12.
Give definitions of concepts.
Wildlife is
- Answer: A set of biological systems of different levels of organization and different subordination.
A biological system is
- Answer: A whole, consisting of interconnected parts and having the properties of a living thing.
13.
Fill out the table "Levels of organization of living nature."
-
| Organization level
|
Biological system
|
Elements forming the system
|
| Molecular |
Molecule |
Molecules |
| Cellular |
Cell |
Cells |
| Organismal |
Organism |
Organisms |
| Population-species |
View |
Types of organisms |
| Ecosystem |
Ecosystem |
Ecosystems |
| Biosphere |
Biosphere |
Biosphere |
14.
Draw possible variants of polymers consisting of four monomers.
- Answer: We draw as many polymers as we want, consisting of four monomers. Monomers are circle, square, hexagon and triangle.
Write down how many polymers you got: 5.
Calculate and write down how many polymers can be formed by five monomers: 24.
15.
Fill out the diagram.
Classification of carbohydrates.
1) Monosaccharides - glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose, deoxyribose.
2) Disaccharides - sucrose, maltose, lactose.
3) Polysaccharides - starch, cellulose, glycogen, chitin.
16.
List the functions that carbohydrates perform in living organisms.
- Answer: Energy, construction, support and receptor.
Lipids
17.
Define the concept.
- Answer: Lipids are fat-like substances, insoluble in water, consisting of high molecular weight fatty acids and trihydric alcohol glycerol.
Composition and structure of proteins
19.
Finish the sentence.
- Answer: Protein monomers are amino acids.
20.
Write in the general formula the names of the parts that make up any amino acid.
21.
Name the similarities and differences in the structure of the molecules of all amino acids.
- Answer: All amino acids consist of a hydrocarbon chain, an amino group and a carboxyl group. The differences lie in the structure of the radical, which can be of different lengths with the replacement of hydrogen atoms in it.
22.
Consider the scheme of depeptide formation. Write the name of the bond connecting amino acids in a protein molecule.
- Answer: The bond connecting amino acids in a protein molecule is called a peptide.
23.
Fill out the table "Characteristics of the levels of structural organization of a protein molecule",
Functions of proteins
24.
Complete the table "Protein Functions"
-
| Function
|
What are they (examples)
|
Where is it carried out?
|
| Catalytic (enzymatic) |
Acceleration of biochemical reactions (special enzyme proteins) |
In cells |
| Construction |
All proteins are components of cell membranes and organelles, blood vessel walls, cartilage, tendons, hair and nails |
In cells and tissues |
| Motor |
Movement of cilia and flagella, movement of chromosomes, muscle contraction (special contractile proteins) |
In cells and tissues |
| Transport |
Transport of substances in the body (transport proteins) |
In cells and tissues |
| Protective |
Protecting the body from invasion of foreign agents and from damage (specific proteins) |
In blood and lymph |
| Regulatory |
Maintaining a constant concentration of substances in the blood and cells, participation in growth, reproduction (harmones) |
In cells and blood |
| Signal |
Reception of signals from the external environment and transmission of information into the cell |
In cells |
| Energy |
Proteins are a source of energy |
In cells |
Nucleic acids
25.
Fill out the table "Nucleic acids, their structure and biological role."
-
| Name
|
Structural features
|
Biological role
|
Where is it contained?
|
| DNA |
Deoxyrivoza, A, G, C, T |
Information about the body |
In the core |
| RNA |
Rivosa A,G,C,U |
rRNA, mRNA (mRNA), tRNA, 3 functions |
In the nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondria, plastids, rivosomes |
26.
Prove that nucleic acids are polymers.
- Answer: Polymers are substances consisting of many monomers connected by chemical bonds. Since nucleic acids are chains of many alternating nucleotides, they are polymers.
27.
List the similarities and differences in the structure of DNA and RNA molecules.
- Answer: DNA is a double helix; nucleotides contain deoxyribose as sugar. RNA is a single strand; the nucleotides contain ribose as a sugar. Both the DNA molecule and the RNA molecule contain phosphoric acid residues, and both are biopolymers.
28.
Using the principle of complementarity, complete the second strand of the DNA molecule.
T --A--T--C--G--A--A--G--A--C--C--T--A--C--
A--T--A--G--C--T--T--C--T--G--G--A--T--G--
29.
Finish the diagram
ATP and other organic compounds of the cell
30.
Fill out the table "Structure and biological role of ATP"
31.
Write down the similarities and differences between ATP and nucleic acids.
