteins is manifested in the fact that they:
a) are destroyed c) serve as antibodies
b) participate in the construction of the cell d) transport gases

5) What reserve nutrient serves as an energy reserve of the cell?
a) starch b) amino acid c) nucleic acid d) polysaccharide - chitin

6) Monomers include:
a) starch, protein, cellulose c) cellulose, sucrose, starch
b) protein, glycogen, fat d) glucose, amino acid, nucleotide

7) Biogenic elements include:
a) C, H, O, S, c) H, O, C, Fe, K, I
b) H, O, C, N d) Ca, S, P, Cl, Mg

8) The main position of the cell theory was formulated by:
a) J. Watson and F. Crick; c) R. Brown and R. Hooke
b) R. Brown and R. Virkhov; d) T. Schwann and M. Schleiden

9) What does the process of assimilation include:
a) synthesis of organic substances with energy absorption;
b) the breakdown of organic substances with the release of energy?

10) When splitting which compound, free oxygen is released during photosynthesis:
a) CO2; b) H 2 O; c) ATP d) glucose?

11) What does the mRNA triplet correspond to:
a) an amino acid; c) nucleotide
b) a protein d) a monosaccharide?

12) What components of the cell are directly involved in protein biosynthesis:
a) ribosomes; c) nuclear envelope;
b) nucleolus; d) chromosomes?

13) Where does the oxygen-free stage of energy metabolism take place?
a) in mitochondria c) in the nucleus
b) in the digestive tract d) in the cytoplasm.

14) How many ATP molecules are formed as a result complete oxidation one molecule of glucose?
a) 2 b) 12 c) 36 d) 38
15) Where is the broadcast taking place?
a) on ribosomes c) in the nucleus
b) in mitochondria d) in the cytoplasm.

Part B

1. Task with the choice of several correct answers.
The RNA molecule contains
A) ribose
B) guanine
B) magnesium cation
D) deoxyribose
D) amino acid
E) phosphoric acid

2. Establish a correspondence between the function of the compound and the biopolymer for which it is characteristic. In the table below, under each number that defines the position of the first column, write down the letter corresponding to the position of the second column.

FUNCTION BIOPOLYMER
1) storage of hereditary information A) protein
2) the formation of new molecules by self-duplication B) DNA
3) acceleration of chemical reactions
4) is an essential component of the cell membrane
5) neutralization of antigens

Part C

1. Give definitions to the concepts: "monomer", "genetic code", "translation", "metabolism", "dissimilation".

Answers to the test No. 3 on the topic "Chemical composition of the cell"

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
1 c d a c d a c d a b b a d a c c
2 c b c a c a d b d a b a a b d a

Option 1 C1: a, b, d C2: A: 1.4.5 B: 2.3

Option 2 C1: a, b, e C2: A: 3.4.5 B: 1.2

Option 1: 1. Define the terms "polymer", "gene", "assimilation", "photosynthesis", "transcription".
2) What happens in the light and dark phases of photosynthesis?

Option 2: 1. Give definitions to the concepts: "monomer", "genetic code", "translation", "metabolism", "dissimilation".
2) Describe the stages of energy metabolism in the cell.

Option 1.

I. Choose the correct answer.(3 points)

1. The RNA monomer is:

A) nucleotide B) glucose C) amino acid D) glycerol

2. The composition of sucrose includes:

A) adenine B) glucose C) ribose D) glycerol

3. DNA does NOT include:

A) Deoxyribose B) uracil C) adenine D) phosphate

(T-G-A-A-T-C-A-C-T-G-G-A-C).

