Today there will be an industrial report from the Beauty and the Beast series.
When you take out a bright ball from a beautiful package, which you then hang on a New Year tree, you probably don’t even think about where and how it was made.
Yes, the bulk of Christmas decorations now come from China, but still not all.
There are four enterprises in Ukraine that produce good old glass Christmas decorations and it is quite possible that some of the balls on your Christmas tree are made on one of them.
For example, at a completely old-school factory, which is located not far from Kyiv.
It's hard to believe that colorful balloons can be produced in such an entourage trashy place.
Also, how hard it is to believe that each ball is blown by workers to the detriment of their health, because the production of Christmas decorations is incredibly harmful.
So, welcome to the place where the real soviet trash and the magic of the holiday, loved by millions of people, are wonderfully combined - the Klavdiev Christmas tree decorations factory.
2. Klavdievskaya factory has been operating since the distant 1949 and today is gradually getting out of the long-term crisis caused by the collapse of the USSR.
I can imagine how difficult it is for an enterprise that operates only 2 months a year to survive in the face of the massive expansion of cheap Chinese consumer goods.
This is probably why I don’t want to paint this report in critical colors, but just talk about how ordinary people in an old Soviet factory make beauty for the main holiday of the year 
3. The factory has four workshops, which are located in different buildings.
It all starts with the glass blower, which is located in this old two-story building with cheerful multi-colored pipes. 
4. The factory has found a great way to increase profits in addition to the main activity - the production of toys.
It allows you to pay money to see how it's done.
And this is a huge respect! I love doing industrial reporting and it usually takes some effort to get a production shot.
And here the enterprise itself shows how everything is done.
And, it should be noted, very successfully.
We shot on a weekday and the traffic was incredible. Literally crowds of children and all arriving and arriving buses. 
5. Scoop here, of course, everywhere.
And it's very ambivalent.
This photo shows two completely different generations of slogans) 
6. I wonder what party they work for here now) 
7. Glassblowing shop. Workplace plain - a gas burner, pipes with gas and compressed air, an exhaust chute and a table. 
8. Hellish labor. In the truest sense of the word. 
9. The raw material for the Christmas tree decoration is ... hollow glass tubes.
First, they are heated and divided into blanks for balls.
Heated glass begins to melt, becomes plastic and malleable. This separates the desired parts of the tube. 
10. Then this elongated fused piece of glass is twisted with a special hook on one side to drown out this strange tube on one side.
Surprisingly, these fused pieces of glass still remain hollow inside.
After all, the ball will then be blown out. 
11. Then the blanks are again heated on the burner to the desired temperature 
12. In the hand of the future Christmas ball 
13. And when the glass reaches the right temperature, the worker simply blows into the tube, blowing out the ball. 
14. Glass should be hot, red. Its temperature is about 1000 degrees. The worker has only a few seconds to blow the balloon.
And it must be the right size.
Sometimes they check the caliber with a special measuring device, which stands on the table nearby. 
15. Ball blanks look like a large transparent drop. The leg through which the ball was blown does not break off. It will still be needed for silvering and coloring.
One worker blows 150-200 balloons per shift. 
16. Before sending to the silver plating shop 
17. This is a different building. There are workshops for silvering, coloring and decorating balls 
18. And again, a real old school - safety posters. These photos are for olgalit
. She knows everything about safety and even more. Urgently everyone friend her!!! 
19. She is spying on you! 
20. Instructions from 1989! 
21. But it's time to go to the shop. It is here, in this picturesque place, that real magic is created with balls - they are silvered 
22. Feeling as if we are in some kind of torture chamber. 
23. And here is the tool that I was talking about yesterday, offering to make assumptions about its purpose.
This is a needle for injecting a special solution into the ball, which will cover the inside of the glass ball with a thin layer of silver. pure silver. 
24. The solution consists of silver oxide, ammonia, glucose and distilled water.
It is injected quite a bit, then the workpiece is shaken so that the solution covers the walls inside the ball, and is lowered for a few seconds into a bath with water heated to 50 degrees, while shaking.
The silver solution solidifies on the walls of the ball, covering them with the thinnest uniform layer. The process is called the "silver mirror reaction".
Then the balls get to the external painting area, where they are covered with one color or another. And then they get to the most interesting part... 
25. You can’t shoot here, because it is very distracting for workers and prevents them from doing magic.
But we were kindly allowed 
25. Here the balls are turned into those beautiful Christmas decorations that we are used to.
They are painted here. 
26. Each Christmas decoration is painted manually according to a sample template. 
27. All the guys who work in this room are graduates of art schools and schools. After all, their task is to make toys amazing 
28. They draw in parts. For example, first, the entire batch is applied White snow, then a green tree, then a house, then a window in a house, etc. 
