“Thaw” N.S. Khrushchev (1953 – 1964) « « Very little time will pass and both the Manezh and the corn will be forgotten... And people will live in his houses for a long time. Liberated or people... and no one will have any evil towards him - neither tomorrow, nor after tomorrow. Khrushchev is that rare, albeit controversial, figure who personifies not only goodness, but also desperate personal courage, which it would be a good idea for all of us to learn from him...” M. Romm. I. The struggle for power. N.S. Khrushchev, G.M. Malenkov, G.K. Zhukov v. L.P. Beria:
- N.S. Khrushchev, G.M. Malenkov, G.K. Zhukov v. L.P. Beria: A) arrest of Beria by the military; B) execution as a foreign spy (= Stalin’s methods) 12/23/53
- the costs of transporting raw materials and components have been reduced,
- Cooperation between enterprises located in the same territory has increased,
- Local industry has strengthened.
- Difficulties arose in the implementation of economic ties between large regions.
- The number of management staff has increased
- The dictates of sectoral departments were replaced by the dictates of territorial economic councils.
- Pension reform: A) reduction of the retirement age by 5 years; B) increase in pensions by 2 times; B) pension for collective farmers.
- Period 1953-1958: A) increase in purchase prices; B) writing off debts to collective farms; C) additional supplies of agricultural equipment.
- Use of nuclear energy: A) 1954 - the world's first nuclear power plant in Obninsk (mothballed in 2002),
- Education Reform, 1958: A) compulsory education – 8 grades; B) further ShRM, technical school or grades 9-11 (+ vocational training);
C) to a university only if you have 2 years of production experience or service in the SA
2. Adoption of resolutions abolishing negative assessments of the creativity of cultural figures during Stalin’s time. 2. Adoption of resolutions abolishing negative assessments of the creativity of cultural figures during Stalin’s time. 3. The emergence of new literary magazines: A) “Youth”; B) “Young Guard”... 4. New creative groups: A) “Sovremennik”; B) Taganka Theater 5. Weakening of the “Iron Curtain”: 5. Weakening of the “Iron Curtain”: A) foreign tours; B) International Festival of Youth and Students; C) International competitions of performers named after P.I., Tchaikovsky 6. Persecution of cultural figures: 6. Persecution of cultural figures: A) “The Pasternak Affair” - persecution of a writer because of publication in the West and the award of the Nobel Prize for “Doctor Zhivago” B ) destruction of an exhibition of abstractionists in the Manege; B) the destruction of an exhibition of abstractionists in the Manege; B) meetings N.S. Khrushchev with cultural figures VIII. Novocherkassk, 1962 1. Reason: simultaneous reduction of prices by 30% and increase in prices by 25 - 30% for products 2. Events: 2. Events: A) 01.06 - strike of 11 thousand NEVZ workers; B) 02.06 – citywide strike; C) dispersal with the help of the army. 3. Consequences: 3. Consequences: A) 112 people - convicted; B) 9 men – death penalty, 2 women – 15 years; C) all the wounded and their families - to Siberia
The struggle for power after the death of I.O. Stalin. L.P. Beria – first deputy. Chairman of the Council of Ministers, again headed the Ministry of Internal Affairs. G.M. Malenkov – Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR. N.S. Khrushchev - Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee. Death of I.V. Stalin on March 5, 1953.
Socionics.org Activities aimed at easing the regime: Rehabilitation according to the “doctors’ case”; Initiator of mass amnesty; The desire to limit the interference of party bodies in economic affairs. This was interpreted as a desire to seize power. Association with the aim of eliminating Beria June 1953. - arrest, trial, execution.
The second stage of the struggle for power The trial of the top leaders of the MGB, guilty of falsifying the “Leningrad case” February 1955. – Malenkov was removed from the post of Head of Government. Steady strengthening of Khrushchev’s Position.
The third stage of the struggle for power (February 1955 - March 1958) “United opposition”: Malenkov, Molotov, Kaganovich and others. An attempt to abolish the post of first secretary by decision of the Presidium, where Khrushchev’s opponents had a majority. The plenum of the Central Committee supported Khrushchev, and the oppositionists were declared an anti-party group. (Summer 1957) October 1957 - Marshal G.K. Zhukov was deprived of his posts. March 1958 - N. Bulganin, who supported in the summer of 1957, was removed from the post of head of government. opposition. Concentrated all power
Exposing Stalin's Cult of Personality BACKGROUND: Stalin's death eased fear of the state and repression; Uprisings in the Gulag system in 1953 - 1956; The maturation of social protest in society; Condemnation of the cult as a means of struggle in the highest echelons of power. The need for change in society XX Congress of the CPSU, Report of Khrushchev N.S. about the cult of personality (February 1956); Resolution of the CPSU Central Committee of June 30, 1956 “On overcoming the cult of personality and its consequences.” Rehabilitation of victims of mass political repression.
Economy of the USSR in 1953 – 1964. Shifting the center of gravity to the development of light and food industries, as well as agriculture. Increasing productivity and strengthening the personal interest of collective farmers. Reducing the rate of mandatory supplies from private farms, reducing cash taxes and writing off debts. Malenkov's economic course
Agricultural policy of Khrushchev N.S. Increasing government purchase prices for agricultural products; Expansion of sown areas (development of virgin and fallow lands (1954); (1954); Increase in government spending on social development of the village; Cancellation of the tax on personal subsidiary plots and permission to increase its size by 5 times. (until 1958)
Agricultural policy during the period: 1958 – 1964. Liquidation of MTS and sale of equipment to collective farms; Consolidation of collective farms and creation of agricultural farms; Unjustified expansion of corn crops; Persecution of private households; Unreasonable assignments for meat procurement, reduction in livestock numbers.
