GALVANI, Luigi
The Italian anatomist and physiologist Luigi Galvani, one of the founders of the doctrine of electricity, the founder of electrophysiology, was born in Bologna. In 1759 he graduated from the University of Bologna, where he studied first theology, and then medicine, physiology and anatomy; in 1762 he received the degree of Doctor of Medicine. He taught medicine at the University of Bologna, from where, shortly before his death, he was dismissed for refusing to take the oath to the Cisalpine Republic, founded in 1797 by Napoleon Bonaparte.
Galvani's first works were devoted to comparative anatomy. In 1771, he began experiments on animal electricity: he discovered and studied the phenomenon of contraction of the muscles of a dissected frog under the influence of electric current; observed the contraction of muscles when they were connected by metal to nerves or the spinal cord, and noticed that a muscle contracts when two different metals touch it simultaneously. Galvani explained these phenomena by the existence of “animal electricity”, thanks to which the muscles are charged like a Leyden jar. He outlined the results of observations and the theory of “animal electricity” in 1791 in his work “Treatise on the forces of electricity during muscular movement” (“De Viribus Electricatitis in Motu Musculari Commentarius”). With new experiments (published in 1797), Galvani proved that the frog muscle contracts without metal touching it - as a result of its direct connection to the nerve. Galvani's research was important for medical practice and the development of physiological experimental methods.
Galvani's experiments, which received the correct interpretation in the works, also contributed to the invention of a new current source - a galvanic cell. The phenomena themselves discovered by Galvani were called “galvanism” for a long time in textbooks and scientific articles. Electrophysiology, of which Galvani can be considered the father, now occupies an important place in science and practice.
Reproduction of the first experiment of Luigi Galvani. The essence of Galvani's first experiment is that when the neuromuscular system comes into contact with bimetallic tweezers, muscle contraction is observed. CONCLUSION: Galvani's first experiment with metal indirectly proves the presence of living electricity when a neuromuscular preparation is irritated with bimetallic tweezers. To directly prove “living electricity,” a second experiment was carried out without metal. Reproduction of Galvani's second experiment: We isolate the sciatic nerve, attach electrodes to it, and turn on the stimulator. We observe the spread of nervous excitement towards the lower leg and towards the thigh. CONCLUSION: Galvani's second experiment directly proves the presence of "living electricity".
18. Medicine of the Renaissance (jatrophysics and iatromechanics, Descartes, Borelli, Santorio).
Renaissance is a spiritual renewal of antiquity, meaning rebirth. This era in history was marked by a revival of interest in science and the world around us. The center of the revival is Southern Italy.
In first place were natural Sciences, they became the foundation of attempts to explain life. The culture of the Renaissance, placing man at the center of attention, began in the field of medicine with studying his body.
Rene Descartes(1596-1650). Western European rationalism originates in the philosophy of the French scientist René Descartes. The main feature of Descartes' philosophical worldview is the dualism of soul and body, “thinking substance” and material (“extended”) substance.
R. Descartes was one of the creators iatrophysicists(Greek iatrophysike; from iatros - doctor and physi" - nature) - a direction in natural science and medicine that examined the vital activity of all living things from the standpoint of physics. Iatrophysics studied natural phenomena in a state of rest and reflected the metaphysical direction in the philosophy of the 17th-18th centuries. Compared with medieval scholasticism, metaphysical thinking of the 17th century. was a progressive phenomenon.
Man, according to Descartes, is a being in which a mechanical body is connected to an immaterial soul. There is an interaction between body and soul that takes place in the pineal gland. The human body is an automaton, its driving force is heat, the concentration of which Descartes considered the heart; the source of heat is the processes of “combustion without flame” that occur in the body.
He gave a purely mathematical interpretation of the processes of blood circulation and digestion. He was the first to formulate the reflex principle of the main manifestations of life. These principles influenced representatives of the iatrophysical (iatromechanical) direction in medicine.
From the position iatromechanics a living organism is like a machine in which all processes can be explained using mathematics and mechanics. The main principles of iatromechanics are set out in the essay “On the Movement of Animals” by the Italian anatomist and physiologist Giovanni Alfonso Borelli(Borelli, Giovanni Alfonso, 1608-1679), one of the founders of biomechanics. He was the first to determine the center of gravity of the human body; showed that when bones and muscles act together, bones act as levers and muscles act as driving forces. He considered all the vital processes of the body purely mechanically (vessels, pipes, etc.). He was one of the first to describe typhoid fever, defining it as inflammation of the intestines due to the consumption of poor drinking water.