(3 points)

A - G - T - T - A - G - C - T - T - G

T - T - G - A - T - C - G - A - T - C

T- G- A- G- C- C- A- T- A- C (3 points)

V. Sign opposite the name of the substance the numbers corresponding to the functions performed by this substance in the cell(4 points)

Substances: Functions:

A) Proteins 1. Energy

B) Carbohydrates 2. Structural

5. Information

6. catalytic

7. Transport

VI. Read the text "The role of water in the human body."

The role of water in the human body

The human body contains about 65% water. This means that in an adult, who weighs an average of 70 kg, approximately 46 kg is water. The tissues of a young organism are especially rich in it: in the body of a three-month-old human fetus - 95% of water, in a newborn child - 70% (many scientists consider one of the causes of aging to be a decrease in the ability of body proteins to bind large amounts of fluid). Water is a part of all human organs and tissues; even such a dense tissue as bone contains about 20% water, in the liver, muscles, brain - 70-80%, in the blood - about 80%.

Leaking with salts dissolved in it through the organic "walls" separating tissues, water flows from a weaker solution to a stronger one until the concentrations of both solutions are equal. This process, called osmosis, plays an essential role in the life of the human organism; with its help, living cells receive the substances they need. Maintaining osmotic pressure, water is also involved in mineral metabolism.

A person reacts extremely sharply to a violation of the water balance. So, with the loss of moisture in the amount of 6-8% of body weight, he falls into a semi-conscious state. The loss of 10% of moisture causes a violation of the swallowing reflex, then hallucinations begin, and eventually the heart stops - it is unable to push the thickened blood through the vessels. When the body loses more than 12% of moisture, death occurs.

Normally, 2.5 liters of water is excreted from the body per day: through the kidneys - about 50%, through the lungs - 13%, through the intestines - 5%, the rest of the water (about 32%) is excreted through the skin. However, these ratios can change dramatically. So, with diabetes mellitus, the kidneys begin to secrete up to 8-10 liters of water per day. Intensive physical work, stay in the mountains increase the amount of water leaving through the lungs. When working in hot shops or in hot weather, the mass of water lost through the skin can reach 6-10 liters. In all these cases, due to dehydration of the body, a person experiences a feeling of thirst. It was found that total The amount of water excreted from the body of an adult should normally be equal to the amount of water injected, i.e. an average of 2.5 liters. In this case, the state of water balance is observed, the normal balance of water.

1. Name the causes of aging. (1 point)

2. What is the mass of a person if his body contains 51 kg of water. What percentage of water is contained in the bones of his skull? (3 points)

3. List the cases in which dehydration is likely. (5 points)

Test work on the topic "Chemical composition of the cell"

Option 2.

I. Choose the correct answer.(3 points)

1. The monomer of proteins is:

A) nucleotide B) glucose

B) amino acid D) glycerol

2. The starch monomer is:

A) nucleotide C) glucose B) amino acid D) glycerol

3. Proteins that regulate the rate and direction of chemical reactions in the cell:

A) hormones C) vitamins B) enzymes D) proteins

II. Given one strand of DNA molecule(A-A-C-G-G-T-A-C-G-G-A-C-T-T-A-T).

Build a complementary second strand. (3 points)

III. Find the mistakes in the DNA molecule.(3 points)

A - G- A - T - T - C - C - A - T - G

T - Y-T - A - T - Y - G - T - A - T

IV. Find errors in the RNA molecule:A- A- T- G- C- U- T- A- T- C (3 points)

V. Sign opposite the name of the substance the numbers corresponding to the functions performed by this substance in the cell.(4 points)

Substances: Functions:

A) Proteins 1. Energy

B) Carbohydrates 2. Structural

C) Lipids 3. Supply of nutrients

D) Nucleic acids 4. Protective

5. Information

6. catalytic

7. Transport

VI. Read the text " organic matter».

Fill in the table " Comparative characteristics proteins and carbohydrates "columns marked with numbers 1, 2, 3. (9 points)

It is not necessary to rewrite the table when performing the task. It is enough to write down the number of the column and the content of the missing element.

organic matter

Proteins and carbohydrates are organic substances, they are biopolymers.