29. Ready-made toys to dry 
30. Not only balls are made here, but also various three-dimensional toys. For example, such Fushi-Mice. They are also blown, but inside a special form. 
31. Decorating a train. As for me, the balls are more beautiful and more elegant 
32. After the paint is applied, it is fixed by sprinkling with various materials. This creates the effect of rough snow or voluminous sparkles. 
33. Can you imagine the painstaking work? 
34. Stand with layout templates 
35. Workplace of the artist 
36. Half finished balls 
37. It's fun to look for various unusual labels among jars and bottles) 
38. Paint toys with acrylics 
39. Cutting and packaging area. Here the balls are circumcised - they cut off the extra leg 
40. Well, then the toys go to the store.
In the company store at the factory full house 
41. By the way, children can take a small master class where they will be taught to paint toys.
But it's not easy to get on it - there is a huge queue 
42. It's not for you to draw tanks on a notebook sheet) 
43. Add snow and - voila! 
44. Final photo. How not to cut your own bow. 
Thanks for the trip Sasha
Getting closer New Year and we begin to be interested in its history. Quite often, the question may come to mind - where did the Christmas decorations come from? Why do they look like this? In fact, there can be many such questions. In this article, we will go back a little in history and learn more about Christmas tree decorations.
In times when there were still Celts, it was customary to worship natural forces. As you might have guessed, they believed that the earth was inhabited by a huge number of intelligent beings. To get their favor, they had to make sacrifices. They believed that even spirits live in the branches of the apple tree. The apple tree was a sacred tree. So they dressed up the apple tree in order to appease the spirits. It is from this custom that it became fashionable in Europe to decorate a Christmas tree.
The first Christmas decorations were exclusively edible. It could be candies or other goodies that could decorate the Christmas tree and give a sense of celebration. It is important that each such decoration meant something. Yes, and they hung out randomly. The next stage in the development of Christmas toys was that they began to be covered with paint. Apples were the first to be painted. Why exactly them? Apparently all because of the same Celtic custom. Previously, they believed that by dressing up the Christmas tree, in this way, it would work like a talisman and throughout the coming year it would drive away evil spirits. We can safely say that apples have become the very first Christmas tree decoration.
Over time, master glaziers began to blow balls out of glass. Such balls originally also looked like an apple. Later they began to make free-form toys. Christmas decorations have become very popular in Germany. There, glass toys were very expensive and many people simply could not afford them. But they found a way out and started making Christmas decorations with their own hands. So it has become for many a fascinating pastime and at the same time work.
The most common type of Christmas decorations was the bell. Its appearance is also due to customs. He was a powerful guardian. A little later, the Christmas tree was also decorated with flowers. Toys symbolizing Jesus Christ have also become popular. It can be concluded that now the process of decorating has lost all its former meaning. Now it doesn’t matter where we hang which toy, and even more so, we don’t even know what it symbolizes. We do this solely for beauty and creating a festive atmosphere.
Today, toys look almost unchanged. Only the material has changed. Now they are almost all, with a few exceptions, made of plastic. On the one hand, this is even good - they have become cheaper and stronger. The assortment today is simply huge and it will not be difficult for anyone to pick up something original and different from what your friends have. Every year, the number of varieties of Christmas decorations grows significantly. Here is such a story about Christmas decorations.
Lesson topic: Carbohydrates. Glucose, its structure and properties.
Lesson Objectives:
Discuss the importance of carbohydrates in nature and human life, bring students to the realization practical significance chemical knowledge in human life.
To create conditions for the development of analysis skills, predictive qualities of the mind when performing a chemical experiment to recognize the functional groups of glucose.
To promote the development of thinking through the establishment of cause-and-effect relationships “the structure of a substance - the properties of a substance - the use of a substance”.
Create conditions for the implementation of creative activity, the ability to independently find a solution to the problem, the formation of cognitive UUD.
Lesson type: learning new material.
Leading teaching methods: problem-search conversation, chemical experiment.
During the classes
Organizing time.
Motivational - orientation.
Today I want to start the lesson with a poem:
Pour strong tea
Pretty sucrose
Stir in a bowl with a spoon.
grape glucose,
And honey fructose
And milk lactose
Loved by adults and kids.
But starch and fiber
Which is very, very unsweetened,
You won't surprise us either.
That's the way nature is
It is too… (students answer)
Why do you think I read this poem? ( This is the topic of our lesson
- Today in the lesson, as you understand from the poem, we are starting to study such a class organic compounds how carbohydrates.
Let's remember where we have already met with these substances?
These compounds were reviewed by you in a biology course. Now I invite Ionova Regina to speak with a little message on the topic " Biological role carbohydrates, their classification).
Students conclude: Carbohydrates are important chemical compounds .