Consequences: Decline in agricultural production; Deterioration of food supply to the population; The beginning of grain imports from abroad - events in Novocherkassk!!!
Industrial development. Refusal from Malenkov's course: Increasing disproportion towards the production of means of production (“A”); Overall, the average annual production growth rate exceeded 10%; The use of scientific and technical progress as a lever for development (the results were noticeable mainly in the development of the military-industrial complex).
Scientific and technological progress First nuclear power plant (1954); the first artificial Earth satellite (1957); nuclear icebreaker "Lenin" (1959); hydrogen bomb test; development of the chemical industry; expansion of the research institute network.
1958 – reform in the field of education. Goal: strengthening the connection between school and industry. Abolition of compulsory seven-year and full ten-year education. Introduction of compulsory eight-year education through: ShRM technical schools Three-year secondary schools with compulsory industrial training Obtaining higher education only with industrial experience
Reform of national economic management. Decentralization of economic management, transition from a sectoral principle to a territorial one. Decentralization of economic management and restructuring of industrial management from a sectoral principle to a territorial one. Elimination of 10 industrial ministries and replacing them with economic councils, which managed local enterprises. Consolidation of economic councils and the creation of the Council of National Economy to coordinate their activities, as well as state committees for industries. (1962) The reform did not give the expected results, but only increased industrial and managerial confusion.
Social policy PROGRAM OF MEASURES AIMED AT IMPROVING THE LIFE OF THE POPULATION: Increasing the minimum wage by 35%; Increasing the old-age pension by 2 times and reducing the retirement age by 5 years; Cancellation of all types of tuition fees; The working week was reduced from 48 to 46 hours per week; Introduction of cash wages for collective farmers; Deployment of mass housing construction and encouragement of the creation of housing cooperatives.
“The current generation of Soviet people will live under communism.” (Khrushchev N.S.) XXII Congress of the CPSU (October 1961) ADOPTION OF THE NEW CPSU PROGRAM. THREE MAIN TASKS: CREATION OF MATERIAL AND TECHNICAL BASE OF COMMUNISM; FORMATION OF NEW COMMUNIST PUBLIC RELATIONS; RAISING A NEW PERSON. UTOPIAN ASPIRATIONS?
“Thaw” in cultural life and its limited nature. Inconsistency; maintaining control of the party apparatus over the activities of the creative intelligentsia; low artistic taste of the authorities. Persecution of B. Pasternak; Resumption of arrests for “anti-Soviet activities” (“the case of young historians”); persecution of artists (an incident at an exhibition in MANEGE); A new round of persecution of the Orthodox Church.
Literature “writing honestly means not thinking about the expressions on the faces of tall and short readers.” (V. Pomerantsev) I. Erinburg (“Thaw”); V. Panova (“Seasons”); V. Dudintsev (“Not by Bread Alone”); D. Granin (“Seekers”); A. Solzhenitsyn (“One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich”, “Matrenin’s Yard”); A. Fadeev’s attempt to change the leadership style of the Writers’ Union; the appearance of young talented poets (E. Yevtushenko, A. Voznesensky) “And a couple of phrases flying from here will swing into meaningless heights...” (A. Voznesensky)
MUSIC A. Khachaturian - resolution of the CPSU Central Committee “On correcting errors in the evaluation of the operas “The Great Friendship”, “Bogdan Khmelnitsky” and “From the Heart”. In it, previous assessments of the work of composers: D. Shostakovich, S. Prokofiev, A. Khachaturyan, V. Shebalin were recognized as unfair
N.S. Khrushchev’s visit to an art exhibition in the Manege “... I’m telling you as Chairman of the Council of Ministers: the Soviet people do not need all this.” (N.S. Khrushchev) Khrushchev was especially indignant at the work of artists Yu. Sooster, V. Yankilevsky and B. Zhutovsky.
A breath of freedom! International festival of youth and students, the beginning of foreign tours of Soviet creative groups, the opening of new theaters and new magazines. The Kremlin is open to visitors!
Foreign policy Liberalization of foreign policy Normalization of relations with Yugoslavia (1954 - 1955); Signing of a peace treaty with Austria (1955); Attempts to achieve a compromise with Western countries on disarmament issues: Khrushchev’s meeting with Eisenhower (1959), unilateral reduction of the Soviet Army; USSR, USA and Great Britain - a treaty banning nuclear tests in the atmosphere and under water. Continuation of the Cold War Creation of a military-political organization of social. Countries - Warsaw Pact (1955); Suppression of the popular uprising in Hungary (1956); The Berlin Question: aggravation of relations with the West and the construction of the Berlin Wall (1961); Caribbean crisis, nuclear confrontation between the USSR and the USA (1962); Deterioration of relations with China and Albania since 1962.
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Slide captions:
“Thaw” (1953-1964) Famous Soviet writer I.G. Ehrenburg called this period the “thaw” that came after the long and harsh Stalinist “winter.”