Among the outstanding achievements of the Renaissance is the invention at the end of the 16th century. thermometer. WITH. Santorio(Santorio, S.. 1561-1636) - doctor, anatomist and physiologist, created his own device with which he measured the heat of the human body. Santorio's device consisted of a ball and a long winding tube with divisions randomly marked on everything; the free end of the tube was filled with colored liquid. The subject took the ball into his mouth or warmed it with his hands. The warmth of the human body was determined over ten pulse beats by changes in the level of liquid in the tube. Santorio's device was quite bulky; it was installed in the courtyard of his house for public viewing and testing.
Santorio also designed an experimental scale chamber to study the quantitative assessment of food digestibility (metabolism) by systematically weighing himself, food and body waste. The results of his observations are summarized in the work “On the Medicine of Balance” (1614)
19. Medicine of the Renaissance (anatomy of A. Vesalius, physiology of W. Harvey). Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564) Studied at three universities - in Louvain (Flanders) in the humanities, in Montpellier and Paris, where he studied medicine. In 1537, at the age of 23, in Padua he received his doctorate in medicine and soon, at the invitation of the Venetian Republic, became a professor at the University of Padua, the leading scientific center of that time. The founder of scientific normal anatomy He pointed out a number of errors of Galen - regarding the structure of the arm, pelvic girdle, sternum, etc., but above all - the heart. In 1543, Vesalius published his major work on anatomy “On the structure of the human body” (De humani corporis fabrica "), who presented the first open speech against Galen, Vesalius enriched science with his own reliable data obtained as a result of numerous dissections of the human body, corrected a large number of mistakes of his predecessors and, most importantly, for the first time brought all this knowledge into a system, that is, he made science out of anatomy. Vesalius was an innovator in the study and teaching of anatomy. He accompanied his lectures with demonstrations of not only the corpse, but also the skeleton and the sitter. In the illustrations of his works, the corpse is not depicted lying down, motionless, but everywhere dynamically, in working poses, with tools, moreover, in a joyful nature, which is very characteristic of the Renaissance William Harvey (1578-1657) Harvey had predecessors - the ancient Chinese, Ibn -en-Nafis, Miguel Servetus and others, but none of them gave a picture of blood circulation as a whole and its scientific explanation. Harvey published his book “On the movement of the heart and blood in animals” (“De motu corclis et sanquimis in animaiiclus”) in 1628 year, after many years of work, it was with William Harvey that scientific normal physiology began. Harvey first applied the method of calculation to the study of processes in the body. He proved that: the mass of blood contained in the body must return back to the heart and cannot be formed in the liver and absorbed in the tissues; pulsation of the arteries is a consequence of the contraction of the heart. Harvey's main merit is the successful application of a new method: experiment and mathematical justification. And before him, blood circulation was described, but only Harvey was the first to experimentally prove its existence. Harvey, studying blood circulation, took the path of research and became (together with Fallopio and Malpighi and others) one of the founders of embryology. In his treatise “On the Birth of Animals,” Harvey objected to primitive ideas, preserved from ancient times, about the spontaneous generation of animals from silt, mud, etc.
20. Medicine of the Renaissance (surgery by A. Pare) In the Middle Ages, doctors were divided into two groups: 1) doctors (internal medicine) 2) surgeons (they had no scientific education, were not considered doctors and were not allowed into the class of doctors - artisans). In Paris, surgeons united in the “Brotherhood of St. Cosima,” and the doctors were part of the medical corporation at the University of Paris and very jealously guarded their rights and interests. Doctors were theory without practice, surgeons were practitioners. Gradation of surgeons: 1) long-sex (the most complex operations) 2) short-sex (minor surgery: dentistry, etc.) 3) bath attendants (simple manipulations) Official medicine stubbornly resisted the recognition of the equality of surgeons: they were forbidden to cross the boundaries of their craft and perform medical procedures (for example, giving enemas) and writing prescriptions. Surgeons were not allowed into universities. Training in surgery took place within the workshop (corporation), first on the principles of apprenticeship. Then surgical schools began to open. 1731 - the first Surgical Academy was opened. In 1743 it was equated to the Faculty of Medicine. At the end of the 18th century. It was surgical schools that became the basis on which higher medical schools of a new type were created. Thus ended the struggle between surgeons and doctors. Surgery in Western Europe did not have scientific methods of pain relief until the middle of the 19th century. With the advent of firearms in Europe in the 15th century. the nature of injuries has changed greatly: general complications have become more frequent. All this began to be associated with the penetration of “gunpowder poison” into the wounded body.