Carbohydrates are made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms. All carbohydrates are divided into simple (monosaccharides) and complex (polysaccharides). Monosaccharides (such as glucose) are highly soluble in water and have a sweet taste. Glucose is the universal source of energy in the cell. Monosaccharides also provide the biosynthesis of other organic substances and neutralize and remove toxic substances from the body. Polysaccharides (eg starch, glycogen) are insoluble in water and do not have a sweet taste. Therefore, they are convenient as spare substances, used as a building material (cellulose, chitin).

Proteins are made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen (sometimes sulfur) atoms. Proteins in the life of all organisms are of paramount importance. They are distinguished by a variety of structures and strict specificity, depending on the sequence of amino acids in the molecule. Under the influence of various chemical and physical factors, a decrease in protein solubility, a change in the shape and size of molecules, a loss of enzymatic activity is observed - this is denaturation. Proteins perform various functions: structural (they are part of membranes, nuclei and organelles), provide movement, transport of substances, protect the body (antibodies), receive and transmit information from the external environment, regulate body functions, and are also a source of energy.

Comparative characteristics of proteins and carbohydrates.

Biology test Chemical composition of cells Grade 5 with answers. The test includes 2 options. Each version has 3 parts. In part A - 5 tasks, in part B - 5 tasks, in part C - 1 task.

1 option

A1. The most common inorganic matter, which is part of living organisms, is

1) water
2) calcium salt
3) table salt
4) carbon dioxide

A2. The main organic matter of a cell is

1) water
2) protein
3) starch
4) calcium salt

A3. Sucrose, or beet sugar, which we eat every day, is

1) protein
2) fat
3) carbohydrate
4) nucleic acid

A4. The significance of fats in the body of a seal lies in the fact that they

1) form a skeleton
2) are involved in muscle contraction
3) store hereditary information
4) prevent heat loss

A5. The main role of nucleic acids in the body is associated with

1) storage of hereditary information
2) power generation
3) oxygen transport
4) the formation of wood

B1.

A. The composition of the chemical elements that form the cells of all living organisms is similar.
B. Only animal organisms are made up of cells.

1) only A is true
2) only B is true
3) both statements are correct
4) both judgments are wrong

B2. Are the following statements true?

A. There are chemical elements, which are found only in living organisms and are absent in inanimate nature.
B. Most of the chemical elements are found in the cell in the form of chemical compounds.

1) only A is true
2) only B is true
3) both statements are correct
4) both judgments are wrong

B3. Are the following statements true?

A. Water helps to remove harmful substances from the body.
B. The main function of carbohydrates in the cell is energy.

1) only A is true
2) only B is true
3) both statements are correct
4) both judgments are wrong

B4. Review the diagram. Specify the chemical compound, the content of which in the cell is 70-80%.

1) water
2) protein
3) carbon dioxide
4) mineral salt

B5. Establish a correspondence between chemical compounds and the group of substances to which they belong.

Chemical compounds

1) proteins
2) fats
3) water
4) mineral salts

Substance group

A) organic matter
B) Inorganic substances

B1.

Answer the questions.

1. Specify the chemical elements that form the basis of the cell.
2. What is the importance of calcium salts in wildlife?

Option 2

A1. Most of the chemical reactions that take place in a cell require an environment.

1) alcohol
2) water
3) air
4) fatty

A2. Only living organisms contain

1) water
2) protein
3) starch
4) calcium salt

A3. The starch found in potato tubers is

1) protein
2) fat
3) carbohydrate
4) nucleic acid

A4. The main source of substances in the cell are

1) proteins
2) carbohydrates
3) mineral salts
4) nucleic acids

A5. The transmission of hereditary traits from parents to children is

1) fats
2) carbohydrates
3) nucleic acids
4) mineral salts

B1. Are the following statements true?

A. Living organisms are made up of cells.
B. The chemical element carbon is widely distributed in wildlife.

1) only A is true
2) only B is true
3) both statements are correct
4) both judgments are wrong

B2. Are the following statements true?

