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The Big Bang Theory

According to modern concepts, the Universe we now observe arose 13.7 ± 0.13 billion years ago from some initial singular state with gigantic temperature and density and has been continuously expanding and cooling since then. Recently, scientists have been able to determine that the expansion rate of the Universe, starting from a certain point in the past, is constantly increasing, which clarifies some concepts of the Big Bang theory.

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After the explosion, two types of matter were formed: matter and field. The first chemical elements are H, He, H2. H and He began to form condensations and stars formed from them.

Heavier metals were formed in the interior of stars as a result of stellar nucleosynthesis. Elements heavier than Fe are formed during the explosion of novae and supernovae.

At the site of the remnants of supernova explosions, new stars and their planetary systems are formed. More dense substances always form inner dwarf planets, less dense substances always form giant planets on the periphery of the system.

As the Earth grew to its present mass, it warmed by decaying isotopes and by capturing kinetic energy from the collision of large debris.

As a result of heating, Fe and Ni melted and sank into the center of the planet and formed the core. The rest of the material formed the mantle (less hot). Cooled - the earth's crust.

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“Endlessly Pulsating Universe”

According to one of the alternative theories (the so-called “endlessly pulsating Universe”), the world has never arisen and will never disappear (or, in another way, it is born and dies an infinite number of times), but has periodicity, while the creation of the world is understood as the starting point after which the world being rebuilt

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Creationism

Many creationists believe that there is not such a fundamental contradiction between scientific and religious concepts as it seems at first glance. It is believed that many terms used in ancient religious texts should not be taken literally and that allowance must be made for the time and language used in antiquity and considered holistically. For example, the well-known biblical story about the 6 days of creation should be understood metaphorically, if only because, according to the same text, the Sun and Moon appeared only on the fourth day, which clearly indicates that at least all previous “days” ( and, possibly, subsequent ones) are not days in the generally accepted sense of the word and are not identical to days

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Theory of “breaking blood vessels”

The theory of “breaking of vessels,” somewhat similar to the Big Bang theory in modern physics, was formulated by the medieval cabalist Isaac Luria.

Creation did not begin with omnipotent God creating being out of nothing, but the process of creation is the result of a collapse and crisis in omnipotent God himself. And the purpose of creation is a way to correct it. In the Lurianic scenario, while God was working to create being, a catastrophe occurred. The divine rays that were the main components of creation were broken. As a result of this catastrophe, all the rays scattered and went into chaos. In this way, Lurianic Kabbalah differs from the biblical version of the creation of the world and is reminiscent of the “Big Bang” theory.

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In 1922-1924. Soviet mathematician A.A. Friedman proposed general equations to describe the entire Universe as it changes over time. Stellar systems cannot be located, on average, at constant distances from each other. They must either move away or come closer. This result is an inevitable consequence of the presence of gravitational forces, which dominate on a cosmic scale. Friedman's conclusion meant that the Universe must either expand or contract. This resulted in a revision of general ideas about the Universe. In 1929, the American astronomer E. Hubble (1889-1953), using astrophysical observations, discovered the expansion of the Universe, confirming the correctness of Friedman's conclusions.

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Further evolution of the Universe

According to the Big Bang theory, further evolution depends on an experimentally measurable parameter - the average density of matter in the modern Universe. If the density does not exceed a certain (known from theory) critical value, the Universe will expand forever, but if the density is greater than the critical value, then the expansion process will someday stop and the reverse phase of compression will begin, returning to the original singular state. Modern experimental data regarding the average density are not yet reliable enough to make a clear choice between two options for the future of the Universe.

There are a number of questions that the Big Bang theory cannot yet answer, but its main provisions are substantiated by reliable experimental data, and the modern level of theoretical physics makes it possible to quite reliably describe the evolution of such a system in time, with the exception of the very initial stage - about a hundredth of a second from “ the beginning of the world." It is important for the theory that this uncertainty at the initial stage actually turns out to be insignificant, since the state of the Universe formed after passing this stage and its subsequent evolution can be described quite reliably.

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Since more distant galaxies appear more “red,” it was assumed that they are moving away from our Galaxy at a greater speed. In fact, it is not individual galaxies that are scattering, and certainly not individual stars. Galaxies are bound by gravitational forces and form clusters. No matter which direction you look, clusters of galaxies are moving away from the Earth at the same speed, and it may seem that our Galaxy is the center of the Universe, but this is not so. Wherever the observer is, he will see the same picture everywhere - all the galaxies are scattering from him.