“Thaw” (1953-1964) “Thaw” is an unofficial designation for the period in the history of the USSR after the death of Stalin. It was characterized by the condemnation of the personality cult of Stalin, the repressions of the 1930s, the liberalization of the regime, the release of political prisoners, and the refusal of the authorities to resolve internal disputes through violence, the weakening of totalitarian power, the emergence of some freedom of speech, relative democratization of political and social life, openness to the Western world, greater freedom of creative activity
Report by N.S. Khrushchev at the 20th Congress of the CPSU “On the cult of personality and its consequences” (February 1956)
“Thaw” in the economy Decentralization of economic management and restructuring of industrial management from a sectoral principle to a territorial one (economic councils, 1957) Development of new industries (nuclear, space) Writing off debts from collective farms and reducing taxation of collective farms Expanding the economic independence of collective farms Development of virgin lands Elimination of MTS and sale of equipment to collective farms “Corn Epic” Unreasonable assignments for meat procurement, significant reduction in livestock RESULTS Fall in agricultural production. Deterioration of food supply to the population. Beginning of grain imports from abroad.
“Thaw” in the social sphere Increasing the minimum wage by 35% Increasing the size of old-age pensions by 2 times and reducing the retirement age by 5 years Deployment of mass housing construction (“Khrushchev”) Introduction of cash wages for collective farmers Establishment of a 7-hour working day
Normalization of relations with Yugoslavia (1954-1955) Signing of a peace treaty with Austria and the return of its sovereignty (1955) Meeting between N. Khrushchev and D. Eisenhower (1959) Unilateral reduction of the army Treaty between the USSR, USA and Great Britain on the prohibition nuclear tests in the atmosphere and under water (1963) “Thaw” in foreign policy Creation of the Department of Internal Affairs (1955) Suppression of the popular uprising in Hungary (1956) Worsening relations with Germany and the construction of the Berlin Wall (1962) Cuban missile crisis and nuclear confrontation between the USSR and the USA (1962)
education reform Goal Strengthening the connection between school and industry Elimination of 7-year compulsory and 10-year complete education Introduction of compulsory 8-year education. Obtaining secondary education through: Main directions Technical school 3-year industrial training ShRM Obtaining higher education with work experience Consequences Increased staff turnover in production Decreasing level of labor discipline
The beginning of rehabilitation, criticism of Stalin’s “cult of personality” The beginning of the publication of new magazines “Youth”, “Foreign Literature” “The Thaw” in literature (I. Erenburg, A. Tvardovsky, A. Solzhenitsyn) The emergence of new theater groups (“Sovremennik”, Taganka Theater) “Thaw” in culture Control of the party apparatus over the activities of the creative intelligentsia Persecution of B. Pasternak for the novel “Doctor Zhivago” Resumption of arrests for “anti-Soviet activities”
SPACE CONSTRUCTION October 1957, for the first time in the world, an artificial Earth satellite was launched into space orbit. In April 1961, Soviet cosmonaut Yu.A. Gagarin made the first manned space flight in history. This was followed by the flights of G. Titov, A. Nikolaev, A. Popovich, V. Tereshkova and R. Bykovsky. P.S. The Americans wanted to be the first to send a man into space, but we stopped them)
DEVELOPMENT OF NUCLEAR ENERGY In 1957, the world's most powerful synchrophasotron was launched in the USSR. Nuclear power plants also began to be created. In 1954, the world's first Obninsk nuclear power plant came into operation. In the mid-60s. Beloyarsk (in the Sverdlovsk region) and Novo-Voronezh nuclear power plants were built.
Reforms of national economic management Measures to improve the lives of Soviet people “Thaw” in cultural life New realities of foreign policy Peaceful coexistence and expansion of cooperation with foreign countries Controversial reformism of N.S. Khrushchev Economic “slippage” and the myth of a bright communist future Increasing prices. Tragedy in Novocherkassk Strengthening control by the party apparatus over the activities of the creative intelligentsia Arms race. The entry of troops of the Warsaw Warsaw countries into Hungary. Caribbean crisis
Increasing dissatisfaction in society with the policies of N.S. Khrushchev: Citizens - dissatisfied with the increase in prices for food products Peasants - dissatisfied with the reduction of personal subsidiary plots Intellectuals - dissatisfied with the inconsistency of the cultural "thaw" Military - dissatisfied with the reduction of the army Officials - dissatisfied with the constant shake-up of personnel
Virgin land is the general name for poorly developed lands in Kazakhstan, the Volga region, the Urals, Siberia, and the Far East. The term appeared in the USSR when in 1954–1960. an attempt was made through the so-called. “developing virgin lands” to eliminate the backlog of agriculture and increase grain production.
Presentation on
stories on the topic:
"Khrushchev's times."
Plan.
XX Congress of the CPSU.
The period of Khrushchev's "thaw".
Development of education + media.
Achievements of science and technology + space exploration.
Development of literature.
Approaches to solving national economic problems.
Raising the living standards of the people.
Foreign policy of N.S. Khrushchev.
Berlin and Caribbean crises.
Crisis phenomena in the country's economy.
"The growing crisis in the politics of N.S. Khrushchev and his resignation.
On the way to power.
In 1929 N.S. Khrushchev entered the IndustrialAcademy, and already in 1931 he found himself in the party
work in Moscow. Further, in the period from 1935 to 1947
For years, Khrushchev held high party positions.
He was the 1st secretary of the Moscow Committee, as well as
Moscow City Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks (1935),
Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (Council of Ministers)
Ukraine and Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party (b) of Ukraine (1944 – 1947
gg.).
Pikov in the biography of Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev,
became 1953 - the year of Stalin's death.. After Stalin's death it was possible
three options for the country's development:
Continuation
politicians
totalitarianism,
rise to power
L.P. Beria.