BUT. Percentage different chemical elements in the cell differently.
B. Chemical elements found in living nature are widely distributed in inanimate nature.

1) only A is true
2) only B is true
3) both statements are correct
4) both judgments are wrong

B3. Are the following statements true?

A. Proteins make up about half of all organic substances of the cell.
B. Fats are part of the bodies of inanimate nature.

1) only A is true
2) only B is true
3) both statements are correct
4) both judgments are wrong

B4. Figure 4 shows a clam shell. Indicate the chemical compound that is part of the shell.

1) fats
2) proteins
3) calcium salts
4) nucleic acids

B5. Match between chemical compounds and the group of substances to which they belong.

Chemical compounds

1) carbohydrates
2) water
3) mineral salts
4) nucleic acids

Substance group

A) organic matter
B) Inorganic substances

B1. Analyze tabular data. The table is based on the textbook diagram.

The prevalence of chemical elements in inanimate nature

Answer the questions.

1. Are there chemical elements that are found only in living organisms?
2. Which chemical element (of the listed ones) is widely distributed in inanimate and living nature?

Answers to the test in biology The chemical composition of the cell Grade 5
1 option
A1-1
A2-2
A3-3
A4-4
A5-1
B1-1
B2-2
B3-3
B4-1
B5-AABB
IN 1.
1) Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen - together they make up 98% of the contents of the cell.
2) They are part of the bone tissue and shells of mollusks.
Option 2
A1-2
A2-2
A3-3
A4-2
A5-3
B1-3
B2-3
B3-1
B4-3
B5-ABBA
IN 1.
1) No. Elements that are found in living nature are also found in inanimate nature.
2. Oxygen.

Independent work"The chemical composition of the cell"

1. Water does not perform a function in the cell A - transport B - heat regulation C - solvent D - energy.2. To simple carbohydrates applies A - water B - fructose C - starch D - fiber.3. Proteins that increase the rate of chemical reactions in the cell A - hormones B - proteins C - vitamins D - enzymes.4. The helix of a protein molecule of complex configuration, which is preserved due to the presence of various bonds - covalent polar, non-polar, ionic A - the primary structure of the protein B - the tertiary structure of the protein C - the secondary structure of the protein D - the quaternary structure of the protein. 5. Phosphorus as an element is included in: 1) only nucleic acids 2) only nucleic acids and ATP 3) nucleic acids, ATP and some proteins 4) nucleic acids, ATP, some mineral salts and lipids6. Chemical elements prevailing in living nature A - C, H, O, Fe B - C, H, O, N C - C, H, O, SiD - C, O, N, Al E - C, O, N, H , Mg 7. The functions of water in a cell are determined by its properties A - heat capacity, polarity, the ability to dissociate into ions, the ability to be in three states of aggregation B - thermal conductivity, the ability to be in three states of aggregation, polarity, heat capacity C - thermal conductivity, heat capacity, polarity of molecules, the ability to dissociate into ions.8. Lipids are formed by atoms A - carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen B - oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen B - carbon, hydrogen, oxygen.9. The properties of proteins are determined by A - the number of amino acids in the protein B - the chain length of the protein molecule C - the sequence of amino acids in the protein.10. chemical reactions in the cell they cannot go without A - proteins B - lipids C - carbohydrates D - enzymes.11. Mineral salts are in the cell in the state: 1) only solid 2) only dissolved 3) solid and dissolved 4) dissolved, solid and gaseous12. What carbohydrates are monosaccharides A - sucrose B - glucose C - fructose D - ribose D - deoxyribose E - cellulose G - starch.
13. The monomer of a protein molecule is 1) a nitrogenous base 2) a monosaccharide 3) an amino acid 4) a lipid14. Most enzymes are 1) carbohydrates 2) lipids 3) amino acids 4) proteins15. The building function of carbohydrates is that they1) form the cellulose cell wall in plants
2) are biopolymers 3) are able to dissolve in water
4) serve as a reserve substance of an animal cell16. Lipids play an important role in cell life, as they are 1) enzymes 2) dissolve in water 3) serve as a source of energy 4) maintain a constant environment in the cell.17. Proteins, unlike carbohydrates, have the ability to 1) solubility 2) denaturation 3) conduction of a nerve impulse
4) the accumulation of a large amount of energy
18. The bond between monomers in a protein molecule is called 1) hydrogen 2) ionic 3) peptide 4) energy-intensive19. The protective function of proteins is manifested in the fact that they 1) undergo denaturation 2) serve as antibodies 3) participate in the construction of the cell 4) transport gases20. What reserve nutrient serves as an energy reserve of the cell?
1) starch 2) amino acid 3) nucleic acid 4) polysaccharide - chitin
Part B
B1. Choose 3 correct answers:
Lipids in the cell perform the following functions:
A) storage B) hormonal C) transport E) energy
D) enzymatic D) carrier of hereditary information
IN 2. Establish a correspondence between the structure and function of a substance and its type.
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
KINDS