Johannes de Vigo. “The best way to treat gunshot wounds is to destroy gunpowder residues in the wound by cauterizing the wound surface with a hot iron or a boiling composition of resinous substances (to avoid the spread of “gunpowder poison” throughout the body). In the absence of pain relief, such a cruel method of treating wounds caused much more suffering than the wound itself" Ambroise Pare (1517-1590) Proposed a number of complex orthopedic devices - artificial limbs, joints with a system of gears First described a fracture of the femoral neck Significantly improved the amputation technique In European obstetrics, he is responsible for the rotation of the fetus onto a leg, known in ancient India, but forgotten in the Middle Ages Applied - ligation of blood vessels. The activities of Ambroise Paré largely determined the formation of surgery as a science and contributed to the transformation of an artisan surgeon into a full-fledged medical specialist. Renaissance surgery made significant progress. The treatment of gunshot wounds and bleeding has changed dramatically. In the absence of pain relief and antiseptics, medieval surgeons bravely performed craniotomy and stone cutting, resorted to radical treatment of hernias, and revived eye and plastic surgery operations that required jewelry craftsmanship. The transformation of surgery associated with the name of Ambroise Paré was continued by his many followers and successors.
21. Medicine of the New Age: preventive medicine of the 18th century. B. Ramazzini, E. Jenner In England, interest in disease prevention has increased. In July 1794, a bill on rural medical care was created. It determined the number of doctors (so-called surgeons, actually paramedics) in rural areas, the order of their appointment, the contents of “pharmacy boxes”, completed in the center and sent to villages, etc. 17-18 centuries. - the time of creation of a new natural science, the period of formation of scientific physiology, clinical and preventive medicine. The outstanding achievements of natural science and medical thought of the New Age served as the foundation for the development of medicine in the 19th and 20th centuries. The beginnings of practical activities in the field of hygiene and sanitation go back to ancient times. The emergence of the scientific foundations of hygiene is associated with the name of Bernardo Ramazzini (1633-1714). Bernardo Ramazzini (1633-1714) Italian doctor, founder of occupational hygiene and professional pathology as a branch of medicine. Honey. He received his education in Modena and Parma (1659), improved himself in Roman hospitals under the leadership of Rossi, and practiced medicine. Since 1682, he headed the department of theoretical medicine (pathology) at the University of Modena; from 1700 head. Department of Practical (Clinical) Medicine and at the same time Rector of the University of Padua. Ramazzini analyzed the causes of the spread of diseases, proposed possible methods of treating and preventing them, and demanded improved working conditions for manufacturing workers. For the first time, he talks about chronic intoxication as a hazard, the impact of which affects health gradually, about conducting a preliminary examination before hiring: are there any contraindications? He talks about the need to wash at least on holidays! Ramazzini described some anatomical defects that appear as a result of professional activity (“shoemaker’s chest,” visual impairment during minor work, etc.). Ramazzini described the professional pathology of a doctor in his time; here he included melancholy, indigestion and dysentery
Jenner Edward (1749-1823) - English physician, founder of smallpox vaccination. He studied medicine in London under the guidance of J. Gunther. From 1773 he was engaged in independent medical practice in Gloucestershire. He confirmed the opinion that people who have had cowpox do not get smallpox by inoculating an eight-year-old boy, James Phipps, with the contents of a pustule from the hand of peasant woman Sarah Nelma, who had contracted cowpox. A month and a half later, E. Jenner injected James with the contents of a pustule from a smallpox patient - the boy did not get sick. A repeated attempt to infect the boy with smallpox five months later also did not produce any results; James Phipps turned out to be immune to this disease. In 1798, Jenner summarized the results of his work in the article “A Study of the Causes and Effects of Cowpox” and introduced vaccination in the English army and navy. In 1803, the Royal Jenner Society was organized, the purpose of which was the widespread introduction of vaccination in England. In the first year and a half of its activity alone, 12 thousand people were vaccinated, and the mortality rate from smallpox decreased by more than three times. In 1808, smallpox vaccination in England became a state event. Many centuries before Jenner’s discovery, the ancient East used the method of inoculation (variaolation): the contents of the pustules of a patient with moderate smallpox were rubbed into the skin of the forearm of a healthy person, who, as a rule, suffered from a mild form of smallpox, although deaths were also observed. In the 18th century the wife of the English ambassador to Turkey, Mary Wortley Montagu, transferred the inoculation method from the East to England. Jenner's discovery was a turning point in the history of the fight against smallpox. The first vaccination against smallpox in Russia using his method was done in 1802 by Professor E. O. Mukhin to the boy Anton Petrov. It took almost 200 years for humanity to travel from the discovery of Jenner to the discovery of the smallpox virus (E. Paschen, 1906) and achieve the complete elimination of this dangerous infectious disease throughout the globe. The smallpox eradication program was proposed by the USSR delegation at the XI WHO Assembly in 1958 and implemented through the joint efforts of all countries of the world.
