Any human impact on living things
organisms, the entire environment - this
anthropogenic factors. They can be divided into
three groups.

First

factors that have a direct impact
on the environment as a result of suddenly
starting,
intense
And
short-term activities.
For example: laying a road or railway through
taiga, seasonal commercial hunting in a certain area, etc.

Second

Indirect impact through economic
activities of a long-term nature and
low intensity.
For example: environmental pollution by gaseous and
liquid emissions from a plant built near a laid
railway without the necessary treatment facilities,
leading to gradual drying out of trees and slow
heavy metal poisoning of animals inhabiting
the surrounding taiga.

Third

The complex impact of the above factors, leading to
slow but significant changes in the environment (growth
population, increase in the number of domestic animals and animals,
accompanying human settlements - crows, rats, mice, etc.,
transformation of land, the appearance of impurities in water, etc.). IN
As a result, only plants and animals remain in the changed landscape,
managed to adapt to the new state of life.
For example: coniferous trees are replaced in the taiga by small-leaved trees
breeds The place of large ungulates and predators is taken by taiga
rodents and small mustelids that hunt them, etc.

Human impact on the environment

Emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere;
Discharges of pollutants into surface and underground
water bodies;
Contamination of subsoil, soils;
Disposal of industrial and consumer waste
Deforestation;

Anthropogenic factors

Physical: use of nuclear energy, travel on trains and
airplanes, the influence of noise and vibration
Chemical: use of pesticides, contamination of shells
Lands with industrial and transport waste
Biological: food products, organisms for which humans
may be a habitat or food source
Social: related to relationships between people and life in society

Ingestion of pollutants into the human body

How to improve the health of the environment?

According to researchers, even the preservation of biological
diversity is not enough to ensure a healthy environment. She can
be unfavorable for a person's life under his previous
biodiversity, but strong radiation, chemical and other
types of pollution. There is an obvious connection between the health of nature and humans
and the degree of influence of anthropogenic factors. To reduce them
negative impact, it is necessary to form a new attitude towards
environment, responsibility for a prosperous existence
wildlife and biodiversity conservation.

The main organizational and technological methods of combating air pollution are as follows:

Reducing the number of power plants (TPP - thermal) due to
construction of more powerful ones equipped with the latest systems
purification and disposal of gas and dust emissions;
Cleaning coal before it reaches thermal power plants;
Replacing coal and fuel oil at thermal power plants with environmentally friendly fuel - gas;
Regulation of internal combustion engines in cars,
installing special catalysts on them for
neutralization of carbon monoxide, replacing harmful ethyl gasoline,
air pollutant lead, which is less environmentally harmful.
Of particular importance in purifying atmospheric air is
landscaping of cities and villages, in industrial zones.

Anthropogenic impact is the direct conscious or indirect and unconscious impact of humans and the results of their activities, causing changes in the natural environment and natural landscapes.

Types of anthropogenic impact on nature.

impact

spontaneous		conscious

				stabilization		design-

irrational

rational

environmental management

environmental management

The scale of anthropogenic impact on the biosphere per year.

Fossils – 100

Chemicals – 100 thousand.

billion tons

names.

Synthetic materials – 60 million tons.

Mineral fertilizers – 500 million tons

Metals – 800

Pesticides – 5 million tons

million tons

Metals – 50 million tons

Liquid runoff – 500 billion mᶟ

Solid waste – 17.4 billion tons

CO2 - 20 billion tons

SO2 – 150 million tons

Anthropogenic impact on the atmosphere

The composition of fuel combustion products includes: carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen and sulfur oxides (NOХ, SO2),

carbon monoxide (CO), water vapor (H2 O), nitrogen (N2),

Nitrogen oxides are very toxic compounds. The main factor influencing the amount of nitrogen oxides formed in the furnace is the temperature in the flame core. At temperatures of 1800 - 1900 0 C and the presence of free oxygen, the concentration of nitrogen oxides formed in the torch exceeds the permissible level in fresh air by 1 - 20 thousand times. In addition to the toxic effect on the human body, nitrogen oxides cause intense corrosion of metal surfaces.

