Austrian Littoral was a multinational entity. Italian, Slovene, Croatian, German, Friulian and Istro-Romance were spoken here. In 1910, the area of Kyustenland was 7969 km², and the population exceeded 894 thousand people. Trieste was the main industrial center sea port Austria-Hungary. The economy of other coastal areas was tied to agriculture and tourism (the Adriatic coastline was dubbed the Austrian Riviera).
After the loss of these provinces, Austria finally lost access to the sea.
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- // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.
An excerpt characterizing the Austrian Littoral
- Non, Andre, je dis que vous avez tellement, tellement change ... [No, Andrey, I say: you have changed so, so much ...]“Your doctor tells you to go to bed earlier,” said Prince Andrei. - You should go to sleep.
The princess said nothing, and suddenly her short, mustache-lined sponge trembled; Prince Andrei, standing up and shrugging his shoulders, walked across the room.
Pierre, surprised and naive, looked through his glasses first at him, then at the princess, and stirred, as if he, too, wanted to get up, but again pondered.
“What does it matter to me that Monsieur Pierre is here,” the little princess suddenly said, and her pretty face suddenly broke into a tearful grimace. “I wanted to tell you for a long time, Andre: why have you changed so much towards me?” What did I do to you? You're going to the army, you don't feel sorry for me. For what?
– Lise! - only said Prince Andrei; but in this word there was both a request, and a threat, and, most importantly, an assurance that she herself would repent of her words; but she went on hurriedly:
“You treat me like a sick person or a child. I see everything. Were you like this six months ago?
“Lise, I ask you to stop,” Prince Andrei said even more expressively.
Pierre, becoming more and more agitated during this conversation, got up and went up to the princess. He seemed unable to bear the sight of tears and was ready to cry himself.
- Calm down, princess. It seems so to you, because I assure you, I myself experienced ... why ... because ... No, excuse me, the stranger is superfluous here ... No, calm down ... Farewell ...
Prince Andrei stopped him by the hand.
- No, wait, Pierre. The princess is so kind that she does not want to deprive me of the pleasure of spending the evening with you.
“No, he only thinks of himself,” the princess said, unable to hold back her angry tears.
“Lise,” said Prince Andrei dryly, raising his tone to the degree that shows that patience is exhausted.
Suddenly, the angry squirrel expression of the princess's pretty face was replaced by an attractive and compassionate expression of fear; she looked frowningly at her husband with her beautiful eyes, and on her face appeared that timid and confessing expression that a dog has, quickly, but feebly wagging his lowered tail.
- Mon Dieu, mon Dieu! [My God, my God!] - the princess said and, picking up the fold of her dress with one hand, she went up to her husband and kissed him on the forehead.
- Bonsoir, Lise, [Good night, Liza,] - said Prince Andrei, getting up and politely, like a stranger, kissing his hand.
The friends were silent. Neither of them began to speak. Pierre glanced at Prince Andrei, Prince Andrei rubbed his forehead with his small hand.
"Let's go to dinner," he said with a sigh, getting up and heading for the door.
They entered the elegant, newly decorated dining room. Everything, from napkins to silver, faience and crystal, bore that special imprint of novelty that happens in the household of young spouses. In the middle of dinner, Prince Andrei leaned on his elbows and, like a man who has long had something in his heart and suddenly decides to speak out, with an expression of nervous irritation in which Pierre had never seen his friend before, he began to say:
“Never, never marry, my friend; here is my advice to you: do not marry until you tell yourself that you have done everything you could, and until you stop loving the woman you have chosen, until you see her clearly; otherwise you will make a cruel and irreparable mistake. Marry an old man, worthless ... Otherwise, everything that is good and lofty in you will be lost. Everything is wasted on trifles. Yes Yes Yes! Don't look at me with such surprise. If you expect anything from yourself ahead, then at every step you will feel that everything is over for you, everything is closed, except for the drawing room, where you will stand on the same board with the court lackey and the idiot ... Yes, what! ...
He waved his hand vigorously.
Pierre took off his glasses, which made his face change, showing even more kindness, and looked in surprise at his friend.