22+ 24 Modern Medicine: General pathology (pathological anatomy and physiology)
Pathological physiology - a branch of medicine that studies the patterns of occurrence, development and outcome of pathological processes; features and nature of changes in physiological functions in various pathological conditions of the body.
Origin stories
In 1542, the French physician Jean-François Fernel convincingly showed in his work that the onset of the disease and its further development revealed a number of completely new patterns, which, however, were not subject to the vital activity of a healthy organism. In this regard, the author identified a field of medicine that studied the vital functions of a “sick” organism. The author called this area “pathology”.
In 1791, A.F. Hecker’s work “Fundamentals of Pathological Physiology” was published, with the release of which this area of medicine underwent significant changes.
Pathological physiology took shape as an independent branch of science in Russia in the 19th century. The founders of pathological physiology in Russia are A. I. Polunin, A. B. FohtiV. V. Pashutin.
Pathological anatomy - a science that studies the structural basis of pathological processes - emerged from anatomy in the middle of the 18th century.
Its development in modern history is conventionally divided into two periods:
macroscopic
microscopic (related to the use of a microscope)
One of Galvani's followers was his nephew Giovanni Aldini, who was one of the first to apply Galvani's theoretical knowledge in practice. He began to conduct experiments related to electrical phenomena during muscle contraction, or rather on the corpses of prisoners who were sentenced to death.
Biography
Scientific activity
- Considered to be one of the prototypes of Dr. Victor Frankenstein
Essays
- () “Treatise on the forces of electricity during muscular movement” (De Viribus Electricatitis in Motu Musculari Commentarius).
Literature
- Encyclopedia Chemistry from the Golden Fund series, 2003, edited by Zolotov Yu. A., Bustard publishing house.
- 100 great scientific discoveries, 2002, author Samin D.K., Veche publishing house
- Lebedinsky A.V., The role of Galvani and Volta in the history of physiology, in the book Galvani A. and Volta A., Selected works on animal electricity, M.-L., 1937
- Galvani - “Resurrector of the Dead” (Kartsev V.P., “Adventures of Great Equations”, M.: Znanie, 1986)
Links
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See what "Luigi Galvani" is in other dictionaries:
Luigi Galvani Luigi Galvani Luigi G ... Wikipedia
Galvani, Luigi Luigi Galvani Luigi Galvani Luigi Galvani, father of modern electrophysiology and creator of the theory of “animal electricity” Date of birth ... Wikipedia
Galvani Luigi (Aloysius) (9.9.1737, Bologna, 4.12.1798, ibid.), Italian anatomist and physiologist, one of the founders of the doctrine of electricity, the founder of electrophysiology. He received his education at the University of Bologna, where... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
- (1737 98) Italian anatomist and physiologist, one of the founders of the doctrine of electricity, founder of experimental electrophysiology. He was the first to study electrical phenomena during muscle contraction (animal electricity). Found... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
Galvani, Luigi- GALVANI (Galvani) Luigi (1737 98), Italian anatomist and physiologist, one of the founders of the doctrine of electricity, founder of experimental electrophysiology. He was the first to study electrical phenomena during muscle contraction (“animal... ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary
- (Galvani) Luigi (1737 98), Italian physiologist and physicist. He lectured on anatomy in Bologna and was a pioneer in electrophysiology or "electrical conductivity in animals." His experiments with frog legs proved the connection between muscle... ... Scientific and technical encyclopedic dictionary
GALVANI- GALVANI, Luigi (Luigi Galvani, 1737 98), famous anatomist and physiologist (born in Bologna), professor of medicine at the University of Bologna. He worked on the physiology of birds and the electric stingray. Random observation of prepared frog legs... ... Great Medical Encyclopedia
- (Galvani) Luigi (1737 98), Italian anatomist and physiologist, one of the founders of the doctrine of electricity, founder of experimental electrophysiology. He was the first to study electrical phenomena during muscle contraction (animal electricity)... Modern encyclopedia