Now, I draw your attention to the epigraph to the second part of our lesson: (slide 1)
“A chemist shouldn't be like that
who sees nothing further than smoke and ashes,
but one that, on the basis of experimental data
can draw theoretical conclusions
M.V. Lomonosov
- Why do you think I took these words as an epigraph to our lesson?
- What are we going to do, based on this epigraph?
“Today we will not have experiments, but an experiment.
What do you think is the difference between experience and experiment? ( There was an advanced task for self-preparation for a poorly performing student).
Let me remind you what experience is. experience called the reproduction of a phenomenon by experiment, the creation of something new under certain conditions for the purpose of research, testing.
Experiment involves putting forward a hypothesis, then testing it with the help of experience and, finally, a conclusion confirming or refuting this hypothesis. (A hypothesis is an assumption that requires confirmation). (slide 2)
What do you think is the main task we should set ourselves now?
So today at our lesson a task will consist of the following: make a conclusion about the nature of the substance under study on the basis of the experiment . (slide 3) Let's agree what we mean by the nature of matter? (Composition, structure, properties).
- The nature of what substance are we to investigate? To define this substance, I propose to get acquainted with the areas of its application. (slide 4)What substance are we talking about now? ( about glucose).
Glucose - amazing stuff, this is the energy reserve of each cell, without glucose the cell dies, excess glucose in the blood leads to a disease - diabetes mellitus. Medicines, confectionery and much more we owe to glucose. She deserves a lesson to devote to her.
Formulate the topic of the second part of our lesson: Glucose, its structures and properties. (slide 5)
What do you know about glucose?
- Sweet, highly soluble in water.( slide 6)
Of course, this knowledge is not enough to fully characterize glucose. To get acquainted with its chemical properties and suggest its structure, let's turn to the experiment. In order to competently conduct it, it is necessary to recall a number of theoretical questions that we will rely on during the experiment.
What questions (theories) do we need to remember in order to correctly conduct an experiment, correctly put forward a hypothesis?
1. The main provisions of the theory of chemical structure of A.M. Butlerov. Teacher: The structure of matter mutual influence atoms determine the properties of matter. This position is the leading line of today's lesson.
2. Carbohydrates are oxygen-containing substances. Remember the classes of organic compounds that also contain oxygen? (Alcohols, aldehydes, carboxylic acids, esters, the student at the blackboard writes down the general formulas of these classes of compounds). What kind functional groups are they typical?
3. With the help of what qualitative reactions can carboxylic acid, aldehyde and polyhydric alcohol? (The presence of a carboxyl group can be checked using an indicator - litmus. A qualitative reagent for polyhydric alcohol - interaction with freshly prepared copper (II) hydroxide. A sign of the reaction is a color change from blue to bright blue. A qualitative reagent for aldehyde interaction with an ammonia solution of oxide A sign of the reaction is the formation of a precipitate - a “silver mirror” on the walls of the test tube).
Operational executive.
– Theoretical questions are remembered. Let's move on to practice. Remember that we are doing an experiment, what should we do first? ( first put forward hypothesis). (slide 7)
Statement of the problem: Glucose is the most important representative of monosaccharides, therefore it is an oxygen-containing substance. What functional groups can be contained in its molecule?
- Therefore, it can be assumed that glucose may contain one or more hydroxyl groups, or an aldehyde group, or a carboxyl group.
- Now let's test the proposed hypothesis. What research methods will we use for this? ( Chemical experiment and observation).
Remember that conducting an experiment requires accuracy, accuracy, and care. But first, about the safety rules. Let's recall the rules for working with an alcohol lamp when heating and fixing a test tube, how to work with caustic substances. (slide 8)
Let's divide the class into three groups, each of which will now turn into a mini-laboratory:
Group 1 examines the substance glucose for the presence of hydroxyl groups;
group 2 - for the presence of an aldehyde group; 3rd - for the presence of a carboxyl group and solves the calculation problem for the derivation of the formula organic matter. (Each group receives a task and instructions). Record the results of the observation in the table. (slide 9)
The 1st group concludes that as a result of the interaction of a glucose substance with a freshly prepared solution of copper (II) hydroxide, a bright blue solution is observed, which is typical for polyhydric alcohols, Consequently, the composition of the substance includes several hydroxyl groups, and when heated, we get an orange precipitate, which is typical for aldehydes. (for other groups, the experience is clearly demonstrated from the 1C disk " Organic chemistry 10-11 class)
The 2nd group concludes that as a result of the interaction of a substance with an ammonia solution of silver oxide, a "silver mirror" reaction is observed, which is characteristic of the aldehyde group, Consequently, the composition of the substance includes an aldehyde group (for other groups, the experience is clearly demonstrated from disk 1C “Organic Chemistry Grade 10-11).