“My wife,” continued Prince Andrei, “is a wonderful woman. This is one of those rare women with whom you can be dead for your honor; but, my God, what would I not give now not to be married! This I tell you alone and first, because I love you.
Prince Andrei, saying this, was even less like than before, that Bolkonsky, who was sitting lounging in Anna Pavlovna's armchair and squinting through his teeth, uttering French phrases. His dry face kept trembling with the nervous animation of every muscle; eyes, in which the fire of life had previously seemed extinguished, now shone with a radiant, bright brilliance. It was evident that the more lifeless he seemed at ordinary times, the more energetic he was in those moments of almost painful irritation.
A city in the Italian region of Friuli Venezia Giulia, the administrative center of the province of the same name. In the past - a free imperial city, the capital of the Austrian Primorye, a separate free territory. Trieste is located in northeastern Italy on the border with Slovenia. it major port, which has been operating since 1719, and the only place in the Adriatic where the natural depth of the sea allows you to receive the largest ships.
Trieste is mentioned by Caesar in Notes on Gallic War» like Tergest. The first city walls were built under Octavian, who in 33 BC. also ordered to adapt the bay for receiving ships. Tergest later found himself in the shadow of nearby Aquileia. During the Middle Ages, significant shopping center for which there was a struggle various states. In the V-IX centuries. Trieste was conquered by the Ostrogoths, Byzantium, Lombards, Franks. The Italian king Lothair II in 947 made it a free community headed by a bishop-count. In 1202 he was captured by the Venetian Republic, for a long time he tried to free himself, appealing to the help of the emperor and the Habsburgs. The last townspeople swore allegiance in 1382.
Although for centuries it remained the main (and sometimes the only) port of the Habsburg Monarchy, its development was so slow that even in early XVIII century, it was an unremarkable, sleepy town with a population of 5.7 thousand inhabitants. Charles VI of Habsburg, having attended to the arrangement of sea communication with the newly acquired possessions in southern Italy, in 1719 declared Trieste a free imperial city.
Privileges granted by the emperor marked the beginning of the rapid growth of Trieste. In 1797 and 1805 it was occupied by French troops, in 1809 it was annexed by France and until 1813 it was part of the Illyrian provinces. By 1891, when the rights of the free city were withdrawn, Trieste had grown 27 times. Two-thirds of the population at that time were Italians. The Austro-Hungarian Trieste at the turn of the century is one of the largest ports in the Mediterranean, and moreover, the pearl of the so-called. Austrian Riviera, where the upper strata of Viennese society spent the winter months.
After the 1st World War of 1914-1918, it became part of Italy. In 1943, during the 2nd World War of 1939-1945, occupied Nazi Germany. On May 1-2, 1945, it was liberated by the Yugoslav People's Liberation Army, on June 9, 1945, Anglo-American troops entered the city (they were there until 1954).
The fate of Trieste was for a long time the object of diplomatic struggle. Under the peace treaty with Italy (February 10, 1947), Trieste with a small district was allocated to the "Free Territory of Trieste" and received the status of a free port. However, the conditions for the existence of the “Free Territory of Trieste”, defined by the peace treaty (demilitarization, withdrawal of foreign troops, democratization, etc.), were not respected. According to the Italo-Yugoslav agreement of 1954 (negotiations were conducted with the participation of Great Britain and the USA), the area of \u200b\u200b"Free Territory of Trieste" was liquidated, Trieste and the territory adjacent to it in the west (223 km 2) were ceded to Italy, territories east of Trieste (about 520 km 2) passed to Yugoslavia. In 1975, Yugoslavia and Italy signed the Treaty on state border in the Trieste area.
One of the attractions of the city is the castle of San Giusto, crowning the hill of the same name. It was built in the XIV century by order of Frederick III of Austria for his governor in these lands. Now, behind the thick, green fortified walls, from which a fantastic view of the city opens, there is a museum of weapons.
For a person who is fond of history, walking around Trieste is a pleasure. Although this city is mostly medieval, earlier civilizations have left their mark here. There is a mini-roman forum here, right at the foot of the fortress on the same hill. In the old city, an arch has been preserved - a fragment of a Romanesque wall dating back to the 1st century BC. In the 30s of the 20th century, an entire Romanesque theater was discovered during excavations. Now it is located at a sufficient distance from the sea, and once it was built almost at the water's edge. Since ancient times, the sea has given way to land, on which the port was founded.