Some
Radical
mitigation
destabilization,
regime, coming to
rise to power
authorities V.M.
N.S. Khrushchev.
Molotov and others.
The struggle for power after the death of Stalin.
Stalin's death on March 5, 1953 contributed tothe beginning of a struggle for power within the CPSU party. This
the fight continued until 1958.
The struggle for power after Stalin at the initial stage
was fought between Melenkov and Beria. Both of them
advocated that the functions of government should be
transferred from the hands of the CPSU to the state.
Khrushchev, who at that time headed the Central Committee of the CPSU
began to look for ways to remove himself from power, before
of all, Beria, who seemed to him the most dangerous
enemy. On June 26, Beria was arrested, soon
was declared an enemy of the people and an adversary
communist party. The inevitable followed
punishment - execution.
There was a union between Malenkov and Molotov and
Kaganovich. Khrushchev, taking advantage of the fact that he was
secretary of the party, personally selected the composition of the Plenum.
The vast majority of people were there
who supported Khrushchev. As a result
Molotov, Kaganovich and Malenkov were sent to
resignation. This decision was made by the Plenum of the Central Committee,
arguing that all three were leading
anti-party activities.
The struggle for power after the death of Stalin.
The struggle for power after Stalinwas actually won by Khrushchev.
The party secretary understood how
is an important post in the state
post of Chairman of the Council of Ministers.
Khrushchev did everything to take
this post. In March 1958 in the USSR
the formation of a new
government. Resulting in
Khrushchev achieved his appointment to
position of chairman of the board
ministers. At the same time, they preserved and
position of First Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee.
In fact, this meant Khrushchev's victory.
There was a struggle for power after Stalin
finished. September 7, 1953 at
At the plenum of the Central Committee, Khrushchev was elected first
Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee.
"A turning point in the history of the country."
Special report by N.S. Khrushchev at the XX Congress
The CPSU is called a “turning point in history”
countries". Khrushchev's report, being purely
political, did not pursue the goal of understanding
in what happened in the 30-50s. His task
was the maximum possible at that time
denigrate Stalin.
Imagining the difficulty of exposure
Stalin, Khrushchev took the path of destruction
one highest authority to another. IN AND. Lenin,
as a symbol of the Soviet state, suited
this role couldn't be better.
XX Congress of the CPSU.
On February 14, 1956, the 20th Congress of the CPSU opened in the Kremlin.The convening of the congress was caused by the need to take stock
changes in life that occurred after Stalin's death
countries and chart a new course.
At this Congress, those estimates that were previously
were given to Stalin's policies. The cult of personality is also condemned
Stalin. One of the speakers was Nikita Sergeevich
Khrushchev. The report “On the cult of personality and its consequences” was
presented on February 25 at a closed morning meeting. IN
it criticized the political repressions of the 1930s, and
also from the 1950s. All blame for the events of those years was assigned to
personally to Stalin.
XX Congress of the CPSU.
Khrushchev's report at the 20th Congress of the CPSU gave a startpublic criticism of Stalinism. Its scale and
the depths turned out to be more dangerous than expected
the party leaders themselves. In just a month
The Presidium of the CPSU Central Committee was forced to accept
measures aimed at limiting critical
speeches of communists. They are recorded in
Resolution of the Presidium of the CPSU Central Committee of June 30
1956 About overcoming the cult of personality and its
consequences, in which a critical attitude towards
Stalin's legacy has been formulated much
more careful and less acute than in the report on
congress.
Historical significance of the XX Congress
The CPSU is to condemn Stalinism.
A direct consequence of the decisions of the congress was
a certain liberalization of the socio-political life of the country (the so-called
"thaw").
XX Congress of the CPSU.
Not invited to the closed meetingforeign guests. During the performance no one
none of those present uttered a word. By
there was such silence in the eyewitness accounts that
you could hear a fly flying by. No debate on
the report was not opened. Despite this
"secrecy" immediately after the 20th Congress
information about the main points of the speech
Khrushchev’s delegates spoke at factories and district committees
and regional party committees. Almost immediately about the report and its
the contents became known abroad.
Results of the XX Congress of the CPSU.
The result of the 20th Congress was the most important changesin the life of the USSR, which affected him
domestic life and foreign policy. On
after rehabilitation they began to come out
hundreds of thousands of people. If from 1953 to early 1956
only about 8 thousand people were rehabilitated,
then from 1956 to 1957 - over 500 thousand.
Another immediate consequence of the 20th Congress
was Khrushchev's final victory over
a group of its competitors in power.
The period of the "Khrushchev Thaw"
The period of the "Khrushchev Thaw"The period of the Khrushchev Thaw is
conventional name for the period in
history that lasted from the middle
1950s to mid-1960s
years. A feature of the period was
partial derogation from
Stalin's totalitarian policies
era.
The Khrushchev Thaw is the first
attempt to understand the consequences
Stalin's regime, which
revealed the features
socio-political
politics of the Stalin era.
Reform of national economic management.
At the end of January 1957, a wide range of country leaders were invited to discussA note from N. S. Khrushchev was sent out on improving the management of industry and
construction.
The reason for its appearance was the growing budget deficit of the USSR, and to cover
foreign exchange costs, more and more gold had to be sold abroad.
The essence of the note was a proposal to abolish departmental subordination
enterprises and transfer them to the jurisdiction of the regions. Industry ministries for
were no longer needed and were subject to liquidation.