The 3rd group, having presented the solution to the problem, concludes that the molecular formula of the substance is C 6 H 12 O 6. The absence of a change in the color of the indicator indicates the absence of a carboxyl group in the glucose molecule.
Given: Solution:
% (C) = 40% (0.4)
% (H) = 6.7% (0.067) CxHyOz
% (O) = 53.3% (0.533)
M(glucose) = 180 g/mol1) x: y: z = 0.4/12: 0.067/1: 0.533/16
x: y: z = 0.033: 0.067: 0.033
formula = ? x: y: z \u003d 1: 2: 1 -–> CH 2 O
2) n \u003d M (glucose) / M (CH 2 O)
n \u003d 180 / 30 \u003d 6 - -\u003e C 6 H 12 O 6
Answer: the formula is C 6 H 12 O 6.
What confirms our hypothesis? To what class can we classify glucose?
- Glucose has the properties of both polyhydric alcohols and aldehydes. Consequently,glucose is a polyhydric aldehyde alcohol. (slide 10)
Thus, we approached the solution of the problem of derivation of a structural glucose formulas.
We know the formula C 6 H 12 O 6 and the chemical properties of the substance based on experimental data. So try to make its structural formula. Remember: 1 - the carbon atom is 4-valent, 2 - the substance contains one aldehyde group, 3 - there will be 5 alcohol groups, respectively. The presence of 5 hydroxyl groups is confirmed by a glucose ester containing 5 acetic acid residues and experimentally proves that all atoms C are connected to each other in a straight chain. Let's write a formula expressing the structure of glucose.
How should the hydroxo groups be arranged: in pairs at the same carbon atom or at different ones?
Students response:
Different, otherwise the molecule will be unstable.
It has been established that the OH group of the third C atom is located differently than that of other C atoms, and the common structure of glucose looks like this:
Conclusion: thus, glucose is an aldehyde alcohol, more precisely, a polyhydric aldehyde alcohol.
Introduction to cyclic forms of glucose.
However, it has been established that, in addition to linear molecules, in a glucose solution there are molecules of a cyclic structure that make up crystalline glucose. Thus, in an aqueous solution of glucose, three of its isomeric forms are in dynamic equilibrium - the cyclic α-form, linear and cyclic β-form. AT aqueous solutions glucose is found mainly in cyclic forms and less than 1% in the aldehyde (open) form. Alpha and beta forms of glucose are isomeric to each other. (slide 11)
Teacher: the molecular composition of C 6 H 12 O 6 corresponds to many substances of various structures, do you know which substance has the same composition as glucose? (slide 12)
(fructose)
What is the difference in the structure of these two substances?
Fructose is much sweeter than glucose, does not give reactions of the aldehyde group of glucose, and melts at a lower temperature. This once again confirms that the properties of substances are a function of their chemical structure.
- What are the names of such substances that have the same molecular formula, but a different structure? (Students answer)
Chemical properties of glucose.
Finding out the structure of the glucose molecule, guys, what properties have we already determined?
1) interacts with Cu (OH) 2, with the formation of a bright blue solution of copper (II) gluconate;
2) interacts with Ag 2 O in an ammonia solution to form free silver and gluconic acid;
3) interacts with Сu(OH) 2 , forms a red precipitate upon heating;
Chemical properties of glucose: a) as an aldehyde b) as a polyhydric alcohol we have considered. She also has specific properties; under certain conditions, she undergoes fermentation reactions.
Teacher: Houses,using textbook materials, write down the chemical properties of glucose. (page 135 table 13).
In connection with consideration chemical properties glucose, it is interesting to recall an episode from Valentin Pikul's novel "Unclean Power", which deals with an unsuccessful attempt to poison Rasputin in 1916.
“The lazovert pulled on rubber gloves with a creak, ground the crystals of potassium cyanide into powder ... The doctor generously and densely saturated the inside of the cakes with a terrible poison.
…Rasputin reluctantly ate the poison cake. I liked it - I reached for the second one. Yusupov tensed inwardly, ready to see a corpse in front of him. But Rasputin calmly finished the eighth petit-four ...
Teacher. Why didn't potassium cyanide kill Rasputin?
Students express different hypotheses, a lively conversation arises.
* Rasputin was considered a saint.
*He had good health.
*He was a very powerful person.
*The point is not in Rasputin himself, but in the effect of the wine with which he washed down the cake.
*Maybe the action of glucose and sucrose, which were in the cake, affected?
*The poison was expired.
*Little poison was added.
*Glucose neutralizes the poison, it loses its properties.
Problem solving and conclusions.
Teacher. Listen to the opinion of scientists and decide which hypothesis answers this question..