City center - main square Unity of Italy, facing directly to the sea in the area of the old port, and behind it stretches the main shopping street Corso Italia. Initially, this square was uncomplicatedly called the Grande, or "large". It began to acquire its present form in the 19th century, when luxurious palaces - palazzos - grew one after another along its perimeter. Today they house the governor's palace, the building of the government of the Friuli-Venezia Giulia region, to which Trieste belongs, and the building of the government of the province of Trieste.
The church of Sant Antonio Taumaturgo, crowning the Canal Grande, is somewhat reminiscent of the buildings of the Mussolini era. All the bulky buildings of Borgo Teresiano ( new town) contrast strongly with the old town, which descends from the castle along the hill of San Giusto to the sea. Old city although it is small, it is very cozy and cute with its narrow streets, each of which, even one door long, has its own name. In the vicinity of the city - a large grotto ("Grotta Gigante" in the natural park "Val Rosandra"), the romantic castle of Miramare ( mid XIX in.), medieval castle Duino. And also the house where James Joyce wrote "Ulysses", the German concentration camp "Risiera di San Sabba".
K: Appeared in 1849 K: Disappeared in 1919The Austrian Littoral was a multinational entity. Italian, Slovene, Croatian, German, Friulian and Istro-Romance were spoken here. In 1910, the area of Kyustenland was 7969 km², and the population exceeded 894 thousand people. The main industrial center was Trieste - the main seaport of Austria-Hungary. The economy of other coastal areas was tied to agriculture and tourism (the Adriatic coastal strip was dubbed the Austrian Riviera).
After the loss of these provinces, Austria finally lost access to the sea.
see also
Write a review on the article "Austrian Littoral"
Links
- Austrian coastal country // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.
An excerpt characterizing the Austrian Littoral
Summer has come without a hitch. And it was this summer (according to my mother's promise) that I was supposed to see the sea for the first time. I have been waiting for this moment since the winter, as the sea was my old “great” dream. But by a completely stupid accident, my dream almost turned into dust. There were only a couple of weeks left before the trip, and in my mind I was almost “sitting on the shore” ... But, as it turned out, it was still far from the shore. It was a nice warm summer day. Nothing special happened. I was lying in the garden under my favorite old apple tree, reading a book and dreaming about my favorite gingerbread… Yes, yes, gingerbread. From a small neighborhood shop.I don't know if I've ever eaten anything tastier after? Even after so many years, I still remember the amazing taste and smell of this amazing delicacy that melts in your mouth! They were always fresh and unusually soft, with a dense sweet crust of icing that burst at the slightest touch. Intoxicatingly smelling of honey and cinnamon, and something else that was almost impossible to catch ... It was for these gingerbreads that I was going to go without hesitation for a long time. It was warm, and I (according to our common custom) was dressed only in short shorts. The store was nearby, just a couple of houses away (there were three of them on our street!).
In Lithuania at that time, small shops in private houses were very popular, which usually occupied only one room. They literally grew like mushrooms after rain and were usually kept by citizens of Jewish nationality. Just like this store I went to was owned by a neighbor named Schreiber. He was always a very pleasant and amiable person, and had very good products, and especially sweets.
To my surprise, when I got there, I could not even go inside - the store was packed with people. Apparently they brought something new and no one wanted to make a mistake, being left without a novelty ... So I stood in a long queue, stubbornly not intending to leave and patiently waiting for when I finally get my favorite gingerbread cookies. We moved very slowly, because the room was packed to capacity (and it was about 5x5 meters in size) and because of the huge "uncles and aunts" I could not see anything. Suddenly, taking the next step, I, with a wild cry, flew head over heels down the roughly knocked down wooden stairs and plopped down on the same rough wooden boxes ...
It turns out that the owner, either in a hurry to sell a new product, or simply forgetting, left the lid of his (seven-meter deep!) Basement open, into which I managed to fall. I apparently hit very hard, because I didn’t remember at all how and who pulled me out of there. Around were very frightened faces of people and the owner, endlessly asking if everything was all right with me. Of course, I was hardly okay, but for some reason I didn’t want to admit it, and I said that I would go home. A whole crowd saw me off ... The poor grandmother almost had a stroke when she suddenly saw all this stunning "procession" leading me home ...