1) consist of residues of glycerol molecules and fatty acids
2) consist of residues of amino acid molecules
3) protect the body from hypothermia
4) protect the body from foreign substances
5) refer to polymers
6) are not polymers
A) lipids
B) proteins

AT 3. Establish a correspondence between the sign of the structure of a protein molecule and its structure.
STRUCTURAL SIGNS
PROTEIN STRUCTURES

1) the sequence of amino acid residues in a molecule
2) the molecule has the shape of a coil
3) the number of amino acid residues in the molecule
4) spatial configuration of the polypeptide chain
5) formation of hydrophobic bonds between radicals
6) formation of peptide bonds
A) primary
B) tertiary

Part C.
C1. What three groups is it customary to divide the chemical elements that make up living organisms, according to their relative content?
C2. Find errors in the given text. Indicate the numbers of the proposals in which they are made and explain them.
1. Water is one of the most common organic substances on Earth.
2. There is about 20% water in bone tissue cells, and 85% in brain cells.
3. The properties of water are determined by the structure of its molecules.
4. Ionic bonds between hydrogen and oxygen atoms ensure the polarity of the water molecule and its ability to dissolve non-polar compounds. 5. A strong hydrogen bond is formed between the oxygen atoms of one water molecule and the hydrogen atom of another molecule, which explains the high boiling point of water.
C3. What is the role of proteins in the body?

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Lesson Objectives:

To consolidate the knowledge about organic and inorganic substances that make up the cells and tissues of the body, obtained during the study of the course of biology and chemistry.
To develop in students the ability to analyze, compare, draw generalizations and conclusions.
Develop chemistry experiment skills.

Lesson type: practical work.

Practical work Designed for 2 paired lessons of 45 minutes.

Equipment:

1. Personal computer (or laptop) for the teacher

2. Multimedia projector

4. Test tubes

5. Spirit lamps

6. Holders for test tubes

7. Chemical glasses

8. Spatulas

Reagents:

1. Hydrogen peroxide - 3% H 2 O 2

2. Calcium phosphate Ca 3 (PO 4) 2

3. Diluted sulphuric acid- 2n H 2 SO 4

4. Hydrochloric acid - 2n HCl

5. Starch paste

6. Alcohol tincture of iodine 5%

7. Sodium hydrogen phosphate - 2n Na 2 HPO 4

8. Ammonium chloride - 0.5n NH 4 Cl

9. Ammonium hydroxide - 10% NH 4 OH

10. Magnesium chloride - 0.5n MgCl 2

Biological material (studied samples of plant and animal origin):

1. Raw potatoes

2. Boiled potatoes

3. Raw meat

4. Boiled meat

5. Chicken egg shell

During the classes

1. Organizational part.

The teacher announces the topic of the lesson, reveals its connection with other topics of the course.