But clusters of galaxies can fly apart only from some beginning. This means that all galaxies must have been born at one point. That is, there was a time when the Universe was infinitely small and infinitely dense. This point then exploded with enormous force. Calculations show that this happened approximately 15 billion years ago. At the moment of such an explosion, the temperature was very high, and a lot of light and energy should have appeared.

The fact is that in the Universe there is not only matter, but also a gravitational field. It is known that its energy is negative, and it exactly compensates for the energy contained in particles, planets, stars and other massive objects. Thus, the law of conservation of energy is perfectly fulfilled, and the total energy and mass of our Universe are practically equal to zero.

According to the big bang theory, the universe began as a result of a huge explosion that created space and time, and all the matter and energy that surround us. The newborn Universe went through a stage of extremely rapid expansion and, until about 300 thousand years old, was a boiling cauldron of electrons, protons and radiation. The general expansion of the Universe gradually cooled this medium, and when the temperature dropped to several thousand degrees, the time had come for the formation of stable atoms.

Even in ancient times, people tried to explain the origin of our planet; its development. There are a lot of such theories, however, each of them was questioned at one time. Modern scientists believe that the Earth was formed about 4.6 billion years ago. It was a huge, ball-like, but highly distorted cosmic body, collected by the forces of universal gravity attracted to each other, thereby forming a certain figure vaguely reminiscent of a ball. There is no second such figure, and people have come up with a special name for it - GEOID.

Gradually, heavy particles moved down to the center, and light particles moved to the surface. This is called the process of differentiation. It led to the heating of the planet. A hot core formed in its center, surrounded by a liquid shell, and on top - many melted lighter and harder shells (geospheres).

Then the Earth's surface began to cool. The very first atmosphere formed around the more solid body. This is a kind of shell that consists of a variety of gases, the composition and quantity of which has constantly changed over time; in the process of planetary development.

She, like any living organism, was constantly changing, the most noticeable changes are what scientists call “cycles.” Taking into account the cyclical nature of the formation of the Earth, a time table of the planet’s development was compiled. In it, scientists spoke in detail (over millennia) about all the changes taking place on the planet and called it the “geochronological scale.”

Kant's cosmological model The Universe is infinite in space and time, static and homogeneous. The Universe presents the possibility for the occurrence of an infinite number of accidents, as a result of which the emergence of any biological product is possible.

Einstein's model of the Universe The Universe is not static, but expands with simultaneous braking (“repulsion force”) “Big Bang” - the cause of origin The Universe has finite dimensions, but at the same time it has no boundaries (space curvature)

The Big Bang Theory According to this theory, at the initial moment of time the Universe was in a state of singularity, having infinite density and temperature, billions of years ago the Big Bang occurred, after which the rapid expansion of the Universe began. The dimensions of the “embryo” of the Universe are compared with the dimensions of the atomic nucleus.

At the moment of the explosion, particles of matter scattered in different directions at colossal speed. The hot particles scattered in all directions had too high a temperature and could not combine into atoms. This process began much later, about a million years later, when the newly formed Universe cooled to a temperature of 4000C.

Elementary particles began to form first, then chemical elements such as hydrogen and helium. As the Universe cooled, other chemical elements, heavier ones, were formed. As the particles cooled, they collected into clouds of gas and dust. Colliding, the particles “stuck” together, forming a single whole. The main forces influencing this unification were the forces of gravity.

Thanks to the process of attracting small objects to larger ones, planets, stars and galaxies were formed. According to theoretical calculations, the formation of the Universe began 13.5 billion years ago. In those days, development was a series of phase transitions of substances from one state to another. The expansion of the Universe is still happening: nearby galaxies are expanding and moving away from us.

Black holes can form their own clusters and superclusters, and they will also merge in the same way. As a result, a giant black hole is formed that will live virtually forever. Perhaps, under the influence of gravity, it will warm up to the Planck temperature and reach the Planck density and will cause the next Big Bang, giving rise to a new Universe.

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Cyclic model In this model, the Universe, having emerged from the Big Bang singularity, goes through a period of expansion, after which gravitational interaction stops the expansion and the reverse compression of the Universe into the singularity (Big Crunch) begins. Thus, the Universe exists between two singular states in a constantly repeating cycle of expansion and collapse.

At this moment, as at the moment of the Big Bang, the laws of physics known to us stop working and it is impossible to predict the future fate of the Universe. To date, it is unknown whether dark energy has such properties that this scenario can be realized.