I lay in bed for ten days. And, as it turned out later, it was considered simply unbelievable that I managed to escape with just one scratch after such a stunning “flight” upside down to a depth of seven meters ... For some reason, the owner Schreiber came to us every day, brought a kilogram of sweets and kept asking , do I really feel good... To be honest, he looked quite frightened.
Be that as it may, but I think that someone definitely laid a “pillow” on me ... Someone who believed that it was too early for me to break then. There were a lot of such “strange” cases in my then still very short life. Some happened and after that very quickly disappeared into oblivion, others were remembered for some reason, although they were not necessarily the most interesting. So I, for some reason unknown to me, remembered very well the case of lighting a fire.
All the neighborhood kids (including me) were very fond of burning fires. And especially when we were allowed to fry potatoes in them! .. It was one of our favorite delicacies, and we generally considered such a fire almost a real holiday! And how could anything else be compared with the scalding, freshly fished with sticks from a burning fire, stunningly smelling, ash-strewn potatoes?! It was necessary to try very hard, wanting to remain serious, seeing our waiting, intensely concentrated faces! We sat around the fire like hungry Robinsons Crusoe after not eating for a month. And at that moment it seemed to us that nothing could be tastier in this world than that small, steaming ball, slowly baking in our fire!
Trieste (Italian and Ven. Trieste, Friulian Triest, Slovenian and Croatian Trst, Latin Tergeste, Tergestum) is a city in the Italian region of Friuli-Venezia Giulia, the administrative center of the province of the same name. In the past - a free imperial city, the capital of the Austrian Primorye, a separate free territory. Trieste is located in the northwest of the Balkan Peninsula, in the depths of the Trieste Gulf of the Adriatic Sea, 145 km east of Venice, near the Slovenian border. According to the 1991 census, the population of the city was 231 thousand people; and in 2007, 203,356. The city's patron saint is Justus of Trieste. City Day - November 3rd.
Trieste is mentioned by Caesar in the Notes on the Gallic War as Tergest. The first city walls were built under Octavian, who in 33 B.C. e. also ordered to adapt the bay for receiving ships. Tergest later found himself in the shadow of nearby Aquileia. In the Middle Ages, a significant trading center, for which there was a struggle between various states. The Italian king Lothair II in 947 made it a free community headed by a bishop-count. In 1202 he was captured by the Venetian Republic, for a long time he tried to free himself, appealing to the help of the emperor and the Habsburgs. The last townspeople swore allegiance in 1382. Although for centuries Trieste remained the main (and sometimes the only) port of the Habsburg Monarchy, its development was so slow that even at the beginning of the 18th century it was an unremarkable, sleepy town with a population of 5.7 thousand inhabitants. Charles VI of Habsburg, having attended to the arrangement of sea communication with the newly acquired possessions in southern Italy, in 1719 declared Trieste a free imperial city. The privileges granted by the emperor marked the beginning of the rapid growth of Trieste. In 1861, the charter of Trieste was adopted, the city became one of the crown lands of Austria, the city council became the representative body, and the administrative committee headed by the podest was the executive body. By 1891, when the rights of the free city were withdrawn, Trieste had grown 27 times. Two-thirds of the population at that time were Italians. The Austro-Hungarian Trieste of the turn of the century is one of the largest ports in the Mediterranean, and, moreover, the pearl of the so-called. Austrian Riviera, where the upper strata of Viennese society spent the winter months. The Italian kingdom from the moment of its formation (1860) considered the acquisition of Trieste one of the goals of its foreign policy and under the guarantees of the London Pact (under which the Entente countries promised Trieste to the Italians) entered the First world war. As a result of the war, not only Trieste, but almost the entire Austrian Littoral, from which the Venezia Giulia region was formed, went to Italy. In 1943-1945, during World War II, Trieste was under German occupation; Risiera di San Savva concentration camp operated here. Managed by Anglo-American military authorities from 1945-1947; in 1947-1954, Trieste with a small district was the so-called. The free territory of Trieste under the control of ...