The release of sulfur dioxide into the atmosphere is harmful. It has a pungent odor, but has no color. Sulfur dioxide has a detrimental effect on green spaces, especially fruit and coniferous trees, as well as crops. In addition to its harmful effects on all living things, sulfur dioxide causes increased corrosion of metal surfaces and damage to various substances and materials. The presence of sulfur dioxide also reduces the transparency of the atmosphere. When leaving the chimney, under the influence of solar radiation, sulfur dioxide is oxidized into sulfuric acid, and then, combining with water, can form sulfuric acid.

Combustion products also contain carcinogenic substances. The most common and potent of them is benzo(a)pyrene (C20 H12). Benz(a)pyrene is formed at high

temperature in case of insufficient air for complete combustion of fuel.

Many carcinogenic substances are formed during combustion modes with soot formation.

The harmful effects of ash particles on the human body depend on the size of the particles, their concentration in the air, dispersion and hardness. The amount of emitted ash particles depends on the composition of solid fuels, the design of combustion devices and the efficiency of ash collectors. Ash particles have a harmful effect on living organisms, pollute the atmosphere, which leads to a decrease in visibility and solar illumination, contamination of the surfaces of buildings and structures and their destruction, and a decrease in photosynthesis carried out by plants.

The degree of harmful effects of the main harmful substances (toxogens) on the human body varies.

Content in the air and the harmful effects of toxic substances on the human body

Duration and character
effects of toxic substances
Some
protective action
Signs of mild poisoning

1 slide

State Budgetary Educational Institution Gymnasium No. 513 of the Nevsky District of St. Petersburg

2 slide

“Anthropogenic human activity is a factor changing nature” Authors: students of grades 7-2 Ivanova Ekaterina Rasulov Timur

3 slide

According to Article 11 of the Law “On Environmental Protection” - “Every citizen has the right to health protection from the adverse effects of the natural environment caused by economic or other activities, accidents, catastrophes, and natural disasters.”

4 slide

A comprehensive assessment of the environmental situation in Russia using cartography showed that more than 40% of the country’s territory belongs to very high, high and medium levels of environmental stress.

5 slide

Types of negative impact on the environment: emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere; discharges of pollutants into surface and underground water bodies; pollution of subsoil and soil; disposal of industrial and consumption waste; environmental pollution by noise, heat, electromagnetic, ionizing and other types of physical influences; other types of negative impact on the environment.

6 slide

Anthropogenic factors: Physical: the use of nuclear energy, travel on trains and planes, the influence of noise and vibration Chemical: the use of mineral fertilizers and pesticides, pollution of the Earth's shells with industrial and transport waste Biological: food; organisms for which a person can be a habitat or a source of food Social: related to the relationships of people and life in society.

7 slide

8 slide

Radioactive waste Anthropogenic sources of ionizing radiation are nuclear explosions, nuclear energy, including facilities for the processing and disposal of its waste, fluoroscopy installations in industry and medicine, thermal power devices running on coal.

Slide 9

There are 9 nuclear power plants operating in Russia. One of the most pressing environmental problems in the country is the problem of radioactive waste. Not a single nuclear power plant has a complete set of installations for preparing waste for disposal.

10 slide

The average exposure of the population in Russia and the CIS countries is 1.7 times higher than the global one due to a higher natural and techno-dependent background.

11 slide

Atmospheric pollution In the global pollution of the Earth's atmosphere, emissions are: dust - 35%, sulfur dioxide - up to 50%, nitrogen oxides - 30-35%. Thermal power plants are the main supplier of sulfur for acid rain.

12 slide

The entry into the atmospheric air of huge volumes of fuel combustion products from boilers, industrial furnaces, as well as exhaust gases from cars changes the composition of the atmospheric air.

Slide 13

As a result of volcanic eruptions, forest fires, the operation of industrial facilities, etc. the air is polluted by products of incomplete combustion. Even after rain, 1 cm2 contains about 30 thousand dust particles, and in dry weather there are several times more of them.

Slide 14

Major air pollutants Aerosols are solid or liquid particles suspended in the air. Carbon monoxide - contributes to increasing temperatures on the planet and creating the greenhouse effect. Sulfur dioxide pollutes the atmosphere and causes acid rain. Suspended substances have an irritating effect, affecting mainly the respiratory system.

15 slide

Hydrosphere pollution. Anthropogenic pollution of the hydrosphere has now become global in nature and has significantly reduced the available exploitable fresh water resources on the planet.