- Answer: Both ATP and nucleic acids include adenine, ribose (RNA), and phosphoric acid residues. But ATP is not a biopolymer, and DNA and RNA also contain other nitrogenous bases.
Biological catalysts
32.
Define the concepts.
Catalysts- these are substances that accelerate the course of chemical reactions, but do not themselves change.
Enzymes- These are protein catalysts that accelerate biochemical reactions in the cells of living organisms.
34.
Explain why a lack of vitamins can cause disturbances in the body's vital processes.
- Answer: Vitamins are necessary for the absorption of nutrients, proper growth and development of the body, restoration of cells and tissues. Therefore, in their absence, basic life processes are disrupted.
Viruses
35.
Describe the structural features of viruses.
- Answer: Viruses are non-cellular life forms with a very simple structure: a DNA or RNA molecule surrounded by a protein shell.
36.
Explain why viruses are classified as living organisms.
- Answer: Viruses are classified as living organisms on the basis that they can reproduce and transmit hereditary information to the next generation and synthesize a protein shell.
38.
Fill the table
Cytology
Basic principles of cell theory. A cell is a structural and functional unit of living things page 1
Organic substances of the cell: lipids, ATP, biopolymers (carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids) and their role in the cell.
p.5
Enzymes, their role in the process of life p. 7
Features of the structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells p. 9
Main structural components of a cell page 11
Surface apparatus of the cell page 12
Transport of molecules across membranes p. 14
Receptor function and its mechanism p. 18
Structure and functions of cell contacts page 19
Locomotor and individualizing functions of PAK p. 20
Organelles of general importance. Endoplasmic reticulum page 21
Golgi complex page 23
Lysosomes page 24
Peroxisomes page 26
Mitochondria page 26
Ribosomes p.27
Plastids p.28
Cellular center page 28
Organelles of special significance p. 29
Cell nucleus. Structure and functions page 29
Metabolism and energy conversion in the cell p. 32
Chemosynthesis page 36
Cytology
- science of cells. Cytology studies the structure and chemical composition of cells, the functions of intracellular structures, the functions of cells in the body of animals and plants, the reproduction and development of cells. Of the 5 kingdoms of the organic world, only the kingdom of Viruses, represented by living forms, do not have a cellular structure. The remaining 4 kingdoms have a cellular structure: the kingdom of Bacteria unites prokaryotes - prenuclear forms. Nuclear forms are eukaryotes, these include the kingdoms Fungi, Plants, and Animals. Basic principles of cell theory:
Cell - functional and structural unit of living things. Cell - the elementary system is the basis of the structure and functioning of the organism. The discovery of the cell is associated with the discovery of the microscope:
1665 – Hooke invented a microscope and on a section of a cork he saw cells, which he called cells. 1674 – A. Levinguk was the first to discover single-celled organisms in water. Early 19th century – J. Purkinje called the substance that fills the cell protoplasm. 1831 – Brown discovered the nucleus. 1838-1839 – Schwann formulated the main provisions of the cell theory. Basic principles of cell theory:
1.
Cell - the main structural unit of all organisms.
2.
Cell formation process is determined by the growth, development and differentiation of plant and animal cells.
1858 – Virchow’s work “Cellular Pathology” was published, in which he linked pathological changes in the body with changes in the structure of cells, laying the foundation for pathology - the beginning of theoretical and practical medicine. Late 19th century – Baer discovered the egg, showing that all living organisms originate from a single cell (zygote). The complex structure of the cell was discovered, organelles were described, and mitosis was studied. Early 20th century – The significance of cellular structures and the transmission of hereditary properties became clear. Modern cell theory includes the following provisions:
Cell - the basic unit of structure and development of all living organisms, the smallest unit of living things.
Cells All unicellular and multicellular organisms are similar in their structure, chemical composition, basic manifestations of life activity and metabolism.
Cell Reproduction occurs by division, and each new cell is formed by dividing the original (mother) cell.
In complex multicellular organisms cells are specialized according to the functions they perform and form tissues.
Cell - is an open system for all living organisms, characterized by flows of matter, energy and information associated with metabolism (assimilation and dissimilation). Self-updating carried out as a result of metabolism. Self-regulation carried out at the level of metabolic processes according to the feedback principle. Self-reproduction The cell is provided during its reproduction based on the flow of matter, energy and information. The cell and cellular structure provides:
Thanks to the large surface, favorable conditions for metabolism.
The best storage and transmission of hereditary information.
The ability of organisms to store and transfer energy and convert it into work.
Gradual replacement of the entire organism (multicellular) of dying parts without replacing the entire organism.