- (Galvani, Luigi) (1737 1798), Italian anatomist and physiologist, founder of electrophysiology. Born September 9, 1737 in Bologna. In 1759 he graduated from the University of Bologna, in 1762 he received the degree of Doctor of Medicine. He taught medicine in Bologna... ... Collier's Encyclopedia
- (Galvani) (1737 1798), Italian anatomist and physiologist, one of the founders of the doctrine of electricity, founder of experimental electrophysiology. He was the first to study electrical phenomena during muscle contraction (“animal electricity”).... ... encyclopedic Dictionary
-1. Compiled a collection of anatomical drawings
2. Conducted post-mortem autopsies
3. Conducted research on the comparative anatomy of human organs and the human embryo
4. First described the thoracic duct, kidneys, larynx, organ of hearing, including the auditory tube
-5. Refuted more than 200 errors of C. Galen
–6. Performed Europe's first forensic autopsy
Determine the contribution of the Italian anatomist and physician G. Fallopius to the development of scientific anatomy
–2. Founded the Department of Pathological Anatomy at the University of Padua
3. Described the sphenoid sinuses, the chorda tympani in the middle ear, the facial nerve canal
4. Described the structure and functions of the fallopian tubes
5. Introduced a mirror into medical practice for diagnosing ear diseases
6. Gave names to the hard and soft palate, placenta, vagina
Determine the contribution of the French anatomist Ch. Etienne to the development of scientific anatomy
1. Examined the seminal vesicles
–2. Collection of over 250 anatomical drawings
–3. Founded the Department of Anatomy and Physiology at the University of Paris
4. Opened the subarachnoid space and studied the sympathetic trunk, proving its independence from the vagus nerve
-5. Published a reference book of new anatomical instruments
6. Described venous valves
Determine the contribution of the Dutch anatomist and physiologist R. de Graaf to the development of scientific anatomy and medicine
1. Described seminiferous tubules as “semen-making vessels”
2. He proposed to call the female reproductive glands ovaries
–3. Introduced the stethoscope into medicine
4. Established that the ovaries contain vesicles (“Graafian vesicles”)
5. Introduced a syringe and cannula into practice
6. Studied the chemistry of digestion and the action of pancreatic juice
Determine the contribution of the English anatomist and physiologist F. Glisson to the development of scientific anatomy
1. Introduced the concept of “irritability”
–2. Compiled the first anatomical atlas in Europe
3. First described the capsule covering the liver
-4. Refuted more than 200 errors
5. He proposed a device for stretching the spine
6. Described the disease rickets
Determine the contribution of the English physician and anatomist N. Gaymore to the development of scientific anatomy
1. Described the maxillary sinus
2. Described the anatomical structure of the testicles
–3. Refuted more than 200 errors
-4. Introduced the stethoscope into medicine
-5. Developed a model of obstetric forceps
–6. Described the anatomy of the cerebral cortex
Name the Renaissance doctor who proposed a burning candle as a symbol of medicine and the motto “By shining on others, I burn”
-1. L. da Vinci
2. N. Tulp
–3. A. Vesalius
-4. L. Pasteur
-5. T.Paracelsus
–6. F.Haaz
The main achievement of the English physician, physiologist and embryologist W. Harvey
-1. Developed a vaccine against smallpox
2. Calculated and experimentally substantiated the theory of blood circulation...
–3. Invented the thermoscope
-4. Discovered penicillin
-5. Founder of neuroscience
–6. Introduced the stethoscope into medicine
Name the scientist who, in his theological book “The Restoration of Christianity,” was the first in Europe to describe the pulmonary circulation
-1. A. Vesalius
2. M.Servet
–3. N. Pirogov
-4. I. Semmelweis
-5. A. Pare
–6. I. Sechenov
Determine the contribution of the Spanish philosopher-theologian and physician M. Servetus to the development of medicine and physiology
-1. Calculated and experimentally substantiated the theory of blood circulation
–2. Created the doctrine of higher nervous activity
–3. For the first time in Europe he described reflexes
-4. For the first time in Europe he described the mechanism of the gastrointestinal tract.