16 slide

About 38% of wastewater is classified as polluted. With them, over 700 thousand tons of pollutants were discharged into water bodies: petroleum products, suspended solids, phosphorus, compounds of copper, iron and zinc, phenol.

Topic: Anthropogenic impact on the biosphere

• Current state of the natural environment
• The atmosphere is the outer shell of the biosphere. Air pollution
• Soil is a bio-inert system. Soil pollution.
• Water is the basis of life processes in the biosphere. Natural water pollution

1. Current state of the natural environment

• The global processes of formation and movement of living matter in the biosphere are connected and accompanied by the circulation of huge masses of matter and energy.
• In contrast to purely geological processes, biogeochemical cycles (cycles) involving living matter have a significantly higher intensity, speed and amount of substance involved in the turnover.

Man and the biosphere

• As already mentioned, with the advent and development of humanity, the process of evolution has noticeably changed.
• Population growth and intensive development of agriculture, industry, construction, and transport caused massive destruction of forests and grass cover, leading to erosion (destruction) of the soil layer. Dozens of animal species have been exterminated.

Environmental pollution

• Pollution of the natural environment is the appearance of new components in the natural environment caused by human activity or any major natural phenomena (for example, volcanic activity).
• In general, pollution is the presence in the environment of harmful substances that disrupt the functioning of ecological systems or their individual elements and reduce the quality of the environment from the point of view of human habitation or economic activity.

TO polluters

• TO polluters
• include all those
• substances, phenomena,
• processes that are
• in this place, but not in that
• time and not in the quantity that is natural for nature, appear in the environment and can bring its systems out of balance

• Pollution

• physical

• chemical

• Biological

• Thermal

• Aerosols

• Biotic

• Noise

• Chemical substances

• Microbiological

• Electromagnetic

• Light

• Radioactive

• Plastics

• Pesticides

• Heavy metals

• Genetic Engineering

Ecological effect of polluting agents

• At the organismal level, there may be a violation of certain physiological functions of organisms, changes in their behavior, a decrease in the rate of growth and development, and a decrease in resistance to the effects of other unfavorable environmental factors.
• At the population level, pollution can cause changes in their numbers and biomass, fertility and mortality, as well as changes in structure, annual migration cycles and a number of other functional properties.
• At the biocenotic level, pollution affects the structure and functions of communities.

Distinguish between natural and anthropogenic pollution

• Natural pollution
• arises as a result
• natural reasons:
• volcanic eruptions,
• earthquakes,
• catastrophic
• floods and fires.
• Anthropogenic pollution is the result of human activity.

• Maximum permissible discharge (MPD) ) is the mass of a pollutant emitted by individual sources per unit of time, the excess of which leads to adverse consequences in the environment or is dangerous to human health.
• Maximum permissible concentration (MPC) is understood as the amount of a harmful substance in the environment that does not have a negative effect on the health of a person or his offspring with permanent or temporary contact with it.

Earth is capable of

• Earth is capable of
• self-regulation,
• she can
• withstand and
• to correct
• results of unreasonable
• human intervention.
• But there is a limit to everything.
• Today we have reached this limit and are standing on the edge of an ecological abyss.

2. The atmosphere is the outer shell of the biosphere. Air pollution

• The presence of an atmosphere around the globe determines the general thermal regime of the surface of our planet and protects it from harmful cosmic and ultraviolet radiation.
• Atmospheric circulation influences local climatic conditions, and through them, the regime of rivers, soil and vegetation cover, and the processes of relief formation.

Gas composition of the atmosphere Oxygen plays a vital role in the life of most living organisms on our planet. Everyone needs it to breathe.

• Oxygen plays a vital role in the life of most living organisms on our planet. Everyone needs it to breathe.
• Carbon dioxide (carbon dioxide) is used in the process of photosynthesis to form organic matter. Like oxygen, carbon is part of soils, plants, animals, and participates in various mechanisms of the cycle of substances in nature.
• Nitrogen is an essential biogenic element (N2), since it is part of proteins and nucleic acids.

Oxygen cycle in the biosphere

• Oxygen cycle in the biosphere

Air pollution.