2. Control baseline knowledge.

Conducted in the form of a frontal survey, accompanied by a multimedia presentation:

What macronutrients are in the cell?

What macronutrients are the main components of all organic compounds? What percentage do they make up of the mass of the cell?

Which organic molecules includes sulfur and phosphorus?

What are the functions of potassium, sodium and chloride ions in the cell?

What role does calcium play in the body?

What is the role of iron in the body?

What is the function of hemoglobin in the body?

Why carbon monoxide unlike carbon dioxide causes poisoning of the body?

What is the role of magnesium in animal cells?

What substances are called enzymes? What is the structure of enzymes?

What role does magnesium play in plant cells?

What is chlorophyll? What organelles does it contain? In what metabolic processes is involved?

What elements are micronutrients? What role do they play in the body?

What substances are called hormones?

What inorganic substance is contained in the cell in the greatest quantity?

Which organs and tissues have the lowest water content and which ones have the highest?

What role does water play in the cell and the living organism as a whole?

What process is called hydrolysis?

What food substances undergo hydrolysis when ingested?

In what state can salts be in a cell?

What process is called dissociation? What substances undergo dissociation?

Distribute the given substances into classes: CO, Na 2 HPO 4, HCl, KHCO 3, CO 2, NaH 2 PO 4, CaCl 2, CH 3 COOH, NH 4 OH.

What ions are formed in the cell during the dissociation of salts NaCl, CaCl 2, KHCO 3? What class does the last salt belong to? Name her.

How are NaCl and CaCl 2 used in medicine?

Give examples of insoluble salts that are part of the cell.

What is the reaction of the environment in the cell? What ions maintain a constant weakly alkaline reaction of the medium in the cell?

What is the reaction of the environment in the stomach? What substance creates it? For what?

What is the pH of gastric juice? At what pH values does gastric pepsin function?

If a student cannot answer a question, they move on to the next student. As a result, almost all students are surveyed.

1. Match:

Answers: A - 2, B - 1, C - 4, D - 2, E - 4

2. Match:

Answers: A - 4, B - 3, C - 5, D - 2, E - 1

3. Insert missing words:

Fats are ... cell substances that are esters ... and ... Fats belong to the group ... By state of aggregation vegetable fats are usually ..., and animals - ..., however, there are exceptions, for example, ... is of animal origin, but according to the state of aggregation ... In the body, fats perform many functions. For example, ... - fats are part of biological membranes. In addition, fats prevent the loss of heat by the body due to its low ... Fat reserves allow camels to go without fluid for a long time, since fats release a large amount of water. Ducks lubricate their plumage with a secret containing fats, as a result, their feathers acquire ... properties. In sunflower seeds, a large amount of fat serves as... for the development of the embryo.

Answers: organic; glycerin; higher fatty carboxylic acids; lipids; liquid; hard; fish fat; liquid; construction; thermal conductivity; oxidation; water repellent; supply of nutrients.

4. In the above list of substances and concepts, indicate the excess:

a). Pepsin, amylase, maltose, lipase.

Maltose, since it is a carbohydrate, and all other substances are proteins.

b). Vasopressin, insulin, glucagon, testosterone.

Testosterone, since it is a hormone of a lipid nature, and all other substances are hormones of a protein nature.

in). Lactose, glycogen, maltose, sucrose.

Glycogen, since it is a polysaccharide, and all other carbohydrates are disaccharides.

G). Myoglobin, thrombin, hemoglobin, sodium-potassium pump.

Thrombin, since it performs a protective function, and the rest of the proteins are transport.

e). Fructose, ribose, glucose, galactose.

Ribose, since it is a pentose, and all other carbohydrates are hexoses.

e). RNA, ACTH, DNA, ATP.

ACTH, since the rest of the substances are nucleotide in nature, and ACTH is a protein.

and). Keratin, collagen, elastin, immunoglobulin.