5. For the first time in Europe he described the pulmonary circulation
–6. Compiled the first anatomical tables
Determine the contribution of the Italian doctor M. Malpighi to the development of medicine
1. Opened the capillaries
–2. Suggested a thermoscope
3. The first anatomist to use a microscope
4. One of the founders of histology and embryology
5. Described the cells of the cerebral cortex
6. Described the innervation of the tongue, skin layers, renal glomeruli, lymph nodes
Which statements correctly characterize iatrochemistry?
1. Iatrochemistry is an intermediate stage in the development of chemical science during the Renaissance; man was considered as a set of chemical processes
–2. The founder of iatrochemistry is Galen. His treatment system was based on the use of complex chemical compounds
3. The founder of iatrochemistry is Paracelsus. His treatment system was based on three elements: sulfur, mercury and antimony, and their compounds
4. The main goal of chemistry is the study of chemical processes in the human body and the search for effective medicines.
-5. The founder of iatrochemistry is Avicenna. His system was based on a gradual increase in the dose of poisons in order to develop the body's resistance
–6. The founder of iatrochemistry is Hippocrates. His system was based on the use of chemical elements in accordance with the 4 temperaments for treatment.
How did the Swiss scientist T. Paracelsus determine the purpose of chemistry?
-1. Chemistry should focus its efforts on finding gold
2. Chemistry creates cures for diseases
–3. Chemistry designed to obtain the philosopher's stone
4. Chemistry should study processes in the human body
-5. Chemistry must first create new poisons
–6. Chemistry should not be used in medicine
Determine the contribution of the Swiss scientist T. Paracelsus to the development of medicine and pharmacy
1. One of the founders of iatrochemistry
–2. Founder of military field surgery and traumatology
3. Introduced the concept of “herbal preparations” into pharmaceutical terminology
4. Combined the experimental method of understanding nature and the desire for magic and understanding the impact of celestial bodies on the destinies of people and their health
5. Theoretician and practitioner, founder of the experimental method in medicine
–6. Developed scholastic medicine
-1. L. da Vinci
–2. N. Tulp
–3. A. Vesalius
-4. L. Pasteur
5. T. Paracelsus
–6. R. Laennec
What, according to the Swiss scientist T. Paracelsus, makes a substance a poison or a medicine?
-1. The degree of cleanliness of the pharmacist's hands
–3. Dishes in which medicine is prepared and stored
-4. Mortar and pestle shape
-5. Chemical incompatibility of components
–6. Chemical composition of utensils and tools
Who, according to the Swiss scientist T. Paracelsus, should not be a doctor?
-1. Cynic, lyricist
2. Tormentor, executioner, servant of the executioner
–3. Christian
-4. Viceroy of God
-5. Ascetic
–6. Philosopher
Determine the contribution of the German physician and chemist G. Agricola to the development of medicine, pharmacy and chemistry
-1. Described infectious diseases
2. Information on metallurgical chemistry, mineral chemistry
3. Suggested measures to prevent occupational diseases
4. Work “On Mining and Metallurgy”
5. Contributed to the development of analytical chemistry
–6. Founder of neurosurgery
What infectious diseases were prevalent in Europe during the Renaissance?
1. Smallpox
–2. Rabies
3. Syphilis
-4. Chronic fatigue syndrome
–6. Chlamydia
183. During the Renaissance, scientists believed that the causes of epidemics were...
1. Earthquakes
2. "Miasma"
3. Special position of stars
-4. Viruses, bacteria
-5. The will of the gods and evil demons
–6. Non-sterile instruments
Who formulated the first scientifically based concept of the spread of infectious diseases - the “doctrine of contagion”?
-1. A. Vesalius
–2. L. Pasteur
3. G. Fracastoro
-4. L. da Vinci
–6. D. Samoilovich
Determine the contribution of the Italian doctor, astronomer, philosopher, physicist, poet, G. Fracastoro to the development of medicine
-1. Received the rabies vaccine
2. The doctrine of contagion (about the spread of infectious diseases)
3. Work “On contagion, contagious diseases and treatment”
4. Introduced the term “infection”, which meant “introduction”, “penetration”, “damage”
5. Poem “Syphilis, or the French disease”
–6. Discovered viruses
Name the doctor who suggested the name “infectious diseases”
-1. J. Fracastoro
2. K. Gufeland
-4. L. Pasteur
-5. A. Vesalius
–6. A. Yersin
Who is the founder of “humane surgery”?
-1. N.Sklifosovsky
–2. A. Vesalius
-4. N. Pirogov
-5. D.Larrey