It was assumed that such a reorganization would significantly increase the growth of industrial
production, will improve the quality of products, resources will be distributed
more rationally, and the problems faced by the Soviet economy will be solved
faster, so a resolution was adopted to create local councils
national economy (economic councils, Economic Council).
Results of the reform.
The 1957 reform did not bring the desired results andended with a return to a centralized system
management.
Reform also failed to solve the growth problem
spending the gold reserves of the country, which was
one of the reasons for the reform. Between 1953 and 1965
Through Mosnarbank, the USSR government sold over 3
thousand tons of gold, with most of this amount
- 1244 tons - sold in 1963-1964, when the reform
gained full strength.
In 1964, there was a noticeable shortage of bread and
For the first time in the history of the country, the leadership of the USSR decided to
purchasing grain abroad.
"The housing problem in the USSR will be solved!"
"The housing problem in the USSR willdecided!"
July 31, 1957 Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers
The USSR adopted a resolution "On the development
housing construction in the USSR", which put
start of new housing construction.
Large-scale construction of housing, deployed across
all over the country, housing had to be decided
question, providing cheap housing to wide
layers of the population. The accepted program was
a powerful impetus to the urbanization of the country and the general
improving the quality of life of the population -
Thousands of families received separate apartments.
The promise was fulfilled during the reign
Khrushchev, but the construction of "Khrushchev"
lasted from 1959 to 1985. In total there were
about 290 million m² of total area were built, which
constitutes about 10 percent of all residential
fund of the country at that time.
Khrushchev's monetary reform.
The monetary reform of 1961 brought two troubles to the country - dependence on oil exports andchronic food shortages, leading to corruption in trade.
These two misfortunes subsequently became one of the main factors that ultimately destroyed the Soviet Union.
“They often try to present the 1961 currency reform as an ordinary denomination like the one
was carried out in 1998. To the uninitiated, everything looked extremely simple: the old Stalinist
"foot wrappers" were replaced with new Khrushchev "candy wrappers", smaller in size but more expensive
face value The 1947 banknotes in circulation were exchanged without restrictions
for money of the 1961 sample at a ratio of 10: 1 and the prices of all were changed in the same ratio
goods, tariff rates of wages, pensions, scholarships and benefits, payment obligations and
contracts. This was supposedly done only “...in order to facilitate money circulation and make it more
the usefulness of money."
However, then, in sixty-one, few people paid attention to one oddity: before the
The reform cost a dollar four rubles, and after its implementation the exchange rate was set at 90 kopecks. Many
naively rejoiced that the ruble had become more expensive than the dollar, but if you exchange old money for new one
ten, then the dollar should have cost not 90, but only 40 kopecks. The same thing happened with gold
content: instead of receiving a gold content equal to 2.22168 grams, the ruble
received only 0.987412 g of gold. Thus, the ruble was undervalued by 2.25 times, and the purchasing power
The ability of the ruble in relation to imported goods, accordingly, decreased by the same amount.
Consequences of monetary reform.
The consequences of this reform were disastrous: imports rose sharply, and foreignthings with which the Soviet buyer was not particularly pampered before, became
luxury items.
If in December 1960 potatoes cost a ruble in state trade, and on the market from 75 kopecks to 1 ruble.
30 kopecks, then in January, as prescribed by the reform, store-bought potatoes were sold at
10 kopecks per kilogram. However, potatoes on the market already cost 33 kopecks. Similar
happened with other products and, especially with meat - for the first time since 1950,
market prices again far exceeded store prices.
This has led to the fact that store-bought vegetables have sharply lost quality. It turned out to the store managers
it is more profitable to sell quality goods to market speculators and put the received
proceeds to the cash desk and report on the implementation of the plan. The difference in price between the purchase price
The store managers put the speculator and the state price into their pockets. In the stores there was only what was left from
speculators themselves refused, that is, what was impossible to sell on the market. IN
As a result, people stopped buying almost all store-bought products and began going to the market.
Everyone was happy: the store manager, the speculator, and the trading bosses, who had everything
normal in reports, and with which store managers naturally shared. The only one
The people turned out to be dissatisfied, whose interests were thought of in the last place.
The situation was especially difficult in the regions. If in Moscow and Leningrad the situation is
stores were at least somehow controlled, then in regional and district centers many types
products completely disappeared from government trade.
Results of the monetary reform of 1961.
The 1961 reform laid the foundationswild capitalism of the 90s,
destroyed economic foundations
building socialism, burying
this trend in our country.
Khrushchev's transformations
destroyed socialist
foundations of the Soviet system,
weakened the USSR internationally
level. Soviet people
lost faith and were disappointed in
socialism, aware of the government,
since Khrushchev immediately destroyed
socialist principle: Now
no matter how much you work, more than your own
you won't get any bets. Work
devalued.
Increasing the living standards of the population.
Raising the minimum wage by 35%.Reducing the retirement age: men - 60 years old, women - 55 years old.
Establishment of a 7 hour working day.
New apartments for 54 million people.
Car for the people: "Moskvich".
Restoration of the rights of “punished peoples” (Chechens, Balkars,
Karachais).
Rehabilitation of Gulag prisoners.
Significant increase in pension + pensions are established
collective farmers.
Cancellation of tuition fees in high schools and universities.
Collective farmers received passports and the right to free movement around
country.