For a long time, in case of danger of cyanide poisoning, it was recommended to keep a piece of sugar behind the cheek. Scientists have proven that glucose interacts with cyanides to form the non-toxic compound glucose cyanohydrin. Take this into service.(slide 13)
The guys are surprised and remember this property of glucose.
Getting glucose
Remember how you can get glucose? (Answer and writing reaction equations on the blackboard).
photosynthesis reaction.
6CO 2 +6 H 2 O chlorophyll C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 + Q
Hydrolysis of starch (the equation is written down by the teacher).
Teacher. Is it possible to obtain glucose from the formalin substance known to you? When they are going to preserve (preserve) the tissue, killing all living things in it - putrefactive microorganisms, fungi, bacteria - they give this advice: "Put the drug in formalin."
There is an active discussion, several opposing opinions are expressed.
*No, because formalin kills all living things, and glucose maintains life.
*It is possible, but this glucose cannot be consumed in food.
*Everything is possible in chemistry.
*It is possible, because at chemical reaction a new substance with new properties is formed.
*No, these substances have completely different properties.
Teacher. Thanks for the hypotheses. Which one is correct, you will see for yourself..
But the great Russian chemist A.M. Butlerov saw in this substance one of the sources of life: in solutions weak bases formalin molecules, connecting with each other, form a chain of carbohydrates. polymerization reaction.
So in 1861 Butlerov proved that death gives birth to life. Record this method of obtaining glucose in your notebook. ( slide 15)
Reflective-evaluative.
Test on the topic “Carbohydrates. Glucose"
Choose one answer from four:
1. Glucose refers to:
1) disaccharides;
2) monosaccharides;
3) polysaccharides;
4) carboxylic acids.
2. Glucose in chemical structure is:
1) monohydric alcohol;
2) aldehyde;
3) polyhydric alcohol;
4) polyhydric aldehyde alcohol.
3. Molecular formula of glucose:
1) CH 3 COOH;
2) C 6 H 12 O 6;
3) C 12 H 22 O 11;
4) NSON.
4. Glucose isomer is:
1) sucrose;
2) fructose;
3) lactose;
4) starch.
5. Glucose forms cyclic forms:
1) only -form;
2) and -forms;
3) only -forms;
4) does not form.
6. Crystalline glucose contains molecules:
1) with an open chain of atoms;
2) cyclic structure;
3) aldehyde and cyclic form.
7. Glucose as an aldehyde reacts with
2) magnesium;
8. Glucose as a polyhydric alcohol reacts with
1) copper (II) hydroxide when heated;
2) magnesium;
3) copper (I) hydroxide when heated;
4) copper (II) hydroxide at room temperature.
Homework.
§32. From the biology course, name the applications of glucose and take the test.
Test:
1) At the beginning of the 20th century. doctors already knew that sugar is the "white death", but very slow and sweet. The same doctors, having carefully studied the table of D.I. Mendeleev, found several full-fledged sugar substitutes that do not differ from it in taste, but do not cause diabetes and tooth decay.
What is the name of one of the sugar substitutes?
Answer options . pinacon,sorbitol , glycerin.
2) Bleeding gums, ulcers on the oral mucosa, loosening and loss of teeth, covering the body with bruises - these are signs of the disease - scurvy.
With a lack of what vitamin in the body, this painful disease develops?
Answer options . FROM, D, A.
3) What is the name of the disease of the joints, caused by a violation of the metabolism of uric acid in the body, the cause of which is lactic acid?
Answer options . Rheumatism, sciatica, gout .
4) An ordinary frog can spend the winter frozen in ice, and in the spring comes back to life. This phenomenon is based on the increased content of what carbohydrate in her blood?
Answer options . Glucose , fructose, galactose.
5) What is the name of the salt, which is used in medical practice for allergic, skin diseases, pulmonary and nasal bleeding, with increased excretion of calcium from the body?
Answer options . Calcium gluconate , lead acetate, copper glycerate.
6) The product of one of the types of glucose fermentation is a substance that is used as an irritant for rubdowns, compresses. What is this substance?
Answer options . methanol,ethanol , butanol.
7) What isomer of glucose, due to which spermatozoa receive energy, is synthesized in the seminal vesicles?
Answer options . Fructose , mannose, halose.
8) Glucose is used in the production of mirrors and Christmas tree decorations. What type of chemical reactions underlies this production?