In a multicellular organism, cell specialization provides broad adaptability of the organism and its evolutionary capabilities.
Cells have structural similarity, i.e. similarity at different levels: atomic, molecular, supramolecular, etc. Cells have functional similarity, unity of chemical metabolic processes.
Full name of educational institution:Department of Secondary Vocational Education of the Tomsk Region OGBPOU "Kolpashevsky Social-Industrial College"
Course: Biology
Section: General biology
Age group: Grade 10
Subject: Biopolymers. Nucleic acids, ATP and other organic compounds.
Purpose of the lesson: continue the study of biopolymers, contribute to the formation of logical techniques and cognitive abilities.
Lesson objectives:
Educational:introduce students to the concepts of nucleic acids, promote comprehension and assimilation of the material.
Educational: develop the cognitive qualities of students (the ability to see a problem, the ability to ask questions).
Educational: to form positive motivation for studying biology, the desire to obtain the final result, the ability to make decisions and draw conclusions.
Implementation time: 90 min.
Equipment:
- PC and video projector;
- author's presentation created in Power Point;
- handout didactic material (amino acid coding list);
Plan:
1. Types of nucleic acids.
2. Structure of DNA.
3. Main types of RNA.
4. Transcription.
5. ATP and other organic compounds of the cell.
Progress of the lesson:
I. Organizational moment.
Checking readiness for class.
II. Repetition.
Oral survey:
1. Describe the functions of fats in the cell.
2. What is the difference between protein biopolymers and carbohydrate biopolymers? What are their similarities?
Testing (3 options)
III. Learning new material.
1. Types of nucleic acids.The name nucleic acids comes from the Latin word “nucleos”, i.e. nucleus: They were first discovered in cell nuclei. There are two types of nucleic acids in cells: deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). These biopolymers are made up of monomers called nucleotides. The nucleotide monomers of DNA and RNA are similar in basic structural features and play a central role in the storage and transmission of hereditary information. Each nucleotide consists of three components connected by strong chemical bonds. Each of the nucleotides that make up RNA contains a tricarbon sugar - ribose; one of four organic compounds called nitrogenous bases - adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil (A, G, C, U); phosphoric acid residue.
2. Structure of DNA . The nucleotides that make up DNA contain a five-carbon sugar - deoxyribose; one of four nitrogenous bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine (A, G, C, T); phosphoric acid residue.
In the composition of nucleotides, a nitrogenous base is attached to a molecule of ribose (or deoxyribose) on one side, and a phosphoric acid residue on the other. The nucleotides are connected to each other into long chains. The backbone of such a chain is formed by regularly alternating sugar and phosphoric acid residues, and the side groups of this chain are four type of irregularly alternating nitrogenous bases.
The DNA molecule is a structure consisting of two strands, which are connected to each other along their entire length by hydrogen bonds. This structure, characteristic only of DNA molecules, is called a double helix. A feature of the DNA structure is that opposite the nitrogenous base A in one chain lies the nitrogenous base T in the other chain, and the nitrogenous base C is always located opposite the nitrogenous base G.
Schematically, what has been said can be expressed as follows:
A (adenine) - T (thymine)
T (thymine) - A (adenine)
G (guanine) - C (cytosine)
C (cytosine) - G (guanine)
These pairs of bases are called complementary bases (complementing each other). DNA strands in which the bases are located complementary to each other are called complementary strands.
The model of the structure of the DNA molecule was proposed by J. Watson and F. Crick in 1953. It was fully confirmed experimentally and played an extremely important role in the development of molecular biology and genetics.
The order of arrangement of nucleotides in DNA molecules determines the order of arrangement of amino acids in linear protein molecules, i.e., their primary structure. A set of proteins (enzymes, hormones, etc.) determines the properties of the cell and the organism. DNA molecules store information about these properties and pass them on to generations of descendants, i.e. they are carriers of hereditary information. DNA molecules are mainly found in the nuclei of cells and in small quantities in mitochondria and chloroplasts.
3. Main types of RNA.Hereditary information stored in DNA molecules is realized through protein molecules. Information about the structure of the protein is transmitted to the cytoplasm by special RNA molecules, which are called messenger RNA (i-RNA). Messenger RNA is transferred to the cytoplasm, where protein synthesis occurs with the help of special organelles - ribosomes. It is messenger RNA, which is built complementary to one of the DNA strands, that determines the order of amino acids in protein molecules.
Another type of RNA also takes part in protein synthesis - transport RNA (t-RNA), which brings amino acids to the place of formation of protein molecules - ribosomes, a kind of factories for the production of proteins.