Immunoglobulin, since it is a protein that performs a protective function, and the rest - a building one.

Another explanation: since immunoglobulin is a globular protein, and the rest of the substances are fibrillar proteins.

h). Phenylketonuria, galactosemia, Tay-Sachs disease, Down syndrome.

Down syndrome, since this disease is caused by a chromosomal mutation, and all other diseases are metabolic disorders.

and). Adenine, uracil, cytosine, thymine.

Uracil, since it is a nitrogenous base that is not part of DNA.

Another option: thymine, since this nitrogenous base is not part of RNA.

5. Name chemical substances, which are part of the cell membrane, indicated in the figure by numbers, and explain their function.

1 - proteins (transport, receptor, catalytic function);

2 - phospholipids (form the basis of the membrane);

3 - carbohydrates (provide recognition of the cell by the cell).

3. Doing practical work.

Students work in pairs according to guidelines and record the results in a practice notebook. Before starting work, the teacher conducts a safety briefing.

Experience 1. Chemical properties calcium carbonate and its importance for living organisms.

a). Place 1 g of chicken egg shell into a test tube, add 3 ml of hydrochloric acid. Write down the observations, write the equation of the chemical reaction.

The basis of the shell of chicken eggs is sodium carbonate. When it interacts with an acid, the salt dissolves and gas is released:

CaCO 3 + 2HCl -> CaCl 2 + CO 2 + H 2 O

b). Demonstration experiment: place a raw chicken egg in a hydrochloric acid solution for 30 minutes. What changes are you seeing? Make a conclusion about the composition of the shell of the chicken egg and the effect inorganic salts on its properties.

Under the influence of hydrochloric acid, the shell of the chicken egg becomes soft. Since the basis of the shell of a chicken egg is calcium carbonate, we can conclude that it is he who determines the hardness of the shell and provides its protective function for the cell.

Experience 2. Chemical properties of calcium phosphate and its importance for living organisms.

a). Place 0.1 g of calcium phosphate in a test tube, add 2 ml of sulfuric acid. Write down the observations, write the equation of the chemical reaction.

Calcium phosphate is the basis of bone tissue. As a result of the reaction, calcium phosphate is dissolved in acid:

Ca 3 (PO 4) 2 + 3H 2 SO 4 -> 3CaSO 4 + 2H 3 PO 4

b). Demonstration experiment: place a chicken bone in a hydrochloric acid solution for 6 to 8 hours. What changes are you seeing? Make a conclusion about the composition of bone tissue and the effect of inorganic salts on the properties of bones. (The experience is laid in advance, the students are only shown the results in the lesson).

The composition of the bones includes inorganic and organic substances. Inorganic substances of bones are represented primarily by insoluble salts (Ca 3 (PO 4) 2 and CaCO 3). Calcium carbonate gives bones strength. Organic substances give bone tissue elasticity. Under the action of hydrochloric acid, calcium carbonate dissolves, as a result of which the bone tissue loses its hardness and the bone becomes flexible.

Experience 3. Qualitative reaction to the phosphate ion.

Pour 2 drops of sodium hydrogen phosphate solution into a test tube, add 2 drops of ammonium chloride solution and 2 drops of ammonium hydroxide solution, and then 2 drops of magnesium chloride solution. Write down the observations, write the equation of the chemical reaction.

As a result of the reaction, a white precipitate of ammonium magnesium phosphate precipitates:

Na 2 HPO 4 + MgCl 2 + NH 4 OH -> MgNH 4 PO 4 + 2NaCl + H 2 O

Experience 4. Interaction of hydrogen peroxide with cell proteins.

Place raw and boiled potatoes, raw and boiled meat into four test tubes, respectively. Add 3 ml of hydrogen peroxide to each tube. What changes are you seeing? Draw a conclusion about the effect of heat treatment on the structure and function of the catalase protein.