"Queen of the Fields"
"Queen of the Fields"In 1956, Nikita Khrushchev put forward the slogan: “Catch up and overtake America!” It was about
competition in the production of meat and dairy products. Instead of a grass-field system
crop rotation, traditional for almost the entire USSR (except Central Asia), the meeting was
It is recommended to switch to rapid, widespread and widespread planting of corn.
While on a visit to the United States in September 1959, Khrushchev visited the fields of the famous
farmer Rockwell Garst. He grew hybrid corn, which gave a very large
productivity. Khrushchev called for taking advantage of the US “corn” experience.
Since 1959, corn crops began to expand rapidly (in 1956, 18 million hectares were allocated for them, in
1962 - 37 million hectares), displacing traditional grain crops and forage grasses. Simultaneously in
The USA and Canada bought hybrid varieties of corn, which were successfully introduced in the North
Caucasus, Ukraine, Moldova and, giving high yields - half more than traditional
Soviet varieties - dramatically improved the feed supply for livestock farming, significantly increasing it
productivity in these regions already in 1958-1959.
For some time, the “queen of the fields” took over the country: corn flakes, corn sticks,
corn bread, corn sausage. Films about corn, poems and songs appeared.
In 1960, due to rising prices, purchases of American and Canadian seeds ceased;
It was decided to introduce Soviet varieties improved using North American technology everywhere.
By 1964, at least 60% of the corn crops produced in 1960-1962 had died, and
the yield of the “remaining” corn fields was half that of 1946-1955.
"Queen of the Fields"
"Queen of the Fields"As a result of the corn campaign
in the USSR there was not enough
only meat and milk, and
basic bread.
Already in the fall of 1962, the Central Committee of the CPSU and
Council of Ministers issued
resolution “On guidance
order in the use of resources
of bread". They were restricted from selling
bread - no more than 2.5 kg per
hands. And white bread
practically disappeared from the shelves, and in
black mixed with corn
and pea flour.
Development of virgin lands.
Khrushchev wanted to achieve a rapid increase in living standards. And so in 1954 he began“offensive” in the spirit of traditional Bolshevism with the aim of developing grain production
about 35 million hectares. virgin lands in northern Kazakhstan and southern Siberia. Headed
company Brezhnev is a longtime Khrushchev protégé.
The development of virgin and fallow lands required enormous funds: for
acquisition of agricultural machinery, construction of production facilities,
housing, roads, etc. First of all, the question of agricultural machinery arose.
The production of tractors and other agricultural machinery was immediately increased
impossible, all existing factories were already operating at full capacity. A solution has been found
- to direct the bulk of the agricultural machinery produced in the country to virgin lands.
Land suitable for agricultural use was located in the territory
Kazakhstan, Southern Siberia, the Urals, the Volga region and the North Caucasus. Largest
prospects opened up the development of virgin territories of Kazakhstan, Siberia and the Urals.
In the first year of the “virgin land assault”, almost 88% were sent to develop new lands.
of arable tractors produced in the country and more than 25% of combine harvesters.
On the virgin lands of Kazakhstan by the spring of 1954. Over 120 state farms arose. In 1954 with
virgin lands received more than 40% of the gross grain harvest, increased significantly
production of meat and milk, which made it possible to slightly improve the supply of the population
food products.
The importance of developing virgin lands for the agricultural economy of the USSR.
Development of virgin and fallow landslands played an important role
in agricultural development
Western and Eastern Siberia, but it
did not live up to hopes for a stable
increase in grain yields.
In some dry years in
some virgin lands are not
They even collected seeds.
Virgin land certainly helped
time to take the edge off the grain
problems, saved the population of the country
from hunger, but delayed the translation
domestic agriculture
on an intensive path of development.
Development of education during the "thaw" period.
Development of education during the period"thaw".
Serious reforms were carried out in the field of education.
In 1958, the law “On strengthening the connection between school and life and further
development of the public education system in the USSR." This law marked the beginning
school reform, which provided for the introduction of compulsory 8-year
education (instead of 7 years). The “connection between school and life” was that everything
those who wished to receive complete secondary education (11 grades) and further
to enter a university, must have spent two days a week during the last three years of study
work in industrial enterprises or in agriculture.
Along with the matriculation certificate, school graduates received a certificate of working
specialties.
To enter a higher education institution, work experience was also required.
production for at least two years.
Subsequently, this system did not justify itself and was canceled, because employment
enterprises reduced the quality of acquired knowledge, at the same time a lot of temporary
workers, schoolchildren and future students brought more to the national economy
harm than good.
Considerable successes were achieved: in the 1958–1959 academic year, USSR universities graduated
3 times more engineers than the US.
NTR under Khrushchev.
Like other developed countries in the post-war period, the USSR experienced scientific and technological progress.Atomic research occupied the most important place in the development of Soviet science. In reply
for the first nuclear submarine in history, created in the USA, in 1957 in the USSR
The first nuclear-powered icebreaker "Lenin" was launched.
Nuclear energy experienced a powerful upturn, and the replacement of thermal power plants and hydroelectric power plants with nuclear power plants began.
The largest hydroelectric power stations were built: Kuibyshevskaya and Stalingradskaya.
In 1955, the first Soviet jet airliner Tu-104 took off (designed by
Tupolev), which turned out to be the only one operating in the world in the coming years.
On October 4, 1957, under the leadership of S.P. Korolev and M.S. Keldysh, the USSR was
The world's first artificial Earth satellite was launched.
On April 12, 1961, news spread around the world about the flight of the first cosmonaut in history, Yuri.