Ribosomes include a third type of RNA, the so-called ribosomal RNA (r-RNA), which determines the structure and functioning of ribosomes.
Each RNA molecule, unlike a DNA molecule, is represented by a single strand; It contains ribose instead of deoxyribose and uracil instead of thymine.
So, Nucleic acids perform the most important biological functions in the cell. DNA stores hereditary information about all the properties of the cell and the organism as a whole. Various types of RNA take part in the implementation of hereditary information through protein synthesis.
4. Transcription.
The process of mRNA formation is called transcription (from the Latin “transcription” - rewriting). Transcription occurs in the cell nucleus. DNA → mRNA with the participation of the polymerase enzyme.tRNA acts as a translator from the “language” of nucleotides to the “language” of amino acids,tRNA receives a command from mRNA - the anticodon recognizes the codon and carries the amino acid.
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5. ATP and other organic compounds of the cell
In any cell, in addition to proteins, fats, polysaccharides and nucleic acids, there are several thousand other organic compounds. They can be divided into final and intermediate products of biosynthesis and decomposition.
End products of biosynthesisare organic compounds that play an independent role in the body or serve as monomers for the synthesis of biopolymers. The final products of biosynthesis include amino acids, from which proteins are synthesized in cells; nucleotides - monomers from which nucleic acids (RNA and DNA) are synthesized; glucose, which serves as a monomer for the synthesis of glycogen, starch, and cellulose.
The path to the synthesis of each of the final products lies through a series of intermediate compounds. Many substances undergo enzymatic breakdown and breakdown in cells.
The final products of biosynthesis are substances that play an important role in the regulation of physiological processes and the development of the body. These include many animal hormones. Hormones of anxiety or stress (for example, adrenaline) under stress increase the release of glucose into the blood, which ultimately leads to an increase in ATP synthesis and the active use of energy stored by the body.
Adenosine phosphoric acids.A particularly important role in the bioenergetics of the cell is played by the adenyl nucleotide, to which two more phosphoric acid residues are attached. This substance is called adenosine triphosphoric acid (ATP). ATP molecule is a nucleotide formed by the nitrogenous base adenine, the five-carbon sugar ribose and three phosphoric acid residues. The phosphate groups in the ATP molecule are connected to each other by high-energy (macroergic) bonds.
ATP - universal biological energy accumulator. The light energy of the Sun and the energy contained in the food consumed are stored in ATP molecules.
The average lifespan of 1 ATP molecule in the human body is less than a minute, so it is broken down and restored 2400 times a day.
Energy (E) is stored in the chemical bonds between the phosphoric acid residues of the ATP molecule, which is released when the phosphate is removed:
ATP = ADP + P + E
This reaction produces adenosine diphosphoric acid (ADP) and phosphoric acid (phosphate, P).
ATP + H2O → ADP + H3PO4 + energy (40 kJ/mol)
ATP + H2O → AMP + H4P2O7 + energy (40 kJ/mol)
ADP + H3PO4 + energy (60 kJ/mol) → ATP + H2O
All cells use ATP energy for the processes of biosynthesis, movement, heat production, transmission of nerve impulses, luminescence (for example, in luminescent bacteria), i.e. for all vital processes.
IV. Summary of the lesson.
1. Summarizing the material studied.
Questions for students:
1. What components make up nucleotides?
2. Why is the constancy of DNA content in different cells of the body considered evidence that DNA is genetic material?
3. Give a comparative description of DNA and RNA.
4. Solve problems:
G-G-G-A-T-A-A-C-A-G-A-T complete the second chain.
Answer: DNA G-G-G- A-T-A-A-C-A-G-A-T
Ts-Ts-Ts-T-A-T-T-G-T-Ts-T-A
(based on the principle of complementarity)
2)
Indicate the sequence of nucleotides in the mRNA molecule built on this section of the DNA chain.
Answer: mRNA G-G-G-A-U-A-A-C-A-G-C-U
3)
A fragment of one DNA strand has the following composition:
- -A-A-A-T-T-C-C-G-G-. complete the second chain.
5. Solve the test:
4)
Which nucleotide is not part of DNA?
a) thymine;
b) uracil;
c) guanine;
d) cytosine;
d) adenine.
Answer: b
5)
If the nucleotide composition of DNA
ATT-GCH-TAT - then what should be the nucleotide composition of i-RNA?
A) TAA-CHTs-UTA;
B) TAA-GTG-UTU;
B) UAA-CHTs-AUA;
D) UAA-CHC-ATA.