• Natural the source is volcanoes, dust storms, weathering, forest fires, decomposition processes of plants and animals.
• To the main anthropogenic sources of air pollution include enterprises of the fuel and energy complex, transport, various machine-building enterprises

Air polluting emissions from industrial enterprises 3. Soil is a bio-inert system. Soil pollution

• Soil is the top layer of land, formed under the influence of plants, animals, microorganisms and climate from the parent rocks on which it is located

The following main components interact in complex ways in soil:

• mineral particles (sand, clay), water, air
• detritus - dead organic matter, the remains of the vital activity of plants and animals;
• many living organisms from detritivores to decomposers, decomposing detritus to humus.

Soil structure (sectional)

• 1 - litter;
• 2 - humus;
• 3 - washout layer;
• 4 - layer of accumulation of mineral salts;
• 5 - subsoil

Soil components:

• Detritivores
• and decomposers

• Mineral particles

• Detritus (dead)
• leftovers
• plants and animals)

Stages of soil development and formation

• Young soils are usually the result of weathering of parent rocks or the transport of sediment deposits (eg allunium). Microorganisms, lichens, mosses, grasses, and small animals settle on these substrates.
• As a result, mature soil is formed, the properties of which depend on the original parent rock and climate.
• The process of soil development ends when equilibrium is achieved, the correspondence of the soil with the vegetation cover and climate, that is, a state of stability arises.

• Surface layers of soil usually contain many remains of plant and animal organisms, the decomposition of which leads to the formation humus. The amount of humus determines fertility soil.

• The soil is home to a great variety of different living organisms that form a complex food detritus web: bacteria, microfungi, algae, protozoa, mollusks, arthropods and their larvae, earthworms and many others. Under natural conditions, there is a constant cycle of substances in the soil.

Soil pollution.

• Under normal natural conditions, all processes occurring in the soil are in balance. But often people are to blame for disturbing the equilibrium state of the soil. As a result of the development of human economic activity, pollution occurs, changes in the composition of the soil and even its destruction.

Soil erosion Erosion control measures

• plowing across the slope,
• minimal disturbance of the soil structure by heavy machinery,
• introduction of crop rotations,
• preservation of vegetation cover.
• planting forest shelterbelts,
• reclamation

Main pollutants:

• Mercury and its compounds
• Lead
• Iron, copper, zinc, manganese, nickel, aluminum and other metals.
• Radioactive elements

4. Water is the basis of life processes in the biosphere. Natural water pollution

• Water is the most common inorganic compound on our planet.
• Water is the basis of all life processes, the only source of oxygen in the main driving process on Earth - photosynthesis.

Water is present throughout the biosphere: not only in reservoirs, but also in the air, in the soil, and in all living beings. The latter contain up to 80-90% water in their biomass. Loss of 10-20% of water by living organisms leads to their death.

• Water is present throughout the biosphere: not only in reservoirs, but also in the air, in the soil, and in all living beings. The latter contain up to 80-90% water in their biomass. Loss of 10-20% of water by living organisms leads to their death.

In its natural state, water is never free of impurities. Various gases and salts are dissolved in it, and there are suspended solid particles. 1 liter of fresh water can contain up to 1 g of salts.

• In its natural state, water is never free of impurities. Various gases and salts are dissolved in it, and there are suspended solid particles. 1 liter of fresh water can contain up to 1 g of salts.

Most of all the water on our planet is concentrated in the seas and oceans.

• Most of all the water on our planet is concentrated in the seas and oceans.
• The fresh water reserve is only 2%.
• Most of the fresh water (85%) is concentrated in the ice of the polar zones and glaciers.
• The renewal of fresh water occurs as a result of the water cycle.

One of the main ways of the water cycle is transpiration, that is, biological evaporation, carried out by plants, supporting their vital functions.

• One of the main ways of the water cycle is transpiration, that is, biological evaporation, carried out by plants, supporting their vital functions.
• The amount of water released as a result of transpiration depends on the type of plants, the type of plant communities, their biomass, climatic factors, time of year and other conditions.

Pollution of natural waters. Exercise

• 1. What work do environmental monitoring services do?
• 2. Find out the main sources of air pollution in your area. Explore plants that live near highways and industrial facilities. Which of them suffer more from air pollution, what damage do they experience?

Homework

• Studying the summary material
• Studying the topic from the textbook Ecology 10(11) grade
• E.A. Kriksunov V.V. Beekeeper - chapter 5 pp. 167-192