Answer options . substitution,oxidation , joining
Test " CARBOHYDRATES"
1 option
1. Carbohydrates include substances with general formula
1) C x H y O z 2) C n (H 2 O) m 3) C n H 2n O 2 4) C n H 2n+2 O
2. Monosaccharides containing five carbon atoms are called
3. The most common hexose monosaccharide
1) glucose 2) fructose 3) ribose 4) sucrose
4. With the complete hydrolysis of polysaccharides, most often formed
1) fructose 2) glucose 3) ribose 4) galactose
5. The main function of glucose in animal and human cells
1) supply of nutrients 3) transmission of hereditary information
2) building material 4) energy source
6.
the name "grape sugar" is
7. According to its chemical structure, glucose is
8. With an ammonia solution of silver oxide, glucose reacts in the form
1) α -cyclic form 3)β -cyclic form
2) linear (aldehyde) form 4) mixturesα- and β -cyclic forms
9. A bright blue solution is formed when glucose reacts with
1) Ag 2 O / NH 3 2) Cu (OH) 2 3) H 2 / Ni 4) CH 3 COOH
10. Alcoholic fermentation of glucose produces
11. White amorphous powder, insoluble in cold water, in hot forms
colloidal solution (paste) is
12. In plant cells, starch performs the function
13. The content of amylopectin in starch is
1) 10-20% 2) 30-40% 3) 50-60% 4) 80-90%
14. The end product of starch hydrolysis is
1) maltose 2) fructose 3) glucose 4) galactose
15. When complete oxidation 1 mole of starch is released C O 2 in quantity
1) 6 mol 2) 6 n mol 3) 12 mol 4) 12 n mol
16. The general formula of cellulose, with the release of free OH groups
1) [C 6 H 7 O 2 (OH) 3] n 2) [C 6 H 8 O 3 (OH) 2] n 3) [C 6 H 9 O 4 (OH)] n 4) [C 6 H 6 O(OH) 4 ] n
17. To distinguish glucose from fructose, use
1) H 2 /Ni 2) Ag 2 O/NH 3 3) C 2 H 5 OH/H + 4) CH 3 COOH
18. The product of glucose reduction with hydrogen on a nickel catalyst
is
19. Determine substance B in the following transformation scheme:
Glucose A B C
1) sodium acetate 2) ethanal 3) ethyl acetate 4) ethylene
20. During lactic acid fermentation, 160 g of glucose received lactic acid with
with a yield of 85%, Determine the mass of lactic acid obtained
1) 116 g 2) 126 g 3) 136 g 4) 146 g
Test " CARBOHYDRATES"
Option 2
1. The carbohydrate is a substance
1) CH 2 O 2) C 2 H 4 O 2 3) C 5 H 10 O 5 4) C 6 H 6 O
2. Monosaccharides containing six carbon atoms are called
1) hexoses 2) pentoses 3) tetroses 4) trioses
3. To disaccharides not applicable
4. Does not apply to polysaccharides
1) starch 2) glycogen 3) cellulose 4) sucrose
5. RNA and DNA containing ribose and deoxyribose residues perform the function
6. Colorless crystalline substance, highly soluble in water,
the name "fruit sugar" is
1) sucrose 2) glucose 3) fructose 4) starch
7. Glucose isomer - fructose - is
1) acid 2) ester 3) aldehyde alcohol 4) keto alcohol
8. The product of glucose reduction with hydrogen on a nickel catalyst
is
1) gluconic acid 2) sorbitol 3) lactic acid 4) fructose
9. The maximum number of molecules of acetic acid with which it can react
glucose in the formation of an ester, equal to
1) one 2) two 3) three 4) five
10. During lactic acid fermentation, glucose is formed
1) CH 3 COOH 2) C 2 H 5 OH 3) CH 3 CHOHCOOH 4) CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 COOH
11. Solid fibrous substance, insoluble in water
1) cellulose 2) sucrose 3) starch 4) maltose
12. In plant cells, cellulose performs the function
1) transfer of hereditary information 3) construction and structural
2) a supply of nutrients 4) a catalyst for biological processes
13. Dissolves in hot water
1) amylose 2) amylopectin 3) starch 4) cellulose
14. The general formula of cellulose, with the release of free Oh -groups
1) [ C 6 H 7 O 2 (OH) 3 ] n 2) [ C 6 H 8 O 3 (OH) 2 ] n 3) [ C 6 H 9 O 4 (OH)] n 4) [ C 6 H 6 O(OH) 4 ] n
15. The explosive substance "pyroxylin" is
1) trinitrocellulose 2) di- and triacetylcellulose
3) mononitrocellulose 4) triacetyl starch
16. General formula of polysaccharides formed by glucose
1) (CH 2 O) n 2) (C 2 H 4 O 2) n 3) (C 6 H 10 O 5) n 4) (C 6 H 6 O) n
17. Milk sugar is a disaccharide
1) sucrose 2) maltose 3) lactose 4) galactose
18. The product of glucose oxidation with an ammonia solution of silver oxide is
1) gluconic acid 2) sorbitol 3) lactic acid 4) fructose
cellulose A B C
1) glucose 2) butadiene-1,3 3) ethylene 4) ethanol
20. When 126 g of glucose interacts with an excess of ammonia solution of oxide
silver, a metal precipitate weighing 113.4 g was obtained. Determine the yield of products
percentage reactions.