Gagarin.
They developed in the mid-50s - early 60s. mass media.
Radio broadcasts covered the entire country. In 1958, there were already 53 television centers operating in the USSR, and
the number of television receivers reached 3 million, while back in 1953 there were television centers in
the country had only three, and the number of television receivers barely exceeded 200 thousand.
Culture during the "thaw".
Significant weakening of totalitarian state control, general
democratization of ways of managing culture has significantly revived creative
process. Literature responded first and most vividly to the changing situation.
The rehabilitation of some of those repressed under Stalin was of great importance
cultural figures.
The Soviet reader rediscovered many authors whose names
were hushed up in the 30s and 40s: S. Yesenin, M. Tsvetaeva, A. re-entered the literature.
Akhmatova. A characteristic feature of the era was mass interest in poetry.
At this time, a whole galaxy of wonderful young authors appeared, whose
creativity constituted an era in Russian culture: the “sixties” poets E.A.
Evtushenko, A. A. Voznesensky, B. A. Akhmadulina, R. I. Rozhdestvensky.
The genre of the author's song, in which the author of the text,
music and the performer was, as a rule, one person. Official culture
was wary of amateur songs, the release of a record or
appearances on radio or television were rare. Wide availability
the works of the bards were found in tape recordings, which by the thousands
dispersed throughout the country. The real rulers of the thoughts of youth in the 60s and 70s. become:
B.Sh. Okuzhdava, A. Galich, V. S. Vysotsky.
Culture during the "thaw".
Culture during the period"thaw".
An important role in the literary life of the 60s. played literary
(thick) magazines. In 1955, the first issue of the magazine “Youth” was published.
Among the magazines, “New World” stands out, which, with the arrival there in
as editor-in-chief A. T. Tvardovsky gained a special
popularity among readers. It was in the “New World” in 1962 with
with the personal permission of N. S. Khrushchev, the story of A. I. was published.
Solzhenitsyn's "One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich", in which for the first time
literature touched on the topic of Stalin's Gulag.
In the 50s “samizdat” arose - the so-called typewritten magazines
(for example, the magazine "Syntax"), in which they published their works
young writers and poets who had no hope of publication in
official publications. The founder of Syntax was a young poet
A. Ginzburg. The magazine published works by B. Akhmadulina, B.
Okudzhava, E. Ginzburg, V. Shalamova. For “anti-Soviet agitation” A.
Ginzburg was sentenced to two years in the camps.
Development of theater during the "thaw".
Development of theater during the period"thaw".
The theater is developing.
New ones are being created
theater groups.
Among those that emerged in
"thaw" period
new theaters should be
note based in
1957 "Contemporary" and
Drama and Comedy Theater
on Taganka.
Organization of the Warsaw Pact.
In the first post-war decade, bilateralsystem of international relations. This is the time when it began
global confrontation between two superpowers - the United States
America and the Soviet Union, as well as the confrontation between two military-political organizations - the North Atlantic Alliance and the Organization
Warsaw Pact.
The Warsaw Pact was signed in Eastern European countries.
This happened in 1955. Its main task was to
exercising control over this by states, as well as ensuring
security and peace in Europe. According to the Treaty, it was intended
providing assistance to participating countries in the event of a military threat,
conducting mutual consultations in crisis situations and forming
Unified Command of the Armed Forces.
Warsaw Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance
signed by Albania, Hungary, Bulgaria, Poland, East Germany, Romania,
Czechoslovakia and the USSR 6 years after the formation of NATO.
Berlin crisis.
The cause of the Berlin crisis of 1959-1962 wasmass relocation of East German residents to
West Berlin.
The Berlin Wall, where checkpoints were set up. But such actions also caused
greater dissatisfaction of the population, near the checkpoint
huge crowds of those who wanted to leave
limits of Soviet Berlin.
This led to the fact that near the Brandenburg Gate and
the main checkpoints were concentrated
Soviet and American tanks.
As a result, the confrontation between the two states ended
the fact that the Soviet authorities were forced to withdraw their
tanks from these positions.
Caribbean crisis.
The cause of the Berlin crisis of 1959-1962 was the massresettlement of East German residents to West Berlin.
To put an end to unauthorized
resettlement, the famous
The Berlin Wall, where checkpoints were installed
points. But such actions caused even more
dissatisfaction of the population, huge crowds gathered near the checkpoint
those who wanted to leave the borders of Soviet Berlin.
This led to the fact that near the Brandenburg Gate and the main
checkpoints were concentrated Soviet and
American tanks.
As a result, the confrontation between the two states ended with
Soviet authorities were forced to withdraw their tanks from these
positions.
Nuclear Test Ban Treaty.
Test Ban Treatynuclear weapons in three environments,
signed on August 5, 1963
USSR, USA and Great Britain,
became the first agreement on the way to
limiting the nuclear race.
Test Ban Treaty
nuclear weapons in the atmosphere, in
outer space and under
water (also known as
Moscow Treaty) was signed
in Moscow on August 5, 1963
governments of the USSR,
UK and USA.
Deterioration of relationships.
Criticism of I.V. Stalin, in particular, the cult of personality, in Khrushchev’s report at the end of the 20th CongressCPSU, the new Soviet course on economic development under the policy of “peaceful
coexistence" with capitalist countries displeased Mao Zedong, as
contradicting the idea of the “Leninist sword” and the entire communist ideology. Politics N.