The tissues of animals and plants contain the enzyme catalase, which catalyzes the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide:

H 2 O 2 -> O 2 + H 2 O

Due to the action of catalase, gas evolution is observed when hydrogen peroxide is added to raw meat and potatoes.

By their chemical nature, all enzymes are proteins. During heat treatment, protein denaturation occurs, as a result of which catalase loses its properties and the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide in the cells of boiled potatoes and meat does not go.

Experience 5. Qualitative reaction to starch. Detection of starch in potato cells.

a). Pour 1 ml of starch into a test tube and add 1 drop of iodine. Write down the observations, draw up a diagram of a chemical reaction. Then heat the test tube. What changes are you seeing? Do these changes persist after the tube is cooled down? Draw a conclusion about the effect of heating on the equilibrium shift in the reaction of starch with iodine.

As a result of the reaction, a blue-violet compound is formed:

I 2 + starch - blue-violet color

When the tube is heated, the color disappears, and when cooled, it reappears, which indicates the reversibility of the reaction of the interaction of starch with iodine.

b). Take a slice of raw potato and put 1 drop of iodine on it. What changes are you seeing? Draw a conclusion about the chemical composition of potato cells.

Under the action of iodine, a blue-violet color appears, which indicates the content of starch in the cells of the potato tuber, which is stored there in the form of starch grains.

4. Reflection.

The teacher during the conversation finds out what difficulties the students had in the course of practical work, invites them to evaluate the effectiveness of their work in the classroom and the results achieved.

5. Fixing.

It is carried out in the form of situational tasks.

1. Acid rain is known to have a negative effect on plants and animals, causing damage to their tissues. What is the reason for the negative effect of acid rain on bird eggs. Write equations for the corresponding reactions, taking into account that acid rain is caused by the presence of sulfur oxide (IV) and nitrogen oxide (IV) in the atmosphere.

When sulfur oxide (IV) and nitric oxide (IV) react with water, acids are formed:

SO 2 + H 2 O \u003d H 2 SO 3

2NO 2 + H 2 O \u003d HNO 3 + HNO 2

The hardness of the shell of bird eggs is due to the presence of calcium carbonate in it, which dissolves in acidic environment with the release of carbon dioxide:

CaCO 3 + 2HNO 3 -> Ca(NO 3) 2 + CO 2 + H 2 O

Thus, after exposure to acid rain, the egg shell softens and no longer provides adequate protection to the developing embryo.

2. It is known that heavy metals cause malfunctions nervous system, liver, kidneys and other organs. Explain from the point of view of the chemical composition of the cell, what is the negative effect of heavy metals on it.

Heavy metals cause irreversible precipitation of proteins, as a result of which the proteins cease to perform their functions in the cell.

3. The basis of the preparations "Mezim", "Creon", "Panzinorm" is pancreatin, which is an extract of the contents of the pancreas. Pancreatin contains lipase, amylase, trypsin, chymotrypsin. Imagine what effect this drug will have on the body.

Preparations "Mezim", "Creon", "Panzinorm" normalize the processes of digestion, as they contain enzymes that break down organic food substances.

4. For the treatment of high blood pressure, drugs belonging to the pharmacological group “slow calcium channel blockers” are used. Prominent representatives of this group are: "Cordaflex", "Kaltsigard", "Amlodipine". Guess what the effect of drugs of this group on the body is based on.

Drugs of this pharmacological group reduce the flow of calcium ions into the cell. Calcium ions affect the contraction of smooth and striated muscles, including the heart muscle, and as a result, blood pressure.

5. To reduce the acidity of gastric juice in gastritis and gastric ulcer, drugs of the antacid pharmacological group are used, for example, Almagel, Maalox, Gastal. The composition of these preparations includes aluminum and magnesium hydroxides, as well as magnesium carbonate. Explain what the action of these drugs on the body is based on, make equations for the corresponding reactions.

Antacid group drugs neutralize hydrochloric acid in the stomach, thereby reducing the level of acidity.