Answer: in
Objectives: To develop knowledge about the structure and functions of DNA, RNA, ATP molecules, and the principle of complementarity. Development of logical thinking through comparison of the structure of DNA and RNA. Fostering teamwork, accuracy and speed of responses.
Equipment: DNA model; Illustrations of DNA, RNA, ATP textbook by D.K. Belyaeva, lesson presentation.
Lesson progress: O P R O S - What is the peculiarity of the chemical composition of proteins? Why was F. Engels right when he expressed the thought: “Life is a way of existence of protein bodies...” What protein structures are found in nature and what is their peculiarity? What is the species specificity of proteins? Expand the concepts of “denaturation” and “renaturation”
Remember: Proteins are biopolymers. Amino acid protein monomers (AK-20). The species specificity of proteins is determined by the set of AAs, quantity and sequence in the polypeptide chain. The functions of proteins are diverse; they determine B.’s place in nature. There are I, II, III, IV structures B, differing in the type of connection. In the human body - 5 million. Belkov.
II. Studying new material. Nucleic acids/characteristic/ “nucleus” - from lat. -core. NC biopolymers. They were first discovered in the nucleus. They play an important role in the synthesis of proteins in the cell and in mutations. Monomers NA-nucleotides. Discovered in the nuclei of leukocytes in 1869. F. Misher.
Comparative characteristics of NK Characteristics of RNA DNA 1. Location in the cell Nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, chloroplasts. Nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts. 2. Location in the nucleus Nucleolus of Chromosomes 3. Composition of the nucleotide Single polynucleotide chain, except for viruses Double, right-handed helix (J. Watson and F. Crick in 1953)
Comparative characteristics of NK Characteristics of RNA DNA 4. Composition of the nucleotide 1. Nitrogen base (A-adenine, U-uracil, G-guanine, C-cytosine). 2. Carbohydrate ribose 3. Phosphoric acid residue 1. Nitrogen base (A-adenine, T-thymine, G-guanine, C-cytosine). 2.Deoxyribose carbohydrate 3.Phosphoric acid residue
Comparative characteristics of NK Characteristics of RNA DNA 5.Properties Not capable of self-duplication. Labile Capable of self-duplication according to the principle of complementarity: A-T; T-A; G-C;C-G. Stable. 6. The functions of mRNA (or m-RNA) determine the order of arrangement of AKs in the protein; T-RNA - brings AK to the site of protein synthesis (ribosomes); p-RNA determines the structure of ribosomes. Chemical basis of the gene. Storage and transmission of hereditary information about the structure of proteins.
Write down: DNA - double helix J. Watson, F. Crick - 1953 Nobel Prize A = T, G = C - complementarity Functions: 1. storage 2. reproduction 3. transmission of Hereditary information RNA - single strand A, U, C, G-nucleotides Types of RNA: I-RNA T-RNA R-RNA Functions: protein biosynthesis
Solve the problem: One of the chains of a fragment of a DNA molecule has the following structure: G-G-G-A-T-A-A-C-A-G-A-T. Indicate the structure of the opposite chain. Indicate the sequence of nucleotides in the mRNA molecule built on this section of the DNA chain.
Solution: DNA strand I G-G-G-A-T-A-A-C-A-G-A-T C-C-C-T-A-T-T-G-T-C-T- A (according to the principle of complementarity) i-RNA G-G-G-A-U-A-A-C-A-G-C-U-
ATP. Why is ATP called the “battery” of the cell? ATP-adenosine triphosphoric acid
Structure of the ATP molecule adenine F F F Ribose Macroergic bonds ATP + H 2O ADP + P + E (40 kJ/mol) 2. ADP + H 2O AMP + P + E (40 kJ/mol) Energy efficiency of 2 macroergic bonds -80 kJ/ mole
Remember: ATP is formed in the mitochondria of animal cells and the chloroplasts of plants. ATP energy is used for movement, biosynthesis, division, etc. The average lifespan of 1 ATP molecule is less than! min, because it is broken down and restored 2400 times a day.
Solve problem: No. 1. ATP is a constant source of energy for the cell. Its role can be compared to that of a battery. Explain what these similarities are?
Complete the test (by choosing the correct answer, you will receive a keyword) 1. Which nucleotide is not part of DNA? a) thymine; n)uracil; p)guanine; d)cytosine; e) adenine. 2. If the nucleotide composition of DNA is ATT-GCH-TAT, then what should the nucleotide composition of i-RNA be? a) TAA-TsGTs-UTA; j) TAA-GTsG-UTU; y)uaa-tsgts-awa; d)waa-tsgts-ata