S. Khrushchev was called a revisionist, and her supporters in the CCP were subjected to
repressions during the Cultural Revolution.
The Soviet-Chinese split is a diplomatic conflict between the PRC and the USSR that began in
late 1950s. The peak of the confrontation occurred in 1969, which resulted in a border dispute
conflict on Damansky Island. The end of the conflict is considered to be 1986. Conflict
was accompanied by a split in the international communist movement.
For the same reasons, relations between the USSR and Albania, where the government was in power, deteriorated.
dictator Hoxha. Soon Albania broke off all relations with the USSR, including
diplomatic.
In the early 60s. relations with Yugoslavia also deteriorated, which chose its own
model of socialism (with elements of market relations).
Novocherkassk execution.
Novocherkassk execution - the name of the events inNovocherkassk, Rostov region, which occurred
June 1-2, 1962 as a result of a workers' strike
Novocherkassk Electric Locomotive Plant
(NEVZ) and other townspeople. The performance was
suppressed by the forces of the army and the KGB. According to official
According to data, 26 were killed during the dispersal of the demonstration
people, another 87 were injured. Seven of
the "ringleaders" were sentenced to death and
they were shot, the rest received
long terms of imprisonment. After the breakup
In the USSR, all those convicted were rehabilitated (1996).
Reasons for the Novocherkassk execution.
By the early 1960s, a difficult situation had developed in the USSReconomic situation. As a result of strategic miscalculations
leadership of the country and the inefficiency of the collective farm system in
In general, interruptions in supply to the population began
food. In the spring and early summer of 1962, there was a shortage
bread was so noticeable that the Chairman of the Council
USSR Minister N. S. Khrushchev decided for the first time to purchase grain
Abroad.
At the end of May 1962, it was decided to increase retail prices for
meat and meat products by an average of 30% and butter by 25%.
The newspapers presented this event as “a request from all
workers." At the same time, the NEVZ directorate is almost at
a third increased the production rate for workers (as a result
wages and, accordingly, purchasing power
decreased significantly).
Crisis in politics. Khrushchev's resignation.
In the early 60s. a crisis began in the country's economy, it worsenedsupply of cities with food, food prices began to rise.
This caused discontent among the people. In 1962 in Novocherkassk workers
started a strike. Troops were brought into the city and suppressed
uprising, there were killed and wounded.
In the fall of 1963, there was a new bread crisis, bread disappeared from stores,
queues appeared, bread began to be purchased abroad, in some places
bread cards appeared. Khrushchev was losing popularity.
The country's top leadership decided to remove Khrushchev. Organizers
Brezhnev, Suslov, Chaliapin, Ignatov performed. While Khrushchev was resting on
at the dacha in Pitsunda in Moscow in October 1964 a meeting was held
Presidium of the Central Committee, where Khrushchev was accused of “subjectivism” and
"voluntarism". He was forced to write a letter of resignation “to
connection with retirement" October 14, 1964. L.I. became the head of the party.
Brezhnev.
Advantages of N.S. Khrushchev's reign.
1. Exposure of Stalin's personality cult. Rehabilitation of hundreds of thousands of illegally repressed people.Relative democratization of society.
2. Adoption of the “Peace Program”, the main thesis of which is the prevention of war between
states with different social systems.
3. Conclusion of the Treaty banning nuclear tests in three areas: atmosphere, space and under
water.
4. Reduction of the Armed Forces of the USSR by one third (1.2 million people) and reduction of exorbitant
military expenses.
5. Pension reform, affecting tens of millions of citizens. Under Khrushchev for the first time
You can now live on your pension.
6. Agricultural reform: collective farmers, who were practically in the position of serfs,
began to receive guaranteed cash wages for their work. They were given passports and allowed
move to other collective farms and leave for the city.
7. Mass housing construction. For example, in 1956, the pace of construction in Moscow overtook
population growth rate.
8. The USSR has achieved major achievements in the field of science and technology. The world's first nuclear
power plant (1954), first satellite (1957), first cosmonaut (1961).
9. 30 million hectares of virgin lands have been developed.
10. The “Iron Curtain” opened slightly, cultural exchange with foreign countries revived.
Soviet people slowly began to travel abroad.
Disadvantages of the reign of N.S. Khrushchev.
1. Shooting of a workers’ demonstration in Novocherkassk (1962). It is believed that 26 people were killed, 58 injured, 7sentenced to death.
2. Khrushchev did not resist the exaltation of his own personality. If in 1963 his portrait in the central
was published in newspapers 120 times, then in less than 1964 – more than 140!
3. He promised that “the current generation of Soviet people will live under communism.” And he didn’t fulfill it...
4. As a result of ill-conceived military reform, a huge number of officers were left without work,
housing and civilian specialty.
5. He promised to “catch up and overtake America” in the production of meat, milk and butter per capita in a few years.
population. And he didn’t fulfill it...
6. Since 1963, regular purchases of grain abroad began.
7. Khrushchev pursued a policy of preventing the keeping of livestock in the personal property of citizens, due to
which killed millions of livestock.
8. Under him, the Berlin Wall was built (1961), which became a symbol of the confrontation between socialism and
capitalism.
9. Widespread cultivation of corn, regardless of nature. “In all regions and territories of the Union,” asserted a poem popular under Khrushchev, “corn can produce a harvest.”
10. The fight against “unhealthy phenomena in art” using administrative and state methods
(from party committees to bulldozers). “There are two opinions: one is mine,
the other is stupid."
- Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev.