1) 80 2) 75 3) 70 4) 60
Test " CARBOHYDRATES"
3 option
According to the ability of carbohydrates to hydrolyze, it is not distinguished lie group
1) monosaccharides 2) disaccharides 3) trisaccharides 4) polysaccharides
2. Pentose, which is part of RNA, is called
3. Dietary sugar is a disaccharide
1) sucrose 2) maltose 3) lactose 4) galactose
4. The general formula of polysaccharides formed by glucose
1) (CH 2 O) n 2) (C 6 H 12 O 6) n 3) (C 6 H 10 O 5) n 4) (C 6 H 6 O) n
5. For plant cells, cellulose performs the function
1) supply of nutrients 3) transmission of hereditary information
2) building material 4) energy source
6. The end products of glucose oxidation in the human body are
1) CO 2 and H 2 O 2) CO 2 and H 2 3) CO 2 and H 2 O 2 4) CO and H 2 O
7. In solution, glucose exists in the form
1) one cyclicα -forms 3) two linear forms
2) two cyclic and one linear form 4) one linear form
8. The product of glucose oxidation with an ammonia solution of silver oxide is
1) gluconic acid 2) sorbitol 3) lactic acid 4) fructose
9. The formation of a bright blue solution as a result of the interaction of glucose with C u (HE) 2
is proof of the presence of glucose in the molecule
1) aldehyde group 3) keto group
2) two or more hydroxo groups 4) one hydroxo group
10. In diabetes, it is used as a sugar substitute.
11. The largest amount of starch (up to 80%) is contained
1) potatoes 2) wheat 3) rice 4) corn
12. Shorter starch macromolecules with a linear structure,
called
13. Starch is a macromolecule, the structural unit of which is residues
1) αβ -cyclic form of glucose
14. In each structural unit of the cellulose molecule, the number of free
hydroxo group is equal to:
1) 1 2) 2 3) 3 4) 4
15. During the synthesis of 0.5 mol of starch in the leaves of plants, oxygen is released into
quantity
1) 6 mol 2) 6 n mol 3) 3 mol 4) 3 n mol
16. Substance belongs to carbohydrates
1) CH 2 O 2) C 2 H 4 O 2 3) C 5 H 10 O 5 4) C 6 H 6 O
17. To distinguish starch from cellulose use
1) Ag 2 O / NH 3 2) I 2 solution 3) C u (OH) 2 4) HN0 3
18. Products of the interaction of glucose with copper hydroxide ( II ) when heated
are
1) sorbitol and Cu 2 O 3) lactic acid and Cu 2 O
2) gluconic acid and Cu 2 O 4) fructose and C u
19. Determine substance B in the following transformation scheme:
starch A B C
1) glucose 2) ethanol 3) ethanal 4) acetic acid
20. Glucose was oxidized with an ammonia solution of silver oxide, thus obtaining 32.4 g
draft. Determine the mass of hexahydric alcohol that can be obtained from the same
amount of glucose, if the yield of reaction products is quantitative.
1) 27.3 g 2) 29.3 g 3) 31.3 g 4) 33.3 g
Test " CARBOHYDRATES"
4 option
Carbohydrates that are not hydrolyzed are called
1) monosaccharides 2) disaccharides 3) trisaccharides 4) polysaccharides
2. Pentose, which is part of DNA, is called
1) glucose 2) fructose 3) ribose 4) deoxyribose
3. Malt sugar is a disaccharide
1) sucrose 2) maltose 3) lactose 4) galactose
4. Sweet taste is used as a benchmark for sweetness
1) fructose 2) glucose 3) sucrose 4) galactose
5. Starch, glycogen and sucrose perform the function
1) supply of nutrients 3) transmission of hereditary information
2) building material 4) energy source
6. The energy requirement of living organisms is largely
provided by oxidation
1) sucrose 2) glucose 3) fructose 4) ribose
7. Of the three forms of existence of glucose in solution, the maximum content (about
67%) falls on
1) β -cyclic form 3) linear (aldehyde) form
2) a -cyclic form 4) mixture of linear andα -cyclic forms
8. The products of the interaction of glucose with copper hydroxide ( II ) when heated
are
1) sorbitol and C u 2 O 3) lactic acid and C u 2 O
2) gluconic acid and Cu 2 O 4) fructose and C u
9. To distinguish glucose from fructose, use
1) H 2 / Ni 2) Ag 2 O / NH 3 3) C 2 H 5 OH / H + 4) CH 3 COOH
10. In the manufacture of mirrors and Christmas decorations, it is used
1) fructose 2) starch 3) glucose 4) sorbitol
11. The largest amount of cellulose (up to 95%) is found in fibers
1) wood 2) cotton 3) linen 4) hemp
12. A part of starch with a dissolved molecular structure is called
13. Cellulose is a macromolecule, the structural unit of which is residues
1) α -cyclic form of glucose 3)β -cyclic form of glucose
2) linear form of glucose 4) linear form of fructose
14. When an ester is formed with a cellulose molecule, the maximum
react
1) Z n C 2 H 5 OH 2) 3 n CH 3 COOH 3) 2 n C 2 H 5 OH 4) 2 n CH 3 COOH
15. Rayon is a recycled product
1) trinitrocellulose 3) mononitrocellulose
2) di- and triacetylcellulose 4) triacetyl starch
16. Carbohydrates include substances with the general formula
1) B C
1) sorbitol 2) ethanol 3) ethanal 4) acetic acid
20. The mass fraction of cellulose in wood is 50%. What mass of alcohol
be obtained by hydrolysis of 100 kg of sawdust and fermentation of the resulting glucose,
if the yield of ethanol during fermentation is 75%?
1) 15.3 kg 2) 17.3 kg 3) 19.3 kg 4) 21.3 kg
Answers
1 option
1) 2;
2) 2;
3) 1;
4) 2;
5) 4;
6) 2;
7) 3;
8) 2;
9) 2;
10) 2;
11) 3;
12) 2;
13) 4;
14) 3;
15) 2;
16) 1;
17) 2;
18) 2;
19) 1;
20) 3;
Option 2
1) 3;
2) 1;
3) 4;
4) 4;
5) 3;
6) 3;
7) 4;
8) 2;
9) 4;
10) 3;
11) 1;
12) 3;
13) 1;
14) 1;
15) 1;
16) 3;
17) 3;
18) 1;
19) 2;
20) 2;
3 option
1) 3;
2) 3;
3) 1;
4) 3;
5) 2;
6) 1;
7) 2;
8) 1;
9) 2;
10) 4;
11) 3;
12) 2;
13) 1;
14) 3;
15) 4;
16) 3;
17) 2;
18) 2;
19) 3;
20) 1;
4 option
1) 1;
2) 4;
3) 2;
4) 2;
5) 1;
6) 2;
7) 1;
8) 2;
9) 2;
10) 3;
11) 2;
12) 3;
13) 3;
14) 2;
15) 2;
16) 2;
17) 1;
18) 2;
Chemistry quiz questions for an intellectual marathon
- Which Russian chemist was an entomologist and was engaged in beekeeping?
- What is more dangerous in terms of fire: a barrel filled to the brim with gasoline or not completely filled with it?
- What element are you talking about?
Everyone needs him when he is only tied,
And with great difficulty
The whole world of living beings must
Him vegetable protein.
Distributed in all three kingdoms,
Released in fire.
And he is in paints and medicines,
He is needed in peace and in war - What element are you talking about?
In salts it is colorless, safe,
Useful for everyone.
Becomes very dangerous
When he is completely free.
Then it's poisonous, colored
And can crawl on the ground
Suffocating, seemed scary,
As the first gas of all OB - How are the "Wandering Wisps" in the swamp, described by Arthur Conan Doyle in the story "The Hound of the Baskervilles" formed? Why does the water of the swamp “gurgle” before the onset of inclement weather?
- What is the relationship between glucose and Christmas decorations?
Answers:
- A.M. Butlerov. He wrote his first scientific work"Daytime butterflies of the Volga-Ural fauna" and defended it as a dissertation, he was engaged in beekeeping in the Butlerovka estate of the Kazan province).
- (In a barrel not completely filled with gasoline, a mixture of its vapors with air is formed, exploding even from a spark. Therefore, in terms of fire, it is more dangerous than a barrel filled to the top.).
- (nitrogen).
- chlorine).
- When plant residues rot on the bottom of the swamps under the influence of microorganisms (methane fermentation), a "marsh gas" is formed - methane, which is capable of self-igniting in air, giving rise to "wandering lights". Before the onset of inclement weather, there is a decrease in atmospheric pressure. At high pressure, the gases stay at the bottom of the swamps, and at low pressure, they go outside, spreading in breadth and upwards. At this moment, you can hear the characteristic "gurgling of water".
- Since glucose contains an aldehyde group of atoms, then, like aldehydes, it gives a silver mirror reaction with an ammonia solution of silver oxide. In this reaction, silver oxide is the oxidizing agent and glucose is the reducing agent. As a reducing agent, glucose is used to make Christmas toys (silver plating reaction)
